TEDSalon Berlin 2014
Thomas Piketty: New thoughts on capital in the twenty-first century
托马斯·皮凯迪: 有关二十一世纪资本论的新观点
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法国经济学家托马斯·皮凯迪于2014年发表新书,书中他用简单、使人不快但不可否认的公式解释了经济的不平等:r > g(意思是资本回报率(r)通常高于经济增长率(g))。在这里,他通过分析大规模数据集得出结论:经济不平等并不新鲜,并且它正在恶化,可能造成激进的影响。
Thomas Piketty - Economist
Thomas Piketty is an economist and professor at the Paris School of Economics. His 2014 book, "Capital in the Twenty-first Century," caused a sensation upon publication. Full bio
Thomas Piketty is an economist and professor at the Paris School of Economics. His 2014 book, "Capital in the Twenty-first Century," caused a sensation upon publication. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
It's very nice to be here tonight.
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今晚很高兴在这里和大家一起讨论
00:14
So I've been working on the history of income
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过去15年来,我一直致力于研究
00:18
and wealth distribution for the past 15 years,
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收入和财富分配的历史,
00:21
and one of the interesting lessons
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从所看到的史料中
00:25
coming from this historical evidence
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我分析得出的一个有意思的现象是
00:27
is indeed that, in the long run,
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从长远来看
00:29
there is a tendency for
the rate of return of capital
the rate of return of capital
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趋势是
资本的收益率超过经济增长率,
00:33
to exceed the economy's growth rate,
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00:35
and this tends to lead to
high concentration of wealth.
high concentration of wealth.
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这将会导致财富的高度集中。
00:38
Not infinite concentration of wealth,
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但并不是财富的无限集中,
00:40
but the higher the gap between r and g,
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而是r(资本收益率)和g(经济增长率)之间
比例的极不均衡,
比例的极不均衡,
00:43
the higher the level of inequality of wealth
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以及财富分配的极不平等
00:46
towards which society tends to converge.
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这似乎是社会的发展走向。
00:49
So this is a key force that
I'm going to talk about today,
I'm going to talk about today,
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这是我今天将要谈的关键内容
00:52
but let me say right away
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但是我得明确一下
00:54
that this is not the only important force
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这不是唯一的
在收入和财富分配的变化中起到关键作用的因素
00:57
in the dynamics of income
and wealth distribution,
and wealth distribution,
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00:59
and there are many other forces that play
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另外还有很多因素
01:01
an important role in the long-run dynamics
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在不断发展变化的收入和
财富分配的过程中起到
财富分配的过程中起到
01:04
of income and wealth distribution.
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重要作用。
01:06
Also there is a lot of data
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同时,还有
许多数据需要收集。
01:08
that still needs to be collected.
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01:09
We know a little bit more today
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相比以前,现今我们对这个问题
01:12
than we used to know,
but we still know too little,
but we still know too little,
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了解的更多了,但是我们还是知之甚少,
01:15
and certainly there are
many different processes —
many different processes —
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另外,还应该在相关的不同领域,
01:17
economic, social, political —
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例如经济,社会,政治等
01:20
that need to be studied more.
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投入更多的研究。
01:21
And so I'm going to focus today on this simple force,
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所以虽然今天我主要讨论的是关键因素
01:24
but that doesn't mean that other important forces
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但并不是说其他重要因素
01:26
do not exist.
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不存在了
01:28
So most of the data I'm going to present
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今天我大部分数据都
01:30
comes from this database
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基于一个数据库
01:32
that's available online:
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大家可以在网上找到:
01:33
the World Top Incomes Database.
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“世界顶级收入数据库“
01:35
So this is the largest existing
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这是现有最大的
01:37
historical database on inequality,
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表现收入不平均的数据库,
01:39
and this comes from the effort
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其的建成有赖于
01:41
of over 30 scholars from several dozen countries.
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几十个国家的30个学者的努力。
01:45
So let me show you a couple of facts
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下面我们来看一下几个基于
01:47
coming from this database,
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数据库的事实,
01:49
and then we'll return to r bigger than g.
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然后我们再回到关于r > g的话题。
01:51
So fact number one is that there has been
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事实一:
过去的一个世纪中
01:53
a big reversal in the ordering of income inequality
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01:56
between the United States and Europe
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在美国和欧洲
01:58
over the past century.
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收入的不平等的排名有了逆转。
02:00
So back in 1900, 1910, income inequality was actually
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让我们回到1900-1910年间,
02:03
much higher in Europe than in the United States,
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在这段时间里欧洲收入不平等远比美国严重,
02:06
whereas today, it is a lot higher in the United States.
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而今天美国却远比欧洲严重的多。
02:09
So let me be very clear:
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所以我们可以清楚的得出结论:
02:10
The main explanation for this is not r bigger than g.
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其中主要的原因不是 r 大于 g.
02:13
It has more to do with changing supply and demand
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而是更多的跟技能的供给的改变有关,
02:17
for skill, the race between education and technology,
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在美国,教育和科技上的竞赛、
02:20
globalization, probably more unequal access
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全球化的因素,可能导致
更多的在技能获取方面的
更多的在技能获取方面的
02:24
to skills in the U.S.,
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不平等性,
02:25
where you have very good, very top universities
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在美国有非常好的,顶尖的大学
02:28
but where the bottom part of the educational system
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但是教育系统中的下层
02:30
is not as good,
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就不是那么好了,
02:31
so very unequal access to skills,
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所以可以看到技能获取处于非常不平等的状态,
02:33
and also an unprecedented rise
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而且在美国管理层薪酬
02:35
of top managerial compensation of the United States,
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空前高涨,
02:38
which is difficult to account for
just on the basis of education.
just on the basis of education.
