TEDGlobal 2007
Jacqueline Novogratz: Patient capitalism
Jacqueline Novogratz om tålmodig kapitalisme
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Jacqueline Novogratz deler historier om, hvordan "tålmodig kapitalisme" kan bringe vedvarende jobs, varer, ydelser -- og værdighed -- til verdens fattigste.
Jacqueline Novogratz - Investor and advocate for moral leadership
Jacqueline Novogratz works to enable human flourishing. Her organization, Acumen, invests in people, companies and ideas that see capital and networks as means, not ends, to solving the toughest issues of poverty. Full bio
Jacqueline Novogratz works to enable human flourishing. Her organization, Acumen, invests in people, companies and ideas that see capital and networks as means, not ends, to solving the toughest issues of poverty. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:26
I really am honored to be here, and as Chris said,
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Jeg er virkelig beæret over at være her, og som Chris sagde,
00:28
it's been over 20 years since I started working in Africa.
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er der gået over 20 år siden, jeg startede med at arbejde i Afrika.
00:31
My first introduction was at the Abidjan airport on a sweaty, Ivory Coast morning.
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Min første introduktion var i lufthavnen i Abidjan på en svedig, Elfenbenskyst-morgen.
00:37
I had just left Wall Street, cut my hair to look like Margaret Mead,
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Jeg havde lige forladt Wall Street, klippet mit hår for at ligne Margaret Mead,
00:41
given away most everything that I owned,
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givet væk næsten alt, hvad jeg ejede,
00:43
and arrived with all the essentials --
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og ankom med alt det vigtigste --
00:45
some poetry, a few clothes, and, of course, a guitar --
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noget poesi, noget tøj og selvfølgelig en guitar --
00:47
because I was going to save the world,
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for jeg skulle redde verden,
00:49
and I thought I would just start with the African continent.
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og jeg tænkte, jeg bare ville starte med det afrikanske kontinent.
00:55
But literally within days of arriving I was told, in no uncertain terms,
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Men bogstavelig talt i løbet af et par dage fra min ankomst fik jeg at vide i sikre vendinger
00:59
by a number of West African women, that Africans didn't want saving,
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af et antal vestafrikanske kvinder, at afrikanere ikke ville reddes,
01:04
thank you very much, least of all not by me.
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ellers mange tak, mindst af alt af mig.
01:06
I was too young, unmarried, I had no children,
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Jeg var for ung, ugift jeg havde ingen børn,
01:09
didn't really know Africa, and besides, my French was pitiful.
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kendte ikke rigtigt Afrika, og desuden var mit fransk ynkeligt.
01:13
And so, it was an incredibly painful time in my life,
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Og derfor var det en utrolig smertefuld tid i mit liv,
01:16
and yet it really started to give me the humility to start listening.
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og alligevel begyndte det egentligt at give mig den ydmyghed til at starte med at lytte.
01:21
I think that failure can be an incredibly motivating force as well,
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Jeg tror, at fiasko også kan være en utrolig motiverende kraft,
01:25
so I moved to Kenya and worked in Uganda,
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så jeg flyttede til Kenya og arbejdede i Uganda,
01:28
and I met a group of Rwandan women, who asked me, in 1986,
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og jeg mødte en gruppe rwandiske kvinder, der i 1986 bad mig
01:31
to move to Kigali to help them start the first microfinance institution there.
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flytte til Kigali for at hjælpe dem med at starte den første mikrofinansinstitution der.
01:35
And I did, and we ended up naming it Duterimbere,
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Og det gjorde jeg, og vi endte med at navngive den Duterimbere,
01:39
meaning "to go forward with enthusiasm." And while we were doing it,
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der betyder "at gå frem med entusiasme." Og mens vi gjorde det,
01:42
I realized that there weren't a lot of businesses that were viable
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gik det op for mig, at der ikke var ret mange forretninger, der var bæredygtige
01:45
and started by women, and so maybe I should try to run a business, too.
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og startede af kvinder, og derfor skulle jeg måske også prøve at styre en forretning.
01:49
And so I started looking around, and I heard about a bakery
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Og derfor begyndte jeg at kigge rundt, og jeg hørte om et bageri,
01:51
that was run by 20 prostitutes.
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der blev styret af 20 prostituerede.
01:53
And, being a little intrigued, I went to go meet this group,
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Og, en smule fascineret, tog jeg hen for at møde denne gruppe,
01:57
and what I found was 20 unwed mothers who were trying to survive.
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og det, jeg fandt, var 20 ugifte mødre, der forsøgte at overleve.
02:02
And it was really the beginning of my understanding the power of language,
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Og det var virkelig begyndelsen på min forståelse af sprogets magt,
02:07
and how what we call people so often distances us from them,
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og hvordan det, vi kalder folk, så ofte distancerer os fra dem
02:10
and makes them little.
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og gør dem små.
02:12
I also found out that the bakery was nothing like a business,
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Jeg fandt også ud af, at bageriet overhovedet ikke var som en forretning,
02:16
that, in fact, it was a classic charity run by a well-intentioned person,
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at det rent faktisk var klassisk velgørenhed styret af en person med gode intentioner,
02:20
who essentially spent 600 dollars a month
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der egentlig brugte 600 dollars om måneden på
02:24
to keep these 20 women busy making little crafts and baked goods,
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at holde disse 20 kvinder travle med at lave små ting og bagværk
02:29
and living on 50 cents a day, still in poverty.
