TED2015
Pamela Ronald: The case for engineering our food
帕梅拉·罗纳德: 改造我们的食物的案例
Filmed:
Readability: 5.2
1,821,200 views
帕梅拉·罗纳德研究使植物对疾病和不利环境有更强抵抗能力的基因。在一个大开眼界的演讲上，她陈述了她帮助创造一种可以在洪水中生存更久的大米的多年探索。她解说了在50年代种子的基因发展如何挽救了夏威夷的木瓜作物——同时这也是为我们星球上不断增长的人口提高食物安全的最有效方法。
Pamela Ronald - Plant geneticist
Embracing both genetically improved seed and ecologically based farming methods, Pamela Ronald aims to enhance sustainable agriculture. Full bio
Embracing both genetically improved seed and ecologically based farming methods, Pamela Ronald aims to enhance sustainable agriculture. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I am a plant geneticist.
0
970
2322
我是一个植物遗传学家。
00:15
I study genes that make plants
resistant to disease
resistant to disease
1
3292
3575
我研究一些能使植物抵抗疾病
00:18
and tolerant of stress.
2
6867
2322
和耐抗压的基因。
00:21
In recent years,
3
9189
2276
在最近几年来，
00:23
millions of people around the world
have come to believe
have come to believe
4
11465
2902
世界上成千上万的人相信
00:26
that there's something sinister
about genetic modification.
about genetic modification.
5
14367
4133
转基因改造存在灾害性。
00:30
Today, I am going to provide
a different perspective.
a different perspective.
6
18500
5503
今天，我将要提出一个不同的观点。
00:36
First, let me introduce my husband, Raoul.
7
24003
2566
首先，让我介绍我的丈夫，拉乌尔。
00:38
He's an organic farmer.
8
26569
2623
他是一个有机农民。
00:41
On his farm, he plants
a variety of different crops.
a variety of different crops.
9
29192
3948
在他的农田里，他种着各种不同的农作物。
00:45
This is one of the many
ecological farming practices
ecological farming practices
10
33140
3041
这是许多生态农业试验的其中一个
00:48
he uses to keep his farm healthy.
11
36181
3483
用来保持他的农田健康的实践。
00:51
Imagine some of the reactions we get:
12
39664
3158
试想一些我们会得到的反应：
00:54
"Really? An organic farmer
and a plant geneticist?
and a plant geneticist?
13
42822
3576
“真的吗？一个有机农民和一个植物遗传学家？
00:58
Can you agree on anything?"
14
46398
3041
你们能达成什么共识？“
01:01
Well, we can, and it's not difficult,
because we have the same goal.
because we have the same goal.
15
49439
4976
嗯，我们可以，而且这并不困难，
因为我们有共同的目标。
因为我们有共同的目标。
01:06
We want to help nourish
the growing population
the growing population
16
54415
3128
我们想帮助滋养不断增长的人口
01:09
without further destroying
the environment.
the environment.
17
57543
2740
而不进一步破坏环境。
01:12
I believe this is the greatest
challenge of our time.
challenge of our time.
18
60283
4783
我相信这是我们时代的巨大挑战。
01:17
Now, genetic modification is not new;
19
65066
4133
如今，基因改造不是新事物，
01:21
virtually everything we eat
has been genetically modified
has been genetically modified
20
69199
3970
事实上我们吃的所有食物都在一定程度上
01:25
in some manner.
21
73169
2095
被基因改造了。
01:27
Let me give you a few examples.
22
75264
3112
让我来给你举几个例子。
01:30
On the left is an image
23
78376
2281
左边的图片是
01:32
of the ancient ancestor of modern corn.
24
80657
4551
现代玉米的古老祖先。
01:37
You see a single roll of grain
that's covered in a hard case.
that's covered in a hard case.
25
85208
3901
你看到一行覆盖着硬壳的玉米粒。
01:41
Unless you have a hammer,
26
89109
2531
除非你有一个锤子，
01:43
teosinte isn't good for making tortillas.
27
91640
5015
墨西哥类蜀黍不适用于制作墨西哥饼。
01:48
Now, take a look at
the ancient ancestor of banana.
the ancient ancestor of banana.
28
96655
4655
现在，看一下古老的香蕉祖先。
01:53
You can see the large seeds.
29
101310
1754
你能看到巨大的种子。
01:55
And unappetizing brussel sprouts,
30
103064
3436
和引不起食欲的芽甘蓝，
01:58
and eggplant, so beautiful.
31
106500
3622
和茄子，如此美丽。
02:02
Now, to create these varieties,
32
110122
2183
如今，为了创造这些变种，
02:04
breeders have used many different
genetic techniques over the years.
genetic techniques over the years.
33
112305
3184
多年来培育者已经用了很多不同的基因技术。
02:07
Some of them are quite creative,
34
115489
1564
其中一些是相当有创造性的，
02:09
like mixing two different species together
35
117053
2554
例如利用一个叫嫁接的程序
02:11
using a process called grafting
36
119607
2113
把两种不同的品种结合在一起
02:13
to create this variety
that's half tomato and half potato.
that's half tomato and half potato.
