ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jacqueline Novogratz - Investor and advocate for moral leadership
Jacqueline Novogratz works to enable human flourishing. Her organization, Acumen, invests in people, companies and ideas that see capital and networks as means, not ends, to solving the toughest issues of poverty.

Why you should listen

Jacqueline Novogratz writes: "I want to build a movement in which we define success based on the amount of human energy we release in the world.

"I started my career on Wall Street and soon discovered that markets are efficient, but by themselves they too often overlook or exploit the poor. So I moved to Rwanda in 1986 to help found the country’s first micro-finance bank. There I saw the humanitarian ethos of philanthropy, and also how often top-down solutions too often create dependency, the opposite of dignity. Through 30 years of working on solutions to poverty, I have come to redefine it for myself, seeing it not as how much income a person earns, but how free they are to make their own choices and decisions, how much agency they have over their own lives.

Acumen was founded to change the way the world tackles poverty in 2001. Our mission was simple – to raise philanthropy and invest it as patient capital – long-term investment in intrepid entrepreneurs willing to go where markets and government had failed the poor. We enable companies to experiment and fail, never wavering from a commitment to stand with the poor, yet understanding that profitability is necessary for sustainable solutions. We’ve invested more than $110M across South Asia, Africa, Latin America and the US, and have seen entire sectors disrupted and hundreds of millions served.

The work also taught that it was critical to invest in talent. To date, we’ve supported nearly 400 Acumen Fellows across lines of race, class, ethnicity, religion and ideology. They are a beautiful group, full of vision and grit, and a determination to do what is right, not easy. The group itself enables individual leaders to endure the loneliness that is part of the work.

And then we measure what matters rather than just what we can count. Take this all together and you see our mission to do what it takes to build a world in which all of us have the chance to dream and to flourish, not from a place of easy sentimentality but through a commitment to using the tools of capitalism and the attributes of moral leadership to focus on doing what it takes, and no less.

More profile about the speaker
Jacqueline Novogratz | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2007

