TED2004
Dan Gilbert: The surprising science of happiness
Dan Gilbert spørger, "Hvorfor er vi glade?"
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Dan Gilbert, forfatter af "Stumbling on Happiness", udfordrer ideen om, at vi er ulykkelige, hvis vi ikke får, hvad vi ønsker os. Vores "psykologiske immunsystem" får os til at føle os rigtigt glade, selv når ting ikke går som planlagt.
Dan Gilbert - Psychologist; happiness expert
Harvard psychologist Dan Gilbert says our beliefs about what will make us happy are often wrong -- a premise he supports with intriguing research, and explains in his accessible and unexpectedly funny book, Stumbling on Happiness. Full bio
Harvard psychologist Dan Gilbert says our beliefs about what will make us happy are often wrong -- a premise he supports with intriguing research, and explains in his accessible and unexpectedly funny book, Stumbling on Happiness. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
When you have 21 minutes to speak,
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Når man har 21 minuter til at tale,
00:17
two million years seems like a really long time.
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virker to millioner år som rigtig lang tid.
00:20
But evolutionarily, two million years is nothing.
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Men evolutionært er to millioner år ingenting.
00:23
And yet in two million years the human brain has nearly tripled in mass,
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Og alligevel har den menneskelige hjerne i løbet af to millioner år næsten tredoblet sin masse,
00:29
going from the one-and-a-quarter pound brain of our ancestor here, Habilis,
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og er gået fra at have en hjerne på cirka et halvt kilo som vores forfader her, Habilis,
00:32
to the almost three-pound meatloaf that everybody here has between their ears.
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til en næsten halvandet kilo kødfars som alle her har mellem ørerne.
00:38
What is it about a big brain that nature was so eager for every one of us to have one?
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Hvad er det ved en stor hjerne, der gør, at naturen er så ivrig efter, at vi alle skal have én?
00:45
Well, it turns out when brains triple in size,
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Det viser sig at når hjerner tredobles i størrelse,
00:48
they don't just get three times bigger; they gain new structures.
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bliver de ikke kun tre gange større, de opbygger nye strukturer.
00:52
And one of the main reasons our brain got so big is because it got a new part,
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Og en af de vigtigste årsager til at vores hjerne blev så stor er, at den fik en ny del,
00:56
called the "frontal lobe." And particularly, a part called the "pre-frontal cortex."
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kaldet "frontal lapperne". Og især en del kaldet den "præ-frontale cortex."
01:00
Now what does a pre-frontal cortex do for you that should justify
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Så hvad gør en præ-frontal cortex for dig, der retfærdiggører
01:04
the entire architectural overhaul of the human skull in the blink of evolutionary time?
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hele den arkitektoniske overhaling af det menneskelige kranie i løbet af kort evolutionær tid.
01:09
Well, it turns out the pre-frontal cortex does lots of things,
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Det viser sig, at den præ-frontale cortex gør en masse ting,
01:12
but one of the most important things it does
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men én af de vigtigste ting, den gør,
01:14
is it is an experience simulator.
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er, at den er en oplevelses-simulator.
01:18
Flight pilots practice in flight simulators
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Piloter øver sig i fly-simulatorer,
01:22
so that they don't make real mistakes in planes.
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så de ikke begår rigtige fejl i fly.
01:24
Human beings have this marvelous adaptation
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Mennesker har denne fantastiske tilpasning,
01:27
that they can actually have experiences in their heads
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at de kan have oplevelser i deres hoveder,
01:31
before they try them out in real life.
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før de prøver dem af i virkeligheden.
01:33
This is a trick that none of our ancestors could do,
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Dette er et trick, som ingen af vores forfædre kunne,
01:36
and that no other animal can do quite like we can. It's a marvelous adaptation.
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og som ingen andre pattedyr kan gøre helt ligeså godt, som vi kan. Det er en fantastisk tilpasning.
01:41
It's up there with opposable thumbs and standing upright and language
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Den er på højde med modsatrettede tommelfingre og at stå oprejst og sprog
01:45
as one of the things that got our species out of the trees
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som én af de ting, der har fået vores race ned fra træerne
01:48
and into the shopping mall.
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og ind i indkøbscentret.
01:50
Now -- (Laughter) -- all of you have done this.