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og leve på 50 cent om dagen, stadig i fattigdom.
02:32
So, I made a deal with the women. I said, "Look, we get rid of the charity side,
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Så jeg lavede en aftale med kvinderne. Jeg sagde, "Hør, vi dropper velgørenhedsdelen,
02:35
and we run this as a business and I'll help you."
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og vi styrer det her som en forretning, og jeg vil hjælpe jer."
02:38
They nervously agreed. I nervously started, and, of course,
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De sagde nervøst ja. Jeg startede nervøst, og selvfølgelig
02:42
things are always harder than you think they're going to be.
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er tingene altid sværere, end man tror, de vil være.
02:44
First of all, I thought, well, we need a sales team,
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For det første troede jeg, altså, vi har brug for et salgshold,
02:46
and we clearly aren't the A-Team here,
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og vi er tydeligvis ikke A-holdet her,
02:48
so let's -- I did all this training.
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så lad os -- jeg lavede al denne træning.
02:51
And the epitome was when I literally marched into the streets
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Og epitomen var, da jeg bogstaveligt talt marcherede ind i gaderne
02:55
of Nyamirambo, which is the popular quarter of Kigali, with a bucket,
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i Nyamirambo, der er Kigalis populære kvarter, med en spand,
02:58
and I sold all these little doughnuts to people,
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og jeg solgte alle disse små dougnuts til folk,
03:01
and I came back, and I was like, "You see?"
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og jeg kom tilbage, og jeg var helt, "Ser I?"
03:03
And the women said, "You know, Jacqueline, who in Nyamirambo is not going to buy
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Og kvinderne sagde, "Altså Jacqueline, hvem i Nyamirambo vil ikke købe
03:07
doughnuts out of an orange bucket from a tall American woman?" And like --
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dougnuts fra en orange spand af en høj amerikansk kvinde?" Og altså --
03:11
(Laughter) -- it's a good point.
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(Latter) -- det er en god pointe.
03:13
So then I went the whole American way,
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Så jeg brugte den helt igennem amerikanske måde
03:15
with competitions, team and individual. Completely failed,
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med konkurrencer, hold og individ. Total fiasko,
03:18
but over time, the women learnt to sell on their own way.
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men med tiden lærte kvinderne at sælge på deres egen måde.
03:22
And they started listening to the marketplace,
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Og de begyndte at lytte til markedspladsen,
03:24
and they came back with ideas for cassava chips, and banana chips,
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og de kom tilbage med idéer til kassavachips og bananchips
03:27
and sorghum bread, and before you knew it,
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og sorghumbrød, og før man fik set sig om,
03:29
we had cornered the Kigali market,
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havde vi gennemskuet Kigalis marked,
03:31
and the women were earning three to four times the national average.
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og kvinderne tjente tre til fire gange det nationale gennemsnit.
03:34
And with that confidence surge, I thought, "Well, it's time to create a real bakery,
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Og med det selvtillidsindskud tænkte jeg, "Nå, det er tid til at lave et rigtigt bageri,
03:38
so let's paint it." And the women said, "That's a really great idea."
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så lad os male det." Og kvinderne sagde, "Det er en rigtig god idé."
03:42
And I said, "Well, what color do you want to paint it?" And they said,
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Og jeg sagde, "Nå, hvad farve vil I gerne farve det?" Og de sagde,
03:44
"Well, you choose." And I said, "No, no, I'm learning to listen.
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"Altså, du vælger." Og jeg sagde, "Nej, nej, jeg lærer at lytte.
03:47
You choose. It's your bakery, your street, your country -- not mine."
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I vælger. Det er jeres bageri, jeres gade, jeres land -- ikke mit."
03:50
But they wouldn't give me an answer.
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Men de ville ikke give mig et svar.
03:52
So, one week, two weeks, three weeks went by,
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Så, en uge, to uger, tre uger gik,
03:54
and finally I said, "Well, how about blue?"
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og endelig sagde jeg, "Nå, hvad med blå?"
03:57
And they said, "Blue, blue, we love blue. Let's do it blue."
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Og de sagde, "Blå, blå, vi elsker blå. Lad os gøre det blåt."
03:59
So, I went to the store, I brought Gaudence, the recalcitrant one of all,
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Så jeg tog hen til forretningen, jeg tog Gaudence med, den mest genstridige af alle,
04:03
and we brought all this paint and fabric to make curtains,
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og vi tog al denne maling og stof til at lave gardiner af med,
04:07
and on painting day, we all gathered in Nyamirambo,
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og på maledagen samlede vi alle i Nyamirambo,
04:10
and the idea was we would paint it white with blue as trim,
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og idéen var, vi ville male det hvidt med blå som pynt,
04:13
like a little French bakery. But that was clearly not as satisfying
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som et lille fransk bageri. Men det var tydeligvis ikke så tilfredsstillende
04:16
as painting a wall of blue like a morning sky.
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som at male en væg helt blå som morgenhimlen.
04:19
So, blue, blue, everything became blue.
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Så, blå, blå, alt blev blåt.
