TEDGlobal 2007
Jacqueline Novogratz: Patient capitalism
Žaklin Novograc o istrajnom kapitalizmu
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Žaklin Novograc (Jacqueline Novogratz) predstavlja priče o tome kako "istrajni kapital" može da obezbedi održive poslove, robu, usluge - i dostojanstvo - najsiromašnijima u svetu.
Jacqueline Novogratz - Investor and advocate for moral leadership
Jacqueline Novogratz works to enable human flourishing. Her organization, Acumen, invests in people, companies and ideas that see capital and networks as means, not ends, to solving the toughest issues of poverty. Full bio
Jacqueline Novogratz works to enable human flourishing. Her organization, Acumen, invests in people, companies and ideas that see capital and networks as means, not ends, to solving the toughest issues of poverty. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:26
I really am honored to be here, and as Chris said,
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Stvarno sam počastvovana što sam ovde i kao što je Kris rekao,
00:28
it's been over 20 years since I started working in Africa.
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prošlo je više od 20 godina od kako sam počela da radim u Africi.
00:31
My first introduction was at the Abidjan airport on a sweaty, Ivory Coast morning.
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Prvi susret je bio na aerodromu u Abidžanu jednog vrućeg jutra u Obali Slonovače.
00:37
I had just left Wall Street, cut my hair to look like Margaret Mead,
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Upravo sam bila napustila Vol Strit, ošišala kosu kao Margaret Mid,
00:41
given away most everything that I owned,
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poklonilla skoro sve što sam posedovala,
00:43
and arrived with all the essentials --
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i stigla sa najosnovnijim -
00:45
some poetry, a few clothes, and, of course, a guitar --
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nešo poezije, odeće i naravno, gitarom -
00:47
because I was going to save the world,
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jer sam krenula da spasim svet
00:49
and I thought I would just start with the African continent.
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i odlučila da počnem sa afričkim kontinentom.
00:55
But literally within days of arriving I was told, in no uncertain terms,
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Bukvalno par dana po dolasku, brojne afrikanke sa zapada
00:59
by a number of West African women, that Africans didn't want saving,
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mi rekoše, vrlo jasno, da afrikanci ne žele spašavanje,
01:04
thank you very much, least of all not by me.
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hvala lepo, posebno da ih ja spašavam.
01:06
I was too young, unmarried, I had no children,
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Bila sam jako mlada, neudata, bez dece,
01:09
didn't really know Africa, and besides, my French was pitiful.
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nisam poznavala Afriku i još je moj francuski bio žalostan.
01:13
And so, it was an incredibly painful time in my life,
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Bilo je to neverovanto bolno vreme u mom životu,
01:16
and yet it really started to give me the humility to start listening.
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a ipak, to mi je dalo poniznosti da počnem da slušam.
01:21
I think that failure can be an incredibly motivating force as well,
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Mislim da neuspeh može da bude vrlo motivišuća snaga,
01:25
so I moved to Kenya and worked in Uganda,
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tako da sam se preselila u Keniju i radila u Ugandi,
01:28
and I met a group of Rwandan women, who asked me, in 1986,
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gde sam upoznala grupu žena iz Ruande, koje su me 1986. pitale
01:31
to move to Kigali to help them start the first microfinance institution there.
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da se preselim u Kigali i pomognem im da otvore prvu mikrofinansijku ustanovu.
01:35
And I did, and we ended up naming it Duterimbere,
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I jesam i nazvale smo je Duterimbere,
01:39
meaning "to go forward with enthusiasm." And while we were doing it,
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što znači "napredovati sa entuzijazmom". I dok smo to radile,
01:42
I realized that there weren't a lot of businesses that were viable
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shvatila sam da tamo nema mnogo održivih firmi
01:45
and started by women, and so maybe I should try to run a business, too.
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koje su žene osnovale i da bih možda mogla da otvorim svoj biznis.
01:49
And so I started looking around, and I heard about a bakery
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I tako sam počela da gledam naokolo i čula sam za pekaru
01:51
that was run by 20 prostitutes.
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koju je vodilo 20 prostitutki.
01:53
And, being a little intrigued, I went to go meet this group,
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I pošto sam bila pomalo zainteresovana, otišla sam da se upoznam sa ovom grupom,
01:57
and what I found was 20 unwed mothers who were trying to survive.
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a pronašla sam 20 nevenčanih majki koje su pokušavale da prežive.
02:02
And it was really the beginning of my understanding the power of language,
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I to je zaista bio početak mog razumevanja moći koje jezik ima,
02:07
and how what we call people so often distances us from them,
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i kako nas nazivi koje dajemo ljudima često udaljavaju od njih
02:10
and makes them little.
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i čine ih malima.
02:12
I also found out that the bakery was nothing like a business,
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Takođe sam saznala da pekara nije bila ni nalik biznisu,
02:16
that, in fact, it was a classic charity run by a well-intentioned person,
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da je zapravo klasična humanitarna organizacija koju vodi osoba sa dobrim namerama
02:20
who essentially spent 600 dollars a month
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koja bi mesečno potrošila 600 dolara
02:24
to keep these 20 women busy making little crafts and baked goods,
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kako bi ovih 20 žena bilo zaposleno praveći peciva,
02:29
and living on 50 cents a day, still in poverty.