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Nuvel -- (Latter) -- I har alle gjort dette.
01:53
I mean, you know,
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Jeg mener, I ved,
01:54
Ben and Jerry's doesn't have liver-and-onion ice cream,
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Ben and Jerry's laver ikke lever-og-løg is,
01:58
and it's not because they whipped some up, tried it and went, "Yuck."
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og det er ikke fordi de lavede noget, smagte på det og sagde "ad."
02:01
It's because, without leaving your armchair,
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Det er fordi, uden at forlade din lænestol,
02:04
you can simulate that flavor and say "yuck" before you make it.
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kan du simulere den smagsvariant og sige "ad" før du laver den.
02:08
Let's see how your experience simulators are working.
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Lad os se hvordan jeres oplevelses-simulatorer fungerer.
02:13
Let's just run a quick diagnostic
before I proceed with the rest of the talk.
before I proceed with the rest of the talk.
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Lad os tage en hurtig test, før jeg fortsætter med resten af foredraget.
02:17
Here's two different futures that I invite you to contemplate,
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Her er to forskellige fremtidige scenarier, som jeg vil invitere jer til at forestille jer,
02:21
and you can try to simulate them and tell me which one you think you might prefer.
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og I kan prøve at simulere dem og fortælle mig, hvilken, I tror, I foretrækker.
02:25
One of them is winning the lottery. This is about 314 million dollars.
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Èn af dem er at vinde i Lotto. Det her er cirka 314 millioner dollars.
02:30
And the other is becoming paraplegic.
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Og den anden er at blive lam.
02:33
So, just give it a moment of thought.
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Jeg vil lige give jer et øjebliks betænkningstid.
02:36
You probably don't feel like you need a moment of thought.
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I føler nok, at I ikke har brug for et øjebliks betænkningstid.
02:39
Interestingly, there are data on these two groups of people,
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Der er, interessant nok, data på disse to grupper mennesker,
02:43
data on how happy they are.
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data på hvor glade de er.
02:45
And this is exactly what you expected, isn't it?
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Og det her er præcis, hvad I forventede, er det ikke?
02:48
But these aren't the data. I made these up!
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Men det her er ikke dataene. Jeg har fundet på dem!
02:51
These are the data. You failed the pop quiz, and you're hardly five minutes into the lecture.
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Det her er dataene. Du har ikke bestået den korte quiz, og du er kun knap 5 minuter inde i foredraget.
02:56
Because the fact is that a year after losing the use of their legs,
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Fordi virkeligheden er, at et år efter at have mistet brugen af deres ben,
03:00
and a year after winning the lotto, lottery winners and paraplegics
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og et år efter at have vundet i Lotto, er lotteri-vindere og lamme
03:05
are equally happy with their lives.
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lige tilfredse med deres liv.
03:07
Now, don't feel too bad about failing the first pop quiz,
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Men hav det ikke for dårligt med at være dumpet i den første quiz,
03:10
because everybody fails all of the pop quizzes all of the time.
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fordi alle mislykkes med alle quizzer hele tiden.
03:13
The research that my laboratory has been doing,
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Den forskning som mit laboratorium har udført,
03:16
that economists and psychologists around the country have been doing,
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som økonomer og psykologer rundt om i landet har udført,
03:19
have revealed something really quite startling to us,
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har afsløret noget ganske overraskende for os,
03:22
something we call the "impact bias,"
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noget, vi kalder "impact bias",
03:25
which is the tendency for the simulator to work badly.
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hvilket er en tendens til at simulatoren fungerer dårligt.
03:28
For the simulator to make you believe that different outcomes
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En tendens til at simulatoren får dig til at tro, at forskellige resultater
03:32
are more different than in fact they really are.
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er mere forskellige, end de egentlig er.
03:35
From field studies to laboratory studies,
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Fra felt-studier til laboratorie-studier,
03:37
we see that winning or losing an election, gaining or losing a romantic partner,
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ser vi at at vinde eller tabe et valg, få eller miste en romantisk partner,
03:41
getting or not getting a promotion, passing or not passing a college test,
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at få eller ikke at få en forfremmelse, bestå eller ikke bestå en eksamen,
03:46
on and on, have far less impact, less intensity and much less duration
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igen og igen, har langt mindre påvirkning, mindre intensitet og meget kortere varighed,
03:51
than people expect them to have.