04:22
The walls were blue, the windows were blue,
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Væggene var blå, vinduerne var blå,
04:23
the sidewalk out front was painted blue.
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fortovet foran blev malet blåt.
04:26
And Aretha Franklin was shouting "R-E-S-P-E-C-T,"
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Og Aretha Franklin råbte "R-E-S-P-E-C-T,"
04:30
the women's hips were swaying
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kvindernes hofter svajede,
04:32
and little kids were trying to grab the paintbrushes, but it was their day.
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og små børn forsøgte at tage malerpenslerne, men det var deres dag.
04:35
And at the end of it, we stood across the street
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Og til sidst stod vi på den anden side af gaden,
04:38
and we looked at what we had done, and I said, "It is so beautiful."
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og vi så på det, vi havde gjort, og jeg sagde, "Det er så smukt."
04:41
And the women said, "It really is."
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Og kvinderne sagde, "Det er det virkelig."
04:43
And I said, "And I think the color is perfect,"
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Og jeg sagde, "Og jeg synes, farven er perfekt,"
04:46
and they all nodded their head, except for Gaudence,
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og de nikkede allesammen, undtagen Gaudence,
04:48
and I said, "What?"
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og jeg sagde, "Hvad?"
04:50
And she said, "Nothing." And I said, "What?"
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Og hun sagde, "Ingenting." Og jeg sagde, "Hvad?"
04:52
And she said, "Well, it is pretty, but, you know, our color, really, it is green." And --
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Og hun sagde, "Altså, det er pænt, men ser du, vores farve er egentlig grøn." Og --
04:58
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
05:01
-- I learned then that listening isn't just about patience,
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-- jeg lærte så, at det at lytte ikke bare er om tålmodighed,
05:06
but that when you've lived on charity and dependent your whole life long,
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men at når man har levet hele sit liv på velgørenhed og været afhængig,
05:11
it's really hard to say what you mean.
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er det virkelig svært at sige, hvad man mener.
05:13
And, mostly because people never really ask you,
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Og mest fordi folk aldrig rigtig spørger en,
05:17
and when they do, you don't really think they want to know the truth.
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og når de gør, tror man ikke rigtigt, de vil vide sandheden.
05:20
And so then I learned that listening is not only about waiting,
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Og så lærte jeg, at det at lytte ikke kun er om at vente,
05:23
but it's also learning how better to ask questions.
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men det er også at lære at blive bedre til at stille spørgsmål.
05:27
And so, I lived in Kigali for about two and a half years, doing these two things,
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Og derfor boede jeg i Kigali i omkring to et halvt år og lavede disse to ting,
05:31
and it was an extraordinary time in my life.
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og det var en usædvanlig tid i mit liv.
05:33
And it taught me three lessons
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Og det lærte mig tre lektier,
05:35
that I think are so important for us today,
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som jeg synes er så vigtige for os i dag,
05:38
and certainly in the work that I do.
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og i den grad i det arbejde, jeg laver.
05:40
The first is that dignity is more important to the human spirit than wealth.
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Den første er, at værdighed er vigtigere for den menneskelige ånd end velstand.
05:44
As Eleni has said, when people gain income, they gain choice,
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Som Eleni har sagt, når folk får indkomst, får de valg,
05:48
and that is fundamental to dignity.
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og det er fundamentalt for værdighed.
05:50
But as human beings, we also want to see each other,
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Men som mennesker vil vi også se hinanden,
05:53
and we want to be heard by each other, and we should never forget that.
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og vi vil høres af hinanden, og det må vi aldrig glemme.
05:57
The second is that traditional charity and aid
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Den anden er, at traditionel velgørenhed og støtte
06:00
are never going to solve the problems of poverty.
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aldrig vil løse fattigdommens problemer.
06:02
I think Andrew pretty well covered that, so I will move to the third point,
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Jeg synes, Andrew dækkede det ret godt, så jeg vil gå videre til den tredje pointe,
06:05
which is that markets alone also
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som er, at markeder alene
06:07
are not going to solve the problems of poverty.
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heller ikke vil løse fattigdommens problemer.
06:10
Yes, we ran this as a business,
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Ja, vi styrede det som en forretning,
06:12
but someone needed to pay the philanthropic support
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men nogen var nødt til at give den filantropiske støtte,
06:17
that came into the training, and the management support, the strategic advice
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der kom ind i træningen, og styrelsesstøtten, de strategiske råd
06:20
and, maybe most important of all,
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og måske vigtigst af alt
06:23
the access to new contacts, networks and new markets.
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adgangen til nye kontakter, netværker og nye markeder.
06:27
And so, on a micro level, there's a real role for this combination
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Og derfor er der på mikroniveau en rolle for denne kombination
06:31
of investment and philanthropy.
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af investering og filantropi.
06:34
And on a macro level -- some of the speakers have inferred that
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Og på makroniveau -- nogle af talerne har foreslået, at
06:38
even health should be privatized.
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selv sundhed burde blive privatiseret.
06:40
But, having had a father with heart disease,
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Men eftersom jeg havde en far med hjertesygdom
06:42
and realizing that what our family could afford
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og indså, at det, vores familie kunne betale for,
06:46
was not what he should have gotten,
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ikke var det, han burde have fået,
06:49
and having a good friend step in to help,
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og da jeg havde en god ven, der trådte til og hjalp,
06:52
I really believe that all people deserve access to health
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tror jeg virkelig på, at alle fortjener adgang til sundhed
06:55
at prices they can afford.
