TEDGlobal 2010
Marcel Dicke: Why not eat insects?
馬塞爾.迪克 (Marcel Dicke)：何不食昆蟲？
Filmed:
Readability: 3.4
1,580,166 views
馬塞爾.迪克 (Marcel Dicke)要推廣昆蟲入菜。他要對保守的大廚和美食家呼籲：蝗蟲跟毛毛蟲在味道、營養價值、和環保上完全不輸傳統的肉類。
Marcel Dicke - Ecological entomologist
Marcel Dicke wants us to reconsider our relationship with insects, promoting bugs as a tasty -- and ecologically sound -- alternative to meat in an increasingly hungry world. Full bio
Marcel Dicke wants us to reconsider our relationship with insects, promoting bugs as a tasty -- and ecologically sound -- alternative to meat in an increasingly hungry world. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Okay, I'm going to show you
0
0
3000
我又要來告訴你們
00:18
again something about our diets.
1
3000
3000
一些有關我們飲食的事。
00:21
And I would like to know what the audience is,
2
6000
3000
我想先知道現場聽衆有哪些人
00:24
and so who of you ever ate insects?
3
9000
3000
曾有人吃過昆蟲嗎？
00:29
That's quite a lot.
4
14000
2000
還真不少。
00:31
(Laughter)
5
16000
2000
（笑聲）
00:33
But still, you're not representing
6
18000
2000
然而，在場的各位
00:35
the overall population of the Earth.
7
20000
2000
並不代表全球人口的實況
00:37
(Laughter)
8
22000
2000
（笑聲）
00:39
Because there's 80 percent out there that really eats insects.
9
24000
3000
因爲，實際上全球百分之八十的人吃昆蟲
00:42
But this is quite good.
10
27000
2000
而這樣是很好的。
00:45
Why not eat insects? Well first, what are insects?
11
30000
3000
何不食昆蟲？首先我們要定義，什麽是昆蟲？
00:48
Insects are animals that walk around on six legs.
12
33000
3000
昆蟲是有六隻腳的動物
00:51
And here you see just a selection.
13
36000
2000
這裡你可以看到一些種類
00:53
There's six million species of insects on this planet,
14
38000
3000
全球有六百萬種的昆蟲
00:56
six million species.
15
41000
2000
六百萬種。
00:58
There's a few hundreds of mammals --
16
43000
2000
哺乳類只有幾百種
01:00
six million species of insects.
17
45000
3000
而昆蟲有六百萬種。
01:03
In fact, if we count all the individual organisms,
18
48000
3000
而且，如果我們把所有生物個體算進來
01:06
we would come at much larger numbers.
19
51000
3000
我們得到的不只這個數字。
01:09
In fact, of all animals on Earth,
20
54000
3000
事實上，地球上的動物
01:12
of all animal species,
21
57000
2000
所有的種類都算進去
01:14
80 percent walks on six legs.
22
59000
2000
百分之八十都是六隻腳的動物。
01:16
But if we would count all the individuals,
23
61000
3000
如果我們把所有的生物個體都算進來
01:19
and we take an average weight of them,
24
64000
2000
再取所有的平均重量
01:21
it would amount to something like 200 to 2,000 kilograms
25
66000
3000
你我每個人會對應到
01:24
for each of you and me on Earth.
26
69000
3000
大概200到2000公斤重的昆蟲。
01:27
That means that in terms of biomass,
27
72000
2000
這表示，就生物質量來説
01:29
insects are more abundant than we are,
28
74000
3000
昆蟲佔的比重比我們人類還大很多。
01:32
and we're not on a planet of men,
29
77000
2000
我們住的不是人的星球
01:34
but we're on a planet of insects.
30
79000
2000
而是昆蟲的星球。
01:37
Insects are not only there in nature,
31
82000
2000
昆蟲不只存在自然裏
01:39
but they also are involved in our economy,
32
84000
2000
也跟我們的經濟息息相關
01:41
usually without us knowing.
33
86000
2000
這點大部分的我們都不知道。
01:43
There was an estimation,
34
88000
2000
根據幾年前
01:45
a conservative estimation, a couple of years ago
35
90000
2000
一項保守的估算說
01:47
that the U.S. economy
36
92000
2000
昆蟲給美國經濟
01:49
benefited by 57 billion
37
94000
3000
每年帶來
01:52
dollars per year.
38
97000
2000
570億美金的效益。
01:54
It's a number -- very large --
39
99000
3000
對美國的經濟來説
01:57
a contribution to the economy of the United States for free.
40
102000
3000
這是一個十分大，但免費的貢獻。
02:00
And so I looked up what the economy was paying
41
105000
3000
我也順便查了
02:03
for the war in Iraq
42
108000
2000
同一年
02:05
in the same year.