37
121720
5802
来创造一个一半是蕃茄
和一半是土豆的品种。
和一半是土豆的品种。
02:19
Breeders have also used
other types of genetic techniques,
other types of genetic techniques,
38
127525
4551
培育者还使用其它种类的基因技术，
02:24
such as random mutagenesis,
39
132076
2043
例如随机突变，
02:26
which induces uncharacterized mutations
40
134119
3390
能让植物产生非典型的
02:29
into the plants.
41
137509
2299
突变基因。
02:31
The rice in the cereal
that many of us fed our babies
that many of us fed our babies
42
139808
4326
许多人用来喂婴儿的谷物大米，
02:36
was developed using this approach.
43
144134
3823
就是用上述的方法改进的。
02:39
Now, today, breeders have
even more options to choose from.
even more options to choose from.
44
147957
3669
现在，今天，培育者甚至有更多的选择。
02:43
Some of them are extraordinarily precise.
45
151626
3738
其中很多是非常精确的。
02:47
I want to give you a couple examples
from my own work.
from my own work.
46
155364
3808
我想从我的工作中给大家举几个例子。
02:51
I work on rice, which is a staple food
for more than half the world's people.
for more than half the world's people.
47
159172
5875
我研究大米，
这是多于全世界一半人口的主粮。
这是多于全世界一半人口的主粮。
02:57
Each year, 40 percent
of the potential harvest
of the potential harvest
48
165047
3134
每一年，有40%的潜在粮食产量
03:00
is lost to pest and disease.
49
168181
2856
都损失于虫害和疾病。
03:03
For this reason,
farmers plant rice varieties
farmers plant rice varieties
50
171037
3130
为此，农民种植携带耐抗性基因的
03:06
that carry genes for resistance.
51
174167
2856
大米品种。
03:09
This approach has been used
for nearly 100 years.
for nearly 100 years.
52
177023
3738
这种方法已经被用了将近100年。
03:12
Yet, when I started graduate school,
53
180761
3181
但是，当我开始在研究院时，
03:15
no one knew what these genes were.
54
183942
2253
还没有人知道这些基因是什么。
03:18
It wasn't until the 1990s
that scientists finally uncovered
that scientists finally uncovered
55
186195
5085
直到90年代才有科学家最终发现
03:23
the genetic basis of resistance.
56
191280
3134
耐抗性的基因基础。
03:26
In my laboratory, we isolated a gene
for immunity to a very serious
for immunity to a very serious
57
194414
4760
在我的实验室里，
为了免疫一种在亚非都很严重的细菌性疾病
为了免疫一种在亚非都很严重的细菌性疾病
03:31
bacterial disease in Asia and Africa.
58
199174
2763
我们分离了一个基因。
03:33
We found we could engineer the gene
into a conventional rice variety
into a conventional rice variety
59
201937
5340
我们发现我们可以把这个基因
移到一种通常容易染病的
移到一种通常容易染病的
03:39
that's normally susceptible,
60
207277
1811
传统大米品种，
03:41
and you can see the two leaves
on the bottom here
on the bottom here
61
209088
2438
而且你可以看到底下的两片叶子
03:43
are highly resistant to infection.
62
211526
2973
都很好地抵抗了感染。
03:46
Now, the same month
that my laboratory published
that my laboratory published
63
214499
3389
现在，同一个月里我的研究室发布了
03:49
our discovery on the rice immunity gene,
64
217888
2787
我们对大米免疫基因的发现，
03:52
my friend and colleague Dave Mackill
stopped by my office.
stopped by my office.
65
220675
3599
我的朋友和同事 Dave Mackill 探访了我的办公室。
03:56
He said, "Seventy million rice farmers
are having trouble growing rice."
are having trouble growing rice."
66
224274
7520
他说：“七千万的大米农民正有种植大米的困难。”
04:04
That's because their fields are flooded,
67
232864
2787
那是因为他们的农田都被洪水淹没了，
04:07
and these rice farmers are living
on less than two dollars a day.
on less than two dollars a day.
68
235651
4621
那些农民每天靠着不够2美元来生活。
04:12
Although rice grows well
in standing water,
in standing water,
69
240272
3552
虽然大米能很好地在积水里生长，
04:15
most rice varieties will die
if they're submerged
if they're submerged
70
243824
2810
但是如果它们被淹3天以上，
04:18
for more than three days.
71
246634
2298
大部分的大米品种都会死掉。
04:20
Flooding is expected
to be increasingly problematic
to be increasingly problematic
72
248932
3321
随着天气的改变，
04:24
as the climate changes.
73
252253
2809
洪灾的发生越来越不确定。
04:27
He told me that his graduate student
Kenong Xu and himself
Kenong Xu and himself
74
255062
4435
他告诉我他的研究生 Kenong Xu 和他自己
04:31
were studying an ancient variety of rice
that had an amazing property.
that had an amazing property.
75
259497
4969
正在研究一种拥有惊人性能的古老大米品种，
04:36
It could withstand two weeks
of complete submergence.
of complete submergence.
76
264466
5712
它能够在被完全淹没的情况下生存两周。
04:42
He asked if I would be willing
to help them isolate this gene.
to help them isolate this gene.
77
270178
5270
他问我是否愿意帮他们分离这个基因。
04:47
I said yes -- I was very excited,
because I knew if we were successful,
because I knew if we were successful,
78
275448
4551
我答应了他，我非常激动，
因为我知道如果我们能成功，
因为我知道如果我们能成功，
04:51
we could potentially help
millions of farmers grow rice
millions of farmers grow rice
79
279999
3994
我们可能可以帮助无数的农民种植大米，
04:55
even when their fields were flooded.