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til priser, de kan betale.
06:57
I think the market can help us figure that out,
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Jeg tror, markedet kan hjælpe os med at udarbejde det,
06:59
but there's got to be a charitable component,
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men der er nødt til at være en velgørende del,
07:01
or I don't think we're going to create the kind of societies we want to live in.
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ellers tror jeg ikke, vi kommer til at skabe den slags samfund, vi gerne vil bo i.
07:05
And so, it was really those lessons that made me decide to
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Og det var så virkelig de lektier, der fik mig til at beslutte, at
07:08
build Acumen Fund about six years ago.
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starte Acumen Fund for omkring seks år siden.
07:11
It's a nonprofit, venture capital fund for the poor,
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Det er en almennyttig, dristig kapitalfond for de fattige,
07:14
a few oxymorons in one sentence.
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et par oxymoroner i én sætning.
07:16
It essentially raises charitable funds from individuals, foundations and corporations,
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Basalt set rejser den velgørende midler fra individer, fonde og firmaer,
07:21
and then we turn around and we invest equity and loans
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og så vender vi rundt, og vi investerer egenkapital og lån
07:23
in both for-profit and nonprofit entities
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i både erhverv og almennyttige størrelser,
07:25
that deliver affordable health, housing, energy, clean water
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der leverer betalelig sundhed, husning, energi, rent vand
07:29
to low income people in South Asia and Africa,
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til lavindkomstpersoner i Sydasien og Afrika,
07:32
so that they can make their own choices.
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så de kan foretage deres egne valg.
07:34
We've invested about 20 million dollars in 20 different enterprises,
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Vi har investerer omkring 20 millioner dollars i 20 forskellige foretagender
07:38
and have, in so doing, created nearly 20,000 jobs,
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og har ved dette skabt næsten 20.000 jobs
07:43
and delivered tens of millions of services to people
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og leveret millionvis af tjenester til folk,
07:45
who otherwise would not be able to afford them.
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der ellers ikke ville have været i stand til at betale dem.
07:49
I want to tell you two stories. Both of them are in Africa.
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Jeg vil fortælle jer to historier. Begge foregår i Afrika.
07:52
Both of them are about investing in entrepreneurs
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Begge handler om at investere i entreprenører,
07:54
who are committed to service, and who really know the markets.
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der er dedikerede til service, og som virkelig kender markederne.
07:58
Both of them live at the confluence of public health and enterprise,
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Begge lever i sammenløbet mellem folkesundhed og foretagender,
08:02
and both of them, because they're manufacturers,
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og begge, fordi de er fabrikanter,
08:04
create jobs directly, and create incomes indirectly,
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skaber jobs direkte og skaber indkomster indirekte,
08:07
because they're in the malaria sector,
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fordi de er i malariasektoren,
08:09
and Africa loses about 13 billion dollars a year because of malaria.
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og Afrika taber omkring 13 milliarder dollars om året på grund af malaria.
08:14
And so as people get healthier, they also get wealthier.
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Og derfor som folk bliver sundere, bliver de også mere velstående.
08:18
The first one is called Advanced Bio-Extracts Limited.
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Den første hedder Advanced Bio-Extracts Limited.
08:21
It's a company built in Kenya about seven years ago
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Det er et firma startet i Kenya for omkring syv år siden
08:23
by an incredible entrepreneur named Patrick Henfrey and his three colleagues.
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af en utrolig entreprenør kaldet Patrick Henfrey og hans tre kollegaer.
08:27
These are old-hand farmers
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Disse er gamle gårdrotter,
08:29
who've gone through all the agricultural ups and downs
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der har været gennem alle op- og nedturene ved landbrug
08:31
in Kenya over the last 30 years.
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i Kenya over de sidste 30 år.
08:33
Now, this plant is an Artemisia plant;
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Nå, denne plante er en bynke;
08:36
it's the basic component for artemisinin,
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den er den basale komponent i artemisinin,
08:38
which is the best-known treatment for malaria.
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der er den bedst kendte behandling mod malaria.
08:40
It's indigenous to China and the Far East,
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Den stammer fra Kina og det Fjerne Østen,
08:44
but given that the prevalence of malaria is here in Africa,
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men eftersom malaria normalt forekommer her i Afrika,
08:46
Patrick and his colleagues said, "Let's bring it here,
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sagde Patrick og hans kollegaer, "Lad os tage den hertil,
08:50
because it's a high value-add product."
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for den er et produkt af hastigt voksende værdi."
08:52
The farmers get three to four times the yields that they would with maize.
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Gårdejerne får tre til fire gange pengene ud af det, som de ville med majs.
08:58
And so, using patient capital -- money that they could raise early on,
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Og derfor ved at bruge tålmodig kapital -- penge, de kunne rejse tidligt,
09:02
that actually got below market returns
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som faktisk gik under markedstilbagebetaling
09:04
and was willing to go the long haul and be combined
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og var villige til at tage det lange træk og blive kombineret
09:08
with management assistance, strategic assistance --
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med styrelsesassistance, strategisk assistance --
09:11
they've now created a company where they purchase from 7,500 farmers.