43
110000
2000
花在伊拉克戰爭的費用
02:07
It was 80 billion U.S. dollars.
44
112000
2000
是800億美金。
02:09
Well we know that that
45
114000
2000
我們都知道
02:11
was not a cheap war.
46
116000
2000
伊拉克戰爭並不便宜。
02:13
So insects, just for free,
47
118000
2000
但是昆蟲，免費地
02:15
contribute to the economy of the United States
48
120000
2000
為美國的經濟帶來
02:17
with about the same order of magnitude,
49
122000
3000
相當於伊戰規模的效益
02:20
just for free, without everyone knowing.
50
125000
2000
卻沒有任何人知道。
02:22
And not only in the States,
51
127000
2000
而且不止在美國，在任何國家、
02:24
but in any country, in any economy.
52
129000
2000
任何經濟體系裏都有這樣的效益
02:26
What do they do?
53
131000
2000
昆蟲們是怎麽辦到的？
02:28
They remove dung, they pollinate our crops.
54
133000
2000
昆蟲會分解糞便，幫農作物授粉
02:30
A third of all the fruits that we eat
55
135000
2000
我們吃的水果
02:32
are all a result
56
137000
2000
有三分之一
02:34
of insects taking care of the reproduction of plants.
57
139000
3000
都是藉由昆蟲授粉而生産的。
02:37
They control pests,
58
142000
2000
昆蟲抑制害蟲的蔓延
02:39
and they're food for animals.
59
144000
2000
也是動物的食物來源
02:41
They're at the start of food chains.
60
146000
2000
他們位於食物鏈的底層
02:43
Small animals eat insects.
61
148000
2000
小動物吃昆蟲
02:45
Even larger animals eat insects.
62
150000
2000
大型的動物也吃昆蟲。
02:47
But the small animals that eat insects
63
152000
2000
吃昆蟲的小動物
02:49
are being eaten by larger animals,
64
154000
2000
被大動物吃掉
02:51
still larger animals.
65
156000
2000
又被更大的動物吃掉
02:53
And at the end of the food chain, we are eating them as well.
66
158000
3000
位於食物鏈末端的我們也吃昆蟲。
02:57
There's quite a lot of people that are eating insects.
67
162000
2000
有很多人吃昆蟲
02:59
And here you see me
68
164000
2000
這是我在中國
03:01
in a small, provincial town in China, Lijiang --
69
166000
2000
一個人口兩百萬
03:03
about two million inhabitants.
70
168000
2000
叫麗江的小城。
03:05
If you go out for dinner, like in a fish restaurant,
71
170000
3000
你去吃晚餐，就像在海產店
03:08
where you can select which fish you want to eat,
72
173000
3000
你挑選你要吃的魚
03:11
you can select which insects you would like to eat.
73
176000
2000
在這裡你挑選你要吃的昆蟲。
03:13
And they prepare it in a wonderful way.
74
178000
2000
廚師把昆蟲變成色香味俱全的菜。
03:15
And here you see me enjoying a meal
75
180000
2000
你看我在吃的昆蟲大餐有
03:17
with caterpillars, locusts,
76
182000
3000
毛毛蟲、蝗蟲
03:20
bee pupae -- delicacies.
77
185000
3000
蜜蜂等等。
03:23
And you can eat something new everyday.
78
188000
3000
每天還有新菜色
03:26
There's more than 1,000 species of insects
79
191000
3000
全球有超過1000種的昆蟲
03:29
that are being eaten all around the globe.
80
194000
3000
被人類食用。
03:32
That's quite a bit more
81
197000
2000
跟我們吃的
03:34
than just a few mammals that we're eating,
82
199000
2000
像牛、豬、羊
03:36
like a cow or a pig
83
201000
2000
區區幾種哺乳類比起來
03:38
or a sheep.
84
203000
2000
這是相當大的數量。
03:40
More than 1,000 species --
85
205000
2000
超過1000種
03:42
an enormous variety.
86
207000
3000
這種類是很多的
03:45
And now you may think, okay,
87
210000
2000
你可能會想
03:47
in this provincial town in China they're doing that, but not us.
88
212000
3000
好吧，中國這個鄉下地方的人吃蟲，我們可不吃。
03:50
Well we've seen already that quite some of you
89
215000
2000
我們剛才看到了
03:52
already ate insects maybe occasionally,
90
217000
3000
在場各位裏有些人偶爾可能吃昆蟲。
03:55
but I can tell you that every one of you
91
220000
2000
我可以跟你們說，
03:57
is eating insects, without any exception.