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这个很难说是仅仅基于教育所造成的
02:41
So there is more going on here,
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而是有多方面的因素
02:43
but I'm not going to talk too much about this today,
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但是今天我不会过多地讨论这方面的问题,
02:46
because I want to focus on wealth inequality.
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因为我想关注的是财富的不平等。
02:48
So let me just show you a very simple indicator
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所以我们就简单看看
02:51
about the income inequality part.
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不平等部分的指标。
02:54
So this is the share of total income
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这个指数是顶级收入
02:56
going to the top 10 percent.
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占10%的数字
02:58
So you can see that one century ago,
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一个世纪之前
03:00
it was between 45 and 50 percent in Europe
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这个数字在欧洲是在45%到50%之间
03:04
and a little bit above 40 percent in the U.S.,
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在美国稍稍多于40%
03:06
so there was more inequality in Europe.
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所以看来当时欧洲处于更不平等的状态
03:09
Then there was a sharp decline
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接下来这个数字的急剧的下降
03:11
during the first half of the 20th century,
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时间是在20世纪中期
03:13
and in the recent decade, you can see that
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在最近的十年,您可以看到
03:16
the U.S. has become more unequal than Europe,
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跟欧洲相比,美国显得更不平等,
03:19
and this is the first fact I just talked about.
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这就是我刚才讲提到的第一个事实。
03:22
Now, the second fact is more about wealth inequality,
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第二个事实更多的是在于财富的不平等,
03:26
and here the central fact is that wealth inequality
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事实的核心就是财富的不平等的比率
03:29
is always a lot higher than income inequality,
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更高于收入不平等的比率,
03:31
and also that wealth inequality,
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而且尽管财富不平等
03:34
although it has also increased in recent decades,
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在近几十年中又有所增长
03:36
is still less extreme today
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但是现在依然
03:38
than what it was a century ago,
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低于一个世纪以前,
03:40
although the total quantity of wealth
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尽管现今的财富总量
03:43
relative to income has now recovered
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与收入总量相比
03:45
from the very large shocks
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已经从大冲击中恢复过来了,
03:46
caused by World War I, the Great Depression,
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这些冲击来自第一次世界大战、经济大萧条
03:48
World War II.
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和第二次世界大战。
03:50
So let me show you two graphs
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现在我们来看两个图表
03:52
illustrating fact number two and fact number three.
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用来说明事实二和事实三。
03:55
So first, if you look at the level of wealth inequality,
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首先,如果你看一下
所显示的财富不均等的数字,
所显示的财富不均等的数字,
03:59
this is the share of total wealth
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总财富指数显示
04:02
going to the top 10 percent of wealth holders,
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财富集中于10%的富裕人群中
04:05
so you can see the same kind of reversal
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同类型的的逆转也存在于
04:07
between the U.S. and Europe that we had before
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我们刚才提到的美国和欧洲
04:10
for income inequality.
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并体现在收入的不平等上
04:12
So wealth concentration was higher
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所以就一个世纪前财富的集中度来说
04:15
in Europe than in the U.S. a century ago,
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欧洲比美国高,
04:17
and now it is the opposite.
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而现在却相反了。
04:19
But you can also show two things:
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可是你也可以看到两个事实:
04:21
First, the general level of wealth inequality
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第一,财富不平等的整体水平
04:25
is always higher than income inequality.
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总是高于收入不平等。
04:27
So remember, for income inequality,
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所以要提醒大家的事,收入不平等中
04:30
the share going to the top 10 percent
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前10%高收入者所占份额
04:32
was between 30 and 50 percent of total income,
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占收入总量的30%-50%,
04:36
whereas for wealth, the share is always
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与此对照,前10%的财富持有者
04:39
between 60 and 90 percent.
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占财富总量的60%-90%
04:41
Okay, so that's fact number one,
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好了,这是事实一
04:43
and that's very important for what follows.
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这对于下面要讲的非常重要。
04:45
Wealth concentration is always
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财富集中度总是
04:46
a lot higher than income concentration.
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远高于收入集中度。
04:48
Fact number two is that the rise
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事实二是
近几十年来财富不平等加剧
04:52
in wealth inequality in recent decades
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04:55
is still not enough to get us back to 1910.
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还没有达到1910年水平。
04:59
So the big difference today,
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今天最大的区别是
05:01
wealth inequality is still very large,
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财富不平等还非常严重,
05:03
with 60, 70 percent of total wealth for the top 10,
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前10%的高财富持有者占财富总量的60%-70%
05:06
but the good news is that it's actually
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不过好消息是现在
05:08
better than one century ago,
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好于一个世纪以前,
05:10
where you had 90 percent in
Europe going to the top 10.
Europe going to the top 10.
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当时欧洲10%的高财富持有者
占财富总量的90%
占财富总量的90%
05:13
So today what you have
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今天您可以看到
05:15
is what I call the middle 40 percent,
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中间40%的人,
05:17
the people who are not in the top 10
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就是除了前10%
05:19
and who are not in the bottom 50,
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和底层50%以外的人
05:21
and what you can view as the wealth middle class
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您可以视之为财富中产阶级
05:23
that owns 20 to 30 percent
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占财富总量、国民财富的
05:26
of total wealth, national wealth,
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20%-30%,
05:28
whereas they used to be poor, a century ago,
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一个世纪前,他们更穷些,
05:31
when there was basically no wealth middle class.
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那时基本上没有财富中产阶级。
05:34
So this is an important change,
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这是一个重要的变化,
05:35
and it's interesting to see that wealth inequality
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有意思的是财富不平等
05:40
has not fully recovered to pre-World War I levels,
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没有恢复到一战前水平,
05:43
although the total quantity of wealth has recovered.