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de har nu skabt et firma, hvor de opkøber fra 7.500 gårdejere.
09:15
So that's about 50,000 people affected.
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Så det påvirker omkring 50.000 mennesker.
09:17
And I think some of you may have visited --
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Og jeg tror, nogle af jer måske har besøgt --
09:19
these farmers are helped by KickStart and TechnoServe,
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disse gårdejere bliver hjulpet af KickStart og TechnoServe,
09:22
who help them become more self-sufficient.
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der hjælper dem med at blive mere selvunderstøttende.
09:24
They buy it, they dry it and they bring it to this factory,
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De køber det, de tørrer det, og de bringer det til denne fabrik,
09:27
which was purchased in part by, again, patient capital from Novartis,
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der blev delvist opkøbt af, igen, tålmodig kapital fra Novartis,
09:31
who has a real interest in getting the powder
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der har en virkelig interesse i at få pulveret,
09:34
so that they can make Coartem.
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så de kan lave Coartem.
09:37
Acumen's been working with ABE for the past year, year and a half,
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Acumen har arbejdet med ABE i det sidste år, halvandet år,
09:42
both on looking at a new business plan,
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både med at se på en ny forretningsplan,
09:44
and what does expansion look like, helping with management support
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og hvordan udvidelse ser ud, hjælp med styrelsesstøtte
09:47
and helping to do term sheets and raise capital.
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og hjælp til at lave regnskabsark og rejse kapital.
09:51
And I really understood what patient capital meant emotionally
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Og jeg forstod virkelig, hvad tålmodig kapital betød følelsesmæssigt
09:54
in the last month or so. Because the company was literally
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i den sidste måneds tid. For firmaet var bogstaveligt talt
09:58
10 days away from proving that the product they produced
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10 dage fra at bevise, at det produkt, de producerede,
10:02
was at the world-quality level needed to make Coartem,
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var på det verdenskvalitetsniveau, der skulle bruges til at lave Coartem,
10:06
when they were in the biggest cash crisis of their history.
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da de var i deres største kontantkrise nogensinde.
10:09
And we called all of the social investors we know.
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Og vi ringede til alle de sociale investorer, vi kendte.
10:12
Now, some of these same social investors are really interested in Africa
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Altså, nogle af disse samme sociale investorer er virkeligt interesserede i Afrika
10:16
and understand the importance of agriculture,
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og forstod vigtigheden af landbrug,
10:18
and they even helped the farmers.
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og de hjalp endda landmændene.
10:21
And even when we explained that if ABE goes away,
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Og selv da vi forklarede, at hvis ABE forsvinder,
10:24
all those 7,500 jobs go away too,
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forsvinder de 7.500 jobs også,
10:28
we sometimes have this bifurcation between business and the social.
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har vi ofte denne todeling mellem forretning og det sociale.
10:33
And it's really time we start thinking more creatively about how they can be fused.
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Og det er virkelig tid til, vi starter med at tænke mere kreativt over, hvordan de kan fusioneres.
10:37
So Acumen made not one, but two bridge loans,
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Så Acumen lavede ikke et, men to bro-lån,
10:40
and the good news is they did indeed meet world-quality classification and are now
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og den gode nyhed er, de mødte virkelig verdenskvalitetsklassifikation og er nu
10:46
in the final stages of closing a 20-million-dollar round, to move it to the next level,
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i de sidste forhandlinger om at lukke en 20-millioner-dollars aftale for at tage det videre,
10:50
and I think that this will be one of the more important companies in East Africa.
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og jeg tror, at dette vil blive et af de vigtigere firmaer i Østafrika.
10:56
This is Samuel. He's a farmer.
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Dette er Samuel. Han er landmand.
10:58
He was actually living in the Kibera slums
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Han boede egentlig i Kiberas slum,
11:00
when his father called him and told him about Artemisia and the value-add potential.
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da hans far ringede ham op og fortalte ham om bynken og dens stigende værdis potentiale.
11:05
So he moved back to the farm, and, long story short,
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Så han flyttede tilbage til gården, og det korte af det lange er,
11:08
they now have seven acres under cultivation.
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at de nu har tre hektar land under dyrkning.
11:11
Samuel's kids are in private school,
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Samuels børn er i privatskole,
11:13
and he's starting to help other farmers in the area also go into Artemisia production --
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og han er i gang med at hjælpe andre landmænd i området med også at komme ind i bynkeproduktionen --
11:19
dignity being more important than wealth.
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værdighed værende vigtigere end velstand.
11:22
The next one, many of you know.
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Det næste kender mange af jer.
11:25
I talked about it a little at Oxford two years ago,
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Jeg talte en smule om det ved Oxford for to år siden,
11:28
and some of you visited A to Z manufacturing,
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og nogle af jer besøgte A to Z manufacturing,
11:30
which is one of the great, real companies in East Africa.
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der er et af de store, rigtige firmaer i Østafrika.
11:34
It's another one that lives at the confluence of health and enterprise.
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Det er et andet, der lever på samspillet mellem sundhed og forretning.
11:39
And this is really a story about a public-private solution
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Og dette er virkelig en historie om en offentlig-privat løsning,
11:43
that has really worked.