Jacqueline Novogratz: Patient capitalism

Jacqueline Novogratz fala sobre o capitalismo paciente

Filmed:
1,360,894 views

Jacqueline Novogratz compartilha suas histórias de como o "capitalismo paciente" pode trazer mais empregos, bens e serviços sustentáveis - e dignidade - aos pobres do mundo.
- Investor and advocate for moral leadership
Jacqueline Novogratz works to enable human flourishing. Her organization, Acumen, invests in people, companies and ideas that see capital and networks as means, not ends, to solving the toughest issues of poverty. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:26
I really am honored to be here, and as Chris said,
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Estou muito honrada de estar aqui e, como disse Chris,
00:28
it's been over 20 years since I started working in Africa.
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já faz mais de 20 anos que eu comecei a trabalhar na África.
00:31
My first introduction was at the Abidjan airport on a sweaty, Ivory Coast morning.
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A primeira vez foi no aeroporto de Abidjan numa úmida manhã na Costa do Marfim.
00:37
I had just left Wall Street, cut my hair to look like Margaret Mead,
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Tinha acabado de sair de Wall Street, cortei o cabelo estilo Margaret Mead,
00:41
given away most everything that I owned,
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doei quase tudo que tinha,
00:43
and arrived with all the essentials --
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e cheguei apenas com o básico -
00:45
some poetry, a few clothes, and, of course, a guitar --
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poemas, algumas roupas e, claro, um violão,
00:47
because I was going to save the world,
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porque eu ia salvar o mundo,
00:49
and I thought I would just start with the African continent.
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e pensei em começar com o continente africano.
00:55
But literally within days of arriving I was told, in no uncertain terms,
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Mas apenas alguns dias depois algumas mulheres africanas me disseram,
00:59
by a number of West African women, that Africans didn't want saving,
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da forma mais clara possível, que não queriam ser salvas.
01:04
thank you very much, least of all not by me.
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Obrigada, mas não precisa. E muito menos por mim.
01:06
I was too young, unmarried, I had no children,
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Eu era muito jovem, solteira, sem filhos,
01:09
didn't really know Africa, and besides, my French was pitiful.
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não conhecia bem a África e, além disso, meu francês era terrível.
01:13
And so, it was an incredibly painful time in my life,
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Por isso foi uma época muito dolorosa de minha vida,
01:16
and yet it really started to give me the humility to start listening.
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mas me ensinou a ser humilde e a escutar.
01:21
I think that failure can be an incredibly motivating force as well,
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Acho que o fracasso também pode ser uma motivação incrível,
01:25
so I moved to Kenya and worked in Uganda,
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então mudei para o Quênia e trabalhei em Uganda,
01:28
and I met a group of Rwandan women, who asked me, in 1986,
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e conheci um grupo de mulheres de Ruanda, que me pediram, em 1986,
01:31
to move to Kigali to help them start the first microfinance institution there.
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a mudar para Kigali para ajudá-las a criar a primeira micro-instituição financeira.
01:35
And I did, and we ended up naming it Duterimbere,
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E foi o que fiz, e nomeamos a empresa Duterimbere,
01:39
meaning "to go forward with enthusiasm." And while we were doing it,
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que quer dizer "avançar com entusiasmo."
01:42
I realized that there weren't a lot of businesses that were viable
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Eu então percebi que não havia muitos negócios viáveis
01:45
and started by women, and so maybe I should try to run a business, too.
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administrados por mulheres, então pensei em abrir um negócio também.
01:49
And so I started looking around, and I heard about a bakery
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Comecei a procurar e ouvi falar dessa padaria
01:51
that was run by 20 prostitutes.
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administrada por 20 prostitutas.
01:53
And, being a little intrigued, I went to go meet this group,
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Fiquei intrigada e fui conhecer o grupo.
01:57
and what I found was 20 unwed mothers who were trying to survive.
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Encontrei 20 mães solteiras batalhando pela sobrevivência.
02:02
And it was really the beginning of my understanding the power of language,
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E foi então que realmente comecei a entender o poder da língua
02:07
and how what we call people so often distances us from them,
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e como nossas escolhas de vocábulos podem distanciar as pessoas,
02:10
and makes them little.
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ou torná-las medíocres.
02:12
I also found out that the bakery was nothing like a business,
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Também descobri que a padaria não era um negócio,
02:16
that, in fact, it was a classic charity run by a well-intentioned person,
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mas sim uma instituição de caridade de uma pessoa bem-intencionada
02:20
who essentially spent 600 dollars a month
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que gastava 600 dólares por mês
02:24
to keep these 20 women busy making little crafts and baked goods,
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mantendo essas 20 mulheres ocupadas fazendo artesanato e assando pães,
02:29
and living on 50 cents a day, still in poverty.
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e ganhando 50 centavos por dia, vivendo na pobreza.
02:32
So, I made a deal with the women. I said, "Look, we get rid of the charity side,
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Então fiz um acordo com elas. Disse, "Nós largamos a caridade
02:35
and we run this as a business and I'll help you."
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e tornamos isso um negócio; eu ajudarei vocês."
02:38
They nervously agreed. I nervously started, and, of course,
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Elas relutaram mas concordaram e, claro,
02:42
things are always harder than you think they're going to be.
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as coisas são sempre mais difíceis do que achamos que seriam.
02:44
First of all, I thought, well, we need a sales team,
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Primeiro, pensei, precisamos de um time de vendas,
02:46
and we clearly aren't the A-Team here,
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e é óbvio que não somos especialistas,
02:48
so let's -- I did all this training.
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então - eu fiz um treinamento,
02:51
And the epitome was when I literally marched into the streets
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e o ponto alto dele foi quando saí pelas ruas
02:55
of Nyamirambo, which is the popular quarter of Kigali, with a bucket,
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de Nyamirambo, bairro mais popular de Kigali, com um pote,
02:58
and I sold all these little doughnuts to people,
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e vendi bolinhos para todo mundo,
03:01
and I came back, and I was like, "You see?"
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voltei e disse: "Viram?"
03:03
And the women said, "You know, Jacqueline, who in Nyamirambo is not going to buy
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Elas disseram: "Jacqueline, quem em Nyamirambo deixaria de comprar
03:07
doughnuts out of an orange bucket from a tall American woman?" And like --
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bolinhos de um pote laranja de uma americana?"
03:11
(Laughter) -- it's a good point.
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(Risos) Boa pergunta.
03:13
So then I went the whole American way,
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Usei todo o estilo americano,
03:15