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end folk forventer, at de har.
03:54
In fact, a recent study -- this almost floors me --
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Faktisk viste en nylig undersøgelse -- dette fejer næsten benene væk under mig --
03:57
a recent study showing how major life traumas affect people
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en nylig undersøgelse, der viser, hvordan store traumer påvirker mennesker,
04:02
suggests that if it happened over three months ago,
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tyder på, at hvis det skete for mere end tre måneder siden,
04:05
with only a few exceptions,
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med kun et par undtagelser,
04:06
it has no impact whatsoever on your happiness.
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har det ikke nogen indflydelse på din lykke overhovedet.
04:09
Why?
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Hvorfor?
04:12
Because happiness can be synthesized.
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Fordi lykke kan syntetiseres.
04:16
Sir Thomas Brown wrote in 1642, "I am the happiest man alive.
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Sir Thomas Brown skrev i 1642, "Jeg er den lykkeligste mand.
04:20
I have that in me that can convert poverty to riches, adversity to prosperity.
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Jeg har det i mig, der kan vende fattigdom til rigdom, modgang til velstand.
04:26
I am more invulnerable than Achilles; fortune hath not one place to hit me."
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Jeg er mere usårlig end Achilleus; skæbnen har ikke ét sted at ramme mig."
04:30
What kind of remarkable machinery does this guy have in his head?
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Hvilken slags bemærkelsesværdig mekanisme har denne fyr i sit hoved?
04:34
Well, it turns out it's precisely the same remarkable machinery that all off us have.
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Det viser sig, at det er præcis den samme bemærkelsesværdige mekanisme, som vi alle har.
04:39
Human beings have something that we might think of as a "psychological immune system."
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Mennesker har noget, som vi kan betragte som et "psykologisk immunsystem."
04:45
A system of cognitive processes, largely non-conscious cognitive processes,
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Et system af kognitive processer, overvejende ikke-bevidste kognitive processer,
04:50
that help them change their views of the world,
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der hjælper dem med at ændre deres synspunkter om verden,
04:54
so that they can feel better about the worlds in which they find themselves.
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så de kan føle sig bedre tilpas i den verden, de befinder sig i.
04:58
Like Sir Thomas, you have this machine.
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Ligesom Sir Thomas har du denne maskine.
05:00
Unlike Sir Thomas, you seem not to know it. (Laughter)
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I modsætning til Sir Thomas, synes du ikke at vide det. (Latter)
05:04
We synthesize happiness, but we think happiness is a thing to be found.
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Vi syntetiserer lykke, men vi mener, lykke er noget, der skal findes.
05:10
Now, you don't need me to give you too many examples of people synthesizing happiness,
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I har ikke brug for, at jeg viser jer for mange eksempler på folk, der syntetiserer glæde,
05:15
I suspect. Though I'm going to show you some experimental evidence,
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formoder jeg. Selvom jeg vil vise jer nogle eksperimentelle bevismaterialer,
05:18
you don't have to look very far for evidence.
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behøver man ikke at kigge særligt langt for at finde beviser.
05:21
As a challenge to myself, since I say this once in a while in lectures,
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Som en udfordring til mig selv, da jeg siger dette en gang imellem i forelæsninger,
05:24
I took a copy of the New York Times and tried to find some instances of people synthesizing happiness.
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tog jeg en kopi af the New York Times og forsøgte at finde nogle eksempler på folk, der syntetiserer lykke.
05:28
And here are three guys synthesizing happiness.
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Og her er tre fyre, der syntetiserer lykke.
05:30
"I am so much better off physically, financially, emotionally, mentally
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"Jeg er så meget bedre stillet fysisk, økonomisk, følelsesmæssigt, mentalt
05:33
and almost every other way." "I don't have one minute's regret.
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og næsten hvilken som helst anden måde." "Jeg har ikke et øjebliks fortrydelse.
05:37
It was a glorious experience." "I believe it turned out for the best."
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Det var en glorværdig oplevelse." "Jeg tror, det viste sig at være det bedste."
05:40
Who are these characters who are so damn happy?
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Hvem er disse mennesker, der er så pokkers glade?