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der virkelig har virket.
11:45
It started in Japan. Sumitomo had developed a technology
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Det startede i Japan. Sumitomo havde udviklet en teknologi
11:49
essentially to impregnate a polyethylene-based fiber with organic insecticide,
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til dybest set at imprægnere en polyethen-baseret fiber med organisk insektgift,
11:53
so you could create a bed net,
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så man kunne lave et sengenet,
11:55
a malaria bed net, that would last five years and not need to be re-dipped.
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et malaria sengenet, der ville holde fem år og ikke behøve at blive gen-dybbet.
11:58
It could alter the vector, but like Artemisia,
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Det kunne ændre vektoren, men som bynke
12:01
it had been produced only in East Asia. And as part of its social responsibility,
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blev det kun produceret i Østasien. Og som del af sit sociale ansvar,
12:05
Sumitomo said, "Why don't we experiment
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sagde Sumitomo, "Hvorfor eksperimenterer vi ikke
12:07
with whether we can produce it in Africa, for Africans?"
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med, hvorvidt vi kan producerede det i Afrika for afrikanere?"
12:10
UNICEF came forward and said, "We'll buy most of the nets,
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UNICEF kom frem og sagde, "Vi køber de fleste af nettene,
12:13
and then we'll give them away, as part of the global fund's
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og så giver vi dem væk som del af den globale fonds
12:16
and the U.N.'s commitment to pregnant women and children, for free."
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og FN's forpligtelse over for gravide kvinder og børn, gratis."
12:22
Acumen came in with the patient capital,
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Acumen kom med den tålmodige kapital,
12:25
and we also helped to identify the entrepreneur
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og vi hjalp også med at identificere entreprenøren,
12:27
that we would all partner with here in Africa,
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som vi alle skulle være partnere med her i Afrika,
12:30
and Exxon provided the initial resin.
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og Exxon leverede den første harpiks.
12:33
Well, in looking around for entrepreneurs,
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Nå, da vi ledte efter entreprenører,
12:35
there was none better that we could find on earth than Anuj Shah,
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var der ingen bedre, vi kunne finde på jorden end Anuj Shah
12:38
in A to Z manufacturing company.
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fra A to Z manufacturing firmaet.
12:40
It's a 40-year-old company, it understands manufacturing.
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Det er et 40 år gammelt firma, det forstår sig på produktion.
12:43
It's gone from socialist Tanzania into capitalist Tanzania,
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Det er gået fra socialistiske Tanzania ind i kapitalistiske Tanzania
12:46
and continued to flourish. It had about 1,000 employees when we first found it.
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og fortsat med at blomstre. Det havde omkring 1.000 ansatte, da vi først fandt det.
12:51
And so, Anuj took the entrepreneurial risk here in Africa
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Og så tog Anuj entreprenør-risiciene her i Afrika
12:54
to produce a public good that was purchased by the aid establishment
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for at producere en offentlig gode, der blev købt af hjælpeorganisationerne
12:59
to work with malaria.
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til arbejdet med malaria.
13:02
And, long story short, again, they've been so successful.
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Og det korte af det lange, igen har de været så succesrige.
13:05
In our first year, the first net went off the line in October of 2003.
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I vores første år, det første net blev færdigt i oktober i 2003.
13:10
We thought the hitting-it-out-of-the-box number was 150,000 nets a year.
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Vi troede, 150.000 net om året var det ultimative mål.
13:15
This year, they are now producing eight million nets a year,
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I år producerer de nu otte millioner net om året,
13:18
and they employ 5,000 people, 90 percent of whom are women, mostly unskilled.
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og de har 5.000 ansatte, 90 procent af hvilke er kvinder, mest ufaglærte.
13:23
They're in a joint venture with Sumitomo.
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De er på en mission med Sumitomo.
13:26
And so, from an enterprise perspective for Africa,
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Og derfor er de fra et forretningsmæssigt synspunkt for Afrika,
13:29
and from a public health perspective, these are real successes.
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og fra et alment sundhedsmæssigt synspunkt, ægte succeser.
13:32
But it's only half the story if we're really looking at solving problems of poverty,
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Men det er kun halvdelen af historien, hvis vi virkelig vil løse fattigdomsproblemer,
13:36
because it's not long-term sustainable.
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fordi det ikke er langtidsholdbart.
13:38
It's a company with one big customer.
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Det er et firma med én stor kunde.
13:40
And if avian flu hits, or for any other reason
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Og hvis fugleinfluenzaen rammer, eller verden af en
13:44
the world decides that malaria is no longer as much of a priority, everybody loses.
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anden grund beslutter, at malaria ikke længere er af høj prioritet, taber alle.
13:49
And so, Anuj and Acumen
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Og derfor har Anuj og Acumen
13:52
have been talking about testing the private sector,
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talt om at teste den private sektor,
13:55
because the assumption that the aid establishment has made is that,
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fordi antagelsen, som hjælpeorganisationerne har lavet, er, at,
14:00
look, in a country like Tanzania,
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ser I, i et land som Tanzania
14:02
80 percent of the population makes less than two dollars a day.
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tjener 80 procent af befolkningen mindre end to dollars om dagen.