with competitions, team and individual. Completely failed,
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competições individuais e por equipes. Fracasso total,
03:18
but over time, the women learnt to sell on their own way.
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mas com o tempo elas aprenderam a fazer a venda a sua maneira.
03:22
And they started listening to the marketplace,
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E passaram a prestar atenção no mercado,
03:24
and they came back with ideas for cassava chips, and banana chips,
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e surgiam ideias como petiscos de mandioca ou de banana
03:27
and sorghum bread, and before you knew it,
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e pão de sorgo, e de repente,
03:29
we had cornered the Kigali market,
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o mercado de Kigali tinha se rendido a nós
03:31
and the women were earning three to four times the national average.
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e as mulheres estavam ganhando três ou quatro vezes mais que a média nacional.
03:34
And with that confidence surge, I thought, "Well, it's time to create a real bakery,
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Estávamos confiantes, e pensei que deveríamos abrir uma padaria
03:38
so let's paint it." And the women said, "That's a really great idea."
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e fomos pintá-la. As mulheres disseram: "Excelente ideia."
03:42
And I said, "Well, what color do you want to paint it?" And they said,
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"De que cor?" eu perguntei.
03:44
"Well, you choose." And I said, "No, no, I'm learning to listen.
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"Você escolhe." Eu disse: "Não, quero apenas ouvir...
03:47
You choose. It's your bakery, your street, your country -- not mine."
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vocês escolhem. A padaria é de vocês, assim como a rua, o país."
03:50
But they wouldn't give me an answer.
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Mas elas não responderam.
03:52
So, one week, two weeks, three weeks went by,
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Passaram-se uma, duas, três semanas
03:54
and finally I said, "Well, how about blue?"
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até que eu disse: "Que tal azul?"
03:57
And they said, "Blue, blue, we love blue. Let's do it blue."
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Elas responderam: "Azul, azul, amamos azul. Vai ser azul."
03:59
So, I went to the store, I brought Gaudence, the recalcitrant one of all,
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Fui à loja com Gaudence, a mais teimosa de todas,
04:03
and we brought all this paint and fabric to make curtains,
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e trouxemos tinta e tecidos para as cortinas.
04:07
and on painting day, we all gathered in Nyamirambo,
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No dia da pintura nos reunimos em Nyamirambo
04:10
and the idea was we would paint it white with blue as trim,
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e a ideia era pintar tudo de branco com detalhes azuis,
04:13
like a little French bakery. But that was clearly not as satisfying
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como uma padaria francesa. Mas elas claramente preferiram
04:16
as painting a wall of blue like a morning sky.
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pintar toda a parede de azul.
04:19
So, blue, blue, everything became blue.
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Então foi azul de cima a baixo;
04:22
The walls were blue, the windows were blue,
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paredes azuis, janelas azuis,
04:23
the sidewalk out front was painted blue.
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a calçada na frente azul.
04:26
And Aretha Franklin was shouting "R-E-S-P-E-C-T,"
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Ao som de Aretha Franklin cantando RESPECT,
04:30
the women's hips were swaying
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as mulheres dançando
04:32
and little kids were trying to grab the paintbrushes, but it was their day.
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e crianças tentando pegar os pincéis, mas as mulheres não deixavam.
04:35
And at the end of it, we stood across the street
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Quando acabamos, fomos para o outro lado da rua,
04:38
and we looked at what we had done, and I said, "It is so beautiful."
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olhamos nosso trabalho e eu disse: "Está linda!"
04:41
And the women said, "It really is."
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E as mulheres todas concordaram.
04:43
And I said, "And I think the color is perfect,"
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Eu disse: "Acho a cor perfeita,"
04:46
and they all nodded their head, except for Gaudence,
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e todas elas concordaram, exceto Gaudence,
04:48
and I said, "What?"
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e eu perguntei: "O que foi?"
04:50
And she said, "Nothing." And I said, "What?"
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Ela disse: "Nada," e eu insisti.
04:52
And she said, "Well, it is pretty, but, you know, our color, really, it is green." And --
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Aí ela disse: "É, está bonita, mas você sabe que nossa cor, na verdade, é verde."
04:58
(Laughter)
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(Risos)
05:01
-- I learned then that listening isn't just about patience,
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Eu aprendi então que a arte de ouvir não é só sobre paciência,
05:06
but that when you've lived on charity and dependent your whole life long,
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mas também que, se você viveu e dependeu de caridade toda a sua vida,
05:11
it's really hard to say what you mean.
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é muito difícil dizer o que realmente pensa.
05:13
And, mostly because people never really ask you,
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Mais ainda porque ninguém nunca pergunta,
05:17
and when they do, you don't really think they want to know the truth.
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ou, quando pergunta, não quer saber realmente a verdade.
05:20
And so then I learned that listening is not only about waiting,
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Por isso digo que aprendi que ouvir não é só saber esperar,
05:23
but it's also learning how better to ask questions.
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mas também aprender a fazer as perguntas certas.
05:27
And so, I lived in Kigali for about two and a half years, doing these two things,
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Então fiquei em Kigali por dois anos e meio, fazendo essas duas coisas,
05:31
and it was an extraordinary time in my life.
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e foi uma parte extraordinária da minha vida.
05:33
And it taught me three lessons
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Me ensinou três lições
05:35
that I think are so important for us today,
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que eu considero muito importante para nós,
05:38
and certainly in the work that I do.
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e com certeza para o trabalho que eu faço.
05:40
The first is that dignity is more important to the human spirit than wealth.
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A primeira é que a dignidade é mais importante para o espírito que a riqueza.
05:44
As Eleni has said, when people gain income, they gain choice,
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Como disse Eleni, quando as pessoas têm renda, têm escolha,
05:48
and that is fundamental to dignity.
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e isso é fundamental para a dignidade.
05:50
But as human beings, we also want to see each other,
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Mas como seres humanos também queremos ver um ao outro,
05:53
and we want to be heard by each other, and we should never forget that.
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queremos ser ouvidos, e não devemos nos esquecer disso nunca.
05:57
The second is that traditional charity and aid
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A segunda é que a caridade e a ajuda tradicionais
06:00
are never going to solve the problems of poverty.
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nunca vão solucionar os problemas da pobreza.
06:02
I think Andrew pretty well covered that, so I will move to the third point,