05:42
Well, the first one is Jim Wright.
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Den første er Jim Wright.
05:44
Some of you are old enough to remember: he was the chairman of the House of Representatives
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Nogle af jer er gamle nok til at huske det: han var formand for Repræsentanternes Hus,
05:48
and he resigned in disgrace when this young Republican named Newt Gingrich
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og han trådte tilbage i unåde, da en ung republikaner ved navn Newt Gingrich
05:52
found out about a shady book deal he had done.
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fandt ud af en lyssky bog-aftale, han havde lavet.
05:55
He lost everything. The most powerful Democrat in the country,
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Han mistede alt. Den mest magtfulde demokrat i landet,
05:57
he lost everything.
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han mistede alt.
05:58
He lost his money; he lost his power.
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Han mistede sine penge; han mistede sin magt.
06:01
What does he have to say all these years later about it?
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Hvad har han at sige om det alle disse år senere?
06:03
"I am so much better off physically, financially, mentally
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"Jeg er så meget bedre stillet fysisk, økonomisk, følelsesmæssigt, mentalt
06:06
and in almost every other way."
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og næsten hvilken som helst anden måde."
06:08
What other way would there be to be better off?
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Hvilken anden måde ville der være at være bedre tjent?
06:10
Vegetably? Minerally? Animally? He's pretty much covered them there.
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Vegetabilsk? Mineralsk? Dyrisk? Han har egentlig dækket det hele.
06:14
Moreese Bickham is somebody you've never heard of.
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Moreese Bickham er én, I aldrig har hørt om.
06:16
Moreese Bickham uttered these words upon being released.
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Moreese Bickham sagde disse ord efter at være blevet løsladt.
06:20
He was 78 years old. He spent 37 years
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Han var 78 år gammel. Han tilbragte 37 år
i Louisiana Statsfængsel for en forbrydelse, han ikke havde begået.
06:22
in a Louisiana State Penitentiary
for a crime he didn't commit.
for a crime he didn't commit.
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Han blev i sidste ende renset,
06:25
[He was ultimately
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06:27
released for good behavior
halfway through his sentence.]
halfway through his sentence.]
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i en alder af 78, ved hjælp af DNA beviser.
06:30
And what did he have to say about his experience?
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Og hvad havde han at sige om sin oplevelse?
06:32
"I don't have one minute's regret. It was a glorious experience."
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"Jeg har ikke et minuts beklagelse. Det var en glorværdig oplevelse."
06:34
Glorious! This guy is not saying,
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Glorværdig! Denne fyr siger ikke,
06:36
"Well, you know, there were some nice guys. They had a gym."
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"Du ved, der var nogle flinke gutter. De havde et motionscenter."
06:38
It's "glorious,"
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Det er "glorværdigt",
06:39
a word we usually reserve for something like a religious experience.
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et ord, vi normalt kun bruger til noget som en religiøs erfaring.
06:43
Harry S. Langerman uttered these words, and he's somebody you might have known
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Harry S. Langerman ytrede disse ord, og han er én I måske burde kende,
06:47
but didn't, because in 1949 he read a little article in the paper
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men ikke kender, fordi i 1949 læste han en lille artikel i avisen
06:50
about a hamburger stand owned by these two brothers named McDonalds.
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om en hamburger-stand ejet af to brødre ved navn McDonalds.
06:54
And he thought, "That's a really neat idea!"
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Og han tænkte, "Det er en virkelig god idé!"
06:56
So he went to find them. They said,
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Så han fandt dem. De sagde,
06:58
"We can give you a franchise on this for 3,000 bucks."
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"Vi kan give dig en franchise til det her for 3.000 dollars."
07:00
Harry went back to New York, asked his brother who's an investment banker
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Harry tog tilbage til New York, bad sin bror, som var en investeringsrådgiver,
07:04
to loan him the 3,000 dollars,
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låne ham 3.000 dollars,
07:05
and his brother's immortal words were,
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og hans brors udødelige ord var:
07:07
"You idiot, nobody eats hamburgers."
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"Din idiot, ingen spiser hamburgere."
07:08
He wouldn't lend him the money, and of course six months later
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Han ville ikke låne ham penge, og seks måneder senere
07:11
Ray Croc had exactly the same idea.