92
222000
3000
所有的人都吃昆蟲，而且沒有例外。
04:00
You're eating at least
93
225000
2000
每一年你至少
04:02
500 grams per year.
94
227000
2000
吃進了五百公克
04:04
What are you eating?
95
229000
2000
怎麽會呢？
04:06
Tomato soup, peanut butter,
96
231000
2000
番茄湯、花生醬
04:08
chocolate, noodles --
97
233000
2000
巧克力、麵條等
04:10
any processed food that you're eating
98
235000
2000
所有處理過的食品
04:12
contains insects,
99
237000
2000
都包含昆蟲
04:14
because insects are here all around us,
100
239000
3000
因爲昆蟲無所不在
04:17
and when they're out there in nature
101
242000
2000
在大自然裏、在我們的左右、
04:19
they're also in our crops.
102
244000
2000
在穀物裏。
04:21
Some fruits get some insect damage.
103
246000
3000
有些水果受到蟲咬
04:24
Those are the fruits, if they're tomato,
104
249000
2000
像是番茄、
04:26
that go to the tomato soup.
105
251000
2000
就被加工做成湯
04:28
If they don't have any damage, they go to the grocery.
106
253000
3000
沒被蟲咬的水果才會拿到市場來賣
04:31
And that's your view of a tomato.
107
256000
3000
這是你印象中的漂亮的番茄。
04:34
But there's tomatoes that end up in a soup,
108
259000
3000
但是也有很多番茄直接被做成湯
04:37
and as long as they meet
109
262000
2000
食品裏可能出現各式各樣的東西
04:39
the requirements of the food agency,
110
264000
3000
只要能符合
04:42
there can be all kinds of things in there,
111
267000
2000
食品管理單位的規定
04:44
no problem.
112
269000
2000
就沒有問題。
04:46
In fact, why would we put these balls in the soup,
113
271000
3000
事實上，番茄湯裡何必再放肉？
04:49
there's meat in there anyway?
114
274000
2000
裡面早就有（蟲）肉了
04:51
(Laughter)
115
276000
4000
（笑聲）
04:55
In fact, all our processed foods
116
280000
2000
所有處理過的食品
04:57
contain more proteins
117
282000
2000
所含的蛋白質的量
04:59
than we would be aware of.
118
284000
3000
都比我們認爲的還多。
05:03
So anything is a good protein source already.
119
288000
3000
所以基本上所有的食品都含蛋白質。
05:06
Now you may say,
120
291000
2000
現在你可能會說
05:08
"Okay, so we're eating 500 grams just by accident."
121
293000
3000
“好吧，這500克是我們不小心吃進去的。”
05:11
We're even doing this on purpose.
122
296000
2000
事實上，在很多食品裏
05:13
In a lot of food items that we have --
123
298000
2000
我們也會故意加蟲進去。
05:15
I have only two items
124
300000
2000
我這裡有兩樣
05:17
here on the slide --
125
302000
2000
在投影片上
05:19
pink cookies or surimi sticks
126
304000
2000
粉紅色餅乾和蟹肉棒
05:21
or, if you like, Campari --
127
306000
2000
或是，Campari烈酒
05:23
a lot of our food products that are of a red color
128
308000
3000
很多我們吃的紅色的東西
05:26
are dyed with a natural dye.
129
311000
3000
是用天然紅色染料染的。
05:29
The surimi sticks
130
314000
2000
蟹肉棒
05:31
[of] crabmeat, or is being sold as crab meat,
131
316000
2000
是蟹肉，或是仿蟹肉
05:33
is white fish
132
318000
2000
實際是白魚肉
05:35
that's being dyed with cochineal.
133
320000
2000
用胭脂蟲酸染色的。
05:37
Cochineal is a product
134
322000
2000
胭脂蟲酸是
05:39
of an insect that lives off these cacti.
135
324000
3000
是寄生在仙人掌上的蟲作的染料。
05:42
It's being produced in large amounts,
136
327000
3000
胭脂蟲酸是量產的產物
05:45
150 to 180 metric tons per year
137
330000
3000
年產量為150到180公噸
05:48
in the Canary Islands in Peru,
138
333000
3000
主要產在祕魯的加那利群島
05:51
and it's big business.
139
336000
2000
是一項重要的產業。
05:53
One gram of cochineal
140
338000
3000
每一克胭脂蟲酸
05:56
costs about 30 euros.
141
341000
2000
要價30歐元
05:58
One gram of gold
142
343000
3000
黃金一公克
06:01
is 30 euros.
143
346000
2000
也是30歐元
06:04
So it's a very precious thing
144
349000
3000
所以我們使用的這個食物染料
06:07
that we're using to dye our foods.