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Acho que Andrew já falou sobre esse assunto, então vou para a terceira lição,
06:05
which is that markets alone also
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que é a que o mercado sozinho
06:07
are not going to solve the problems of poverty.
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não vai solucionar os problemas da pobreza.
06:10
Yes, we ran this as a business,
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Claro, nós administramos um negócio
06:12
but someone needed to pay the philanthropic support
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mas alguém teve que dar o apoio filantrópico
06:17
that came into the training, and the management support, the strategic advice
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envolvido no treinamento e o apoio gerencial, o aconselhamento estratégico
06:20
and, maybe most important of all,
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e talvez o mais importante,
06:23
the access to new contacts, networks and new markets.
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o acesso a novos contatos, redes e mercados.
06:27
And so, on a micro level, there's a real role for this combination
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Pois há, num nível micro, um papel importante dessa combinação
06:31
of investment and philanthropy.
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de investimento e filantropia.
06:34
And on a macro level -- some of the speakers have inferred that
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E num nível macro, alguns dos palestrantes inferiram que
06:38
even health should be privatized.
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até a saúde deveria ser privatizada.
06:40
But, having had a father with heart disease,
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Mas como tive um pai com doença cardíaca,
06:42
and realizing that what our family could afford
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e que o que nossa família podia pagar
06:46
was not what he should have gotten,
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não cobria todos os gastos que ele tinha,
06:49
and having a good friend step in to help,
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foi bom ter um bom amigo para ajudar.
06:52
I really believe that all people deserve access to health
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Eu realmente acredito que todas as pessoas precisam ter acesso à saúde
06:55
at prices they can afford.
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a preços razoáveis.
06:57
I think the market can help us figure that out,
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Acho que o mercado pode nos ajudar a entender isso,
06:59
but there's got to be a charitable component,
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mas há a necessidade do componente de caridade
07:01
or I don't think we're going to create the kind of societies we want to live in.
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ou não vamos criar o tipo de sociedade que queremos para nós.
07:05
And so, it was really those lessons that made me decide to
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Foram essas as lições que me fizeram decidir
07:08
build Acumen Fund about six years ago.
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criar o Fundo Acumen há seis anos.
07:11
It's a nonprofit, venture capital fund for the poor,
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É um fundo de capital de risco sem fins lucrativos destinado aos pobres.
07:14
a few oxymorons in one sentence.
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Há algumas contradições nessa frase.
07:16
It essentially raises charitable funds from individuals, foundations and corporations,
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Ele arrecada fundos de caridade de indivíduos, fundações e empresas,
07:21
and then we turn around and we invest equity and loans
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e então investe esses fundos em ações e empréstimos
07:23
in both for-profit and nonprofit entities
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de instituições com e sem fins lucrativos
07:25
that deliver affordable health, housing, energy, clean water
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que proporcionam saúde, moradia, energia e água potável a preços razoáveis
07:29
to low income people in South Asia and Africa,
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para a população de baixa renda da Ásia Setentrional e da Áfica,
07:32
so that they can make their own choices.
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de forma que eles possam fazer suas escolhas.
07:34
We've invested about 20 million dollars in 20 different enterprises,
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Já investimos cerca de 20 milhões de dólares em 20 empresas diferentes,
07:38
and have, in so doing, created nearly 20,000 jobs,
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criando assim aproximadamente 20.000 empregos,
07:43
and delivered tens of millions of services to people
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e proporcionamos serviços a milhões de pessoas
07:45
who otherwise would not be able to afford them.
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que não teriam como pagar por eles.
07:49
I want to tell you two stories. Both of them are in Africa.
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Gostaria de contar duas histórias, ambas passadas na África.
07:52
Both of them are about investing in entrepreneurs
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Ambas sobre investir em empresários
07:54
who are committed to service, and who really know the markets.
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comprometidos com o serviço, e que realmente conhecem os mercados.
07:58
Both of them live at the confluence of public health and enterprise,
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Ambas vivem na confluência da saúde pública com o empreendedorismo,
08:02
and both of them, because they're manufacturers,
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e ambas, por serem fabricantes,
08:04
create jobs directly, and create incomes indirectly,
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criam empregos diretos e geram renda indireta,
08:07
because they're in the malaria sector,
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porque elas trabalham na área da malária,
08:09
and Africa loses about 13 billion dollars a year because of malaria.
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e a África perde cerca de 13 bilhões de dólares por ano devido à malária.
08:14
And so as people get healthier, they also get wealthier.
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Quanto mais saudáveis as pessoas, mais ricas elas ficam.
08:18
The first one is called Advanced Bio-Extracts Limited.
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A primeira se chama Advanced Bio-Extracts Ltda.
08:21
It's a company built in Kenya about seven years ago
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É uma empresa construída no Quênia há uns sete anos
08:23
by an incredible entrepreneur named Patrick Henfrey and his three colleagues.
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por um empresário incrível chamado Patrick Henfrey e três colegas.
08:27
These are old-hand farmers
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Eles são fazendeiros experientes
08:29
who've gone through all the agricultural ups and downs
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que passaram pelos altos e baixos da agricultura
08:31
in Kenya over the last 30 years.
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no Quênia nos últimos 30 anos.
08:33
Now, this plant is an Artemisia plant;
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Essa aqui é a planta Artemísia,
08:36
it's the basic component for artemisinin,
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que é o componente básico da artemisinina,
08:38
which is the best-known treatment for malaria.
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o tratamento mais conhecido para a malária.
08:40
It's indigenous to China and the Far East,
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Ela é originária da China e do Oriente mas,
08:44
but given that the prevalence of malaria is here in Africa,
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considerando que a malária predomina aqui na África,
08:46
Patrick and his colleagues said, "Let's bring it here,
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Patrick e seus colegas pensaram: "Vamos trazê-la para cá,
08:50
because it's a high value-add product."
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porque é um produto de grande valia."
08:52
The farmers get three to four times the yields that they would with maize.
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Os fazendeiros triplicam ou quadruplicam as colheitas comparando com o milho.