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fik Ray Croc naturligvis nøjagtigt den samme idé.
07:13
It turns out people do eat hamburgers,
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Det viser sig, at mennesker faktisk spiser hamburgere,
07:15
and Ray Croc, for a while, became the richest man in America.
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og Ray Croc var, i et stykke tid, den rigeste mand i Amerika.
07:20
And then finally -- you know, the best of all possible worlds --
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Og til sidst -- I ved, det bedste fra alle verdener --
07:22
some of you recognize this young photo of Pete Best,
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nogle af jer genkender dette tidlige foto af Pete Best,
07:27
who was the original drummer for the Beatles,
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der var den oprindelige trommeslager i the Beatles,
07:29
until they, you know, sent him out on an errand and snuck away
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indtil de, I ved, sendte ham på et ærinde og sneg sig væk
07:32
and picked up Ringo on a tour.
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og fandt Ringo på en turné.
07:35
Well, in 1994, when Pete Best was interviewed
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I 1994, da Pete Best blev interviewet,
07:37
-- yes, he's still a drummer; yes, he's a studio musician --
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-- ja, han er stadig trommeslager; ja, han er en studiemusiker --
07:40
he had this to say: "I'm happier than I would have been with the Beatles."
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havde han dette at sige: "Jeg er lykkeligere, end jeg ville have været med the Beatles."
07:43
Okay. There's something important to be learned from these people,
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Okay. Der er noget vigtigt at lære fra disse mennesker,
07:46
and it is the secret of happiness.
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og det er hemmeligheden bag lykke.
07:48
Here it is, finally to be revealed.
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Her er den, klar til endelig at blive afsløret.
07:50
First: accrue wealth, power, and prestige,
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Først: opnå formue, magt og prestige,
07:53
then lose it. (Laughter)
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tab det derefter. (Latter)
07:56
Second: spend as much of your life in prison as you possibly can.
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Andet: tilbring så meget af dit liv i fængsel, som du overhovedet kan.
07:59
(Laughter) Third: make somebody else really, really rich. (Laughter)
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(Latter) Tredje: gør en anden virkelig, virkelig rig. (Latter)
08:04
And finally: never ever join the Beatles. (Laughter)
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Og endelig: bliv aldrig nogensinde medlem af the Beatles. (Latter)
08:08
OK. Now I, like Ze Frank, can predict your next thought,
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Ok. Jeg kan, ligesom Ze Frank, forudsige jeres næste tanke,
08:13
which is, "Yeah, right." Because when
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som er "helt sikkert". Fordi når
08:15
people synthesize happiness, as these gentlemen seem to have done,
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folk syntetiserer lykke, som disse herrer synes at have gjort,
08:19
we all smile at them, but we kind of roll our eyes and say,
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smiler vi alle til dem, men vi ruller ligesom med øjnene, og siger
08:23
"Yeah right, you never really wanted the job."
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"Helt sikkert, du ønskede dig aldrig rigtig jobbet."
08:26
"Oh yeah, right. You really didn't
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"Selvfølgelig. Du havde virkelig
08:27
have that much in common with her,
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ikke så meget til fælles med hende,
08:30
and you figured that out just about the time
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og det fandt du ud af cirka i det øjeblik,
08:32
she threw the engagement ring in your face."
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hvor hun kastede forlovelsesringen i hovedet på dig."
08:34
We smirk because we believe that synthetic happiness
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Vi griner smørret, fordi vi mener, at syntetiseret lykke
08:38
is not of the same quality as what we might call "natural happiness."
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ikke er af samme kvalitet som det, vi kunne kalde "naturlig lykke".
08:41
What are these terms?
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Hvad er disse termer?
08:42
Natural happiness is what we get when we get what we wanted,
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Naturlige lykke er, hvad vi får, når vi får, hvad vi ønskede os,
08:46
and synthetic happiness is what we make when we don't get what we wanted.
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og syntetisk lykke er, hvad vi fremstiller, når vi ikke får, hvad vi ønskede os.
08:51
And in our society, we have a strong belief
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Og i vores samfund har vi en stærk overbevisning om,
08:54
that synthetic happiness is of an inferior kind.
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at denne syntetiserede lykke er en ringere slags.