145
352000
3000
是非常珍貴的。
06:10
Now the situation in the world is going to change
146
355000
3000
對你我和這個地球而言
06:13
for you and me, for everyone on this Earth.
147
358000
2000
現在世界的局勢將會改變。
06:15
The human population is growing very rapidly
148
360000
3000
這世界的人口正在急速增加
06:18
and is growing exponentially.
149
363000
2000
成指數爆炸性地增加
06:20
Where, at the moment, we have
150
365000
2000
現在全球大約
06:22
something between six and seven billion people,
151
367000
2000
有60到70億的人口
06:24
it will grow to about nine billion
152
369000
2000
到2050年
06:26
in 2050.
153
371000
3000
會增加到90億。
06:29
That means that we have a lot more mouths to feed,
154
374000
3000
這表示會有更多張嘴嗷嗷待哺。
06:32
and this is something that worries more and more people.
155
377000
3000
越來越多人開始為這個為這個問題擔心。
06:35
There was an FAO conference last October
156
380000
2000
聯合國糧農組織去年十月
06:37
that was completely devoted to this.
157
382000
2000
開了一個會專門來討論這個問題。
06:39
How are we going to feed this world?
158
384000
2000
如何能產生足夠的食物？
06:41
And if you look at the figures up there,
159
386000
2000
你如果看看這些數字
06:43
it says that we have a third more mouths to feed,
160
388000
3000
說世界人口將增加33%
06:46
but we need an agricultural production increase
161
391000
2000
但是農業產出必須增加70%
06:48
of 70 percent.
162
393000
2000
才能餵飽所有人。
06:50
And that's especially because this world population
163
395000
2000
這是因爲，
06:52
is increasing,
164
397000
2000
雖然人口在增加
06:54
and it's increasing, not only in numbers,
165
399000
3000
但增加的不只是量
06:57
but we're also getting wealthier,
166
402000
3000
我們也越來越有錢
07:00
and anyone that gets wealthier starts to eat more
167
405000
3000
有錢的人除了吃得更多
07:03
and also starts to eat more meat.
168
408000
3000
也吃更多的肉。
07:06
And meat, in fact, is something
169
411000
2000
而肉，事實上
07:08
that costs a lot
170
413000
2000
要耗費
07:10
of our agricultural production.
171
415000
2000
更多的農業產能。
07:12
Our diet consists, [in] some part, of animal proteins,
172
417000
3000
我們的飲食的一部分是動物性蛋白
07:15
and at the moment, most of us here
173
420000
2000
而這些動物性蛋白我們大部分
07:17
get it from livestock,
174
422000
2000
是從畜牧牲畜、
07:19
from fish, from game.
175
424000
2000
從魚、家禽那裏得來，
07:21
And we eat quite a lot of it.
176
426000
2000
我們吃的動物性蛋白還不少。
07:23
In the developed world it's on average
177
428000
3000
在已開發國家裏
07:26
80 kilograms per person per year,
178
431000
3000
平均每人每年吃80公斤的肉
07:29
which goes up to 120
179
434000
2000
而在美國
07:31
in the United States
180
436000
2000
更是高達120公斤
07:33
and a bit lower in some other countries,
181
438000
2000
在一些國家雖然吃得少一些
07:35
but on average 80 kilograms
182
440000
2000
但是平均
07:37
per person per year.
183
442000
2000
每人每年80公斤。
07:39
In the developing world it's much lower.
184
444000
3000
在開發中國家就少很多
07:42
It's 25 kilograms per person per year.
185
447000
2000
每人每年25公斤
07:44
But it's increasing enormously.
186
449000
2000
但急速增長中。
07:46
In China in the last 20 years,
187
451000
2000
在中國過去20年裏
07:48
it increased from 20 to 50,
188
453000
3000
消耗的肉從20增加到50公斤
07:51
and it's still increasing.
189
456000
3000
還在持續增加中。
07:54
So if a third of the world population
190
459000
3000
所以，如果世界三分之一的人口
07:57
is going to increase its meat consumption
191
462000
3000
消耗的肉量將會
08:00
from 25 to 80 on average,
192
465000
3000
從25增加到80公斤
08:03
and a third of the world population
193
468000
2000
另外，三分之一的世界人口
08:05
is living in China and in India,
194
470000
2000
住在中國和印度
08:07
we're having an enormous demand on meat.
195
472000
3000
那麽我們對肉將會有很大量的需求。
08:11
And of course, we are not there to say
196
476000
2000
當然，我們不能說
08:13
that's only for us, it's not for them.
197
478000
3000
只有我們能吃肉，這三分之一的人不能吃肉。
08:16
They have the same share that we have.