08:58
And so, using patient capital -- money that they could raise early on,
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Assim, usando o capital paciente, o dinheiro que conseguiram para começar,
09:02
that actually got below market returns
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que na verdade estava abaixo do valor de mercado,
09:04
and was willing to go the long haul and be combined
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e com a vontade de ir até o fim e combinar isso
09:08
with management assistance, strategic assistance --
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com assistência gerencial e estratégica,
09:11
they've now created a company where they purchase from 7,500 farmers.
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eles criaram uma empresa que compra de 7.500 fazendeiros.
09:15
So that's about 50,000 people affected.
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São cerca de 50.000 pessoas envolvidas.
09:17
And I think some of you may have visited --
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Acho que alguns de vocês já visitaram...
09:19
these farmers are helped by KickStart and TechnoServe,
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esses fazendeiros recebem auxílio da KickStart e da TechnoServe,
09:22
who help them become more self-sufficient.
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que os ajudam a ser mais auto-suficientes.
09:24
They buy it, they dry it and they bring it to this factory,
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Eles compram, secam e trazem para essa fábrica
09:27
which was purchased in part by, again, patient capital from Novartis,
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que foi comprada, mais uma vez, com capital paciente da Novartis,
09:31
who has a real interest in getting the powder
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que tem interesse genuíno em conseguir o pó
09:34
so that they can make Coartem.
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para que possam produzir o Coartem.
09:37
Acumen's been working with ABE for the past year, year and a half,
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O Fundo Acumen vem trabalhando com a ABE há cerca de um ano e meio,
09:42
both on looking at a new business plan,
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ambos visando um novo plano de negócios,
09:44
and what does expansion look like, helping with management support
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e essa expansão seria ajudar com o apoio gerencial
09:47
and helping to do term sheets and raise capital.
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e auxiliar a fazer os balancetes e a levantar o capital.
09:51
And I really understood what patient capital meant emotionally
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Eu realmente entendi o que o capital paciente significava emocionalmente
09:54
in the last month or so. Because the company was literally
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agora nesse último mês, porque a empresa estava literalmente
09:58
10 days away from proving that the product they produced
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a 10 dias de provar que o produto que fabricava
10:02
was at the world-quality level needed to make Coartem,
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estava no nível de qualidade necessário para produzir o Coartem,
10:06
when they were in the biggest cash crisis of their history.
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justamente quando passavam pela maior crise financeira de sua história.
10:09
And we called all of the social investors we know.
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Ligamos para todos os investidores em causas sociais que conhecíamos.
10:12
Now, some of these same social investors are really interested in Africa
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Alguns desses investidores estão realmente interessados na África
10:16
and understand the importance of agriculture,
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entendem a importância da agricultura,
10:18
and they even helped the farmers.
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e ajudaram os fazendeiros.
10:21
And even when we explained that if ABE goes away,
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Até quando explicamos que se a ABE sair,
10:24
all those 7,500 jobs go away too,
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todos os 7.500 empregos também acabam,
10:28
we sometimes have this bifurcation between business and the social.
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mas às vezes temos essa bifurcação entre os negócios e o social.
10:33
And it's really time we start thinking more creatively about how they can be fused.
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Já é hora de pensarmos em como fundir essas duas coisas de forma criativa.
10:37
So Acumen made not one, but two bridge loans,
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Então o Acumen fez dois empréstimos-ponte,
10:40
and the good news is they did indeed meet world-quality classification and are now
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e a boa notícia é que eles alcançaram a classificação de qualidade mundial
10:46
in the final stages of closing a 20-million-dollar round, to move it to the next level,
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e estamos fechando uma rodada de 20 milhões para seguir para o próximo nível;
10:50
and I think that this will be one of the more important companies in East Africa.
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acho que essa será uma das empresas mais importantes da África Oriental.
10:56
This is Samuel. He's a farmer.
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Esse é o Samuel. Ele é fazendeiro.
10:58
He was actually living in the Kibera slums
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Ele estava vivendo numa favela em Kibera
11:00
when his father called him and told him about Artemisia and the value-add potential.
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quando seu pai falou com ele sobre a Artemísia e seu potencial valor agregado.
11:05
So he moved back to the farm, and, long story short,
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Ele voltou para a fazenda e, resumindo,
11:08
they now have seven acres under cultivation.
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eles agora têm sete acres de cultivo.
11:11
Samuel's kids are in private school,
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Os filhos de Samuel estudam em escolas particulares,
11:13
and he's starting to help other farmers in the area also go into Artemisia production --
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e ele começou a ajudar outros fazendeiros da área a produzir a Artemísia...
11:19
dignity being more important than wealth.
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Dignidade é mais importante que riqueza.
11:22
The next one, many of you know.
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A próxima, muitos já conhecem.
11:25
I talked about it a little at Oxford two years ago,
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Falei sobre ela em Oxford há uns dois anos,
11:28
and some of you visited A to Z manufacturing,
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e alguns de vocês visitaram a A to Z Manufacturing,
11:30
which is one of the great, real companies in East Africa.
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que é uma das maiores empresas da África Oriental.
11:34
It's another one that lives at the confluence of health and enterprise.
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É outra que vive na confluência da saúde e do empreendedorismo.
11:39
And this is really a story about a public-private solution
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É uma história de parceria público/privado
11:43
that has really worked.
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que deu certo.
11:45
It started in Japan. Sumitomo had developed a technology
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Começou no Japão. A Sumitomo desenvolveu uma tecnologia
11:49
essentially to impregnate a polyethylene-based fiber with organic insecticide,
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que impregna fibras de polietileno com inseticida orgânico,
11:53
so you could create a bed net,
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de forma a criar uma rede mosquiteira
11:55
a malaria bed net, that would last five years and not need to be re-dipped.
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contra a malária que duraria por cinco anos sem precisar reaplicar.
11:58
It could alter the vector, but like Artemisia,
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Isso poderia alterar o vetor mas, como a Artemísia,
12:01
it had been produced only in East Asia. And as part of its social responsibility,
