TED2016
Linus Torvalds: The mind behind Linux
林納斯·托瓦茲: Linux 大老在想甚麼？
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林納斯·托瓦茲轉變科技兩次，第一次推出了 Linux 核心，驅動了網路世界；第二次則推出 Git，一套給全世界電腦工程師的原始碼管理系統。托瓦茲在與 TED 策展人及總監克里斯·安德森的罕見會談中，坦誠道出他的個性如何發展出他獨特的工作、寫程式及生活哲學。托瓦茲說：「我不是願景家，我是工程師。我對那些四處遊蕩、望著雲端的人沒有任何意見。但是我是看著地面的人，我想修補就在我面前的坑洞，以免跌進去。」
Linus Torvalds - Software engineer
In 1991, Linus Torvalds shared the Linux kernel with a few computer hobbyists. The operating system they built reshaped the software industry. Full bio
In 1991, Linus Torvalds shared the Linux kernel with a few computer hobbyists. The operating system they built reshaped the software industry. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Chris Anderson: This is such
a strange thing.
a strange thing.
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克里斯·安德森：
這真是件怪事。
這真是件怪事。
你的 Linux 軟體
裝在數百萬台電腦內，
裝在數百萬台電腦內，
00:15
Your software, Linux,
is in millions of computers,
is in millions of computers,
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00:18
it probably powers much of the Internet.
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大部分的網路都靠它驅動。
00:22
And I think that there are, like,
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我想現在大概有
00:24
a billion and a half active
Android devices out there.
Android devices out there.
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十五億支 Android 裝置在用。
00:27
Your software is in every
single one of them.
single one of them.
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你的軟體也裝在每一支裡面。
00:30
It's kind of amazing.
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這真了不起。
00:31
You must have some amazing
software headquarters driving all this.
software headquarters driving all this.
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你一定有很了不起的
軟體總部操縱這些。
軟體總部操縱這些。
00:37
That's what I thought -- and I was shocked
when I saw a picture of it.
when I saw a picture of it.
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我原本是這麼想的，
所以我看到這張照片時相當驚訝。
所以我看到這張照片時相當驚訝。
00:40
I mean, this is --
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我是說，這個──
00:41
this is the Linux world headquarters.
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這個就是 Linux 全球總部。
00:43
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
00:45
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
00:49
Linus Torvalds: It really
doesn't look like much.
doesn't look like much.
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林納斯·托瓦茲：
這看起來真的沒什麼了不起。
這看起來真的沒什麼了不起。
00:52
And I have to say,
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我得說，
00:53
the most interesting part in this picture,
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這張照片最有意思的部分，
00:57
that people mostly react to,
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大家最有反應的地方，
00:59
is the walking desk.
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就是這臺跑步機辦公桌。
01:00
It is the most interesting
part in my office
part in my office
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我的辦公室裡就這個最好玩，
01:03
and I'm not actually using it anymore.
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我現在其實不用它了。
01:05
And I think the two things are related.
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我想這兩件事其實相關。
01:09
The way I work is ...
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我的工作方式是──
01:13
I want to not have external stimulation.
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我不想要有外界刺激。
01:18
You can kind of see,
on the walls are this light green.
on the walls are this light green.
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你們大概看得出來，
牆面漆著淡綠色。
牆面漆著淡綠色。
01:23
I'm told that at mental institutions
they use that on the walls.
they use that on the walls.
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人家告訴我精神病院的牆壁
都漆這種顏色。
都漆這種顏色。
01:27
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
01:29
It's like a calming color,
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這是讓人平靜的顏色，
01:30
it's not something
that really stimulates you.
that really stimulates you.
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這不是會刺激你的東西。
01:35
What you can't see is the computer here,
you only see the screen,
you only see the screen,
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你看不到的是那裡有臺電腦，
你只能看到螢幕，
你只能看到螢幕，
01:39
but the main thing I worry
about in my computer is --
about in my computer is --
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但是我最擔心電腦的部分是──
01:42
it doesn't have to be big
and powerful, although I like that --
and powerful, although I like that --
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它不用很大很強，
雖然這部分我也喜歡──
雖然這部分我也喜歡──
01:46
it really has to be completely silent.
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但它真的必須完全靜音。
01:49
I know people who work for Google
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我認識一些
在 Google 工作的人，
在 Google 工作的人，
01:52
and they have their own
small data center at home,
small data center at home,
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他們在家裡
有自己的小型資料中心，
有自己的小型資料中心，
01:55
and I don't do that.
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但是我沒有。
01:56
My office is the most
boring office you'll ever see.
boring office you'll ever see.
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我的辦公室是你見過
最乏味的辦公室。
最乏味的辦公室。
02:00
And I sit there alone in the quiet.
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我自己一個人
坐在很安靜的環境裡。
坐在很安靜的環境裡。
02:04
If the cat comes up,
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如果我的貓跑來了，
02:06
it sits in my lap.
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牠會坐在我的腿上。
02:08
And I want to hear the cat purring,
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我要聽貓咕嚕咕嚕的聲音，
02:10
not the sound of the fans in the computer.
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不要聽電腦風扇的聲音。
02:13
CA: So this is astonishing,
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克：所以這真令人驚訝，
02:14
because working this way,
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因為你這種工作方式，
02:17
you're able to run this vast
technology empire --
technology empire --
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還能管理這麼大的科技帝國──
02:20
it is an empire --
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這的確是個帝國──
02:21
so that's an amazing testament
to the power of open source.
to the power of open source.
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所以這就是開放原始碼
力量有多大的驚人證據。
力量有多大的驚人證據。
02:25
Tell us how you got
to understand open source
to understand open source
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跟我們聊聊你怎麼開始
了解開放原始碼，
了解開放原始碼，
02:29
and how it lead
to the development of Linux.
to the development of Linux.
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及這如何帶領你開發 Linux。
02:33
LT: I mean, I still work alone.
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林：我是說，我仍然是獨行俠。
02:35
Really -- I work alone in my house,
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真的，我自己一個人在家裡工作，
02:38
often in my bathrobe.
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通常是穿著浴袍。
02:40
When a photographer shows up, I dress up,
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有攝影師來了，
我就穿整齊一點，
我就穿整齊一點，
02:42
so I have clothes on.
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所以我有穿衣服。
02:43
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
02:45
And that's how I've always worked.
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我總是這樣工作。
02:47
I mean, this was how I started Linux, too.