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i koje su, sa 50 centi na dan, još uvek živele u siromaštvu.
02:32
So, I made a deal with the women. I said, "Look, we get rid of the charity side,
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Tako da sam se dogovorila sa ženama, rekavši, "Hajde da se otarasimo dobrotvorne strane,
02:35
and we run this as a business and I'll help you."
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i da vodimo ovaj biznis, ja ću vam pomoći."
02:38
They nervously agreed. I nervously started, and, of course,
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Nervozno su pristale, ja sam nervozno počela i naravno,
02:42
things are always harder than you think they're going to be.
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stvari su uvek mnogo teže nego što zamišljate da će biti.
02:44
First of all, I thought, well, we need a sales team,
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Pre svega, mislila sam, treba nam prodajni tim,
02:46
and we clearly aren't the A-Team here,
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a očigledno je da mi nismo prvi tim ovde
02:48
so let's -- I did all this training.
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hajde da - ja sam uradila čitavu obuku,
02:51
And the epitome was when I literally marched into the streets
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vrhunac je bio moj izlazak na ulice
02:55
of Nyamirambo, which is the popular quarter of Kigali, with a bucket,
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Njamaramboa, to je popularna četvrt u Kigaliju, sa korpom
02:58
and I sold all these little doughnuts to people,
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malih krofni, koje sam prodala ljudima,
03:01
and I came back, and I was like, "You see?"
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i kad sam se vratila, bila sam u fazonu, "Vidite?".
03:03
And the women said, "You know, Jacqueline, who in Nyamirambo is not going to buy
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I žena je rekla, "Znaš Žaklin, ko u Njamarambou neće kupiti
03:07
doughnuts out of an orange bucket from a tall American woman?" And like --
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krofnice iz narandžaste korpe, od visoke amerikanke?"
03:11
(Laughter) -- it's a good point.
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(smeh) Bila je u pravu.
03:13
So then I went the whole American way,
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I krenula sam na američki način,
03:15
with competitions, team and individual. Completely failed,
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sa takmičenjem, timom i pojedincima. Bio je to potpuni promašaj,
03:18
but over time, the women learnt to sell on their own way.
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ali su tokom vremena žene naučile da prodaju na svoj način.
03:22
And they started listening to the marketplace,
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I počele su da slušaju tržište,
03:24
and they came back with ideas for cassava chips, and banana chips,
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i doalzile su sa idejama za kasava i banana čips,
03:27
and sorghum bread, and before you knew it,
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i za sirak hleb i dok smo se okrenule,
03:29
we had cornered the Kigali market,
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osvojile smo tržište Kigalija
03:31
and the women were earning three to four times the national average.
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i žene su zarađivale tri do četiri puta više od nacionalnog proseka.
03:34
And with that confidence surge, I thought, "Well, it's time to create a real bakery,
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I sa tim talasom pouzdanja, pomislila sam, pa vreme je da stvorimo pravu pekaru,
03:38
so let's paint it." And the women said, "That's a really great idea."
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hajde da je okrečimo. I žene su rekle, "To je sjajna ideja."
03:42
And I said, "Well, what color do you want to paint it?" And they said,
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Pitala sam, "Pa dobro, u koju boju?" Rekle su,
03:44
"Well, you choose." And I said, "No, no, I'm learning to listen.
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"Pa, ti odaberi." Rekla sam, "Ne, ne, učim da slušam -
03:47
You choose. It's your bakery, your street, your country -- not mine."
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vi izaberite. To je vaša pekara, vaša ulica, vaša zemlja, ne moja."
03:50
But they wouldn't give me an answer.
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Ali nisu htele da mi daju odgovor.
03:52
So, one week, two weeks, three weeks went by,
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I tako, prošla je jedna nedelja, druga, treća
03:54
and finally I said, "Well, how about blue?"
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i konačno sam rekla, "Pa, šta mislite o plavoj?"
03:57
And they said, "Blue, blue, we love blue. Let's do it blue."
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Odgovorile su, "Plava, plava, volimo plavu. Neka bude plava."
03:59
So, I went to the store, I brought Gaudence, the recalcitrant one of all,
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Otišla sam do prodavnice, povela sam Gudans, najneposlušniju od svih,
04:03
and we brought all this paint and fabric to make curtains,
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i donele smo svu to boju i materijal da napravimo zavese
04:07
and on painting day, we all gathered in Nyamirambo,
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i na dan krečenja, svi smo se okupili u Njamarambou,
04:10
and the idea was we would paint it white with blue as trim,
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i ideja je bila da to bude bela boja sa plavim trakama,
04:13
like a little French bakery. But that was clearly not as satisfying
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poput male francuske pekare. Ali to očigledno nije bilo zadovoljavajuće
04:16
as painting a wall of blue like a morning sky.
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kao farbanje čitavog zida u plavo da izgleda kao jutarnje nebo.
04:19
So, blue, blue, everything became blue.
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Dakle, plavo, plavo, sve je postalo plavo:
04:22
The walls were blue, the windows were blue,
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zidovi, prozori,
04:23
the sidewalk out front was painted blue.
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trotoar ispred pekare.