80
283993
3460
即使他们的农田被淹没。
04:59
Kenong spent 10 years
looking for this gene.
looking for this gene.
81
287453
4063
Kenong 花了10年来寻找这个基因。
05:03
Then one day, he said,
82
291516
1997
然后有一天，他说：
05:05
"Come look at this experiment.
You've got to see it."
You've got to see it."
83
293513
3622
”请来看看这个实验。你一定要来看。“
05:09
I went to the greenhouse and I saw
84
297135
1857
我去到温室看到
05:10
that the conventional variety
that was flooded for 18 days had died,
that was flooded for 18 days had died,
85
298992
5300
传统品种被淹18天后死了，
05:16
but the rice variety that we
had genetically engineered
had genetically engineered
86
304292
3663
但是被我们通过基因改造
05:19
with a new gene we had discovered,
called Sub1, was alive.
called Sub1, was alive.
87
307955
4504
植入之前发现的叫 Sub 1的新基因的大米品种存活了。
05:24
Kenong and I were amazed and excited
88
312459
2485
Kenong 和我都很惊讶和兴奋，
05:26
that a single gene could have
this dramatic effect.
this dramatic effect.
89
314944
3831
一个基因能够有如此巨大的影响。
05:30
But this is just a greenhouse experiment.
90
318775
3642
但是这只是一个温室实验。
05:34
Would this work in the field?
91
322417
3366
这在田地中是否也能成功呢？
05:37
Now, I'm going to show you
a four-month time lapse video
a four-month time lapse video
92
325783
2740
现在，我将要给大家展示一个在国际大米研究所拍摄的
05:40
taken at the International
Rice Research Institute.
Rice Research Institute.
93
328523
3042
时长4个月定时拍摄的视频。
05:43
Breeders there developed
a rice variety carrying the Sub1 gene
a rice variety carrying the Sub1 gene
94
331565
5025
那里的培育者利用另一种叫精准培育的基因技术
05:48
using another genetic technique
called precision breeding.
called precision breeding.
95
336590
3636
培育了一种携带 Sub 1 基因的大米品种。
05:52
On the left, you can see the Sub1 variety,
96
340226
2600
在左边，你可以看到 Sub 1 品种，
05:54
and on the right
is the conventional variety.
is the conventional variety.
97
342826
3645
在右边的是传统品种。
05:58
Both varieties do very well at first,
98
346471
2462
两个品种开始都长得很好，
06:00
but then the field is flooded for 17 days.
99
348933
3413
但是接下来农田被淹了17天。
06:04
You can see the Sub1 variety does great.
100
352346
2925
你可以看到 Sub 1 品种长得极好。
06:07
In fact, it produces
three and a half times more grain
three and a half times more grain
101
355271
4853
实际上，它还可以生产比传统品种多
06:12
than the conventional variety.
102
360124
3344
3.5倍的谷物。
06:15
I love this video
103
363468
1997
我很喜欢这个视频
06:17
because it shows the power
of plant genetics to help farmers.
of plant genetics to help farmers.
104
365465
4295
因为它展示了植物遗传学帮助农民的力量。
06:21
Last year, with the help
of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation,
of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation,
105
369760
3390
上一年，
在比尔和梅林达盖茨基金会的帮助下，
在比尔和梅林达盖茨基金会的帮助下，
06:25
three and a half million farmers
grew Sub1 rice.
grew Sub1 rice.
106
373150
4110
三百五十万农民种植了 Sub 1 大米。
06:29
(Applause)
107
377260
4179
（鼓掌）
06:33
Thank you.
108
381439
2949
谢谢。
06:37
Now, many people don't mind
genetic modification
genetic modification
109
385168
4142
现在，
06:41
when it comes to moving rice genes around,
110
389310
2740
当我们在别处使用大米基因，
06:44
rice genes in rice plants,
111
392050
1347
把大米基因用在大米农作物上，
06:45
or even when it comes
to mixing species together
to mixing species together
112
393397
3390
或者甚至通过移植
或随机突变把它和其它品种结合起来，
或随机突变把它和其它品种结合起来，
06:48
through grafting or random mutagenesis.
113
396787
4249
很多人都不会反对基因改造。
06:53
But when it comes to taking genes
from viruses and bacteria
from viruses and bacteria
114
401036
5178
但是当我们从病毒或者细菌上提取基因
06:58
and putting them into plants,
115
406214
1788
然后植入到农作物上，
07:00
a lot of people say, "Yuck."
116
408002
3297
许多人都说：”不好。“
07:03
Why would you do that?
117
411299
2159
大家为什么会这样呢？
07:05
The reason is that sometimes
it's the cheapest, safest,
it's the cheapest, safest,
118
413458
2763
原因是有时候就是最便宜，最安全，
07:08
and most effective technology
119
416221
3112
和最有效率的科技
07:11
for enhancing food security
and advancing sustainable agriculture.
and advancing sustainable agriculture.
120
419333
5294
才能提高食物的安全性和改进可持续农业。
07:16
I'm going to give you three examples.