198
481000
2000
他們跟我們有一樣的權利。
08:18
Now to start with, I should say
199
483000
2000
說起來，第一點我覺得
08:20
that we are eating way too much meat
200
485000
2000
在歐美國家裏
08:22
in the Western world.
201
487000
2000
我們吃太多肉了。
08:24
We could do with much, much less --
202
489000
2000
事實上我們可以少吃一點的
08:26
and I know, I've been a vegetarian for a long time,
203
491000
3000
這點我很清楚，因爲我吃素很久了
08:29
and you can easily do without anything.
204
494000
2000
我知道肉可以不吃
08:31
You'll get proteins in any kind of food anyway.
205
496000
3000
從很多食物你都可以獲取蛋白質。
08:34
But then there's a lot of problems
206
499000
2000
再者，肉的生産過程裏
08:36
that come with meat production,
207
501000
2000
有很多問題
08:38
and we're being faced with that more and more often.
208
503000
3000
而這些問題的出現也越來越頻繁。
08:41
The first problem that we're facing is human health.
209
506000
3000
首當其衝的問題就是人體的健康。
08:44
Pigs are quite like us.
210
509000
2000
豬跟人很像
08:46
They're even models in medicine,
211
511000
3000
不單做人類藥劑試驗的對象
08:49
and we can even transplant organs from a pig to a human.
212
514000
3000
也還可以移植器官給人類。
08:52
That means that pigs also share diseases with us.
213
517000
3000
這表示說豬也和人有很多共同的疾病
08:55
And a pig disease,
214
520000
2000
豬的疾病
08:57
a pig virus, and a human virus
215
522000
2000
一株豬的病毒，和人的病毒
08:59
can both proliferate,
216
524000
2000
都是會增殖的。
09:01
and because of their kind of reproduction,
217
526000
2000
因爲兩種病毒的複製
09:03
they can combine and produce a new virus.
218
528000
2000
可以交叉而產生一株新的病毒
09:05
This has happened in the Netherlands in the 1990s
219
530000
3000
這在1990年代在荷蘭爆發的傳統豬瘟裏
09:08
during the classical swine fever outbreak.
220
533000
3000
就發現這樣的事。
09:11
You get a new disease that can be deadly.
221
536000
3000
而這種新的病是會致命的。
09:15
We eat insects -- they're so distantly related from us
222
540000
3000
因爲昆蟲和我們之間物種差異十分大
09:18
that this doesn't happen.
223
543000
2000
這種事是不會發生的。
09:20
So that's one point for insects.
224
545000
3000
所以在這方面，昆蟲獲得一分。
09:23
(Laughter)
225
548000
2000
（笑聲）
09:25
And there's the conversion factor.
226
550000
3000
另外還有生産報酬率的因素
09:28
You take 10 kilograms of feed,
227
553000
2000
10公斤的飼料
09:30
you can get one kilogram of beef,
228
555000
3000
可以養出一公斤的牛肉
09:33
but you can get nine kilograms of locust meat.
229
558000
2000
但是蝗蟲肉可以養出9公斤
09:35
So if you would be an entrepreneur,
230
560000
2000
如果你是老闆
09:37
what would you do?
231
562000
2000
你要養那一種？
09:39
With 10 kilograms of input,
232
564000
2000
同樣是10公斤的飼料
09:41
you can get either one or nine kg. of output.
233
566000
3000
你可以得到1或9公斤的產出。
09:44
So far we're taking
234
569000
2000
目前我們還都是選擇
09:46
the one, or up to five kilograms of output.
235
571000
3000
1公斤，最多到5公斤的產出
09:49
We're not taking the bonus yet.
236
574000
2000
紅利都還放在那邊沒人拿呢，
09:51
We're not taking the nine kilograms of output yet.
237
576000
3000
我們都還沒去拿這9公斤的產出，
09:54
So that's two points for insects.
238
579000
2000
所以到這裡昆蟲得兩分
09:56
(Laughter)
239
581000
2000
（笑聲）
09:58
And there's the environment.
240
583000
2000
再來有環境的考量
10:00
If we take 10 kilograms of food --
241
585000
2000
如果我們用10公斤的飼料
10:02
(Laughter)
242
587000
2000
（笑聲）
10:04
and it results in one kilogram of beef,
243
589000
3000
來產出1公斤的牛肉
10:07
the other nine kilograms are waste,
244
592000
2000
那麽有9公斤是排泄掉了
10:09
and a lot of that is manure.
245
594000
3000
其中大部分變成糞便排出
10:12
If you produce insects, you have less manure
246
597000
2000
如果你改養昆蟲，每公斤飼料投入
10:14
per kilogram of meat that you produce.
247
599000
3000
所產生的糞便量是比較少的
10:17
So less waste.