04:26
And Aretha Franklin was shouting "R-E-S-P-E-C-T,"
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I Areta Frenklin je pevala " R.E.S.P.E.C.T",
04:30
the women's hips were swaying
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ženski kukovi su se njihali
04:32
and little kids were trying to grab the paintbrushes, but it was their day.
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a mališani su pokušavali da ugrabe četku, to je bio njihov dan.
04:35
And at the end of it, we stood across the street
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I na kraju, stajale smo preko puta pekare
04:38
and we looked at what we had done, and I said, "It is so beautiful."
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i posmatrale ono što smo uradile i rekla sam, "Prelepo je",
04:41
And the women said, "It really is."
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a žene su rekle, "Stvarno jeste."
04:43
And I said, "And I think the color is perfect,"
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Rekla sam, "I mislim da je boja savršena",
04:46
and they all nodded their head, except for Gaudence,
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i sve sem Gudans su klimnule glavom,
04:48
and I said, "What?"
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pa sam pitala, "Šta?".
04:50
And she said, "Nothing." And I said, "What?"
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"Ništa", rekla je, pa sam opet pitala, "Šta?".
04:52
And she said, "Well, it is pretty, but, you know, our color, really, it is green." And --
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Odgovorila je, "Pa, lepa je, ali znaš, naša boja je ustvari zelena." I -
04:58
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
05:01
-- I learned then that listening isn't just about patience,
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I tada sam shvatila da slušanje nema veze samo sa strpljenjem,
05:06
but that when you've lived on charity and dependent your whole life long,
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već da kada živite i zavisite od milostinje čitav život,
05:11
it's really hard to say what you mean.
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stvarno je teško reći ono što mislite.
05:13
And, mostly because people never really ask you,
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I često zato što vas ljudi zapravo nikada ne pitaju,
05:17
and when they do, you don't really think they want to know the truth.
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a i kada to učine, mislite da oni zapravo i ne žele da čuju istinu.
05:20
And so then I learned that listening is not only about waiting,
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I tako sam tada naučila da slušanje nije samo čekanje
05:23
but it's also learning how better to ask questions.
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već i učenje kako da postavimo pitanje na bolji način.
05:27
And so, I lived in Kigali for about two and a half years, doing these two things,
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Živela sam u Kigaliju oko dve ipo godine, radeći te dve stvari
05:31
and it was an extraordinary time in my life.
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i bilo je to neverovatno razdoblje mog života.
05:33
And it taught me three lessons
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I naučila sam tri lekcije
05:35
that I think are so important for us today,
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za koje mislim da su vrlo važne za nas danas,
05:38
and certainly in the work that I do.
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a naročito u poslu kojim se bavim.
05:40
The first is that dignity is more important to the human spirit than wealth.
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Prva je da je za ljudski duh, dostojanstvo mnogo važnije nego bogatstvo.
05:44
As Eleni has said, when people gain income, they gain choice,
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Kao što je Eleni rekla, kada ljudi zarade novac, zarade i priliku,
05:48
and that is fundamental to dignity.
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a to je osnova za dostojanstvo.
05:50
But as human beings, we also want to see each other,
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Ali kao ljudska bića, takođe želimo da vidimo jedni druge,
05:53
and we want to be heard by each other, and we should never forget that.
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i želimo da čujemo jedni druge i ne bi trebalo to nikada da zaboravimo.
05:57
The second is that traditional charity and aid
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Druga je da tradicionalna humanitarna pomoć
06:00
are never going to solve the problems of poverty.
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nikada neće rešiti problem siromaštva.
06:02
I think Andrew pretty well covered that, so I will move to the third point,
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Mislim da je Endru prilično dobro to predstavio, tako da ću preći na treću tačku,
06:05
which is that markets alone also
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a to je da tržište samo po sebi takođe
06:07
are not going to solve the problems of poverty.
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ne može da reši problem siromaštva.
06:10
Yes, we ran this as a business,
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Da, mi smo to vodile kao biznis,
06:12
but someone needed to pay the philanthropic support
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ali neko je trebalo da plati filantropsku podršku
06:17
that came into the training, and the management support, the strategic advice
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za obuku i podršku za menadžment, strateški savet,
06:20
and, maybe most important of all,
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i možda najvažnije od svih,
06:23
the access to new contacts, networks and new markets.
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pristup novim kontaktima, mrežama i tržištima.
06:27
And so, on a micro level, there's a real role for this combination
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Dakle, na mikro nivou, postoji prava uloga za ovu kombinaciju
06:31
of investment and philanthropy.
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investiranja i filantropije.
06:34
And on a macro level -- some of the speakers have inferred that
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A na makro nivou, neki od govornika su zaključili da
06:38
even health should be privatized.
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bi čak i zdravstvo trebalo biti privatizovano.
06:40
But, having had a father with heart disease,
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Ali, kao neko čiji je otac imao srčanih problema,
06:42
and realizing that what our family could afford
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i shvatajući da ono što je moja porodica mogla da priušti
06:46
was not what he should have gotten,
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nije ono što je on trebalo da dobije,
06:49
and having a good friend step in to help,
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i imajući dobrog prijatelja koji je pomogao,
06:52
I really believe that all people deserve access to health
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zaista verujem da svi ljudi zaslužuju pristup zdravstvu
06:55
at prices they can afford.