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我是說，
我也是這樣開始 Linux。
我也是這樣開始 Linux。
02:49
I did not start Linux
as a collaborative project.
as a collaborative project.
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我開始 Linux 時，
沒有把它當成協同計劃。
沒有把它當成協同計劃。
02:53
I started it as one
in a series of many projects
in a series of many projects
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我開始是把它當成
一系列計劃中的一個，
一系列計劃中的一個，
02:57
I had done at the time for myself,
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我當時是為自己做的，
03:01
partly because I needed the end result,
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部分原因是我需要最終結果，
03:03
but even more because I just
enjoyed programming.
enjoyed programming.
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但是更重要的是
我就是喜歡寫程式。
我就是喜歡寫程式。
03:06
So it was about the end of the journey,
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所以重點是旅程的終點，
03:10
which, 25 years later,
we still have not reached.
we still have not reached.
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然而 25 年後，
我們還沒有達到目的地。
我們還沒有達到目的地。
03:13
But it was really about the fact
that I was looking for a project on my own
that I was looking for a project on my own
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但事實真的是
我在為自己找個計劃，
我在為自己找個計劃，
03:17
and there was no open source,
really, on my radar at all.
really, on my radar at all.
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說真的開放原始碼
根本不在我的考慮範圍之內。
根本不在我的考慮範圍之內。
03:21
And what happened is ...
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當時的情況是──
03:24
the project grows and becomes something
you want to show off to people.
you want to show off to people.
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計劃有進展，
變成你很想跟人炫耀的東西。
變成你很想跟人炫耀的東西。
03:30
Really, this is more of a, "Wow,
look at what I did!"
look at what I did!"
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說真的，這更像是：
「哇，你看我做了什麼！」
「哇，你看我做了什麼！」
03:34
And trust me -- it was not
that great back then.
that great back then.
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相信我，那時候沒有現在這麼好。
03:38
I made it publicly available,
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我把它公開共享，
03:40
and it wasn't even
open source at that point.
open source at that point.
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那時候根本還不是開放原始碼。
03:42
At that point it was source that was open,
but there was no intention
but there was no intention
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那個時候原始碼是開放的，
但是背後根本沒有意圖
但是背後根本沒有意圖
03:47
behind using the kind of open-source
methodology that we think of today
methodology that we think of today
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要用我們今天認為的
開放原始碼方法論來改進。
開放原始碼方法論來改進。
03:52
to improve it.
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03:53
It was more like,
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這更像是：
03:54
"Look, I've been working
on this for half a year,
on this for half a year,
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「你看，我花了大半年做這個，
03:58
I'd love to have comments."
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我想聽聽意見。」
04:00
And other people approached me.
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然後有些人來接觸我。
04:03
At the University of Helsinki,
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在赫爾辛基大學，
04:04
I had a friend who was one
of the open source --
of the open source --
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我有個朋友在做開放原始碼──
04:08
it was called mainly
"free software" back then --
"free software" back then --
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那時候大家還叫「自由軟體」──
04:12
and he actually introduced me
to the notion that, hey,
to the notion that, hey,
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實際上是他向我介紹這個概念，嘿，
04:16
you can use these open-source
licenses that had been around.
licenses that had been around.
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你可以用現有的
開放原始碼授權條款。
開放原始碼授權條款。
04:24
And I thought about it for a while.
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我考慮了一陣子。
04:26
I was actually worried about the whole
commercial interests coming in.
commercial interests coming in.
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我擔心的其實是
隨之而來的商業利益。
隨之而來的商業利益。
04:29
I mean, that's one of the worries
I think most people who start out have,
I think most people who start out have,
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我是說，我想大多數
創業的人都會擔心這一點，
創業的人都會擔心這一點，
04:34
is that they worry about somebody
taking advantage of their work, right?
taking advantage of their work, right?
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就是他們擔心
有人會占他們便宜，對吧？
有人會占他們便宜，對吧？
04:39
And I decided, "What the hell?"
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後來我決定「管他去死！」
04:43
And --
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所以──
04:44
CA: And then at some point,
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克：之後有一天，
04:46
someone contributed
some code that you thought,
some code that you thought,
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有人貢獻了一些程式，
而你這麼想：
而你這麼想：
04:48
"Wow, that really is interesting,
I would not have thought of that.
I would not have thought of that.
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「哇，這真的很有意思，
我從沒想過這點。
我從沒想過這點。
04:51
This could actually improve this."
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這應該可以改進這個。」
04:53
LT: It didn't even start
by people contributing code,
by people contributing code,
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林：這甚至不是
從有人貢獻程式開始，
從有人貢獻程式開始，
04:56
it was more that people
started contributing ideas.
started contributing ideas.
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比較像是大家開始貢獻想法。
04:59
And just the fact that somebody else
takes a look at your project --
takes a look at your project --
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光是這個事實，
就是別人看了你的計劃──
就是別人看了你的計劃──
05:03
and I'm sure it's true
of other things, too,
of other things, too,
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我確信別的事也一樣，
05:05
but it's definitely true in code --
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但這在寫程式
這件事上絕對是這樣──
這件事上絕對是這樣──
05:07
is that somebody else
takes an interest in your code,
takes an interest in your code,
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就是有人對你的程式有興趣，
05:10
looks at it enough to actually
give you feedback
give you feedback
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還仔細研究到能真的給你意見，
05:13
and give you ideas.
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給你想法。
05:15
That was a huge thing for me.
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這對我是件大事。
05:17
I was 21 at the time, so I was young,
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那時我 21 歲，是很年輕，
05:20
but I had already programmed
for half my life, basically.
for half my life, basically.
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但我基本上
已經寫了半輩子的程式。
已經寫了半輩子的程式。
05:24
And every project before that
had been completely personal
had been completely personal
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在那之前每一件計劃
都是我個人的東西，
都是我個人的東西，
05:28
and it was a revelation when people
just started commenting,
just started commenting,
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所以當大家開始評論，
05:31
started giving feedback on your code.
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開始對你的程式給意見時，
真的是一種啟示。
真的是一種啟示。
05:34
And even before they started
giving code back,
giving code back,
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甚至在他們開始回饋程式前，
05:38
that was, I think, one of the big
moments where I said,
moments where I said,
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我想那是重要的一刻，
因為我說：
因為我說：
05:41
"I love other people!"
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「我愛別人！」
05:43
Don't get me wrong --
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不要誤會，
05:44
I'm actually not a people person.