248
602000
2000
產生的排泄物較少。
10:19
Furthermore, per kilogram of manure,
249
604000
3000
再者，就每一公斤的糞便
10:22
you have much, much less ammonia
250
607000
3000
產生的氨氣
10:25
and fewer greenhouse gases
251
610000
2000
和溫室氣體而言，
10:27
when you have insect manure
252
612000
2000
昆蟲糞便在這方面
10:29
than when you have cow manure.
253
614000
2000
比起牛糞又少了很多。
10:31
So you have less waste,
254
616000
2000
所以總體的排泄物較少
10:33
and the waste that you have is not as environmental malign
255
618000
3000
而且就對環境的為害上來說
10:36
as it is with cow dung.
256
621000
2000
昆蟲糞比牛糞還要不嚴重
10:38
So that's three points for insects.
257
623000
2000
昆蟲現在積分為三分
10:40
(Laughter)
258
625000
3000
（笑聲）
10:43
Now there's a big "if," of course,
259
628000
2000
當然，目前有一個大問號
10:45
and it is if insects produce meat
260
630000
3000
那就是，昆蟲所做的肉的品質
10:48
that is of good quality.
261
633000
2000
是好的嗎？
10:50
Well there have been all kinds of analyses
262
635000
2000
經過各種試驗和分析
10:52
and in terms of protein, or fat, or vitamins,
263
637000
3000
就蛋白質、油脂、和維他命的含量
10:55
it's very good.
264
640000
2000
結果是另人滿意的。
10:57
In fact, it's comparable
265
642000
2000
事實上，昆蟲作的肉跟我們現在吃的肉
10:59
to anything we eat as meat at the moment.
266
644000
2000
品質比起來是不相上下的
11:01
And even in terms of calories, it is very good.
267
646000
2000
甚至於在熱量的提供上，是十分好的。
11:03
One kilogram of grasshoppers
268
648000
2000
一公斤的蚱蜢
11:05
has the same amount of calories
269
650000
2000
所含的熱量相當於
11:07
as 10 hot dogs, or six Big Macs.
270
652000
2000
十條熱狗或六個大麥克堡。
11:09
So that's four points for insects.
271
654000
2000
昆蟲得到第四分
11:11
(Laughter)
272
656000
3000
（笑聲）
11:14
I can go on,
273
659000
2000
我可以一直說下去
11:16
and I could make many more points for insects,
274
661000
2000
舉出更多昆蟲的優點
11:18
but time doesn't allow this.
275
663000
2000
但是時間有限
11:20
So the question is, why not eat insects?
276
665000
2000
問題的重點在於，何不食昆蟲？
11:22
I gave you at least four arguments in favor.
277
667000
2000
我可以提出四個賣點。
11:24
We'll have to.
278
669000
2000
我們大家
11:26
Even if you don't like it,
279
671000
2000
即使你不喜歡
11:28
you'll have to get used to this
280
673000
2000
也要去習慣這些事。
11:30
because at the moment,
281
675000
2000
在目前
11:32
70 percent of all our agricultural land
282
677000
2000
70%的農地
11:34
is being used to produce livestock.
283
679000
2000
被用來生産牲畜。
11:36
That's not only the land
284
681000
2000
這包含的不只是
11:38
where the livestock is walking and feeding,
285
683000
2000
放、養動物需要的土地
11:40
but it's also other areas
286
685000
2000
更包含了
11:42
where the feed is being produced and being transported.
287
687000
3000
種植飼料所用的土地。
11:45
We can increase it a bit
288
690000
2000
如果再開發一點熱帶雨林的話
11:47
at the expense of rainforests,
289
692000
2000
我們可以把蓄養動物的面積再增加一點
11:49
but there's a limitation very soon.
290
694000
2000
但很快也會到達極限的。
11:51
And if you remember that we need to increase
291
696000
2000
你如果還記得我們剛講的
11:53
agricultural production by 70 percent,
292
698000
2000
農業產出量還需要增加70%
11:55
we're not going to make it that way.
293
700000
2000
這樣做是不會成功的。
11:57
We could much better change
294
702000
2000
比較好的方法是
11:59
from meat, from beef,
295
704000
3000
把肉、牛肉的消耗量
12:02
to insects.
296
707000
2000
用昆蟲來取代。
12:04
And then 80 percent of the world
297
709000
3000
再説世界80%的人口
12:07
already eats insects,
298
712000
2000
已經在吃蟲了
12:09
so we are just a minority --
299
714000
2000
事實上，我們這些
12:11
in a country like the U.K., the USA,
300
716000
3000
在英國、美國、荷蘭
12:14
the Netherlands, anywhere.