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po ceni koju mogu da priušte.
06:57
I think the market can help us figure that out,
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I mislim da tržište može da nam pomogne u nalaženju odgovora,
06:59
but there's got to be a charitable component,
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ali mora da postoji dobrotvorna komponenta,
07:01
or I don't think we're going to create the kind of societies we want to live in.
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ili mislim da nećemo stvoriti onu vrstu društva u kakvom želimo da živimo.
07:05
And so, it was really those lessons that made me decide to
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Znači te su mi lekcije pomogle da odlučim da
07:08
build Acumen Fund about six years ago.
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pre šest godina otvorim "Akumen" fond.
07:11
It's a nonprofit, venture capital fund for the poor,
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To je neprofitni preduzetnički fond za prikupljanje sredstava za siromašne,
07:14
a few oxymorons in one sentence.
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nekoliko oksimorona u jednoj rečenici.
07:16
It essentially raises charitable funds from individuals, foundations and corporations,
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U osnovi se bavi prikupljanjem dobrovoljnih sredstava od pojedinaca, fondacija i korporacja,
07:21
and then we turn around and we invest equity and loans
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koje onda na drugu stranu ulažemo imovinu i kredit
07:23
in both for-profit and nonprofit entities
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u profitne i neprofitne korisnike
07:25
that deliver affordable health, housing, energy, clean water
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koji pružaju pristupačno zdravstvo, kuće, energiju, čistu vodu,
07:29
to low income people in South Asia and Africa,
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ljudima u južnoj Aziji i Africi koji malo zarađuju,
07:32
so that they can make their own choices.
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kako bi mogli da donose sopstvene odluke.
07:34
We've invested about 20 million dollars in 20 different enterprises,
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Uložili smo oko 20 miliona dolara u 20 različitih preduzeća,
07:38
and have, in so doing, created nearly 20,000 jobs,
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i pritom stvorili blizu 20 000 poslova
07:43
and delivered tens of millions of services to people
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i dostavili desetine miliona usluga ljudima
07:45
who otherwise would not be able to afford them.
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koji drugačije ne bi mogli da ih priušte.
07:49
I want to tell you two stories. Both of them are in Africa.
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Hoću da vam isptičam dve priče. Obe su iz Afrike.
07:52
Both of them are about investing in entrepreneurs
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Obe se odnose na ulaganje u preduzetnike
07:54
who are committed to service, and who really know the markets.
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koji su posvećeni uslugama, koji zaista poznaju tržište.
07:58
Both of them live at the confluence of public health and enterprise,
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Obe žive između javnog zdravstva i preduzeća
08:02
and both of them, because they're manufacturers,
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i obe, jer su proizvođači,
08:04
create jobs directly, and create incomes indirectly,
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direktno stvaraju posao, a zaradu indirektno,
08:07
because they're in the malaria sector,
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jer rade na problemu malarije,
08:09
and Africa loses about 13 billion dollars a year because of malaria.
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a Afrika gubi oko 13 milijardi dolara godišnje zbog malarije.
08:14
And so as people get healthier, they also get wealthier.
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Tako da, što su ljudi zdraviji, oni su bogatiji.
08:18
The first one is called Advanced Bio-Extracts Limited.
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Prvo se zove "Advanced Bio-Extracts Limited".
08:21
It's a company built in Kenya about seven years ago
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To je kompanija koju je u Keniji pre nekih sedam godina osnovao
08:23
by an incredible entrepreneur named Patrick Henfrey and his three colleagues.
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neverovatan preduzetnik Patrik Henri i njegovih troje kolega.
08:27
These are old-hand farmers
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Ovo su staromodni seljaci
08:29
who've gone through all the agricultural ups and downs
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koji su prošli kroz sve uspone i padove
08:31
in Kenya over the last 30 years.
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u Keniji proteklih 30 godina.
08:33
Now, this plant is an Artemisia plant;
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E sad, ova biljka Artemisia
08:36
it's the basic component for artemisinin,
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je osovni sastojak artemisina,
08:38
which is the best-known treatment for malaria.
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najboljeg poznatog leka za malariju.
08:40
It's indigenous to China and the Far East,
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To je odomaćeno u Kini i Dalekom Istoku,
08:44
but given that the prevalence of malaria is here in Africa,
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ali uzimajući u obzir da je prevalencija malarije u Africi,
08:46
Patrick and his colleagues said, "Let's bring it here,
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Patrik i njegove kolege su rekle, "Hajde da je donesemo ovde,
08:50
because it's a high value-add product."
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zato šro proizvod ima visoku vrednost."
08:52
The farmers get three to four times the yields that they would with maize.
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Poljoprivrednici će dobiti tri četiri puta više nego od prinosa kukuruza.
08:58
And so, using patient capital -- money that they could raise early on,
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I tako, koristeći istrajni kapital, novac koji su mogli da dobiju na početku,
09:02
that actually got below market returns
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ispod prave tržišne cene,
09:04
and was willing to go the long haul and be combined
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i uz istrajnost i kombinovanje
09:08
with management assistance, strategic assistance --
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menadžmenta, strateškog planiranja,
09:11
they've now created a company where they purchase from 7,500 farmers.