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我不是一個喜歡社交的人。
05:46
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
05:49
I don't really love other people --
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我不是真的愛別人──
05:52
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
05:53
But I love computers,
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但是我愛電腦，
05:54
I love interacting with other
people on email,
people on email,
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我愛與別人用電郵互動，
05:57
because it kind of gives you that buffer.
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因為這好像給了你緩衝的空間。
06:00
But I do love other people who comment
and get involved in my project.
and get involved in my project.
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但是我的確喜愛
會評論並參與計劃的人。
會評論並參與計劃的人。
06:06
And it made it so much more.
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這使計劃豐富許多。
06:09
CA: So was there a moment
when you saw what was being built
when you saw what was being built
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克：有沒有哪個時刻，
你看到現有的專案
你看到現有的專案
06:12
and it suddenly started taking off,
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突然大受歡迎，
06:14
and you thought, "Wait a sec,
this actually could be something huge,
this actually could be something huge,
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然後你想：「等一下，
這應該會變成更大的東西，
這應該會變成更大的東西，
06:17
not just a personal project
that I'm getting nice feedback on,
that I'm getting nice feedback on,
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不再只是個人的計劃，
可以得到一些很好的建議，
可以得到一些很好的建議，
06:20
but a kind of explosive development
in the whole technology world"?
in the whole technology world"?
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而是有點像整個科技界的
爆炸性進展？」
爆炸性進展？」
06:25
LT: Not really.
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林：其實沒有。
06:27
I mean, the big point for me, really,
was not when it was becoming huge,
was not when it was becoming huge,
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我說真的，對我而言重點
不是它變大的時候，
不是它變大的時候，
06:30
it was when it was becoming little.
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而是它變小的時候。
06:33
The big point for me was not being alone
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對我而言重點是
不再單打獨鬥，
不再單打獨鬥，
06:37
and having 10, maybe 100
people being involved --
people being involved --
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而是有十人，
或許一百人參與，
或許一百人參與，
06:40
that was a big point.
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這是重點。
06:42
Then everything else was very gradual.
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然後其它的事都慢慢發生。
06:45
Going from 100 people to a million people
is not a big deal -- to me.
is not a big deal -- to me.
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從一百人到一百萬人
沒什麼了不起，對我而言。
沒什麼了不起，對我而言。
06:49
Well, I mean, maybe it is if you're --
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我是說，可能很了不起，
如果你──
如果你──
06:51
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
06:52
If you want to sell your result
then it's a huge deal --
then it's a huge deal --
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如果你想賣你的結果
那當然很了不起──
那當然很了不起──
06:55
don't get me wrong.
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不要誤會。
06:56
But if you're interested in the technology
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但是如果你是對科技有興趣，
06:58
and you're interested in the project,
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你對這計劃本身有興趣，
07:00
the big part was getting the community.
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那重點是建立一個社群。
07:02
Then the community grew gradually.
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然後這個社群慢慢成長。
07:04
And there's actually not
a single point where I went like,
a single point where I went like,
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其實並沒有什麼
特別的時刻讓我覺得
特別的時刻讓我覺得
07:08
"Wow, that just took off!" because it --
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「哇，起飛了！」
因為它──
因為它──
07:10
I mean -- it took a long time, relatively.
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我是說──這真的
花了相對而言很長的時間。
花了相對而言很長的時間。
07:13
CA: So all the technologists
that I talk to really credit you
that I talk to really credit you
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克：跟我聊過的科技人都歸功你，
07:16
with massively changing their work.
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說你完全改變了他們的工作。
07:19
And it's not just Linux,
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而且不只是 Linux，
07:21
it's this thing called Git,
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還有這個叫做 Git 的，
07:22
which is this management system
for software development.
for software development.
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這是一套軟體開發的
（版本）管理系統。
（版本）管理系統。
07:26
Tell us briefly about that
and your role in that.
and your role in that.
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跟我們簡單說明一下
你在其中的角色。
你在其中的角色。
07:30
LT: So one of the issues we had,
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林：那時我們有一個問題，
07:32
and this took a while to start to appear,
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在做了一陣子之後才出現，
07:35
is when you ...
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就是當你──
07:37
When you grow from having 10 people
or 100 people working on a project
or 100 people working on a project
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當你的計劃從十人或百人
07:43
to having 10,000 people, which --
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成長到一萬人，這個──
07:45
I mean, right now we're in the situation
where just on the kernel,
where just on the kernel,
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就是說現在我們的情況是
僅僅在核心部分，
僅僅在核心部分，
07:48
we have 1,000 people involved
in every single release
in every single release
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每次釋出新版本都有上千人參與，
07:52
and that's every two months,
roughly two or three months.
roughly two or three months.
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而且每兩個月，
大約兩到三個月就釋出一次。
大約兩到三個月就釋出一次。
07:56
Some of those people don't do a lot.
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有些人做得不多。
07:58
There's a lot of people
who make small, small changes.
who make small, small changes.
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有很多人只做一點點修改。
08:01
But to maintain this,
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但是要維護這個，
08:03
the scale changes how
you have to maintain it.
you have to maintain it.
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這樣的規模
會改變你維護的方法。
會改變你維護的方法。
08:06
And we went through a lot of pain.
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我們經歷了很多痛苦。
08:10
And there are whole projects
that do only source-code maintenance.
that do only source-code maintenance.
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有很多計劃只能做原始碼維護。
08:17
CVS is the one that used to be
the most commonly used,
the most commonly used,
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CVS （協作版本系統）
過去是最常用的系統，
過去是最常用的系統，
08:20
and I hated CVS with a passion
and refused to touch it
and refused to touch it
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我恨死了 CVS，
堅決不肯使用它，
堅決不肯使用它，
08:24
and tried something else
that was radical and interesting
that was radical and interesting
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我也試了其它激進有趣的東西，
08:27
and everybody else hated.
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但是其他人卻恨死了。
08:31
CA: (Laughs)
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克：（笑聲）
08:32
LT: And we were in this bad spot,
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林：我們處在很糟的情況，
08:34
where we had thousands of people
who wanted to participate,
who wanted to participate,
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我們有數千人想要參與，
08:37
but in many ways,
I was the kind of break point,
I was the kind of break point,
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但是從很多方面看，
我都是那個中斷點，
我都是那個中斷點，
08:42
where I could not scale to the point
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我無法放大自己的格局
08:44
where I could work
with thousands of people.
with thousands of people.
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到能與數千人一同工作。
08:47
So Git is my second big project,
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所以 Git 是
我的第二個大型計畫，
我的第二個大型計畫，
08:50
which was only created for me
to maintain my first big project.
to maintain my first big project.