08:57
Why do we have that belief?
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Hvorfor har vi denne overbevisning?
08:59
Well, it's very simple. What kind of economic engine
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Det er meget simpelt. Hvilken slags økonomisk motor
09:03
would keep churning
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ville blive ved med at køre
09:04
if we believed that not getting what we want could make us just as happy as getting it?
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hvis vi tror på, at vi kunne blive lige så lykkelig af ikke at få det, vi ønsker, som at få det vi ønsker?
09:10
With all apologies to my friend Matthieu Ricard,
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Med al respekt for min ven Matthieu Ricard,
09:14
a shopping mall full of Zen monks
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vil et indkøbscenter fuld af Zen munke
09:16
is not going to be particularly profitable
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ikke være særligt indbringende,
09:18
because they don't want stuff enough.
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fordi de ikke ønsker ting nok.
09:22
I want to suggest to you that synthetic happiness
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Jeg vil gerne foreslå jer, at syntetisk lykke
09:25
is every bit as real and enduring
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er præcis lige så virkelig og vedvarende
09:28
as the kind of happiness you stumble upon
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som den slags lykke, man falder over,
09:31
when you get exactly what you were aiming for.
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når man får præcis det, man havde bestræbt sig.
09:34
Now, I'm a scientist, so I'm going to do this not with rhetoric,
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Jeg er en videnskabsmand, så jeg vil ikke gøre dette med retorik,
09:35
but by marinating you in a little bit of data.
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men ved at marinere jer i en lille smule data.
09:38
Let me first show you an experimental paradigm that is used
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Lad mig først vise jer et eksperimentelt paradigme, der bruges
09:40
to demonstrate the synthesis of happiness
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til at demonstrere syntetiseret lykke
09:44
among regular old folks. And this isn't mine.
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blandt ganske almindelige mennesker. Og dette er ikke mit.
09:46
This is a 50-year-old paradigm called the "free choice paradigm."
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Dette er et 50 år gammelt paradigme kaldet det "frie valg paradigmet".
09:49
It's very simple.
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Det er meget simpelt.
09:51
You bring in, say, six objects,
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Man tager, for eksempel, seks objekter frem,
09:54
and you ask a subject to rank them from the most to the least liked.
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og man beder en forsøgsperson om at rangere dem fra den mest ønskede til den mindst ønskede.
09:56
In this case, because the experiment I'm going to tell you about uses them,
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I dette tilfælde, fordi eksperimentet, jeg vil fortælle om, bruger dem,
09:59
these are Monet prints.
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er objekterne Monet-malerier.
10:01
So, everybody can rank these Monet prints
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Alle kan rangere disse Monet-malerier
10:03
from the one they like the most, to the one they like the least.
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fra den, de bedst kan lide, til den, de mindst kan lide.
10:05
Now we give you a choice:
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Nu giver vi jer et valg:
10:07
"We happen to have some extra prints in the closet.
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"Vi har tilfældigvis nogle ekstra malerier i skabet.
10:10
We're going to give you one as your prize to take home.
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Vi vil give dig en som en gevinst, du kan tage med hjem.
10:12
We happen to have number three and number four,"
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Vi har tilfældigvis nummer tre og nummer fire,"
10:15
we tell the subject. This is a bit of a difficult choice,
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siger vi til forsøgspersonen. Det er et lidt vanskeligt valg,
10:18
because neither one is preferred strongly to the other,
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fordi den ene ikke foretrækkes meget mere end den anden,
10:21
but naturally, people tend to pick number three
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men naturligvis har mennesker tendens til at vælge nummer tre,
10:24
because they liked it a little better than number four.
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fordi de kunne lide det en smule bedre end nummer fire.
10:27
Sometime later -- it could be 15 minutes; it could be 15 days --
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På et senere tidspunkt -- det kunne være 15 minutter; det kunne være 15 dage --
10:30
the same stimuli are put before the subject,
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bringes de samme stimuli for forsøgspersonen,
10:33
and the subject is asked to re-rank the stimuli.
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og forsøgspersonen bliver bedt om at re-rangere stimuliene.
10:35
"Tell us how much you like them now."
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"Fortæl os, hvor meget du kan lide dem nu."
10:37
What happens? Watch as happiness is synthesized.