121
424627
3041
我会给大家三个例子。
07:19
First, take a look at papaya.
It's delicious, right?
It's delicious, right?
122
427668
3112
首先，看一下木瓜。很美味，是吗？
07:22
But now, look at this papaya.
123
430780
2507
但是现在，看一下这个木瓜。
07:25
This papaya is infected
with papaya ringspot virus.
with papaya ringspot virus.
124
433287
4203
这个木瓜被感染了木瓜环斑病病毒。
07:29
In the 1950s, this virus
nearly wiped out the entire production
nearly wiped out the entire production
125
437490
5758
50年代，这种病毒几乎感染了夏威夷欧胡岛
07:35
of papaya on the island of Oahu in Hawaii.
126
443248
5921
的全部木瓜作物。
07:41
Many people thought
that the Hawaiian papaya was doomed,
that the Hawaiian papaya was doomed,
127
449169
4296
许多人认为夏威夷木瓜肯定完了，
07:45
but then, a local Hawaiian,
128
453465
3064
然而，一个本地夏威夷人，
07:48
a plant pathologist
named Dennis Gonsalves,
named Dennis Gonsalves,
129
456529
2671
一个叫丹尼斯·贡萨斐斯的植物病理学家，
07:51
decided to try to fight this disease
using genetic engineering.
using genetic engineering.
130
459200
4431
决定尝试利用基因工程来对抗这种疾病。
07:55
He took a snippet of viral DNA
and he inserted it
and he inserted it
131
463631
3668
他提取了一小片病毒DNA
07:59
into the papaya genome.
132
467299
2113
然后把它插入木瓜的基因组中。
08:01
This is kind of like a human
getting a vaccination.
getting a vaccination.
133
469412
3274
这就像人类接种疫苗。
08:04
Now, take a look at his field trial.
134
472686
2531
现在，看一下他的农场试验。
08:07
You can see the genetically
engineered papaya in the center.
engineered papaya in the center.
135
475217
3622
你可以看到被基因改造了的木瓜在中间。
08:10
It's immune to infection.
136
478839
2183
它不受感染的影响。
08:13
The conventional papaya around the outside
is severely infected with the virus.
is severely infected with the virus.
137
481022
5628
环绕在外的传统木瓜则被病毒严重感染了。
08:18
Dennis' pioneering work is credited
with rescuing the papaya industry.
with rescuing the papaya industry.
138
486650
6719
丹尼斯的先驱性工作援救了木瓜行业
而受到赞扬。
而受到赞扬。
08:25
Today, 20 years later, there's still no
other method to control this disease.
other method to control this disease.
139
493369
4765
今天，20年之后，
我们仍然没有其它方法控制这种病毒。
我们仍然没有其它方法控制这种病毒。
08:30
There's no organic method.
There's no conventional method.
There's no conventional method.
140
498134
3204
没有有机的方法。也没有传统的方法。
08:33
Eighty percent of Hawaiian papaya
is genetically engineered.
is genetically engineered.
141
501338
4250
80%的夏威夷木瓜都是基因改造过的。
08:37
Now, some of you may still feel a little
queasy about viral genes in your food,
queasy about viral genes in your food,
142
505588
4875
如今，可能有些人
还为食物中有病毒基因而感到一点不安，
还为食物中有病毒基因而感到一点不安，
08:42
but consider this:
143
510463
2137
但想一想：
08:44
The genetically engineered papaya
carries just a trace amount of the virus.
carries just a trace amount of the virus.
144
512600
6780
被基因改造的木瓜只是携带了微量的病毒。
08:51
If you bite into an organic
or conventional papaya
or conventional papaya
145
519380
3390
如果你咬一口被病毒感染的
08:54
that is infected with the virus,
146
522770
2855
有机的或传统木瓜，
08:57
you will be chewing on tenfold
more viral protein.
more viral protein.
147
525625
5016
你会嚼着多于十倍的病毒蛋白质。
09:02
Now, take a look at this pest
feasting on an eggplant.
feasting on an eggplant.
148
530641
3952
现在，看一下这只正在吃着茄子的害虫。
09:06
The brown you see is frass,
149
534593
2387
你看到的棕色物质是虫粪，
09:08
what comes out
the back end of the insect.
the back end of the insect.
150
536980
3181
它是从害虫子的后端出来的。
09:12
To control this serious pest,
151
540161
3204
为了控制这种可以摧毁
09:15
which can devastate the entire
eggplant crop in Bangladesh,
eggplant crop in Bangladesh,
152
543365
5526
孟加拉国所有茄子作物的严重害虫，
09:20
Bangladeshi farmers spray insecticides
153
548891
3436
孟加拉国的农民每个星期喷射
09:24
two to three times a week,
154
552327
3367
两至三次的杀虫剂，
09:27
sometimes twice a day,
when pest pressure is high.
when pest pressure is high.
155
555694
4714
有时候当虫害严重时一天两次。
09:32
But we know that some insecticides
are very harmful to human health,
are very harmful to human health,
156
560408
4040
但是我们知道
一些杀虫剂对人体健康有很大害处，
一些杀虫剂对人体健康有很大害处，
09:36
especially when farmers and their families
157
564448
3587
尤其当农民和他们的家人
09:40
cannot afford proper protection,
like these children.
like these children.