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尽管财富总量已经恢复。
05:47
Okay? So this is the total value
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这是财富相对于收入的
05:49
of wealth relative to income,
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总额
05:51
and you can see that in particular in Europe,
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您可以看到特别在欧洲,
05:53
we are almost back to the pre-World War I level.
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我们差不多回到了一战前水平。
05:57
So there are really two
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这个件事有两个不同
05:59
different parts of the story here.
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的部分。
06:01
One has to do with
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其一为,
06:02
the total quantity of wealth that we accumulate,
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我们积累财富的总量
06:05
and there is nothing bad per se, of course,
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这本身不是坏事,
06:07
in accumulating a lot of wealth,
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我们积累了大量财富,
06:08
and in particular if it is more diffuse
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特别分布更平均
06:11
and less concentrated.
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不那么集中。
06:13
So what we really want to focus on
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这里我们关注
06:15
is the long-run evolution of wealth inequality,
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财富不平等的长期演化,
06:18
and what's going to happen in the future.
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以及未来将要发生什么。
06:20
How can we account for the fact that
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我们如何解释,第一次世界大战前
06:22
until World War I, wealth inequality was so high
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财富不平等如此高
06:26
and, if anything, was rising to even higher levels,
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没有一战的话还会更高
06:29
and how can we think about the future?
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我们如何设想未来?
06:32
So let me come to some of the explanations
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让我来讲解和推测一下
06:36
and speculations about the future.
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未来。
06:38
Let me first say that
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让我先说说
06:40
probably the best model to explain
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最好解释财富集中度高于
06:42
why wealth is so much
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收入集中度
06:44
more concentrated than income
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的动态模型
06:46
is a dynamic, dynastic model
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是一个动态模型
06:49
where individuals have a long horizon
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由于各种原因个人有长期
06:52
and accumulate wealth for all sorts of reasons.
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的财富积累期。
06:54
If people were accumulating wealth
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如果人们只为
06:57
only for life cycle reasons,
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生命周期积累财富,
06:59
you know, to be able to consume
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这样就可以
07:01
when they are old,
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老有所依,
07:03
then the level of wealth inequality
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这种情况下,
07:05
should be more or less in line
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财富不平等应该和
07:07
with the level of income inequality.
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收入不平等差不多。
07:09
But it will be very difficult to explain
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但这很难解释
07:11
why you have so much more wealth inequality
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为什么财富不平等
07:13
than income inequality
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更甚于收入不平等
07:15
with a pure life cycle model,
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如果仅用生命周期模型的话,
07:16
so you need a story
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这里需要一个理由
07:18
where people also care
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人们还需要
07:20
about wealth accumulation for other reasons.
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关注财富积累的其他理由。
07:22
So typically, they want to transmit
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典型的是,人们想
07:24
wealth to the next generation, to their children,
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为下一代积累财富,给他们的儿孙,
07:28
or sometimes they want to accumulate wealth
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有时候人们积累财富
07:29
because of the prestige, the
power that goes with wealth.
power that goes with wealth.
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是为了随财富而来的威望和权力。
07:32
So there must be other reasons
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还有其他原因
07:34
for accumulating wealth than just life cycle
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不只是仅为老有所依而积累财富
07:36
to explain what we see in the data.
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来解释我们看到的数据。
07:38
Now, in a large class of dynamic models
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如今,在一个大型的财富积累的
07:42
of wealth accumulation
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450234
1976
动态模型中
07:44
with such dynastic motive for accumulating wealth,
185
452210
3558
有动态积累财富的动机
07:47
you will have all sorts of random,
186
455768
2846
且可进行所有随机的
07:50
multiplicative shocks.
187
458614
923
乘法运算。
07:51
So for instance, some families
188
459537
2249
例如,一些家庭
07:53
have a very large number of children,
189
461786
1687
孩子很多
07:55
so the wealth will be divided.
190
463473
1766
财富就会分散
07:57
Some families have fewer children.
191
465239
1890
一些家庭孩子少
07:59
You also have shocks to rates of return.
192
467129
2228
还要算上收益率的冲击。
08:01
Some families make huge capital gains.
193
469357
2097
一些家庭获得巨额资本收益
08:03
Some made bad investments.
194
471454
1795
另一些投资失败
08:05
So you will always have some mobility
195
473249
2241
这样财富有更多的
08:07
in the wealth process.
196
475490
1438
流动性。
08:08
Some people will move up,
some people will move down.
some people will move down.
197
476928
2375
有些人变富有些人变穷。
08:11
The important point is that,
198
479303
1652
重点是
08:12
in any such model,
199
480955
1010
这些模型
08:13
for a given variance of such shocks,
200
481965
2556
给定方差的冲击,
08:16
the equilibrium level of wealth inequality
201
484521
2036
财富不平等的均衡水平将是
08:18
will be a steeply rising function of r minus g.
202
486557
4837
一个(r - g)急剧上升的函数。
08:23
And intuitively, the reason why the difference
203
491394
2869
直觉上说,
财富的回报率
08:26
between the rate of return to wealth
204
494263
1844
08:28
and the growth rate is important
205
496107
1755
和增长率之间的差距是由于
08:29
is that initial wealth inequalities
206
497862
2312
初始财富不平等造成的
08:32
will be amplified at a faster pace
207
500174
2391
将以更快的速度被放大
08:34
with a bigger r minus g.