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só é produzido na Ásia, e como parte de sua responsabilidade social,
12:05
Sumitomo said, "Why don't we experiment
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a Sumitomo pensou: "Por que não tentamos
12:07
with whether we can produce it in Africa, for Africans?"
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produzir isso na África, para os africanos?"
12:10
UNICEF came forward and said, "We'll buy most of the nets,
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A UNICEF se apresentou: "Compraremos a maioria das redes
12:13
and then we'll give them away, as part of the global fund's
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e as doaremos seguindo o compromisso do fundo global
12:16
and the U.N.'s commitment to pregnant women and children, for free."
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e das Nações Unidas com as mulheres grávidas e crianças, de graça."
12:22
Acumen came in with the patient capital,
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O Fundo Acumen entrou com o capital paciente,
12:25
and we also helped to identify the entrepreneur
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e nós ajudamos a identificar o empresário
12:27
that we would all partner with here in Africa,
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com quem faríamos uma parceria na África,
12:30
and Exxon provided the initial resin.
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e a Exxon forneceu a resina.
12:33
Well, in looking around for entrepreneurs,
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Bem, estávamos procurando empresários,
12:35
there was none better that we could find on earth than Anuj Shah,
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e não havia ninguém melhor que Anuj Shah,
12:38
in A to Z manufacturing company.
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da empresa A to Z Manufacturing.
12:40
It's a 40-year-old company, it understands manufacturing.
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A empresa está no mercado há 40 anos, entende de produção.
12:43
It's gone from socialist Tanzania into capitalist Tanzania,
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Passou pela transição da Tanzânia de socialista a capitalista,
12:46
and continued to flourish. It had about 1,000 employees when we first found it.
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e continuou crescendo. Tinha cerca de 1.000 funcionários quando a encontramos.
12:51
And so, Anuj took the entrepreneurial risk here in Africa
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Então, Anuj correu o risco empresarial aqui na África
12:54
to produce a public good that was purchased by the aid establishment
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de produzir um bem público que um estabelecimento assistencial compraria
12:59
to work with malaria.
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para combater a malária.
13:02
And, long story short, again, they've been so successful.
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Resumindo, eles foram muito bem sucedidos.
13:05
In our first year, the first net went off the line in October of 2003.
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No primeiro ano, a primeira rede foi produzida em outubro de 2003.
13:10
We thought the hitting-it-out-of-the-box number was 150,000 nets a year.
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Achávamos que o número máximo seria de 150.000 por ano.
13:15
This year, they are now producing eight million nets a year,
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Este ano eles estão produzindo oito milhões
13:18
and they employ 5,000 people, 90 percent of whom are women, mostly unskilled.
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e empregando 5.000 pessoas, 90% mulheres, muitas sem especialização.
13:23
They're in a joint venture with Sumitomo.
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Trabalham em parceria com a Sumitomo.
13:26
And so, from an enterprise perspective for Africa,
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Do ponto de vista empresarial africano,
13:29
and from a public health perspective, these are real successes.
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e do ponto de vista da saúde pública, são um verdadeiro sucesso.
13:32
But it's only half the story if we're really looking at solving problems of poverty,
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Mas é só o começo se queremos acabar com a pobreza,
13:36
because it's not long-term sustainable.
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porque isso não é sustentável a longo prazo.
13:38
It's a company with one big customer.
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É uma empresa com apenas um grande consumidor.
13:40
And if avian flu hits, or for any other reason
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Se a gripe aviária se propagar, ou se por alguma razão
13:44
the world decides that malaria is no longer as much of a priority, everybody loses.
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decidirem que a malária não é mais uma prioridade, todos perdem.
13:49
And so, Anuj and Acumen
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Então o Anuj e o Fundo Acumen
13:52
have been talking about testing the private sector,
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estão pensando em investir no setor privado,
13:55
because the assumption that the aid establishment has made is that,
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porque a suposição que o estabelecimento assistencial fez foi:
14:00
look, in a country like Tanzania,
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Num país como a Tanzânia,
14:02
80 percent of the population makes less than two dollars a day.
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80% da população ganha menos de dois dólares por dia.
14:04
It costs, at manufacturing point, six dollars to produce these,
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O custo de produção das redes é de seis dólares,
14:08
and it costs the establishment another six dollars to distribute it,
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e o custo de distribuição também é de seis dólares,
14:13
so the market price in a free market would be about 12 dollars per net.
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então o preço de mercado seria 12 dólares por rede.
14:17
Most people can't afford that, so let's give it away free.
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A maioria das pessoas não poderia comprá-las, então vamos distribuir de graça.
14:19
And we said, "Well, there's another option.
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E pensamos: "Bem, há outra opção.
14:22
Let's use the market as the best listening device we have, and
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Vamos ouvir o mercado e saber quanto as pessoas pagariam
14:25
understand at what price people would pay for this, so they get the dignity of choice.
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para ter a dignidade da escolha.
14:30
We can start building local distribution,
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Podemos começar com uma distribuição local
14:32
and actually, it can cost the public sector much less."
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e pode acabar custando muito menos para o setor público."
14:36
And so we came in with a second round of patient capital to A to Z,
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Então iniciamos uma segunda rodada de capital paciente com a A to Z,
14:40
a loan as well as a grant, so that A to Z could play with pricing
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um empréstimo e também um subsídio, assim a A to Z podia mudar o preço
14:44
and listen to the marketplace, and found a number of things.
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e ouvir o mercado; e descobriram várias coisas.
14:47
One, that people will pay different prices,
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Uma, que as pessoas se dispõem a pagar preços diferentes,
14:49
but the overwhelming number of people will come forth at one dollar per net
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mas a grande maioria estaria disposta a pagar um dólar por rede
14:53
and make a decision to buy it.
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e assim fariam a compra.
14:55
And when you listen to them, they'll also have a lot to say
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Quando você os ouve, descobre que eles têm muito a dizer
14:58
about what they like and what they don't like.
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sobre o que gostam e o que não gostam,
15:00
And that some of the channels we thought would work didn't work.
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e também que alguns dos canais com os quais trabalhamos não funcionam.
15:04