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是專門為我打造，
以維護我的第一個大型計畫，
以維護我的第一個大型計畫，
08:55
And this is literally how I work.
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這真的就是我工作的方式。
08:57
I don't code for --
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我寫程式不是為了──
09:00
well, I do code for fun --
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嗯，我的確會為了好玩寫程式──
09:01
but I want to code
for something meaningful
for something meaningful
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但是我想寫有意義的程式，
09:04
so every single project I've ever done
has been something I needed
has been something I needed
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所以我完成的每一項計畫
都是我需要的東西，
都是我需要的東西，
09:08
and --
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而且──
09:09
CA: So really, both Linux
and Git kind of arose
and Git kind of arose
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克：所以真的，
Linux 和 Git 兩者的出現
Linux 和 Git 兩者的出現
09:13
almost as an unintended consequence
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幾乎都是你不想
與很多人一同工作
與很多人一同工作
09:15
of your desire not to have
to work with too many people.
to work with too many people.
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而產生意料之外的結果。
09:18
LT: Absolutely. Yes.
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林：一點也沒錯！是的！
09:19
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
09:20
CA: That's amazing.
LT: Yeah.
LT: Yeah.
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克：真了不起。
林：是的。
林：是的。
09:22
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
09:23
And yet, you're the man
who's transformed technology
who's transformed technology
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然而，你是轉變科技的人，
09:27
not just once but twice,
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不只一次，而是二次，
09:28
and we have to try
and understand why it is.
and understand why it is.
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我們得試著瞭解為什麼會這樣。
09:31
You've given us some clues, but ...
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你給了我們一些線索，但是……
09:32
Here's a picture of you as a kid,
with a Rubik's Cube.
with a Rubik's Cube.
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這張照片是你小時候，
在玩魔術方塊。
在玩魔術方塊。
09:37
You mentioned that you've been
programming since you were like 10 or 11,
programming since you were like 10 or 11,
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你之前提到你大概從
10 或 11 歲就開始寫程式，
10 或 11 歲就開始寫程式，
09:41
half your life.
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半輩子。
09:43
Were you this sort of computer
genius, you know, übernerd,
genius, you know, übernerd,
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你是那種電腦天才，
你知道的，超級書呆子，
你知道的，超級書呆子，
09:46
were you the star at school
who could do everything?
who could do everything?
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學校裡什麼都能做的明星嗎？
09:49
What were you like as a kid?
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你小時候是什麼樣子？
09:52
LT: Yeah, I think I was
the prototypical nerd.
the prototypical nerd.
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林：對，我想我是那種
典型的書呆子。
典型的書呆子。
09:54
I mean, I was ...
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我是說，我是……
09:57
I was not a people person back then.
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那時候我就不是愛社交的人。
09:59
That's my younger brother.
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那是我的弟弟。
10:01
I was clearly more interested
in the Rubik's Cube
in the Rubik's Cube
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很明顯我對魔術方塊比較有興趣，
10:04
than my younger brother.
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不太理我弟弟。
10:06
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
10:07
My younger sister,
who's not in the picture,
who's not in the picture,
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3120
我的妹妹，沒有在照片上，
10:10
when we had family meetings --
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每次我們大家庭聚在一起──
10:12
and it's not a huge family, but I have,
like, a couple of cousins --
like, a couple of cousins --
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不是很大的家庭，
但是我有幾個堂兄弟姊妹──
但是我有幾個堂兄弟姊妹──
10:16
she would prep me beforehand.
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她都會先幫我預習一下。
10:19
Like, before I stepped
into the room she would say,
into the room she would say,
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像在我踏進房門之前她會說：
10:22
"OK. That's so-and-so ..."
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「看好，這是誰和誰……」
10:25
Because I was not --
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因為我不──
10:28
I was a geek.
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我很宅。
10:29
I was into computers,
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1166
我非常投入電腦，
10:30
I was into math,
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1159
我非常投入數學，
10:31
I was into physics.
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1151
我非常投入物理。
10:33
I was good at that.
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1151
我那項很強。
10:34
I don't think I was
particularly exceptional.
particularly exceptional.
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我從不認為自己很超凡。
10:37
Apparently, my sister said
219
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2391
很明顯，我的妹妹總是說
10:39
that my biggest exceptional quality
was that I would not let go.
was that I would not let go.
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6851
我最超凡的特質就是我從不放手。
10:47
CA: OK, so let's go there,
because that's interesting.
because that's interesting.
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克：好，就來談這個，
因為這很有意思。
因為這很有意思。
10:50
You would not let go.
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你不放手。
10:51
So that's not about being
a geek and being smart,
a geek and being smart,
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2865
所以這跟宅或聰明沒關，
10:54
that's about being ... stubborn?
224
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這是因為你很……固執？
10:57
LT: That's about being stubborn.
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林：的確是因為我很固執。
10:58
That's about, like,
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1388
那就像，
11:01
just starting something
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2200
你才開始了什麼，
11:03
and not saying, "OK, I'm done,
let's do something else --
let's do something else --
228
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5450
你不會說：
「好！不玩了！來做別的吧……
「好！不玩了！來做別的吧……
11:08
Look: shiny!"
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看！那個好亮！」
11:10
And I notice that in many
other parts in my life, too.
other parts in my life, too.
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3381
我注意到我在生活其它方面上
也看得到這個特質。
也看得到這個特質。
11:15
I lived in Silicon Valley for seven years.
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我在矽谷住了七年。
11:18
And I worked for the same
company, in Silicon Valley,
company, in Silicon Valley,
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4112
我都待在同一家公司，在矽谷！
11:22
for the whole time.
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1714
整段時間。
11:24
That is unheard of.
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1538
這簡直是前所未聞。
11:27
That's not how Silicon Valley works.
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矽谷不是這樣的。
11:28
The whole point of Silicon Valley
is that people jump between jobs
is that people jump between jobs
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3579
矽谷的重點就是
大家在不同的公司跳來跳去，
大家在不同的公司跳來跳去，
11:32
to kind of mix up the pot.
237
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好像大熔爐一樣。
11:35
And that's not the kind of person I am.
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1880
但我不是那種人。
11:37
CA: But during the actual
development of Linux itself,
development of Linux itself,
239
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克：但是在 Linux 本身
實際開發期間，
實際開發期間，
11:39
that stubbornness sometimes brought
you in conflict with other people.
you in conflict with other people.