158
568035
4365
负担不起恰当的安全措施，就如这些孩子。
09:44
In less developed countries,
it's estimated that 300,000 people
it's estimated that 300,000 people
159
572400
5503
在欠发达国家里，据估计每年有30万人
09:49
die every year because of
insecticide misuse and exposure.
insecticide misuse and exposure.
160
577903
5410
死于杀虫剂的滥用和暴露。
09:55
Cornell and Bangladeshi scientists
decided to fight this disease
decided to fight this disease
161
583313
3808
康奈尔和孟加拉国的科学家决定使用一种
09:59
using a genetic technique that builds
on an organic farming approach.
on an organic farming approach.
162
587121
5252
建立在有机农业方法上的基因技术
来对抗这场疾病。
来对抗这场疾病。
10:04
Organic farmers like my husband Raoul
spray an insecticide called B.T.,
spray an insecticide called B.T.,
163
592373
4890
有机农民，如我的丈夫乌拉尔，
喷洒一种以细菌为基础的
喷洒一种以细菌为基础的
10:09
which is based on a bacteria.
164
597263
2976
叫 B.T. 的杀虫剂。
10:12
This pesticide is very specific
to caterpillar pests,
to caterpillar pests,
165
600239
5828
这种杀虫剂对毛虫很特别，
10:18
and in fact, it's nontoxic
to humans, fish and birds.
to humans, fish and birds.
166
606067
3576
实际上，它对人类，鱼和鸟都没有毒性。
10:21
It's less toxic than table salt.
167
609643
3111
它比食盐的毒性更小。
10:24
But this approach
does not work well in Bangladesh.
does not work well in Bangladesh.
168
612754
2578
但这种方法在孟加拉国作用不大，
10:27
That's because these insecticide sprays
169
615332
2414
因为这种杀虫剂
10:29
are difficult to find, they're expensive,
170
617746
2253
很难得到，它们很贵，
10:31
and they don't prevent the insect
from getting inside the plants.
from getting inside the plants.
171
619999
4342
而且它们不能阻止害虫进入植物里。
10:36
In the genetic approach, scientists
cut the gene out of the bacteria
cut the gene out of the bacteria
172
624341
3204
在基因方法里，科学家从细菌里切出一个基因
10:39
and insert it directly into
the eggplant genome.
the eggplant genome.
173
627545
3181
然后把它直接放进茄子的基因组里。
10:42
Will this work to reduce
insecticide sprays in Bangladesh?
insecticide sprays in Bangladesh?
174
630726
3390
这个方法能不能够减低杀虫剂在孟加拉国的使用呢？
10:46
Definitely.
175
634116
1439
当然可以。
10:47
Last season, farmers reported they were
able to reduce their insecticide use
able to reduce their insecticide use
176
635555
4551
上一个季节，农民回应他们已经可以
10:52
by a huge amount, almost down to zero.
177
640106
4365
大大地减少杀虫剂的使用，几乎不需要使用。
10:56
They're able to harvest
and replant for the next season.
and replant for the next season.
178
644471
3089
他们能够收割庄稼和为下一季度重新种植。
11:00
Now, I've given you a couple examples
of how genetic engineering can be used
of how genetic engineering can be used
179
648700
3805
现在，我已经给大家举了几个例子
关于基因工程
关于基因工程
11:04
to fight pests and disease
180
652505
1788
如何能够用来抵抗害虫和疾病
11:06
and to reduce the amount of insecticides.
181
654293
2740
和用来减少杀虫剂的使用量。
11:09
My final example is an example
182
657033
3367
我最后的例子是关于
11:12
where genetic engineering
can be used to reduce malnutrition.
can be used to reduce malnutrition.
183
660400
5114
基因工程在哪里能够被用来减低营养不良。
11:18
In less developed countries,
184
666024
2549
在欠发达国家，
11:20
500,000 children go blind every year
because of lack of Vitamin A.
because of lack of Vitamin A.
185
668573
4666
每年有50万儿童因缺乏维生素A而失明。
11:25
More than half will die.
186
673239
2765
一半以上会死亡。
11:28
For this reason, scientists supported
by the Rockefeller Foundation
by the Rockefeller Foundation
187
676004
3853
基于这个原因，科学家在洛克菲勒基金的支持下，
11:31
genetically engineered a golden rice
188
679857
2856
从基因上设计了一种能够生产 β-胡萝卜素的
11:34
to produce beta-carotene,
which is the precursor of Vitamin A.
which is the precursor of Vitamin A.
189
682713
4551
维生素A先驱的黄金大米。
11:39
This is the same pigment
that we find in carrots.
that we find in carrots.
190
687264
3325
这是我们在胡萝卜里找到的同样色素。
11:42
Researchers estimate that just one cup
of golden rice per day
of golden rice per day
191
690589
4732
研究人员估计每天只要一杯黄金大米
11:47
will save the lives
of thousands of children.
of thousands of children.
192
695321
4427
就可以拯救上千的儿童。
11:51
But golden rice is virulently opposed
193
699748
2210
但是黄金大米被反对基因工程的积极份子
11:53
by activists who are
against genetic modification.
against genetic modification.
194
701958
2960
大力反对。
11:56
Just last year,
195
704918
1610
就在上一年，
11:58
activists invaded and destroyed
a field trial in the Philippines.
a field trial in the Philippines.