But because of this experimentation and iteration that was allowed
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Mas por causa desse experimento e da possibilidade de reiteração
15:07
because of the patient capital,
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devido ao capital paciente,
15:09
we've now found that it costs about a dollar in the private sector
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nós descobrimos que custa cerca de um dólar ao setor privado
15:12
to distribute, and a dollar to buy the net.
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para distribuir, e um dólar para comprar a rede.
15:14
So then, from a policy perspective, when you start with the market,
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De uma perspectiva política, quando você começa ouvindo o mercado,
15:18
we have a choice.
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nós passamos a ter uma escolha.
15:19
We can continue going along at 12 dollars a net, and the customer pays zero,
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Podemos manter o custo de 12 dólares por rede, e o consumidor não pagar,
15:25
or we could at least experiment with some of it, to charge one dollar a net,
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ou podemos tentar cobrar um dólar por rede,
15:31
costing the public sector another six dollars a net,
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o setor público entrando com seis dólares por rede,
15:34
give the people the dignity of choice, and have a distribution system
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e dar às pessoas a dignidade da escolha, criando um sistema de distribuição
15:38
that might, over time, start sustaining itself.
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que poderia, com o tempo, ser auto-sustentável.
15:41
We've got to start having conversations like this,
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Precisamos falar mais sobre isso,
15:43
and I don't think there's any better way to start than using the market,
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e acho que não há nada melhor que usar o mercado,
15:47
but also to bring other people to the table around it.
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mas deveríamos também trazer outras pessoas para a discussão.
15:51
Whenever I go to visit A to Z, I think of my grandmother, Stella.
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Sempre que visito a A to Z, lembro de minha avó Stella.
15:58
She was very much like those women sitting behind the sewing machines.
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Ela era como uma dessas matronas sentadas à máquina de costura.
16:03
She grew up on a farm in Austria, very poor,
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Ela cresceu numa fazenda na Áustria, muito pobre,
16:05
didn't have very much education.
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não teve muito acesso à educação.
16:07
She moved to the United States, where she met my grandfather,
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Mudou para os Estados Unidos, onde encontrou meu avô,
16:09
who was a cement hauler,
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que fazia transporte de cimento,
16:11
and they had nine children. Three of them died as babies.
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e tiveram nove filhos. Três deles morreram ainda bebês.
16:17
My grandmother had tuberculosis, and she worked in a sewing machine shop,
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Minha avó tinha tuberculose, e trabalhava numa loja de costura
16:20
making shirts for about 10 cents an hour.
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fazendo camisas, ganhando 10 centavos a hora.
16:23
She, like so many of the women I see at A to Z,
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Como muitas mulheres que vejo na A to Z,
16:27
worked hard every day, understood what suffering was,
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ela trabalhava duro todos os dias, entendia o sofrimento,
16:30
had a deep faith in God, loved her children
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tinha muita fé em Deus, amava seus filhos
16:33
and would never have accepted a handout.
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e nunca aceitaria esmolas.
16:36
But because she had the opportunity of the marketplace,
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Mas como ela teve a oportunidade do mercado,
16:40
and she lived in a society that provided the safety
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e vivia numa sociedade que proporcionava a segurança
16:43
of having access to affordable health and education,
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de acesso à saúde e à educação,
16:47
her children and their children were able to live
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seus filhos e netos puderam viver
16:51
lives of real purpose and follow real dreams.
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seus objetivos e perseguir sonhos reais.
16:54
I look around at my siblings and my cousins -- and as I said,
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Eu olho para meus irmãos e primos - e como já disse,
16:58
there are a lot of us --
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somos muitos -
17:00
and I see teachers and musicians, hedge fund managers, designers.
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e vejo professores e músicos, gerentes de investimentos, designers.
17:06
One sister who makes other people's wishes come true.
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Uma irmã que realiza os sonhos de outras pessoas.
17:09
And my wish, when I see those women, I meet those farmers,
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E meu desejo, quando vejo essas mulheres, esses fazendeiros,
17:14
and I think about all the people across this continent
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e quando penso em todas as pessoas desse continente
17:17
who are working hard every day,
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que trabalham duro todos os dias,
17:19
is that they have that sense of opportunity and possibility,
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é que eles tenham esse senso de oportunidade e possibilidade,
17:23
and that they also can believe and get access to services,
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e que eles acreditem e tenham acesso a serviços
17:28
so that their children, too, can live those lives of great purpose.
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para que seus filhos também tenham grandes objetivos.
17:32
It shouldn't be that difficult.
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Não deveria ser tão difícil.
17:34
But what it takes is a commitment from all of us
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Mas o que é preciso é um compromisso de cada um de nós
17:38
to essentially refuse trite assumptions,
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basicamente para recusar as suposições triviais,
17:42
get out of our ideological boxes.
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sair de nossa visão ideológica fechada.
17:45
It takes investing in those entrepreneurs that are committed
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É preciso investir nos empresários comprometidos
17:48
to service as well as to success.
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não só com o sucesso, mas com a assistência.
17:52
It takes opening your arms, both, wide,
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É preciso abrir bem os braços,
17:55
and expecting very little love in return,
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e esperar muito pouco em troca,
17:58
but demanding accountability,
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mas exigir responsabilidade,
18:00
and bringing the accountability to the table as well.
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e trazer essa responsabilidade à tona também.
18:03
And most of all, most of all,
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E acima de tudo,
18:06
it requires that all of us have the courage and the patience,
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requer que todos tenhamos coragem e paciência,
18:10
whether we are rich or poor, African or non-African,
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sejamos nós ricos ou pobres, africanos ou não,
18:13
local or diaspora, left or right,
329
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nativos ou imigrantes, de esquerda ou de direita,
18:16
to really start listening to each other.
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para realmente ouvirmos uns aos outros.
18:18
Thank you.
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Obrigada.
18:20
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
Translated by Cláudia Almeida
Reviewed by Leandro Cianconi