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那種固執的態度
有時候會帶來人際間的衝突。
有時候會帶來人際間的衝突。
11:44
Talk about that a bit.
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跟我們談談這一點。
11:46
Was that essential to sort of maintain
the quality of what was being built?
the quality of what was being built?
242
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5544
是不是一定要維持
做出來的東西的品質？
做出來的東西的品質？
11:51
How would you describe what happened?
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你會怎麼說那時的情況？
11:54
LT: I don't know if it's essential.
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林：我不知道
那是不是必要的。
那是不是必要的。
11:57
Going back to the "I'm not
a people person," --
a people person," --
245
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3145
回到我說我不善社交那部分，
12:00
sometimes I'm also ...
246
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1788
有的時候我也……
12:04
shall we say,
247
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1533
怎麼說呢，
12:05
"myopic" when it comes
to other people's feelings,
to other people's feelings,
248
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3420
在說到別人的感覺時，
我是「大近視」！
我是「大近視」！
12:09
and that sometimes makes you
say things that hurt other people.
say things that hurt other people.
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5278
有時候會讓你說出傷人的話。
12:14
And I'm not proud of that.
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3768
我一點都不引以為豪。
12:18
(Applause)
251
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1114
（掌聲）
12:19
But, at the same time, it's --
252
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1798
但是同時，那是……
12:22
I get people who tell me
that I should be nice.
that I should be nice.
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3076
我碰到有人對我說
我應該更和藹一點。
我應該更和藹一點。
12:26
And then when I try to explain to them
that maybe you're nice,
that maybe you're nice,
254
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5668
我就會試著對他們解釋說
你們可能很和藹，
你們可能很和藹，
12:32
maybe you should be more aggressive,
255
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2254
但是你們其實應該更兇一點，
12:34
they see that as me being not nice.
256
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3542
他們就咬著說我不和藹。
12:38
(Laughter)
257
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2110
（笑聲）
12:40
What I'm trying to say
is we are different.
is we are different.
258
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2168
我想說的是我們都不一樣。
12:42
I'm not a people person;
259
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1810
我不善社交；
12:44
it's not something
I'm particularly proud of,
I'm particularly proud of,
260
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2106
這不是我特別引以為傲的事情，
12:46
but it's part of me.
261
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1540
但是這就是我的一部分。
12:48
And one of the things
I really like about open source
I really like about open source
262
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2705
我真的很喜歡
開放原始碼的一件事，
開放原始碼的一件事，
12:50
is it really allows different
people to work together.
people to work together.
263
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5792
就是它真的讓不同的人一同合作。
12:56
We don't have to like each other --
264
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1724
我們不必喜歡對方，
12:58
and sometimes we really
don't like each other.
don't like each other.
265
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2203
而且有的時候
我們真的不喜歡對方，
我們真的不喜歡對方，
13:00
Really -- I mean, there are very,
very heated arguments.
very heated arguments.
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3487
我是說真的，
的確有很火爆的爭論發生。
的確有很火爆的爭論發生。
13:04
But you can, actually,
you can find things that --
you can find things that --
267
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2992
但是你真的，
你可以看到事情是
你可以看到事情是
13:08
you don't even agree to disagree,
268
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2227
你甚至不用刻意同意
大家意見不同，
大家意見不同，
13:10
it's just that you're interested
in really different things.
in really different things.
269
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3046
那真的只是
你對不同的事情有興趣。
你對不同的事情有興趣。
13:13
And coming back to the point
where I said earlier
where I said earlier
270
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2903
回到我之前說的那一點，
13:16
that I was afraid of commercial people
taking advantage of your work,
taking advantage of your work,
271
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4293
我很怕生意人
占你的工作成果的便宜，
占你的工作成果的便宜，
13:20
it turned out, and very
quickly turned out,
quickly turned out,
272
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2599
結果，而且是很快
就看到的結果，
就看到的結果，
13:23
that those commercial people
were lovely, lovely people.
were lovely, lovely people.
273
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2966
那些生意人都是非常可愛的人。
13:26
And they did all the things that I was not
at all interested in doing,
at all interested in doing,
274
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3706
他們做所有我沒興趣做的事，
13:30
and they had completely different goals.
275
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2057
而且他們有完全不同的目標。
13:32
And they used open source in ways
that I just did not want to go.
that I just did not want to go.
276
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5323
而且他們就是以我不想用的方式
來用開放原始碼。
來用開放原始碼。
13:37
But because it was open
source they could do it,
source they could do it,
277
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2262
但是因為這是開放原始碼，
所以他們可以那麼做，
所以他們可以那麼做，
13:39
and it actually works
really beautifully together.
really beautifully together.
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其實我們合作得很不錯。
13:42
And I actually think
it works the same way.
it works the same way.
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2024
我覺得這件事也一樣。
13:44
You need to have the people-people,
the communicators,
the communicators,
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3205
你需要有善於交際的人，
能做溝通的人，
能做溝通的人，
13:47
the warm and friendly people
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1427
溫和友善的人，
13:49
who like --
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1722
他們喜歡……
13:50
(Laughter)
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1442
（笑聲）
13:52
really want to hug you
and get you into the community.
and get you into the community.
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3050
真的想給你抱抱，
能讓你融入社群。
能讓你融入社群。
13:55
But that's not everybody.
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823339
1571
但是並非每個人都如此。
13:56
And that's not me.
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824934
1432
我不是這種人。
13:58
I care about the technology.
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826390
1457
我關心科技；
13:59
There are people who care about the UI.
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1881
有的人關心 UI （使用者介面）。
14:01
I can't do UI to save my life.
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我不會做 UI 來救自己一命。
14:04
I mean, if I was stranded on an island
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3021
我是說，如果我被困在某個島上，
14:07
and the only way to get off that island
was the make a pretty UI,
was the make a pretty UI,
291
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3400
唯一能逃離那個島的方法
是做一個漂亮的 UI，
是做一個漂亮的 UI，
14:11
I'd die there.
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1163
我會死在那裡。
14:12
(Laughter)
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1151
（笑聲）
14:13
So there's different kinds of people,
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2139
所以每個人都不一樣，
14:15
and I'm not making excuses,
I'm trying to explain.
I'm trying to explain.
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2865
我不是在找藉口，
我只是試著解釋。
我只是試著解釋。
14:18
CA: Now, when we talked last week,
296
846753
1666
克：上星期我們聊的時候，
14:20
you talked about some
other trait that you have,
other trait that you have,
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2485
你談到你其它的特點，
14:22
which I found really interesting.