196
706528
4395
积极份子们侵入和毁坏了在菲律宾的一片试验田。
12:02
When I heard about the destruction,
197
710923
2416
当我听到试验田被毁坏时，
12:05
I wondered if they knew that they
were destroying much more
were destroying much more
198
713339
3761
我在想他们是否知道他们毁坏的
12:09
than a scientific research project,
199
717100
2183
不止是一个科学研究项目，
12:11
that they were destroying medicines
that children desperately needed
that children desperately needed
200
719283
3221
他们毁坏的是孩子们迫切需要的
12:14
to save their sight and their lives.
201
722504
3463
用来挽救他们视力和生命的药物。
12:17
Some of my friends and family still worry:
202
725967
2743
我的一些朋友和家人仍然很担心：
12:20
How do you know genes
in the food are safe to eat?
in the food are safe to eat?
203
728710
3251
你怎么知道食物里的基因是安全可吃的？
12:23
I explained the genetic engineering,
204
731961
1718
我解释了基因工程，
12:25
the process of moving
genes between species,
genes between species,
205
733679
2368
在物种间移取基因的方法已经
12:28
has been used for more than 40 years
206
736047
2810
在酒中，在药物中，在植物中，在芝士中
12:30
in wines, in medicine,
in plants, in cheeses.
in plants, in cheeses.
207
738857
4315
被运用了40多年。
12:35
In all that time, there hasn't been
a single case of harm
a single case of harm
208
743172
3124
一直以来，都没有一个对人类健康或者环境
12:38
to human health or the environment.
209
746296
3868
造成伤害的个案。
12:42
But I say, look, I'm not
asking you to believe me.
asking you to believe me.
210
750164
2671
但是我并不是要求你要相信我。
12:44
Science is not a belief system.
211
752835
3227
科学不是一个信仰体系。
12:48
My opinion doesn't matter.
212
756062
2809
我的观点不重要。
12:50
Let's look at the evidence.
213
758871
2810
我们相信的是证据。
12:53
After 20 years of careful study
and rigorous peer review
and rigorous peer review
214
761681
3506
经过20多年由成千上万独立的科学家
12:57
by thousands of independent scientists,
215
765187
3042
谨慎的研究和严格的同业互查，
13:00
every major scientific organization
in the world has concluded
in the world has concluded
216
768229
4040
世界上每一个主要的科学机构已经断定
13:04
that the crops currently
on the market are safe to eat
on the market are safe to eat
217
772269
3622
市场上的所有庄稼都是可安全食用的
13:07
and that the process
of genetic engineering
of genetic engineering
218
775891
2252
而且转基因的方法
13:10
is no more risky than older methods
of genetic modification.
of genetic modification.
219
778143
4853
没有比传统基因改造方法更危险。
13:14
These are precisely the same
organizations that most of us trust
organizations that most of us trust
220
782996
3636
这些机构恰好是大部份人在其它重要科学问题上，
13:18
when it comes to other
important scientific issues
important scientific issues
221
786632
3024
例如全球气候改变或者疫苗安全问题上
13:21
such as global climate change
or the safety of vaccines.
or the safety of vaccines.
222
789656
4025
都会相信的同样的机构
13:27
Raoul and I believe that, instead of
worrying about the genes in our food,
worrying about the genes in our food,
223
795081
4419
乌拉尔和我相信，与其担心食物中的基因，
13:31
we must focus on how we can help
children grow up healthy.
children grow up healthy.
224
799500
3692
我们更需要关注如何帮助儿童健康成长。
13:35
We must ask if farmers
in rural communities can thrive,
in rural communities can thrive,
225
803192
3135
我们必需问一问农村社区的农民是否能够营生，
13:38
and if everyone can afford the food.
226
806327
2624
和每个人是否都能买得起食物。
13:40
We must try to minimize
environmental degradation.
environmental degradation.
227
808951
3691
我们必需努力将环境退化最小化。
13:44
What scares me most about
the loud arguments and misinformation
the loud arguments and misinformation
228
812642
3599
关于对植物基因激烈的争论和错误的信息
13:48
about plant genetics
229
816241
1556
最令我害怕的是
13:49
is that the poorest people
who most need the technology
who most need the technology
230
817797
3042
那些最需要这种科技的最贫穷的人
可能失去食物
可能失去食物
13:52
may be denied access because of
the vague fears and prejudices
the vague fears and prejudices
231
820839
3738
正是因为一些有足够
13:56
of those who have enough to eat.
232
824577
3227
食物的人的不明确的忧虑和偏见。
13:59
We have a huge challenge in front of us.
233
827804
2926
在我们前面有着巨大的挑战。
14:02
Let's celebrate scientific
innovation and use it.
innovation and use it.
234
830730
3785
让我们庆祝和利用科学的创新。
14:06
It's our responsibility
235
834515
1950
这是我们的责任
14:08
to do everything we can to help
alleviate human suffering
alleviate human suffering
236
836465
3437
去做任何我们可以做的事情
14:11
and safeguard the environment.
237
839902
1834
来帮助减轻人类遭受的磨难和保卫环境。
14:13
Thank you.
238
841736
2252
谢谢！
14:15
(Applause)
239
843988
1927
（掌声）
14:17
Thank you.