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stvorili su kompaniju gde kupuju od 7 500 farmera.
09:15
So that's about 50,000 people affected.
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Dakle utiču na oko 50 000 ljudi.
09:17
And I think some of you may have visited --
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I mislim da su neki od vas možda posetili -
09:19
these farmers are helped by KickStart and TechnoServe,
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ovim farmerima pomažu "KickStart" i "TechnoServe",
09:22
who help them become more self-sufficient.
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koji su im pomogli da postanu samoodrživi.
09:24
They buy it, they dry it and they bring it to this factory,
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Oni kupe proizvod, osuše ga i donose u ovu fabriku
09:27
which was purchased in part by, again, patient capital from Novartis,
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koja je delom kupljena, opet istrajnim kapitalom "Novartisa",
09:31
who has a real interest in getting the powder
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koji ima interesa da dobije prah
09:34
so that they can make Coartem.
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za pravljenje "Koartema" (lek za malariju).
09:37
Acumen's been working with ABE for the past year, year and a half,
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"Akumen" proteklih godinu, godinu ipo, radi sa "ABE",
09:42
both on looking at a new business plan,
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na novom biznis planu,
09:44
and what does expansion look like, helping with management support
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i kako možemo da se širimo, pružajući menadžersku pomoć
09:47
and helping to do term sheets and raise capital.
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za stvaranje ugovora i rast kapitala.
09:51
And I really understood what patient capital meant emotionally
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I zaista sam shvatila, u poslednjih mesec dana, šta istrajni kapital
09:54
in the last month or so. Because the company was literally
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emocionalno znači. Jer je kompanija bukvalno bila
09:58
10 days away from proving that the product they produced
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10 dana od dokazivanja da proizvod koji prave
10:02
was at the world-quality level needed to make Coartem,
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ima svetski kvalitet potreban za stvaranje "Koartema",
10:06
when they were in the biggest cash crisis of their history.
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kada su zapali u najveću novčanu krizu u svojoj istoriji.
10:09
And we called all of the social investors we know.
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I pozvali smo sve društvene investitore koje smo znali.
10:12
Now, some of these same social investors are really interested in Africa
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Sada, neki od tih istih društvenih unvestitora su jako zainteresovani za Afriku
10:16
and understand the importance of agriculture,
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i razumeju važnost poljoprivrede,
10:18
and they even helped the farmers.
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i čak su i pomogli farmerima.
10:21
And even when we explained that if ABE goes away,
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I čak i kada smo objasnili da ako "ABE" ode,
10:24
all those 7,500 jobs go away too,
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svih 7 500 poslova će da se zatvori,
10:28
we sometimes have this bifurcation between business and the social.
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nekada imamo raskol između poslovnog i društvenog.
10:33
And it's really time we start thinking more creatively about how they can be fused.
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I zaista je vreme da počnemo da razmišljamo na kreativan način o tome kako to da spojimo.
10:37
So Acumen made not one, but two bridge loans,
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I tako je "Akumen" dao ne jedan, već dva prelazna kredita,
10:40
and the good news is they did indeed meet world-quality classification and are now
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a dobre vesti su da su se oni uvrstili u klasifikaciju svetskog kvaliteta i da su sada
10:46
in the final stages of closing a 20-million-dollar round, to move it to the next level,
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u poslednjoj fazi zatvaranja kruga od 20 miliona dolara, kako bi se popeli na sledeći nivo,
10:50
and I think that this will be one of the more important companies in East Africa.
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i mislim da će ovo biti jedna od najvažnijih kompanija u Istočnoj Africi.
10:56
This is Samuel. He's a farmer.
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Ovo je Semjuel. On je zemljoradnik.
10:58
He was actually living in the Kibera slums
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On je živeo u siromašnim naseljima Kibere
11:00
when his father called him and told him about Artemisia and the value-add potential.
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kada ga je otac nazvao i rekao o "Artemisiji" i mogućem doprinosu.
11:05
So he moved back to the farm, and, long story short,
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I on se vratio na farmu i da skratim priču,
11:08
they now have seven acres under cultivation.
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sada imaju 2.8 hektara useva.
11:11
Samuel's kids are in private school,
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Semjuelova deca idu u privatnu školu,
11:13
and he's starting to help other farmers in the area also go into Artemisia production --
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a on počinje da pomaže drugim farmerima u okrugu da započnu sa proizvodnjom "Artemisije" -
11:19
dignity being more important than wealth.
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dostojanstvo biva važnije od bogatstva.
11:22
The next one, many of you know.
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Sledeće je mnogima od vas poznato.
11:25
I talked about it a little at Oxford two years ago,
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Govorila sam malo o tome u Oksfordu pre dve godine,
11:28
and some of you visited A to Z manufacturing,
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i neki od vas su posetili "Proizvodnju od A do Z",
11:30
which is one of the great, real companies in East Africa.
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što je jedna od sjajni pravih kompanija u Istočnoj Africi.
11:34
It's another one that lives at the confluence of health and enterprise.
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Još jedna koja živi od kombinacije zdravstva i preduzeća.
11:39
And this is really a story about a public-private solution
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I ovo je zapravo priča o javno/privatnom rešenju
11:43
that has really worked.
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koje zaista ima smisla.