301
719000
3000
不吃蟲的人才是少數。
12:17
On the left-hand side, you see a market in Laos
302
722000
2000
在左邊，你看到這是在寮國的市場
12:19
where they have abundantly present
303
724000
2000
有大量的昆蟲
12:21
all kinds of insects that you choose for dinner for the night.
304
726000
3000
可以讓你選擇來做晚餐，
12:26
On the right-hand side you see a grasshopper.
305
731000
2000
在右邊是一隻蚱蜢
12:28
So people there are eating them,
306
733000
3000
那裏人們吃蚱蜢
12:31
not because they're hungry,
307
736000
2000
不是因爲沒東西吃
12:33
but because they think it's a delicacy.
308
738000
2000
而是因爲他們覺得蚱蜢是美食。
12:35
It's just very good food.
309
740000
2000
蚱蜢是好東西。
12:37
You can vary enormously.
310
742000
2000
你可以吃很多
12:39
It has many benefits.
311
744000
2000
對身體很有助益
12:41
In fact, we have delicacy
312
746000
2000
事實上，很多我們所謂的美食
12:43
that's very much like this grasshopper:
313
748000
2000
跟蚱蜢很像
12:45
shrimps, a delicacy
314
750000
3000
像蝦子，美食之一
12:48
being sold at a high price.
315
753000
2000
售價高得不得了
12:50
Who wouldn't like to eat a shrimp?
316
755000
2000
誰不愛吃蝦？
12:52
There are a few people who don't like shrimp,
317
757000
2000
不愛吃蝦的人是少數吧
12:54
but shrimp, or crabs,
318
759000
2000
但是蝦子、螃蟹、
12:56
or crayfish,
319
761000
2000
小龍蝦
12:58
are very closely related.
320
763000
2000
基本上都是同一類的。
13:00
They are delicacies.
321
765000
2000
這都是美食。
13:02
In fact, a locust is a "shrimp" of the land,
322
767000
3000
事實上，蝗蟲是陸上的蝦子
13:05
and it would make very good into our diet.
323
770000
3000
也很適合我們食用
13:08
So why are we not eating insects yet?
324
773000
2000
那爲什麽我們還不吃昆蟲呢？
13:10
Well that's just a matter of mindset.
325
775000
2000
這歸咎到我們的心態問題
13:12
We're not used to it,
326
777000
2000
我們還不習慣
13:14
and we see insects as these organisms that are very different from us.
327
779000
3000
我們把昆蟲當成跟我們很不一樣的生物
13:17
That's why we're changing the perception of insects.
328
782000
3000
所以我們要改變我們對昆蟲的認知
13:20
And I'm working very hard with my colleague, Arnold van Huis,
329
785000
3000
我跟我的同事Arnold van Huis在努力
13:23
in telling people what insects are,
330
788000
3000
告訴人們昆蟲是什麽
13:26
what magnificent things they are,
331
791000
2000
昆蟲是多美妙的東西
13:28
what magnificent jobs they do in nature.
332
793000
2000
對大自然的貢獻有多大。
13:30
And in fact, without insects,
333
795000
2000
事實上，沒有了昆蟲
13:32
we would not be here in this room,
334
797000
2000
我們今天也不可能在這裡
13:34
because if the insects die out,
335
799000
2000
因爲沒有了昆蟲
13:36
we will soon die out as well.
336
801000
3000
我們也不能生存。
13:39
If we die out, the insects will continue very happily.
337
804000
3000
我們要是滅亡了，昆蟲還會繼續快樂地存活下去。
13:42
(Laughter)
338
807000
2000
（笑聲）
13:44
So we have to get used to the idea of eating insects.
339
809000
2000
所以我們最好接受吃昆蟲的想法。
13:46
And some might think, well they're not yet available.
340
811000
2000
有人會說，就算敢吃也還買不到
13:48
Well they are.
341
813000
2000
這是錯的
13:50
There are entrepreneurs in the Netherlands that produce them,
342
815000
3000
在荷蘭現在有人在量產
13:53
and one of them is here in the audience,
343
818000
2000
她今天也在台下
13:55
Marian Peeters, who's in the picture.
344
820000
2000
Marian Peeters 是相片中的這個人
13:57
I predict that later this year, you'll get them in the supermarkets --
345
822000
3000
我預計今年年底，你就可以在超級市場買到
14:00
not visible, but as animal protein
346
825000
2000
不是一隻一隻的買，而是以動物蛋白的方式
14:02
in the food.
347
827000
2000
出現在食品裏。
14:06
And maybe by 2020,
348
831000
3000
很可能在2020年以前
14:09
you'll buy them just knowing that this is an insect that you're going to eat.