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1591
我覺得很有意思，
14:24
It's this idea called taste.
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1383
就是這個「品味」的想法。
14:25
And I've just got a couple of images here.
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853974
2002
我這裡有幾張照片。
14:28
I think this is an example of not
particularly good taste in code,
particularly good taste in code,
301
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4003
我想這是寫程式的品味
不太好的例子，
不太好的例子，
14:32
and this one is better taste,
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2991
這張的品味比較好，
14:35
which one can immediately see.
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2063
你可以立刻發現。
14:37
What is the difference between these two?
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865483
1973
這兩個有什麼不同？
14:40
LT: So this is --
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868639
1182
林：所以這是——
14:41
How many people here actually have coded?
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869845
2677
這裡有多少人真的寫過程式？
14:45
CA: Oh my goodness.
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1520
克：天啊！
14:47
LT: So I guarantee you,
308
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1155
林：所以我向你保證，
14:48
everybody who raised their hand,
309
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1545
每一位舉手的人，
14:49
they have done what's called
a singly-linked list.
a singly-linked list.
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877963
2621
他們都做過 singly-linked list
（單向連結串列）。
（單向連結串列）。
14:52
And it's taught --
311
880608
2009
它教……
14:55
This, the first not very
good taste approach,
good taste approach,
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3591
這個，第一張不太有品味的方法，
14:58
is basically how it's taught to be done
when you start out coding.
when you start out coding.
313
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4067
基本上就是你一開始
學寫程式時教的方法。
學寫程式時教的方法。
15:02
And you don't have to understand the code.
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890821
2044
你不用懂這個程式。
15:04
The most interesting part to me
315
892889
2056
對我而言最有趣的部分
15:06
is the last if statement.
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894969
2189
是這個最後的 if 敘述
(if statement)。
(if statement)。
15:10
Because what happens
in a singly-linked list --
in a singly-linked list --
317
898933
2260
因為在單向連結串列裡，
15:13
this is trying to remove
an existing entry from a list --
an existing entry from a list --
318
901217
3650
這裡是要試著從資料清單中
移除一筆現有的資料，
移除一筆現有的資料，
15:16
and there's a difference
between if it's the first entry
between if it's the first entry
319
904891
3842
這是第一筆資料
15:20
or whether it's an entry in the middle.
320
908757
1999
還是中間的資料
會有點不一樣。
會有點不一樣。
15:22
Because if it's the first entry,
321
910780
1605
因為如果這是第一筆資料，
15:24
you have to change
the pointer to the first entry.
the pointer to the first entry.
322
912409
3016
你就必須把指標指向第一筆資料，
15:27
If it's in the middle,
323
915449
1198
如果資料在清單中間，
15:28
you have to change the pointer
of a previous entry.
of a previous entry.
324
916671
2421
你就必須把指標
指向該資料的前一筆資料。
指向該資料的前一筆資料。
15:31
So they're two completely different cases.
325
919116
2024
所以這是兩個完全不同的例子。
15:33
CA: And that's better.
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921164
1152
克：那樣比較好。
15:34
LT: And this is better.
327
922340
1181
林：這樣比較好。
15:35
It does not have the if statement.
328
923940
2323
它沒有 if 敘述。
15:38
And it doesn't really matter --
329
926637
2213
這一點也不重要，
15:40
I don't want you understand
why it doesn't have the if statement,
why it doesn't have the if statement,
330
928874
3201
我不是要你瞭解
為什麼它沒有 if 敘述，
為什麼它沒有 if 敘述，
15:44
but I want you to understand
331
932099
1342
但我要你瞭解
15:45
that sometimes you can see
a problem in a different way
a problem in a different way
332
933465
2625
有時候你可以用
不同的角度看問題，
不同的角度看問題，
15:48
and rewrite it so that
a special case goes away
a special case goes away
333
936114
3354
並重寫它，
那麼例外就會消失，
那麼例外就會消失，
15:51
and becomes the normal case.
334
939492
1877
變成普通情況。
15:53
And that's good code.
335
941393
1539
那就是好的程式。
15:55
But this is simple code.
336
943328
1550
但這是簡單的程式。
15:56
This is CS 101.
337
944902
1349
是必修的程式設計入門。
15:58
This is not important --
although, details are important.
although, details are important.
338
946275
2856
這不重要，但是細節很重要。
16:01
To me, the sign of people
I really want to work with
I really want to work with
339
949798
4078
對我而言，我真的很想
一同工作的人都有個現象，
一同工作的人都有個現象，
16:05
is that they have good taste,
which is how ...
which is how ...
340
953900
2673
就是他們有好的品味，
16:09
I sent you this stupid example
341
957295
1597
我給你的這個例子很笨，
16:10
that is not relevant
because it's too small.
because it's too small.
342
958916
2344
一點都不相干，因為太小了。
16:13
Good taste is much bigger than this.
343
961743
2142
好的品味比這個大多了。
16:15
Good taste is about really
seeing the big patterns
seeing the big patterns
344
963909
4021
好的品味是
你真的會看到大的模式，
你真的會看到大的模式，
16:19
and kind of instinctively knowing
what's the right way to do things.
what's the right way to do things.
345
967954
4458
而且好像有直覺
知道什麼是正確的方法。
知道什麼是正確的方法。
16:24
CA: OK, so we're putting
the pieces together here now.
the pieces together here now.
346
972436
2657
克：好，所以我們現在可以
拼湊出整體的樣子了。
拼湊出整體的樣子了。
16:27
You have taste,
347
975736
1467
你有品味，
16:30
in a way that's meaningful
to software people.
to software people.
348
978057
2337
而且這個品味
對寫軟體的人而言有意義。
對寫軟體的人而言有意義。
16:32
You're --
349
980418
1151
你是……
16:33
(Laughter)
350
981593
1816
（笑聲）
16:35
LT: I think it was meaningful
to some people here.
to some people here.
351
983433
2561
林：我想這對這裡的某些人有意義。
16:39
CA: You're a very smart computer coder,
352
987967
2917
克：你是非常聰明的
電腦程式設計師，
電腦程式設計師，
16:42
and you're hellish stubborn.
353
990908
1697
而且你頑固的要命。
16:45
But there must be something else.
354
993622
1586
但是一定還有什麼。
16:47
I mean, you've changed the future.