11:45
It started in Japan. Sumitomo had developed a technology
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Počelo je u Japanu. Sumitomo je razvio tehnologiju
11:49
essentially to impregnate a polyethylene-based fiber with organic insecticide,
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da oplemeni vlakna na bazi polietilena sa organskim insekticidom,
11:53
so you could create a bed net,
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kako bi se napravila mreža za krevet,
11:55
a malaria bed net, that would last five years and not need to be re-dipped.
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protiv malaričnih komaraca koja bi trajala pet godina i ne bi morala da se ponovo maže.
11:58
It could alter the vector, but like Artemisia,
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To bi moglo promeniti vektor, ali poput "Artemisije",
12:01
it had been produced only in East Asia. And as part of its social responsibility,
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proizvodi se samo u Istočnoj Aziji, a kao deo socijalne odgovornosti,
12:05
Sumitomo said, "Why don't we experiment
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Sumitomo je rekao, "Zašto ne bismo isprobali
12:07
with whether we can produce it in Africa, for Africans?"
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da li možemo da napravimo to u Africi, za Afrikance?"
12:10
UNICEF came forward and said, "We'll buy most of the nets,
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UNICEF je izašao i rekao, "Kupićemo većinu mreža
12:13
and then we'll give them away, as part of the global fund's
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i onda ćemo ih pokloniti u okviru svetskog fonda
12:16
and the U.N.'s commitment to pregnant women and children, for free."
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i UN programa za trudnice i decu, besplatno."
12:22
Acumen came in with the patient capital,
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"Akumen" je došao sa istrajnim kapitalom,
12:25
and we also helped to identify the entrepreneur
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i mi smo isto tako pomogli u prepoznavanju preduzetnika
12:27
that we would all partner with here in Africa,
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sa kojima bismo mogli da se udružimo ovde u Africi,
12:30
and Exxon provided the initial resin.
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a "Ekson" je obezbedio smolu za početak.
12:33
Well, in looking around for entrepreneurs,
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U potrazi za preduzetnicima,
12:35
there was none better that we could find on earth than Anuj Shah,
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nismo mogli naći nikog bojeg na čitavoj zemlji od Anuža Šaha,
12:38
in A to Z manufacturing company.
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iz "A do Z Proizvodnje".
12:40
It's a 40-year-old company, it understands manufacturing.
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To je kompanija stara 40 godina, razume proizvodnju.
12:43
It's gone from socialist Tanzania into capitalist Tanzania,
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Preživela je prelaz iz socijalističke do kapitalističke Tanzanije,
12:46
and continued to flourish. It had about 1,000 employees when we first found it.
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i nastavila da raste. Imala je oko 1000 radnika kada smo prvi put saznali za nju.
12:51
And so, Anuj took the entrepreneurial risk here in Africa
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I tako je Anuž preduzeo preduzetnički rizik u Africi
12:54
to produce a public good that was purchased by the aid establishment
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da proizvede javno dobro koje je kupilo humanitarno društvo
12:59
to work with malaria.
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za rad sa malarijom.
13:02
And, long story short, again, they've been so successful.
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I da ponovo skratim priču, stvarno su uspešni.
13:05
In our first year, the first net went off the line in October of 2003.
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U prvoj godini, prva mreža je izašla iz proizvodnje u oktobru 2003.
13:10
We thought the hitting-it-out-of-the-box number was 150,000 nets a year.
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Mislili smo da će vrhunac biti proizvodnja 150 000 mreža godišnje.
13:15
This year, they are now producing eight million nets a year,
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Ove godine trenutno proizvode osam miliona mreža godišnje,
13:18
and they employ 5,000 people, 90 percent of whom are women, mostly unskilled.
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zapošljavaju 5 000 ljudi, 90 odsto njih su žene, većinom neobrazovane.
13:23
They're in a joint venture with Sumitomo.
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Ulažu zajedno sa Sumitomom.
13:26
And so, from an enterprise perspective for Africa,
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I iz perspektive preduzetnika
13:29
and from a public health perspective, these are real successes.
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i perspektive javnog zdravlja, ovo je u Africi pravi uspeh.
13:32
But it's only half the story if we're really looking at solving problems of poverty,
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Ali to je samo pola priče, ako gledamo da rešimo problem siromaštva,
13:36
because it's not long-term sustainable.
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jer nije dugoročno održivo.
13:38
It's a company with one big customer.
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To je kompanija sa jednim velikim kupcem.
13:40
And if avian flu hits, or for any other reason
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A ako nas pogodi ptičji grip, ili ako iz bilo kog drugog razloga
13:44
the world decides that malaria is no longer as much of a priority, everybody loses.
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svet odluči da malarija više nije prioritet, svi gubimo.
13:49
And so, Anuj and Acumen
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I tako su Anuž i "Akumen"
13:52
have been talking about testing the private sector,
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razgovarali o prelasku na privanti sektor,
13:55
because the assumption that the aid establishment has made is that,
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jer je dobrotvorni establišment naveo da,
14:00
look, in a country like Tanzania,
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u zemlji kao što je Tanzanija,
14:02
80 percent of the population makes less than two dollars a day.
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80% stanovništva zarađuje manje od dva dolara dnevno.