240
845915
2578
谢谢！
14:20
Chris Anderson: Powerfully argued.
241
848493
1904
克里斯·安德森：热烈地争论了。
14:22
The people who argue against GMOs,
242
850397
2159
反对转基因生物的人，
14:24
as I understand it, the core piece
comes from two things.
comes from two things.
243
852556
3831
就我理解而言，主要的批评来自于两点。
14:28
One, complexity and
unintended consequence.
unintended consequence.
244
856387
2890
一点是复杂性和不可预料的结果。
14:31
Nature is this incredibly complex machine.
245
859277
2041
大自然是这样一个非常复杂的机器。
14:33
If we put out these brand new genes
that we've created,
that we've created,
246
861318
2584
如果我们拿出这些我们所创造的崭新的
14:35
that haven't been challenged
by years of evolution,
by years of evolution,
247
863902
2424
没有经过长年进化演变的基因，
14:38
and they started mixing up
with the rest of what's going on,
with the rest of what's going on,
248
866326
2907
然后让它们和现有的基因开始的混合一起，
14:41
couldn't that trigger some kind
of cataclysm or problem,
of cataclysm or problem,
249
869233
3437
难道不会引发一些大变动或者问题吗？
14:44
especially when you add in
the commercial incentive
the commercial incentive
250
872670
2571
尤其当你加进
14:47
that some companies have
to put them out there?
to put them out there?
251
875241
3553
由一些企业已经摆出的商业动机。
14:50
The fear is that those incentives
252
878794
1718
这些忧虑是那些动机
14:52
mean that the decision is not made
on purely scientific grounds,
on purely scientific grounds,
253
880512
3734
意味着作出的决定不是基于纯粹的科学依据，
14:56
and even if it was, that there would be
unintended consequences.
unintended consequences.
254
884246
3046
就算是，那也会有不可预料的后果。
14:59
How do we know that there isn't
a big risk of some unintended consequence?
a big risk of some unintended consequence?
255
887292
4133
我们怎么知道没有不可预计的后果的大风险呢？
15:03
Often our tinkerings with nature
do lead to big, unintended consequences
do lead to big, unintended consequences
256
891425
3877
往往地我们对大自然的小修改
会导致很大的，不可预知的后果
会导致很大的，不可预知的后果
15:07
and chain reactions.
257
895302
1695
和连锁反应。
15:08
Pamela Ronald: Okay,
so on the commercial aspects,
so on the commercial aspects,
258
896997
2578
帕梅拉·罗纳德：好，那么在商业影响下，
15:11
one thing that's really important
to understand is that,
to understand is that,
259
899575
2670
有一点非常值得理解的是，
15:14
in the developed world,
farmers in the United States,
farmers in the United States,
260
902245
2666
在发达国家，在美国的农民，
15:16
almost all farmers, whether
they're organic or conventional,
they're organic or conventional,
261
904911
2821
几乎所有的农民，
不论他们是有机的还是传统的，
不论他们是有机的还是传统的，
15:19
they buy seed produced by seed companies.
262
907732
2098
他们买种子公司生产的种子。
15:21
So there's definitely a commercial
interest to sell a lot of seed,
interest to sell a lot of seed,
263
909830
3102
所以这里当然有商业利益去卖许多的种子，
15:24
but hopefully they're selling seed
that the farmers want to buy.
that the farmers want to buy.
264
912932
3003
但是希望他们卖的是农民想买的种子。
15:27
It's different in the
less developed world.
less developed world.
265
915935
2261
在欠发达世界就不同了。
15:30
Farmers there cannot afford the seed.
266
918196
2113
那里的农民买不起的某些种子
15:32
These seeds are not being sold.
267
920309
1626
那些种子就不会被销售。
15:33
These seeds are being distributed freely
268
921935
2368
这些种子通过传统的
15:36
through traditional kinds
of certification groups,
of certification groups,
269
924303
5062
有资格认证的团体被自由分配，
15:41
so it is very important
in less developed countries
in less developed countries
270
929365
2483
因此，在欠发达国家
15:43
that the seed be freely available.
271
931848
1625
种子能不受限制地被使用是很重要的。
15:45
CA: Wouldn't some activists say that this
is actually part of the conspiracy?
is actually part of the conspiracy?
272
933473
3624
CA: 会不会有一些积极分子会说
这实际上是阴谋的一部份呢？
这实际上是阴谋的一部份呢？
15:49
This is the heroin strategy.
273
937097
1416
这是海洛因策略。
15:50
You seed the stuff,
and people have no choice
and people have no choice
274
938513
2252
你种植东西，人们没有选择
15:52
but to be hooked on these seeds forever?
275
940765
1939
却永远沉溺于这些东西？
15:54
PR: There are a lot of conspiracy theories
for sure, but it doesn't work that way.
for sure, but it doesn't work that way.
276
942704
5387
PR: 确实有很多阴谋论，但这是不一样的。
16:00
For example, the seed that's being
distributed, the flood-tolerant rice,
distributed, the flood-tolerant rice,
277
948091
3976
例如，被分配的种子，耐渍型大米，
16:04
this is distributed freely
278
952067
1845
通过印度和孟加拉国
16:05
through Indian and Bangladeshi
seed certification agencies,
seed certification agencies,
279
953912
4117
种子认定机构被自由分配，
16:10
so there's no commercial interest at all.