355
995232
1623
我是說，你改變了未來。
16:48
You must have the ability
of these grand visions of the future.
of these grand visions of the future.
356
996879
2963
你一定有看到宏偉願景的能力。
16:51
You're a visionary, right?
357
999866
1261
你是個有願景的人，對吧？
16:53
LT: I've actually felt slightly
uncomfortable at TED
uncomfortable at TED
358
1001151
2591
林：我過去兩天
16:55
for the last two days,
359
1003766
2160
在 TED 大會其實有點不自在，
16:57
because there's a lot
of vision going on, right?
of vision going on, right?
360
1005950
2595
因為這裡有很多願景，對吧？
17:00
And I am not a visionary.
361
1008569
1697
而我不是有願景的人。
17:02
I do not have a five-year plan.
362
1010290
2229
我沒有五年計畫。
17:04
I'm an engineer.
363
1012543
1358
我是工程師。
17:05
And I think it's really --
364
1013925
1260
而且我覺得這真的──
17:07
I mean -- I'm perfectly
happy with all the people
happy with all the people
365
1015209
2319
我是說，我對這些人
一點意見也沒有，
一點意見也沒有，
17:09
who are walking around
and just staring at the clouds
and just staring at the clouds
366
1017552
2751
他們可以四海飄遊，看看雲，
17:12
and looking at the stars
and saying, "I want to go there."
and saying, "I want to go there."
367
1020327
2851
看看星星，然後說：
「我想去那裡。」
「我想去那裡。」
17:15
But I'm looking at the ground,
368
1023202
1452
但是我是看著地面的人，
17:16
and I want to fix the pothole
that's right in front of me
that's right in front of me
369
1024678
2855
而且我想把那個
就在我正前方的坑洞補好，
就在我正前方的坑洞補好，
17:19
before I fall in.
370
1027557
1360
免得我跌倒。
17:20
This is the kind of person I am.
371
1028941
1619
我就是這種人。
17:22
(Cheers)
372
1030584
1111
（歡呼）
17:23
(Applause)
373
1031719
1312
（掌聲）
17:25
CA: So you spoke to me last week
about these two guys.
about these two guys.
374
1033055
3611
克：你兩個星期前
跟我談到這兩個傢伙。
跟我談到這兩個傢伙。
17:29
Who are they and how
do you relate to them?
do you relate to them?
375
1037358
2435
他們是誰？
你跟他們有什麼關係？
你跟他們有什麼關係？
17:32
LT: Well, so this is kind
of cliché in technology,
of cliché in technology,
376
1040239
3602
林：嗯，這可以說是
科技界老掉牙的故事了，
科技界老掉牙的故事了，
17:35
the whole Tesla versus Edison,
377
1043865
2007
特斯拉對上愛迪生，
17:37
where Tesla is seen as the visionary
scientist and crazy idea man.
scientist and crazy idea man.
378
1045896
4941
特斯拉被視為有願景的科學家
和有瘋狂想法的人。
和有瘋狂想法的人。
17:42
And people love Tesla.
379
1050861
2782
大家都愛特斯拉。
17:45
I mean, there are people who name
their companies after him.
their companies after him.
380
1053667
2987
我是說，有人還用他的名字
命名自己的公司。
命名自己的公司。
17:48
(Laughter)
381
1056678
1150
（笑聲）
17:51
The other person there is Edison,
382
1059365
2612
另外一位是愛迪生，
17:54
who is actually often vilified
for being kind of pedestrian
for being kind of pedestrian
383
1062001
3507
他常被人貶低為那種平庸的路人甲，
17:57
and is --
384
1065532
1921
而且是──
17:59
I mean, his most famous quote is,
385
1067477
2722
我是說，他最膾炙人口的名言是：
18:02
"Genius is one percent inspiration
and 99 percent perspiration."
and 99 percent perspiration."
386
1070223
4714
「天才是百分之一的靈感
加上百分之九十九的汗水。」
加上百分之九十九的汗水。」
18:07
And I'm in the Edison camp,
387
1075394
1453
我是站在愛迪生這一邊的，
18:08
even if people don't always like him.
388
1076871
2184
即使大家並不都喜歡他。
18:11
Because if you actually compare the two,
389
1079079
3019
因為如果你實際比較這兩位，
18:14
Tesla has kind of this mind
grab these days,
grab these days,
390
1082122
4533
特斯拉最近還挺夯的，
18:18
but who actually changed the world?
391
1086679
1999
但是誰真的改變了世界？
18:21
Edison may not have been a nice person,
392
1089853
3382
愛迪生或許不是一個和善的人，
18:25
he did a lot of things --
393
1093259
3132
他做了很多事，
18:28
he was maybe not so intellectual,
394
1096415
2429
他可能沒那麼聰明，
18:30
not so visionary.
395
1098868
2227
也沒有看得那麼遠。
18:33
But I think I'm more
of an Edison than a Tesla.
of an Edison than a Tesla.
396
1101119
3661
但是我想我更像愛迪生，
而不是特斯拉。
而不是特斯拉。
18:37
CA: So our theme at TED
this week is dreams --
this week is dreams --
397
1105669
2438
克：所以這個星期我們
TED 大會的主題是夢想，
TED 大會的主題是夢想，
18:40
big, bold, audacious dreams.
398
1108131
1347
膽大無畏的夢想。
18:41
You're really the antidote to that.
399
1109502
1802
你真的是個反面教材。
18:43
LT: I'm trying to dial it down a bit, yes.
400
1111328
2109
林：我是想要往回拉一下，是的。
18:45
CA: That's good.
401
1113461
1151
克：很好。
18:46
(Laughter)
402
1114636
1080
（笑聲）
18:47
We embrace you, we embrace you.
403
1115740
1605
我們接納你，我們接納你。
18:51
Companies like Google and many
others have made, arguably,
others have made, arguably,
404
1119046
2749
像 Google 這樣的公司
還有其他的人都可以說
還有其他的人都可以說
18:53
like, billions of dollars
out of your software.
out of your software.
405
1121819
2206
靠你的軟體賺了幾十億元，
18:56
Does that piss you off?
406
1124049
1151
這讓你生氣嗎？
18:57
LT: No.
407
1125224
1151
林：不會。
18:58
No, it doesn't piss me off
for several reasons.
for several reasons.
408
1126399
2634
不會，我不生氣有幾個原因。
19:01
And one of them is, I'm doing fine.
409
1129057
2010
其中一個是，我過得還不錯。
19:03
I'm really doing fine.