14:04
It costs, at manufacturing point, six dollars to produce these,
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U terminima prozvodnje, potrebno je šest dolara da se proizvede
14:08
and it costs the establishment another six dollars to distribute it,
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i još šest dolara da se distribuira,
14:13
so the market price in a free market would be about 12 dollars per net.
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tako da bi tržišna cena na slobodnom tržištu bila negde oko 12 dolara po mreži.
14:17
Most people can't afford that, so let's give it away free.
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Većina ljudi to ne može da priušti, pa hajde da ih poklonimo.
14:19
And we said, "Well, there's another option.
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A mi smo rekli, "Pa, postoji još jedna opcija.
14:22
Let's use the market as the best listening device we have, and
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Hajde da iskoristimo tržište kao najbolji slušni aparat koji imamo i
14:25
understand at what price people would pay for this, so they get the dignity of choice.
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da razumemo po kojoj ceni bi ljudi kupovali ovo, tako da imaju dostojanstvo izbora.
14:30
We can start building local distribution,
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Možemo da počnemo da gradimo lokalnu distribuciju,
14:32
and actually, it can cost the public sector much less."
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i zapravo to će koštati javni sektor mnogo manje."
14:36
And so we came in with a second round of patient capital to A to Z,
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I tako smo drugi put uložili u "A do Z",
14:40
a loan as well as a grant, so that A to Z could play with pricing
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i kredit i donacije, kako bi "A do Z" mogao da se igra sa cenama
14:44
and listen to the marketplace, and found a number of things.
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i sluša tržište i pronašli smo nekoliko stvari.
14:47
One, that people will pay different prices,
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Prva, ljudi će platiti različitu cenu,
14:49
but the overwhelming number of people will come forth at one dollar per net
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ali mnogo ljudi će istupiti za jedan dolar za mrežu
14:53
and make a decision to buy it.
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i odlučiti da je kupe.
14:55
And when you listen to them, they'll also have a lot to say
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I kada ih saslušate, imaju mnogo da kažu
14:58
about what they like and what they don't like.
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po pitanju toga šta vole, a šta ne,
15:00
And that some of the channels we thought would work didn't work.
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i da neki kanali za koje smo mislili da će raditi, ne rade.
15:04
But because of this experimentation and iteration that was allowed
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Ali zbog ovog eksperimenta i ponavljanja koje je bilo dozvoljeno
15:07
because of the patient capital,
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zbog istrajnog kapitala,
15:09
we've now found that it costs about a dollar in the private sector
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saznali smo da privatni sektor košta jedan dolar
15:12
to distribute, and a dollar to buy the net.
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da distribuira i dolar da kupi mrežu.
15:14
So then, from a policy perspective, when you start with the market,
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Dakle, iz političke perspektive, kada počnete da trgujete,
15:18
we have a choice.
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imate izbor.
15:19
We can continue going along at 12 dollars a net, and the customer pays zero,
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Možemo da nastavimo sa 12 dolara po mreži, a da mušterija ništa ne plati,
15:25
or we could at least experiment with some of it, to charge one dollar a net,
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ili možemo da bar eksperimentišemo sa nekima kako bi naplatili dolar,
15:31
costing the public sector another six dollars a net,
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a da javni sektor to košta dodatnih šest dolara,
15:34
give the people the dignity of choice, and have a distribution system
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jer tako dajemo ljudima dostojanstvo izbora, a imamo sistem distribucije
15:38
that might, over time, start sustaining itself.
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koji bi mogao, vremenom, da počne da se samoodržava.
15:41
We've got to start having conversations like this,
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Moramo da počnemo da vodimo razgovore poput ovog,
15:43
and I don't think there's any better way to start than using the market,
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i mislim da ne postoji bolji način od korišćenja tržišta,
15:47
but also to bring other people to the table around it.
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ali isto tako moramo da dovedemo različite ljude da o tome razgovaramo.
15:51
Whenever I go to visit A to Z, I think of my grandmother, Stella.
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Kad god odem da posetim "A do Z", setim se moje bake, Stele.
15:58
She was very much like those women sitting behind the sewing machines.
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Mnogo je nalikovala ženama koje su sedele za šivaćim mašinama.
16:03
She grew up on a farm in Austria, very poor,
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Odrasla je na farmi u Austriji, vrlo siromašna,
16:05
didn't have very much education.
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nije se mnogo obrazovala.
16:07
She moved to the United States, where she met my grandfather,
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Preselila se u Sjedinjene Države gde je upoznala mog dedu
16:09
who was a cement hauler,
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koji je prevozio cement,
16:11
and they had nine children. Three of them died as babies.
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i imali su devetoro dece. Troje je umrlo kao bebe.
16:17
My grandmother had tuberculosis, and she worked in a sewing machine shop,
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Moja baka je imala tuberkulozu i radila je u krojačkoj radnji
16:20
making shirts for about 10 cents an hour.
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praveći košulje za otprilike 10 centi na sat.
16:23
She, like so many of the women I see at A to Z,
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Ona je, poput mnogih žena koje viđam u "A do Z",
16:27
worked hard every day, understood what suffering was,
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naporno radila svakoga dana, razumela šta je patnja,
16:30
had a deep faith in God, loved her children
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duboko verovala u boga, volela svoju decu
16:33
and would never have accepted a handout.