208
502565
2069
r - g。
08:36
So take a simple example,
209
504634
1474
举个简单的例子,
08:38
with r equals five percent and g equals one percent,
210
506108
3766
r为5%,g为1%,
08:41
wealth holders only need to reinvest
211
509874
2108
财富持有者只需要再投资
08:43
one fifth of their capital income to ensure
212
511982
2639
资产中的五分之一
08:46
that their wealth rises as fast
213
514621
2733
就可以保证他们的财富
08:49
as the size of the economy.
214
517354
1913
可以和经济等速增长。
08:51
So this makes it easier
215
519267
1383
这就使得
08:52
to build and perpetuate large fortunes
216
520650
1766
财富保值更容易
08:54
because you can consume four fifths,
217
522416
1955
零税率的情况下
08:56
assuming zero tax,
218
524371
1739
你可以消费另外的五分之四,
08:58
and you can just reinvest one fifth.
219
526110
1661
你只需要五分之一用以再投资。
08:59
So of course some families
will consume more than that,
will consume more than that,
220
527771
2588
当然有些家庭消费多些,
09:02
some will consume less, so there will be
221
530359
1743
有些则少些,
09:04
some mobility in the distribution,
222
532102
1755
这样分配就有了流动性,
09:05
but on average, they only need to reinvest one fifth,
223
533857
2846
平均来说,他们只需要
五分之一财富由于再投资
五分之一财富由于再投资
09:08
so this allows high wealth inequalities to be sustained.
224
536703
3769
这会导致财富不平等的持续。
09:12
Now, you should not be surprised
225
540472
2497
您不要惊讶
09:14
by the statement that r can be bigger than g forever,
226
542969
3536
r 会永远大于 g的说法
09:18
because, in fact, this is what happened
227
546505
1616
因为,这是
09:20
during most of the history of mankind.
228
548121
2071
人类大部分历史的情况。
09:22
And this was in a way very obvious to everybody
229
550192
3351
每个人都应该清楚
09:25
for a simple reason, which is that growth
230
553543
1778
原因很简单,
09:27
was close to zero percent
231
555321
2188
人类历史上
09:29
during most of the history of mankind.
232
557509
1621
大部分时间增长率都接近0。
09:31
Growth was maybe 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 percent,
233
559130
3532
增长率可能为0.1%,0.2%,0.3%
09:34
but very slow growth of population
234
562662
1996
人口增长缓慢
09:36
and output per capita,
235
564658
1997
人均产出
09:38
whereas the rate of return on capital
236
566655
1884
资本回报率
09:40
of course was not zero percent.
237
568539
1856
当然不是0%。
09:42
It was, for land assets, which was
238
570395
2036
土地资产
09:44
the traditional form
239
572431
1809
传统上的
09:46
of assets in preindustrial societies,
240
574240
2401
工业化前社会,
09:48
it was typically five percent.
241
576641
1763
一般为5%。
09:50
Any reader of Jane Austen would know that.
242
578404
3786
对于作家简·奥斯汀的读者应该知道,
09:54
If you want an annual income of 1,000 pounds,
243
582190
2908
如果你想每年收入1000英镑,
09:57
you should have a capital value
244
585098
1642
你得有2万英镑的
09:58
of 20,000 pounds so that
245
586740
1856
本钱
10:00
five percent of 20,000 is 1,000.
246
588596
2550
这样2万的5%为1000。
10:03
And in a way, this was
247
591146
2017
某种程度上来说,
10:05
the very foundation of society,
248
593163
1778
这是以往社会的基础,
10:06
because r bigger than g
249
594941
3035
因为r > g
10:09
was what allowed holders of wealth and assets
250
597976
4124
这样财富和资产的持有者可以
10:14
to live off their capital income
251
602100
2690
依靠资本收益生活
10:16
and to do something else in life
252
604790
2700
而且可以干点儿别的
10:19
than just to care about their own survival.
253
607490
3195
不只是关注与如何生存。
10:22
Now, one important conclusion
254
610685
2160
一个重要推论
10:24
of my historical research is that
255
612845
1991
是依据我的历史研究
10:26
modern industrial growth did not change
256
614836
2711
当代工业增长没有改变
10:29
this basic fact as much as one might have expected.
257
617547
2824
这一基本事实。
10:32
Of course, the growth rate
258
620371
1679
当然,增长率
10:34
following the Industrial Revolution
259
622050
1808
随着工业革命提升
10:35
rose, typically from zero to one to two percent,
260
623858
4322
从0%增长到2%,
10:40
but at the same time, the rate of return
261
628180
1930
但是同时,资本回报率
10:42
to capital also rose
262
630110
1645
也增加了
10:43
so that the gap between the two
263
631755
2425
这样两者之间的差距
10:46
did not really change.
264
634180
1456
并没有改变。
10:47
So during the 20th century,
265
635636
2250
20世纪
10:49
you had a very unique combination of events.
266
637886
2644
有一个非常独特的事件汇总影响。
10:52
First, a very low rate of return
267
640530
2017
首先,由于战争1914-1945
10:54
due to the 1914 and 1945 war shocks,
268
642547
3016
资本回报率非常低
10:57
destruction of wealth, inflation,
269
645563
2305
财富的损失,贬值
10:59
bankruptcy during the Great Depression,
270
647868
1980
大萧条时的破产,
11:01
and all of this reduced
271
649848
1665
这都降低了
11:03
the private rate of return to wealth
272
651513
1750
个人的财富收益率
11:05
to unusually low levels
273
653263
1895
到了一个低水平
11:07
between 1914 and 1945.
274
655158
2339
在1914-1945。
11:09
And then, in the postwar period,
275
657497
1836
战后,
11:11
you had unusually high growth rate,
276
659333
3237
增长率通常很高,
11:14
partly due to the reconstruction.