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jacqueline Novogratz - Investor and advocate for moral leadership
Jacqueline Novogratz works to enable human flourishing. Her organization, Acumen, invests in people, companies and ideas that see capital and networks as means, not ends, to solving the toughest issues of poverty.

Why you should listen

Jacqueline Novogratz writes: "I want to build a movement in which we define success based on the amount of human energy we release in the world.

"I started my career on Wall Street and soon discovered that markets are efficient, but by themselves they too often overlook or exploit the poor. So I moved to Rwanda in 1986 to help found the country’s first micro-finance bank. There I saw the humanitarian ethos of philanthropy, and also how often top-down solutions too often create dependency, the opposite of dignity. Through 30 years of working on solutions to poverty, I have come to redefine it for myself, seeing it not as how much income a person earns, but how free they are to make their own choices and decisions, how much agency they have over their own lives.

Acumen was founded to change the way the world tackles poverty in 2001. Our mission was simple – to raise philanthropy and invest it as patient capital – long-term investment in intrepid entrepreneurs willing to go where markets and government had failed the poor. We enable companies to experiment and fail, never wavering from a commitment to stand with the poor, yet understanding that profitability is necessary for sustainable solutions. We’ve invested more than $110M across South Asia, Africa, Latin America and the US, and have seen entire sectors disrupted and hundreds of millions served.

The work also taught that it was critical to invest in talent. To date, we’ve supported nearly 400 Acumen Fellows across lines of race, class, ethnicity, religion and ideology. They are a beautiful group, full of vision and grit, and a determination to do what is right, not easy. The group itself enables individual leaders to endure the loneliness that is part of the work.

And then we measure what matters rather than just what we can count. Take this all together and you see our mission to do what it takes to build a world in which all of us have the chance to dream and to flourish, not from a place of easy sentimentality but through a commitment to using the tools of capitalism and the attributes of moral leadership to focus on doing what it takes, and no less.

More profile about the speaker
Jacqueline Novogratz | Speaker | TED.com