280
958029
2415
这样就没有了商业利益。
16:12
The golden rice was developed through
support of the Rockefeller Foundation.
support of the Rockefeller Foundation.
281
960444
3924
黄金大米是在洛克菲勒基金的支持下发展的。
16:16
Again, it's being freely distributed.
282
964368
1997
同样地，也是被自由分发的。
16:18
There are no commercial profits
283
966365
1787
在这种情况下
16:20
in this situation.
284
968152
2346
没有商业利益。
16:22
And now to address your other question
about, well, mixing genes,
about, well, mixing genes,
285
970498
3273
现在来讨论一下其它问题，嗯，关于混合基因，
16:25
aren't there some unintended consequences?
286
973771
2253
这会有什么不可预料的结果吗？
16:28
Absolutely -- every time
we do something different,
we do something different,
287
976024
2995
当然 -- 每次我们做不一样的事情
16:31
there's an unintended consequence,
288
979019
1781
都会有想像不到的后果，
16:32
but one of the points I was trying to make
289
980800
2027
但是我想说的其中一点是
16:34
is that we've been doing
kind of crazy things to our plants,
kind of crazy things to our plants,
290
982827
3332
我们一直对我们植物做的看似疯狂的事情，
16:38
mutagenesis using radiation
or chemical mutagenesis.
or chemical mutagenesis.
291
986159
4098
用辐射或化学诱变产生基因变异。
16:42
This induces thousands
of uncharacterized mutations,
of uncharacterized mutations,
292
990257
3947
这包含上千个不确定的突变，
16:46
and this is even a higher risk
of unintended consequence
of unintended consequence
293
994204
3924
而且这比起许多现代方法有着
16:50
than many of the modern methods.
294
998128
1788
甚至更高的的不确定后果风险。
16:51
And so it's really important
not to use the term GMO
not to use the term GMO
295
999916
3135
因此十分重要的不能使用基因改造生物
16:55
because it's scientifically meaningless.
296
1003051
2716
因为在科学上是没意义的。
16:57
I feel it's very important to talk
about a specific crop
about a specific crop
297
1005767
4342
我认为讨论关于特定的农作物
17:02
and a specific product, and think about
the needs of the consumer.
the needs of the consumer.
298
1010109
3322
和特定的产品，和考虑消费者的需要是很重要的。
17:05
CA: So part of what's happening here
is that there's a mental model
is that there's a mental model
299
1013431
3177
CA: 在很多人中有一种思维模式，
17:08
in a lot of people that nature is nature,
and it's pure and pristine,
and it's pure and pristine,
300
1016608
3852
就是天然就是天然，它是纯粹的和原始的
17:12
and to tinker with it is Frankensteinian.
301
1020460
2237
若是稍作修改就是作法自毙。
17:14
It's making something that's pure
dangerous in some way,
dangerous in some way,
302
1022697
3646
这种想法在一定程度上很危险，
17:18
and I think you're saying
that that whole model
that that whole model
303
1026343
2341
而且我想你指的是那整个模式
17:20
just misunderstands how nature is.
304
1028684
2113
是误会了自然的本质。
17:22
Nature is a much more chaotic
interplay of genetic changes
interplay of genetic changes
305
1030797
3901
在自然中，基因改变的相互作用更混乱得多，
17:26
that have been happening
all the time anyway.
all the time anyway.
306
1034698
2229
而且是无论如何一直在发生着的。
17:28
PR: That's absolutely true, and there's
no such thing as pure food.
no such thing as pure food.
307
1036927
3413
PR：没错，
而且这里没有一种东西是纯正的食物。
而且这里没有一种东西是纯正的食物。
17:32
I mean, you could not spray
eggplant with insecticides
eggplant with insecticides
308
1040340
3057
我的意思是，如果你不可以喷洒杀虫剂
17:35
or not genetically engineer it,
but then you'd be stuck eating frass.
but then you'd be stuck eating frass.
309
1043397
3523
或者改造基因，那你就只能吃虫粪了。
17:39
So there's no purity there.
310
1047500
1648
因此是没有纯粹的东西的。
17:41
CA: Pam Ronald, thank you.
That was powerfully argued.
That was powerfully argued.
311
1049148
2600
CA：帕姆·罗纳德，谢谢。很有说服力的演说。
17:43
PR: Thank you very much. I appreciate it.
312
1051748
2090
PR：非常感谢！我很感激！
17:45
(Applause)
313
1053838
2152
（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Pamela Ronald - Plant geneticistEmbracing both genetically improved seed and ecologically based farming methods, Pamela Ronald aims to enhance sustainable agriculture.
Why you should listen
As a proponent of sustainable agriculture using the most appropriate technologies, UC Davis researcher Pamela Ronald’s holistic vision startles some. But the success of her genetic tinkering is uncontroversial: it shows that genetic improvement is a critical component of feeding the world without further destroying the environment.
Her book Tomorrow’s Table (co-authored with organic farmer Raoul Adamchak) argues that to advance sustainable agriculture, we must not focus on how a seed variety was developed. Instead we must ask what technology most enhances local food security and can provide safe, abundant and nutritious food to consumers.
Pamela Ronald | Speaker | TED.com