277
662570
2374
部分原因是重建。
11:16
You know, in Germany, in France, in Japan,
278
664944
1925
德国,法国,日本,
11:18
you had five percent growth rate
279
666869
1551
从1950-1980
11:20
between 1950 and 1980
280
668420
3150
有5%的增长率
11:23
largely due to reconstruction,
281
671570
1643
就是由于战后重建。
11:25
and also due to very large demographic growth,
282
673213
2351
同样由于人口大量增长
11:27
the Baby Boom Cohort effect.
283
675564
2141
婴儿潮世代效应。
11:29
Now, apparently that's not going to last for very long,
284
677705
2438
显然这不能持续很久,
11:32
or at least the population growth
285
680143
1675
至少人口增长率
11:33
is supposed to decline in the future,
286
681818
2768
在未来会下降,
11:36
and the best projections we have is that
287
684586
3656
最佳的推测是
11:40
the long-run growth is going to be closer
288
688242
1828
长期增长率接近
11:42
to one to two percent
289
690070
1423
1%-2%
11:43
rather than four to five percent.
290
691493
1946
而不是4%-5%
11:45
So if you look at this,
291
693439
2677
仔细审视,
11:48
these are the best estimates we have
292
696116
2141
我们得到的最佳估计是
11:50
of world GDP growth
293
698257
1656
世界GDP增长
11:51
and rate of return on capital,
294
699913
2359
和资本回报率
11:54
average rates of return on capital,
295
702272
2088
平均资本回报率,
11:56
so you can see that during most
296
704360
1068
您可以看到
11:57
of the history of mankind,
297
705428
1517
人类历史大部分时间
11:58
the growth rate was very small,
298
706945
1613
增长率非常小
12:00
much lower than the rate of return,
299
708558
1834
低于回报率,
12:02
and then during the 20th century,
300
710392
2362
在20世纪
12:04
it is really the population growth,
301
712754
2171
战后
12:06
very high in the postwar period,
302
714925
2272
人口快速增长
12:09
and the reconstruction process
303
717197
1600
以及战后重建
12:10
that brought growth
304
718797
1573
带来了增长
12:12
to a smaller gap with the rate of return.
305
720370
3071
缩小了增长率和回报率之间的差距。
12:15
Here I use the United Nations population projections,
306
723441
3523
这里我引用联合国人口预测,
12:18
so of course they are uncertain.
307
726964
2476
当然这并不是最准确的数字
12:21
It could be that we all start
308
729440
1391
但是我们未来可能
12:22
having a lot of children in the future,
309
730831
2106
都会有很多小孩,
12:24
and the growth rates are going to be higher,
310
732937
2765
增长率变得更高,
12:27
but from now on,
311
735702
1249
但是今后
12:28
these are the best projections we have,
312
736951
2802
这是我们最后好的预测,
12:31
and this will make global growth
313
739753
1934
这会导致全球增长
12:33
decline and the gap between
314
741687
2756
下滑和回报率的差距
12:36
the rate of return go up.
315
744443
2003
会加大。
12:38
Now, the other unusual event
316
746446
2862
还有其他不同的事件
12:41
during the 20th century
317
749308
1671
在20世纪
12:42
was, as I said,
318
750979
1329
如我所说
12:44
destruction, taxation of capital,
319
752308
2316
财产破坏,资本税
12:46
so this is the pre-tax rate of return.
320
754624
2735
这是税前收益率
12:49
This is the after-tax rate of return,
321
757359
2979
这是税后收益率
12:52
and after destruction,
322
760338
1566
破坏后的收益率,
12:53
and this is what brought
323
761904
1777
这是结果
12:55
the average rate of return
324
763681
1688
税后平均回报率
12:57
after tax, after destruction,
325
765369
1789
破坏后,
12:59
below the growth rate during a long time period.
326
767158
2420
低于增长率。
13:01
But without the destruction,
327
769578
1674
如果没有破坏,
13:03
without the taxation, this
would not have happened.
would not have happened.
328
771252
2475
没有税的话,这就不会发生。
13:05
So let me say that the balance between
329
773727
3243
让我说一下
13:08
returns on capital and growth
330
776970
2356
资本回报率经济增长之间的
13:11
depends on many different factors
331
779326
1862
平衡取决于不同的因素,
13:13
that are very difficult to predict:
332
781188
2085
很难预测:
13:15
technology and the development
333
783273
2115
技术和开发
13:17
of capital-intensive techniques.
334
785388
2584
资本密集型技术
13:19
So right now, the most capital-intensive sectors
335
787972
3019
当下,资本密集型行业
13:22
in the economy are the real estate sector, housing,
336
790991
3376
在经济中主要是房地产行业,
13:26
the energy sector, but it could be in the future
337
794367
2862
能源行业,但是未来
13:29
that we have a lot more robots in a number of sectors
338
797229
3712
更多的机器人应用在大量行业
13:32
and that this would be a bigger share
339
800941
1889
这会占更大的
13:34
of the total capital stock that it is today.
340
802830
1910
总发行股本。
13:36
Well, we are very far from this,
341
804740
1994
当然,我们还距此很远,
13:38
and from now, what's going on
342
806734
1766
今后,
13:40
in the real estate sector, the energy sector,
343
808500
1789
房地产行业,能源行业
13:42
is much more important for the total capital stock
344
810289
2126
更重要总发行股本
13:44
and capital share.
345
812415
1134
和资本股
13:45
The other important issue
346
813549
2033
其他重要问题是
13:47
is that there are scale effects
in portfolio management,
in portfolio management,
347
815582
2150
投资管理的规模效应,
13:49
together with financial complexity,
348
817732
2419
加上金融复杂性,
13:52
financial deregulation,
349
820151
1450
金融自由化,
13:53
that make it easier to get higher rates of return
350
821601
2709
这获得更高回报率变得更容易
13:56
for a large portfolio,
351
824310
1627
大型投资组合
13:57
and this seems to be particularly strong
352
825937
2663
使得亿万富翁,大型资本捐增资金
14:00
for billionaires, large capital endowments.