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i nikada ne bi prihvatila pomoć.
16:36
But because she had the opportunity of the marketplace,
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Ali zato što je imala mogućnost da izađe na tržište,
16:40
and she lived in a society that provided the safety
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i zato što je živela u društvu koje je pružalo siguran
16:43
of having access to affordable health and education,
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pristup zdravstvu i obrazovanju po pristupačnoj ceni,
16:47
her children and their children were able to live
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njena deca i njihova deca mogla su da žive
16:51
lives of real purpose and follow real dreams.
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svoje živote sa svrhom i da slede svoje snove.
16:54
I look around at my siblings and my cousins -- and as I said,
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Posmatram svoje rođake - i kao što sam pomenula,
16:58
there are a lot of us --
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mnogo nas je -
17:00
and I see teachers and musicians, hedge fund managers, designers.
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i vidim učitelje i muzičare, menadžere, dizajnere.
17:06
One sister who makes other people's wishes come true.
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Jedna sestra omogućava drugima da ostvare svoje snove.
17:09
And my wish, when I see those women, I meet those farmers,
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I moja želja, kada vidim te žene, upoznajem te farmere,
17:14
and I think about all the people across this continent
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i razmišljam o svim ljudima širom ovog kontinenta
17:17
who are working hard every day,
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koji naporno rade svakoga dana,
17:19
is that they have that sense of opportunity and possibility,
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je da imaju taj osećaj mogućnosti i prilike,
17:23
and that they also can believe and get access to services,
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i da takođe mogu da veruju i dobiju pristup uslugama
17:28
so that their children, too, can live those lives of great purpose.
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kako bi njihova deca isto tako mogla da žive svrsishodan život.
17:32
It shouldn't be that difficult.
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Ne bi trebalo da bude toliko teško.
17:34
But what it takes is a commitment from all of us
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Ali potrebna je posvećenost svih nas
17:38
to essentially refuse trite assumptions,
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kako bi suštinski odbili banalne pretpostavke,
17:42
get out of our ideological boxes.
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i izašli iz naših ideoloških okvira.
17:45
It takes investing in those entrepreneurs that are committed
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Zahteva ulaganje u one preduzetnike koji su posvećeni
17:48
to service as well as to success.
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i radu i uspehu.
17:52
It takes opening your arms, both, wide,
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Zahteva da otvorite svoje ruke, obe, široko,
17:55
and expecting very little love in return,
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i da očekujete veoma malo ljubavi za uzvrat,
17:58
but demanding accountability,
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ali da zahtevate odgovornost,
18:00
and bringing the accountability to the table as well.
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ali isto tako i da praktikujete odgovornost.
18:03
And most of all, most of all,
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I najvažnije od svega, najvažnije,
18:06
it requires that all of us have the courage and the patience,
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zahteva da svi mi imamo hrabrosti i strpljenja,
18:10
whether we are rich or poor, African or non-African,
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bez obzira da li smo bogati ili siromašni, iz Afrike ili ne,
18:13
local or diaspora, left or right,
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domaći ili iz inostranstva, levi ili desni,
18:16
to really start listening to each other.
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da stvarno počnemo da slušamo jedni druge.
18:18
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
18:20
(Applause)
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(aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jacqueline Novogratz - Investor and advocate for moral leadershipJacqueline Novogratz works to enable human flourishing. Her organization, Acumen, invests in people, companies and ideas that see capital and networks as means, not ends, to solving the toughest issues of poverty.
Why you should listen
Jacqueline Novogratz writes: "I want to build a movement in which we define success based on the amount of human energy we release in the world.
"I started my career on Wall Street and soon discovered that markets are efficient, but by themselves they too often overlook or exploit the poor. So I moved to Rwanda in 1986 to help found the country’s first micro-finance bank. There I saw the humanitarian ethos of philanthropy, and also how often top-down solutions too often create dependency, the opposite of dignity. Through 30 years of working on solutions to poverty, I have come to redefine it for myself, seeing it not as how much income a person earns, but how free they are to make their own choices and decisions, how much agency they have over their own lives.
Acumen was founded to change the way the world tackles poverty in 2001. Our mission was simple – to raise philanthropy and invest it as patient capital – long-term investment in intrepid entrepreneurs willing to go where markets and government had failed the poor. We enable companies to experiment and fail, never wavering from a commitment to stand with the poor, yet understanding that profitability is necessary for sustainable solutions. We’ve invested more than $110M across South Asia, Africa, Latin America and the US, and have seen entire sectors disrupted and hundreds of millions served.
The work also taught that it was critical to invest in talent. To date, we’ve supported nearly 400 Acumen Fellows across lines of race, class, ethnicity, religion and ideology. They are a beautiful group, full of vision and grit, and a determination to do what is right, not easy. The group itself enables individual leaders to endure the loneliness that is part of the work.
And then we measure what matters rather than just what we can count. Take this all together and you see our mission to do what it takes to build a world in which all of us have the chance to dream and to flourish, not from a place of easy sentimentality but through a commitment to using the tools of capitalism and the attributes of moral leadership to focus on doing what it takes, and no less.
Jacqueline Novogratz | Speaker | TED.com