349
834000
3000
你也會清楚地知道和接受去吃昆蟲產品
14:12
And they're being made in the most wonderful ways.
350
837000
3000
昆蟲加工品也會出現在各種美妙的東西裏
14:15
A Dutch chocolate maker.
351
840000
3000
這是一個荷蘭巧克力師傅
14:18
(Music)
352
843000
3000
（音樂）
14:55
(Applause)
353
880000
2000
（掌聲）
14:57
So there's even a lot of design to it.
354
882000
2000
還能弄成很多設計和裝飾
14:59
(Laughter)
355
884000
3000
（笑聲）
15:02
Well in the Netherlands, we have an innovative Minister of Agriculture,
356
887000
3000
在荷蘭我們有很會創新的農業部長
15:05
and she puts the insects on the menu
357
890000
2000
她指示部裏的員工餐廳
15:07
in her restaurant in her ministry.
358
892000
3000
提供昆蟲類的菜
15:10
And when she got all the Ministers of Agriculture of the E.U.
359
895000
3000
最近她還把歐盟各國的農業部長
15:13
over to the Hague recently,
360
898000
3000
請到(荷蘭)海牙來
15:16
she went to a high-class restaurant,
361
901000
3000
他們一起去一間高級餐廳
15:19
and they ate insects all together.
362
904000
2000
一起享用了昆蟲餐。
15:21
It's not something that is a hobby of mine.
363
906000
3000
這不只是我個人的小嗜好
15:24
It's really taken off the ground.
364
909000
2000
而是真正要成爲一股流行。
15:26
So why not eat insects?
365
911000
2000
所以，何不食昆蟲？
15:28
You should try it yourself.
366
913000
2000
你該親自試試。
15:30
A couple of years ago, we had 1,750 people all together
367
915000
3000
幾年前，我們找了1750人
15:33
in a square in Wageningen town,
368
918000
3000
一起在Wageningen市的廣場
15:36
and they ate insects at the same moment,
369
921000
2000
大家一起品嘗昆蟲
15:38
and this was still big, big news.
370
923000
3000
這在當時還是條大新聞。
15:41
I think soon it will not be big news anymore when we all eat insects,
371
926000
3000
我想，如果大家都吃昆蟲的話，這就不會再是大新聞了
15:44
because it's just a normal way of doing.
372
929000
2000
因爲這就變得平凡無奇了
15:46
So you can try it yourself today,
373
931000
3000
所以今天你可以自己試一試
15:49
and I would say, enjoy.
374
934000
3000
我會祝你用餐愉快。
15:52
And I'm going to show to Bruno some first tries,
375
937000
3000
我讓Bruno先來試一試
15:55
and he can have the first bite.
376
940000
3000
他可以當第一個試吃的
15:58
(Applause)
377
943000
9000
（掌聲）
16:10
Bruno Giussani: Look at them first. Look at them first.
378
955000
3000
Bruno Giussani：先看看，先看看
16:13
Marcel Dicke: It's all protein.
379
958000
2000
Marcel Dicke：這都是蛋白質
16:16
BG: That's exactly the same [one] you saw in the video actually.
380
961000
3000
BG：這跟你在影片裏看到的一模一樣
16:19
And it looks delicious.
381
964000
2000
看起來也挺好吃的
16:21
They just make it [with] nuts or something.
382
966000
3000
裡面還加了堅果什麽的
16:24
MD: Thank you.
383
969000
2000
MD:謝謝大家
16:26
(Applause)
384
971000
2000
（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Marcel Dicke - Ecological entomologistMarcel Dicke wants us to reconsider our relationship with insects, promoting bugs as a tasty -- and ecologically sound -- alternative to meat in an increasingly hungry world.
Why you should listen
Marcel Dicke likes challenging preconceptions. He demonstrated that plants, far from being passive, send SOS signals by emitting volatile substances when under attack by pests, attracting carnivorous insects to eat their enemies. Dicke opened a new field of research and won the NWO-Spinoza award, the Dutch Nobel prize. Now he wants to change Western minds about insects -- especially insects as food.
"People hate bugs, but without insects we might not even exist," he says. Dicke's PR crusade began in the 1990s, as a lecture series. Then his team made world headlines when they convinced 20,000 people to attend an insect-eating festival in Waginegen. Today, Dicke leads what he says is fast-growing research into insect agriculture, and predicts that insects will be on Dutch supermarket shelves this year. And does the former vegetarian eat bugs? "At least once a week. Locusts are nice cooked with garlic and herbs, served with rice or vegetables."
Read the UN's 2013 report, Edible Insects: Future Prospects for Food and Feed Security >>
Marcel Dicke | Speaker | TED.com