353
828600
1982
变得非常强大。
14:02
Just to give you one example,
354
830582
2290
举个例子,
14:04
this comes from the Forbes billionaire rankings
355
832872
3333
从福布斯排行榜
14:08
over the 1987-2013 period,
356
836205
3330
在1987-2013间公布的数据来看,
14:11
and you can see the very top wealth holders
357
839535
2788
顶级财富持有者
14:14
have been going up at six, seven percent per year
358
842323
3117
每年提高6%-7%。
14:17
in real terms above inflation,
359
845440
2391
实际高于通货膨胀,
14:19
whereas average income in the world,
360
847831
2372
世界平均收入
14:22
average wealth in the world,
361
850203
1363
世界平均财富,
14:23
have increased at only two percent per year.
362
851566
3383
增长每年只有2%。
14:26
And you find the same
363
854949
1729
同样
14:28
for large university endowments —
364
856678
1276
大型大学捐增资金
14:29
the bigger the initial endowments,
365
857954
2268
初始捐增资金越大
14:32
the bigger the rate of return.
366
860222
2068
回报率越高。
14:34
Now, what could be done?
367
862290
1678
怎么办?
14:35
The first thing is that I think we need
368
863968
2396
首先我认为我们需要
14:38
more financial transparency.
369
866364
2115
更高的财务透明度。
14:40
We know too little about global wealth dynamics,
370
868479
3841
我们对全球财富动力学知之甚少,
14:44
so we need international transmission
371
872320
1900
我们需要国际间传递
14:46
of bank information.
372
874220
1262
银行信息。
14:47
We need a global registry of financial assets,
373
875482
2686
我们需要一个全球性的金融资产注册表
14:50
more coordination on wealth taxation,
374
878168
2491
更多的财富税,
14:52
and even wealth tax with a small tax rate
375
880659
3112
即使低的财富税税率
14:55
will be a way to produce information
376
883771
2216
会产生相关资产信息
14:57
so that then we can adapt our policies
377
885987
2682
以便根据我们观察
15:00
to whatever we observe.
378
888669
1836
调整政策。
15:02
And to some extent, the fight
379
890505
1838
某种程度上,
15:04
against tax havens
380
892343
1481
打击避税天堂
15:05
and automatic transmission of information
381
893824
1815
自动传输信息
15:07
is pushing us in this direction.
382
895639
1851
可以把我们推向这个方向。
15:09
Now, there are other ways to redistribute wealth,
383
897490
2324
还有其他的财富再分配方法,
15:11
which it can be tempting to use.
384
899814
2957
也可以一试。
15:14
Inflation:
385
902771
1356
通货膨胀:
15:16
it's much easier to print money
386
904127
1699
印钱
15:17
than to write a tax code, so that's very tempting,
387
905826
2155
比拟定一部税法简单,很有诱惑力,
15:19
but sometimes you don't know
what you do with the money.
what you do with the money.
388
907981
2120
但有时你不知道如何花钱。
15:22
This is a problem.
389
910101
1647
这是个问题。
15:23
Expropriation is very tempting.
390
911748
1863
没收也不错。
15:25
Just when you feel some people get too wealthy,
391
913611
2261
如果觉得某些人太富了,
15:27
you just expropriate them.
392
915872
1294
就没收他们。
15:29
But this is not a very efficient way
393
917166
1712
不过这不是对财富动态监管的
15:30
to organize a regulation of wealth dynamics.
394
918878
2833
有效方法。
15:33
So war is an even less efficient way,
395
921711
2479
战争效率更低,
15:36
so I tend to prefer progressive taxation,
396
924190
2336
我更倾向于累进税,
15:38
but of course, history — (Laughter) —
397
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2574
当然,历史(笑声)
15:41
history will invent its own best ways,
398
929100
1735
历史会创造最好的方法,
15:42
and it will probably involve
399
930835
1698
可能是
15:44
a combination of all of these.
400
932533
1734
上述方法的组合。
15:46
Thank you.
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934267
1866
谢谢
15:48
(Applause)
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2137
(掌声)
15:50
Bruno Giussani: Thomas Piketty. Thank you.
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5559
布鲁诺·朱萨尼:托马斯·皮克迪,谢谢。
15:55
Thomas, I want to ask you two or three questions,
404
943829
1879
托马斯,我想问你两三个问题,
15:57
because it's impressive how you're
in command of your data, of course,
in command of your data, of course,
405
945708
3859
你的数据令人印象深刻
16:01
but basically what you suggest is
406
949567
3794
但是基本上你建议
16:05
growing wealth concentration is kind of
407
953361
1573
财富集中度提高
16:06
a natural tendency of capitalism,
408
954934
1924
是资本主义的自然趋势,
16:08
and if we leave it to its own devices,
409
956858
3538
如果任由发展,
16:12
it may threaten the system itself,
410
960396
2240
可能会危及系统本身,
16:14
so you're suggesting that we need to act
411
962636
1726
所以您建议采取
16:16
to implement policies that redistribute wealth,
412
964362
3038
一些政策对财富再分配,
16:19
including the ones we just saw:
413
967400
1721
包括
16:21
progressive taxation, etc.
414
969121
1471
累进税,等等。
16:22
In the current political context,
415
970592
2139
当下政治环境下
16:24
how realistic are those?
416
972731
1991
如何实现?
16:26
How likely do you think that it is
417
974722
1811
您认为
16:28
that they will be implemented?