14:04
It costs, at manufacturing point, six dollars to produce these,
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Det koster på produktionsniveau seks dollars at producere disse,
14:08
and it costs the establishment another six dollars to distribute it,
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og det koster derudover organisationerne yderligere seks dollars at fordele det,
14:13
so the market price in a free market would be about 12 dollars per net.
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så markedsprisen på et frit marked ville være omkring 12 dollars pr. net.
14:17
Most people can't afford that, so let's give it away free.
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Det har de fleste ikke råd til, så lad os give det gratis væk.
14:19
And we said, "Well, there's another option.
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Og vi sagde, "Altså, der er en anden mulighed.
14:22
Let's use the market as the best listening device we have, and
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Lad os bruge markedet som det bedste høreapparat, vi har, og
14:25
understand at what price people would pay for this, so they get the dignity of choice.
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forstå, hvilken pris folk ville betale for dette, så de får værdigheden af valg.
14:30
We can start building local distribution,
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Vi kan starte med at lave lokal fordeling,
14:32
and actually, it can cost the public sector much less."
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og faktisk kan det koste den offentlige sektor meget mindre."
14:36
And so we came in with a second round of patient capital to A to Z,
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Og derfor kom vi med en anden gang tålmodig kapital til A to Z,
14:40
a loan as well as a grant, so that A to Z could play with pricing
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et lån såvel som et legat, så A to Z kunne lege med prissætning
14:44
and listen to the marketplace, and found a number of things.
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og lytte til markedet, og fandt ud af en række ting.
14:47
One, that people will pay different prices,
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Et, at folk vil betale forskellige priser,
14:49
but the overwhelming number of people will come forth at one dollar per net
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men størstedelen af folk vil være med ved en dollar pr. net
14:53
and make a decision to buy it.
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og foretage en beslutning om at købe det.
14:55
And when you listen to them, they'll also have a lot to say
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Og når man lytter til dem, har de også en masse at sige,
14:58
about what they like and what they don't like.
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om hvad de kan lide og hvad de ikke kan lide.
15:00
And that some of the channels we thought would work didn't work.
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Og at nogle af kanalerne, vi troede ville virke, ikke virkede.
15:04
But because of this experimentation and iteration that was allowed
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Men på grund af denne eksperimenteren og gentagelse, der blev gjort mulig,
15:07
because of the patient capital,
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på grund af den tålmodige kapital,
15:09
we've now found that it costs about a dollar in the private sector
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har vi nu fundet ud af, at det koster omkring en dollar i den private sektor
15:12
to distribute, and a dollar to buy the net.
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at fordele, og en dollar at købe nettet.
15:14
So then, from a policy perspective, when you start with the market,
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Så altså, fra et taktisk synspunkt, når man starter med markedet,
15:18
we have a choice.
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har vi et valg.
15:19
We can continue going along at 12 dollars a net, and the customer pays zero,
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Vi kan fortsætte med de 12 dollars pr. net, og kunden betaler nul,
15:25
or we could at least experiment with some of it, to charge one dollar a net,
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eller vi kunne i det mindste eksperimentere med noget af det, at kræve en dollar pr. net,
15:31
costing the public sector another six dollars a net,
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lade det koste den offentlige sektor yderligere seks dollars pr. net,
15:34
give the people the dignity of choice, and have a distribution system
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give folk værdigheden af valg og have et fordelingssystem,
15:38
that might, over time, start sustaining itself.
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der måske med tiden kan understøtte sig selv.
15:41
We've got to start having conversations like this,
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Vi er nødt til at starte med at have samtaler som denne,
15:43
and I don't think there's any better way to start than using the market,
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og jeg tror ikke, der er nogen bedre måde at starte end at bruge markedet,
15:47
but also to bring other people to the table around it.
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4000
men også at bringe andre folk til bordet om det.
15:51
Whenever I go to visit A to Z, I think of my grandmother, Stella.
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Uanset hvornår jeg besøger A to Z, tænker jeg på min bedstemor, Stella.
15:58
She was very much like those women sitting behind the sewing machines.
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Hun var rigtig meget som de kvinder, der sidder bag symaskinerne.
16:03
She grew up on a farm in Austria, very poor,
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938000
2000
Hun voksede op på en farm i Østrig, meget fattig,
16:05
didn't have very much education.
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2000
havde ikke meget uddannelse.
16:07
She moved to the United States, where she met my grandfather,
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942000
2000
Hun flyttede til USA, hvor hun mødte min bedstefar,
16:09
who was a cement hauler,
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2000
der var cementtransportør,
16:11
and they had nine children. Three of them died as babies.
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6000
og de fik ni børn. Tre af dem døde som spæde.
16:17
My grandmother had tuberculosis, and she worked in a sewing machine shop,
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Min bedstemor havde tuberkulose, og hun arbejdede i en symaskineforretning
16:20
making shirts for about 10 cents an hour.
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og lavede skjorter for omkring 10 cent i timen.
16:23
She, like so many of the women I see at A to Z,
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Hun, som mange af kvinderne jeg ser på A to Z,
16:27
worked hard every day, understood what suffering was,
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arbejdede hårdt hver dag, forstod hvad lidelse var,
16:30
had a deep faith in God, loved her children
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havde en stærk tro på Gud, elskede sine børn
16:33
and would never have accepted a handout.