410
1131091
1296
我真的過得挺好的。
19:04
But the other reason is --
411
1132942
1584
但是另外一個原因是，
19:06
I mean, without doing the whole
open source and really letting go thing,
open source and really letting go thing,
412
1134550
5327
我是說，如果沒有做這個
開放原始碼而且沒有真的放手，
開放原始碼而且沒有真的放手，
19:11
Linux would never have been what it is.
413
1139901
2226
Linux 不可能發展成今天的樣子。
19:14
And it's brought experiences
I don't really enjoy, public talking,
I don't really enjoy, public talking,
414
1142151
5096
它的確也為我帶來
我不太喜歡的經驗，
像是公開演講，
像是公開演講，
19:19
but at the same time,
this is an experience.
this is an experience.
415
1147271
2151
但同時，這也是一種經驗。
19:21
Trust me.
416
1149446
1280
相信我。
19:23
So there's a lot of things going on
that make me a very happy man
that make me a very happy man
417
1151238
5143
所以發生了很多事
讓我成為非常快樂的人，
讓我成為非常快樂的人，
19:28
and thinking I did the right choices.
418
1156405
2529
也讓我認為我做了正確的決定。
19:30
CA: Is the open source idea --
419
1158958
1912
克：這個開放原始碼想法
19:32
this is, I think we'll end here --
420
1160894
1636
這是──我想我們該結束了──
19:34
is the open source idea
fully realized now in the world,
fully realized now in the world,
421
1162554
4054
現在全世界都完全瞭解
這個開放原始碼的想法了嗎？
這個開放原始碼的想法了嗎？
19:38
or is there more that it could go,
422
1166632
3018
還是還有很多可以發展的？
19:41
are there more things that it could do?
423
1169674
2015
還有很多事可以做嗎？
19:44
LT: So, I'm of two minds there.
424
1172738
2234
林：其實我不太確定。
19:46
I think one reason open source
works so well in code
works so well in code
425
1174996
4486
我想開放原始碼
在程式開發上這麼成功，
在程式開發上這麼成功，
19:51
is that at the end of the day,
426
1179506
2409
其中一個原因是最終，
19:53
code tends to be somewhat black and white.
427
1181939
3246
程式往往是黑白的。
19:57
There's often a fairly good way to decide,
428
1185209
4157
我們常常有還不錯的方法判斷
20:01
this is done correctly
and this is not done well.
and this is not done well.
429
1189390
3946
這個做對了，那個不太好。
20:05
Code either works or it doesn't,
430
1193360
2378
程式只有會動與不會動兩種，
20:07
which means that there's less
room for arguments.
room for arguments.
431
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這意味著沒有什麼空間爭論。
20:12
And we have arguments despite this, right?
432
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儘管如此
我們還是有很多爭論，對吧？
我們還是有很多爭論，對吧？
20:16
In many other areas --
433
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1915
在其它很多地方，
20:17
I mean, people have talked about
open politics and things like that --
open politics and things like that --
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我是說，大家在談論
開放政治或類似的東西，
開放政治或類似的東西，
20:21
and it's really hard sometimes to say
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有時候真的很難說：
20:24
that, yes, you can apply the same
principles in some other areas
principles in some other areas
436
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是的，你可以運用相同的原則
在其它領域上，
在其它領域上，
20:28
just because the black and white
turns into not just gray,
turns into not just gray,
437
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5439
因為黑與白不但會變成灰，
20:33
but different colors.
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1603
還會變成其它不同的顏色。
20:36
So, obviously open source in science
is making a comeback.
is making a comeback.
439
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4366
看得出來開放資源的觀念
現在在科學界又流行起來。
現在在科學界又流行起來。
20:40
Science was there first.
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科學早就是那樣了。
20:42
But then science ended up
being pretty closed,
being pretty closed,
441
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2667
但是之後科學變的非常封閉，
20:45
with very expensive journals
and some of that going on.
and some of that going on.
442
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3624
還有非常貴的期刊
和一些有的沒的東西。
和一些有的沒的東西。
20:48
And open source is making
a comeback in science,
a comeback in science,
443
1236726
3836
開放資源的觀念
在科學界又流行起來，
在科學界又流行起來，
20:52
with things like arXiv and open journals.
444
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4147
現在有像是 arXiv 開放式論文網站
和其它開放式期刊。
和其它開放式期刊。
20:59
Wikipedia changed the world, too.
445
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1953
維基百科也改變了世界。
21:01
So there are other examples,
446
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還有其它的例子，
21:02
I'm sure there are more to come.
447
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1633
我確信以後還會出現更多。
21:05
CA: But you're not a visionary,
448
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克：但是你不是願景家，
21:07
and so it's not up to you to name them.
449
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1953
所以這可不是由你來說的。
21:09
LT: No.
450
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1159
林：沒錯。
21:10
(Laughter)
451
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（笑聲）
21:11
It's up to you guys to make them, right?
452
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1964
這是你們這些人要創造的，對吧？
21:13
CA: Exactly.
453
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1263
克：沒錯。
21:14
Linus Torvalds,
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林納斯·托瓦茲，
21:15
thank you for Linux,
thank you for the Internet,
thank you for the Internet,
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2245
謝謝你給了我們 Linux，
謝謝你給了我們網路，
謝謝你給了我們網路，
21:18
thank you for all those Android phones.
456
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1865
也謝謝你給了我們
Android 手機。
Android 手機。
21:20
Thank you for coming here to TED
and revealing so much of yourself.
and revealing so much of yourself.
457
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3197
謝謝你蒞臨 TED
與我們開誠布公。
與我們開誠布公。
21:23
LT: Thank you.
458
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林：謝謝！
21:24
(Applause)
459
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Linus Torvalds - Software engineerIn 1991, Linus Torvalds shared the Linux kernel with a few computer hobbyists. The operating system they built reshaped the software industry.
Why you should listen
Fascinated by the economy and elegance of experimental operating system Minix, computer scientist Linus Torvalds wrote an operating system kernel and shared it with independent programmers. The system that they fleshed out and released in 1994 -- Linux -- was remarkable not only for its utility and efficiency but also for the collaboration of its community.
Now enjoying mainstream respectability (and the support of the computer industry), Linux runs on the servers of Amazon, Google, and much of the wired world. As the sole arbiter of code for the Linux Foundation (which he characteristically downplays by saying “the only power I have is to say ‘no’”), Torvalds quietly inspires open-source projects worldwide.
Linus Torvalds | Speaker | TED.com