418
976533
1744
如何执行?
16:30
Thomas Piketty: Well, you know, I think
419
978277
1211
托马斯·皮凯迪:当然,我认为
16:31
if you look back through time,
420
979488
1781
如果你看看过去,
16:33
the history of income, wealth and taxation
421
981269
2651
收入的历史,财富和税
16:35
is full of surprise.
422
983920
1602
充满了不确定性。
16:37
So I am not terribly impressed
423
985522
2605
我不会惊讶于
16:40
by those who know in advance
424
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1568
谁会提前知道
16:41
what will or will not happen.
425
989695
1631
会发生什么。
16:43
I think one century ago,
426
991326
1704
一个世纪前,
16:45
many people would have said
427
993030
1569
很多人会说
16:46
that progressive income taxation would never happen
428
994599
2138
不会征收累进所得税
16:48
and then it happened.
429
996737
1520
结果征了。
16:50
And even five years ago,
430
998257
1989
5年前,
16:52
many people would have said that bank secrecy
431
1000246
2352
很多人会说
16:54
will be with us forever in Switzerland,
432
1002598
2025
瑞士会一直坚持银行保密法,
16:56
that Switzerland was too powerful
433
1004623
1788
瑞士太强大了
16:58
for the rest of the world,
434
1006411
1489
相对于世界其他地方,
16:59
and then suddenly it took a few U.S. sanctions
435
1007900
2961
然而美国的几个对瑞士银行的制裁
17:02
against Swiss banks for a big change to happen,
436
1010861
2622
就导致了巨变,
17:05
and now we are moving toward
437
1013483
1703
此后
17:07
more financial transparency.
438
1015186
1676
金融透明度更高了。
17:08
So I think it's not that difficult
439
1016862
4281
我认为
17:13
to better coordinate politically.
440
1021143
2469
更好的政治协调并不难。
17:15
We are going to have a treaty
441
1023612
2058
我们会和表格上
17:17
with half of the world GDP around the table
442
1025670
3049
半数的世界GDP贡献国
17:20
with the U.S. and the European Union,
443
1028719
2002
和美国、欧盟谈判
17:22
so if half of the world GDP is not enough
444
1030721
2126
如果世界一半GDP不够
17:24
to make progress on financial transparency
445
1032847
2666
改善金融透明性
17:27
and minimal tax for multinational corporate profits,
446
1035513
4084
为跨国企业利润收最少的税,
17:31
what does it take?
447
1039597
1664
需要做什么?
17:33
So I think these are not technical difficulties.
448
1041261
3623
我认为这些技术上不困难。
17:36
I think we can make progress
449
1044884
1924
我认为会取得进展的
17:38
if we have a more pragmatic
approach to these questions
approach to these questions
450
1046808
2587
如果我们有对这些问题更实用的方法
17:41
and we have the proper sanctions
451
1049395
1901
我们制裁
17:43
on those who benefit from financial opacity.
452
1051296
2991
从金融不透明中获益的人。
17:46
BG: One of the arguments
453
1054287
1653
布鲁诺·朱萨尼:反对您观点的
17:47
against your point of view
454
1055940
1433
一个争论就是
17:49
is that economic inequality
455
1057373
1442
经济不平等
17:50
is not only a feature of capitalism
but is actually one of its engines.
but is actually one of its engines.
456
1058815
3637
这不仅是资本主义的特色也是驱动引擎。
17:54
So we take measures to lower inequality,
457
1062452
2801
我们要是采取措施降低不平等,
17:57
and at the same time we lower growth, potentially.
458
1065253
2407
同时我们会不经意间降低增长与潜能。
17:59
What do you answer to that?
459
1067660
1560
您怎么看?
18:01
TP: Yeah, I think inequality
460
1069220
1729
托马斯·皮凯迪:是的,不平等
18:02
is not a problem per se.
461
1070949
1889
本身不是一个问题。
18:04
I think inequality up to a point
462
1072838
2040
我认为某种程度上
18:06
can actually be useful for innovation and growth.
463
1074878
2652
不平等有利于革新和增长。
18:09
The problem is, it's a question of degree.
464
1077530
2193
问题是,问题的度。
18:11
When inequality gets too extreme,
465
1079723
2544
不平等太大了,
18:14
then it becomes useless for growth
466
1082267
2889
增长就没有意义
18:17
and it can even become bad
467
1085156
1462
会更糟
18:18
because it tends to lead to high perpetuation
468
1086618
3057
因为它会导致
不平等的固化
18:21
of inequality over time
469
1089675
1636
18:23
and low mobility.
470
1091311
1866
降低流动性。
18:25
And for instance, the kind of wealth concentrations
471
1093177
3286
例如,像19世纪那样的
18:28
that we had in the 19th century
472
1096463
2877
财富集中度
18:31
and pretty much until World War I
473
1099340
1925
这个集中情况一直持续到一战前
18:33
in every European country
474
1101265
1765
且遍布每个欧洲国家
18:35
was, I think, not useful for growth.
475
1103030
2094
我认为,对增长没用。
18:37
This was destroyed by a combination
476
1105124
2102
这种情况被一系列
18:39
of tragic events and policy changes,
477
1107226
2341
悲剧事件和政策改变了,
18:41
and this did not prevent growth from happening.
478
1109567
2272
没有阻碍增长的发生。
18:43
And also, extreme inequality can be bad
479
1111839
3443
同样,极端不平等
18:47
for our democratic institutions
480
1115282
2198
对我们的民主制度不好
18:49
if it creates very unequal access to political voice,
481
1117480
2383
它创造了非常不平等的政治声音,
18:51
and the influence of private money
482
1119863
1865
美国政治中的
18:53
in U.S. politics, I think,
483
1121728
2002
私人资金的影响力
18:55
is a matter of concern right now.