300
968000
3000
og ville aldrig have accepteret en almisse.
16:36
But because she had the opportunity of the marketplace,
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971000
4000
Men fordi hun havde markedets muligheder,
16:40
and she lived in a society that provided the safety
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og hun levede i et samfund, der sørgede for trygheden ved
16:43
of having access to affordable health and education,
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4000
at have adgang til betalelig sundhedsydelser og uddannelse,
16:47
her children and their children were able to live
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4000
var hendes børn og deres børn i stand til at leve
16:51
lives of real purpose and follow real dreams.
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986000
3000
liv med virkelige formål og følge rigtige drømme.
16:54
I look around at my siblings and my cousins -- and as I said,
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4000
Jeg ser rundt på mine søskende, kusiner og fætre -- og som jeg sagde,
16:58
there are a lot of us --
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der er mange af os --
17:00
and I see teachers and musicians, hedge fund managers, designers.
308
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og jeg ser lærere og musikere, hedge fond ledere, designere.
17:06
One sister who makes other people's wishes come true.
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Én søster, der får andre folks ønsker til at gå i opfyldelse.
17:09
And my wish, when I see those women, I meet those farmers,
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Og mit ønske, når jeg ser de kvinder, jeg møder de landmænd,
17:14
and I think about all the people across this continent
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og jeg tænker på alle de folk på hele kontinentet,
17:17
who are working hard every day,
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der arbejder hårdt hver dag,
17:19
is that they have that sense of opportunity and possibility,
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er, at de har den sans for chance og mulighed,
17:23
and that they also can believe and get access to services,
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og at de også kan tro på og få adgang til ydelser,
17:28
so that their children, too, can live those lives of great purpose.
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så deres børn også kan leve de liv med store formål.
17:32
It shouldn't be that difficult.
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Det burde ikke være så svært.
17:34
But what it takes is a commitment from all of us
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Men det, det kræver, er engagement fra os allesammen
17:38
to essentially refuse trite assumptions,
318
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til virkelig at afslå fortærskede antagelser,
17:42
get out of our ideological boxes.
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komme ud af vores ideologiske kasser.
17:45
It takes investing in those entrepreneurs that are committed
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Det kræver investering i de entreprenører, der er engagerede
17:48
to service as well as to success.
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i ydelser så vel som succes.
17:52
It takes opening your arms, both, wide,
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Det kræver, at man åbner sine arme, begge to, vidt åbne,
17:55
and expecting very little love in return,
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og forventer meget lidt kærlighed igen,
17:58
but demanding accountability,
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men kræver ansvarlighed
18:00
and bringing the accountability to the table as well.
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og også bringer ansvarlighed til bordet.
18:03
And most of all, most of all,
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Og allermest, allermest
18:06
it requires that all of us have the courage and the patience,
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kræver det, at vi allesammen har modet og tålmodigheden,
18:10
whether we are rich or poor, African or non-African,
328
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uanset om vi er rige eller fattige, afrikanske eller ikke-afrikanske,
18:13
local or diaspora, left or right,
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lokale eller diasporajøder, venstre eller højre,
18:16
to really start listening to each other.
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til virkelig at begynde at lytte til hinanden.
18:18
Thank you.
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Tak.
18:20
(Applause)
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(Bifald)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jacqueline Novogratz - Investor and advocate for moral leadershipJacqueline Novogratz works to enable human flourishing. Her organization, Acumen, invests in people, companies and ideas that see capital and networks as means, not ends, to solving the toughest issues of poverty.
Why you should listen
Jacqueline Novogratz writes: "I want to build a movement in which we define success based on the amount of human energy we release in the world.
"I started my career on Wall Street and soon discovered that markets are efficient, but by themselves they too often overlook or exploit the poor. So I moved to Rwanda in 1986 to help found the country’s first micro-finance bank. There I saw the humanitarian ethos of philanthropy, and also how often top-down solutions too often create dependency, the opposite of dignity. Through 30 years of working on solutions to poverty, I have come to redefine it for myself, seeing it not as how much income a person earns, but how free they are to make their own choices and decisions, how much agency they have over their own lives.
Acumen was founded to change the way the world tackles poverty in 2001. Our mission was simple – to raise philanthropy and invest it as patient capital – long-term investment in intrepid entrepreneurs willing to go where markets and government had failed the poor. We enable companies to experiment and fail, never wavering from a commitment to stand with the poor, yet understanding that profitability is necessary for sustainable solutions. We’ve invested more than $110M across South Asia, Africa, Latin America and the US, and have seen entire sectors disrupted and hundreds of millions served.
The work also taught that it was critical to invest in talent. To date, we’ve supported nearly 400 Acumen Fellows across lines of race, class, ethnicity, religion and ideology. They are a beautiful group, full of vision and grit, and a determination to do what is right, not easy. The group itself enables individual leaders to endure the loneliness that is part of the work.
And then we measure what matters rather than just what we can count. Take this all together and you see our mission to do what it takes to build a world in which all of us have the chance to dream and to flourish, not from a place of easy sentimentality but through a commitment to using the tools of capitalism and the attributes of moral leadership to focus on doing what it takes, and no less.
Jacqueline Novogratz | Speaker | TED.com