484
1123730
2540
现在就是需要关注的问题。
18:58
So we don't want to return to that kind of extreme,
485
1126270
3076
我们不想回到类似
19:01
pre-World War I inequality.
486
1129346
2090
一战前那种极端不平等。
19:03
Having a decent share of the national wealth
487
1131436
3674
中产阶级占有适当的
19:07
for the middle class is not bad for growth.
488
1135110
3390
国家财富对增长有利。
19:10
It is actually useful
489
1138500
1281
实际上
19:11
both for equity and efficiency reasons.
490
1139781
3084
有利于平等和效率。
19:14
BG: I said at the beginning
491
1142865
1665
布鲁诺·朱萨尼:我开头说的
19:16
that your book has been criticized.
492
1144530
2109
您的书被批评。
19:18
Some of your data has been criticized.
493
1146639
1241
您的一些数据被批评。
19:19
Some of your choice of data sets has been criticized.
494
1147880
2466
一些您所选择的数据集被批评。
19:22
You have been accused of cherry-picking data
495
1150346
1876
您被指责刻意挑选数据作论据
19:24
to make your case. What do you answer to that?
496
1152222
2737
您怎么回答?
19:26
TP: Well, I answer that I am very happy
497
1154959
1927
托马斯·皮凯迪:我的回答是
19:28
that this book is stimulating debate.
498
1156886
2467
我很高兴,这本书激起辩论。
19:31
This is part of what it is intended for.
499
1159353
2481
这正是我想要的。
19:33
Look, the reason why I put all the data online
500
1161834
3294
看,我把数据放到网上
19:37
with all of the detailed computation
501
1165128
1846
带着计算的细节
19:38
is so that we can have
an open and transparent
an open and transparent
502
1166974
2334
我们可以公开透明
19:41
debate about this.
503
1169308
1669
探讨。
19:42
So I have responded point by point
504
1170977
1766
我逐一回复
19:44
to every concern.
505
1172743
1792
每个关注。
19:46
Let me say that if I was to rewrite the book today,
506
1174535
3113
如果我今天重写此书,
19:49
I would actually conclude
507
1177648
1541
我会断定
19:51
that the rise in wealth inequality,
508
1179189
2194
财富不平等增加了,
19:53
particularly in the United States,
509
1181383
1927
特别是在美国,
19:55
has been actually higher
than what I report in my book.
than what I report in my book.
510
1183310
2373
比我写书时更不平等。
19:57
There is a recent study by Saez and Zucman
511
1185683
3245
最近经济学家伊曼纽尔·赛斯(Emmanuel Saez)和加布里埃尔·祖克曼(Gabriel Zucman)
20:00
showing, with new data
512
1188928
1592
用我写书时没有的新数据
20:02
which I didn't have at the time of the book,
513
1190520
1777
表明,
20:04
that wealth concentration in the U.S. has risen
514
1192297
2527
美国的财富不平等加剧
20:06
even more than what I report.
515
1194824
1936
比我写的还要严重。
20:08
And there will be other data in the future.
516
1196760
2031
将来还会有其他数据。
20:10
Some of it will go in different directions.
517
1198791
2151
有些将引向不同的方向。
20:12
Look, we put online almost every week
518
1200942
4099
要知道,每周我们上线
20:17
new, updated series on the
World Top Income Database
World Top Income Database
519
1205041
2934
新的、更新的世界顶级收入数据库
(World Top Incomes Database)
(World Top Incomes Database)
20:19
and we will keep doing so in the future,
520
1207975
1900
将来我们也会坚持这样做,
20:21
in particular in emerging countries,
521
1209875
2306
特别是新兴国家,
20:24
and I welcome all of those who want to contribute
522
1212181
2929
我欢迎所有收集数据过程
20:27
to this data collection process.
523
1215110
2346
提供帮助的人。
20:29
In fact, I certainly agree
524
1217456
2808
事实上,我同意
20:32
that there is not enough
525
1220264
1614
财富动力学的透明度
20:33
transparency about wealth dynamics,
526
1221878
1878
不够,
20:35
and a good way to have better data
527
1223756
1915
还有一个办法就是
20:37
would be to have a wealth tax
528
1225671
1865
征收财富税
20:39
with a small tax rate to begin with
529
1227536
1571
从低税率开始
20:41
so that we can all agree
530
1229107
2339
这样我们都会同意
20:43
about this important evolution
531
1231446
1564
这一重要演进
20:45
and adapt our policies to whatever we observe.
532
1233010
3327
根据我们的观察调整政策。
20:48
So taxation is a source of knowledge,
533
1236337
2062
征税是一个知识信息源,
20:50
and that's what we need the most right now.
534
1238399
2936
是我们现在最需要的。
20:53
BG: Thomas Piketty, merci beaucoup.
535
1241335
1815
布鲁诺·朱萨尼:托马斯·皮凯迪,非常感谢。
20:55
Thank you.
TP: Thank you. (Applause)
TP: Thank you. (Applause)
536
1243150
4000
谢谢。托马斯.皮凯迪:谢谢。(掌声)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Thomas Piketty - EconomistThomas Piketty is an economist and professor at the Paris School of Economics. His 2014 book, "Capital in the Twenty-first Century," caused a sensation upon publication.
Why you should listen
Is the global economy accelerating toward a future that’s incompatible with democracy? In this provocative talk about inequality and wealth, economist Thomas Piketty provides new context for his groundbreaking book, Capital in the Twenty-First Century.
More profile about the speakerThomas Piketty | Speaker | TED.com