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Hvad sker der? Se lykke blive syntetiseret.
10:40
This is the result that has been replicated over and over again.
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Dette er resultatet, som er blevet genskabt igen og igen.
10:44
You're watching happiness be synthesized.
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I ser lykke blive syntetiseret.
10:45
Would you like to see it again? Happiness!
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Vil I gerne se det igen? Lykke!
10:50
"The one I got is really better than I thought!
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"Det, jeg fik, er virkelig bedre, end jeg troede!
10:52
That other one I didn't get sucks!"
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Det andet, jeg ikke fik, stinker!"
10:54
(Laughter) That's the synthesis of happiness.
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(Latter) Det er syntese af lykke.
10:56
Now what's the right response to that? "Yeah, right!"
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Hvad er nu det rigtige svar? "Helt sikkert!"
11:02
Now, here's the experiment we did,
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Her er eksperimentet, vi udførte,
11:05
and I would hope this is going to convince you that
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og jeg håber, dette vil overbevise jer om at,
11:06
"Yeah, right!" was not the right response.
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"Helt sikkert!" ikke var det rigtige svar.
11:09
We did this experiment with a group of patients
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Vi udførte dette eksperiment med en gruppe patienter,
11:11
who had anterograde amnesia. These are hospitalized patients.
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der havde anterograd amnesi. De er indlagte patienter.
11:14
Most of them have Korsakoff's syndrome,
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De fleste af dem har Korsakoffs syndrom,
11:16
a polyneuritic psychosis that -- they drank way too much,
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en polyneurotisk psykose som -- de drak alt for meget,
11:21
and they can't make new memories.
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og de kan ikke lave nye minder.
11:23
OK? They remember their childhood, but if you walk in and introduce yourself,
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Ok? De husker deres barndom, men hvis du går ind og introducerer dig selv
11:27
and then leave the room,
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og derefter forlader væreslet,
11:28
when you come back, they don't know who you are.
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når du kommer tilbage, ved de ikke, hvem du er.
11:31
We took our Monet prints to the hospital.
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Vi tog vores Monet-malerier med til hospitalet.
11:34
And we asked these patients to rank them
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Og vi bad disse patienter om at rangere dem
11:38
from the one they liked the most to the one they liked the least.
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fra det de bedst kunne lide til det de synes mindst om.
11:41
We then gave them the choice between number three and number four.
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Vi gav dem derefter valget mellem nummer tre og nummer fire.
11:45
Like everybody else, they said,
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Ligesom alle andre, sagde de,
11:47
"Gee, thanks Doc! That's great! I could use a new print.
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"Nøj, tak, doktor! Det er fedt! Jeg kunne godt bruge et nyt maleri.
11:49
I'll take number three."
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Jeg tager nummer tre."
11:51
We explained we would have number three mailed to them.
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Vi forklarede, at vi ville sende nummer tre til dem.
11:55
We gathered up our materials and we went out of the room,
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Vi indsamlede vores materialer, og vi gik ud af værelset,
11:58
and counted to a half hour.
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og talte til en halv time.
12:00
Back into the room, we say, "Hi, we're back."
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Tilbage i lokalet, siger vi "Hej, vi er tilbage."
12:03
The patients, bless them, say, "Ah, Doc, I'm sorry,
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Patienterne, velsign dem, siger, "Ah, doktor, jeg er ked af det,
12:07
I've got a memory problem; that's why I'm here.
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jeg har et hukommelsesproblem; det er derfor jeg her.
12:09
If I've met you before, I don't remember."
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Hvis jeg har mødt dig før, kan jeg ikke huske det."
12:11
"Really, Jim, you don't remember? I was just here with the Monet prints?"
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"Virkelig, Jim, kan du ikke huske det? Jeg var her netop med Monet-malerierne?"
12:14
"Sorry, Doc, I just don't have a clue."
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"Desværre, doktor, jeg har ikke en anelse om det."
12:17
"No problem, Jim. All I want you to do is rank these for me
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"Det er ikke noget problem, Jim. Alt jeg ønsker, du skal gøre, er at rangere disse for mig
12:20
from the one you like the most to the one you like the least."
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fra det du bedst kan lide til det du synes mindst om."
12:25
What do they do? Well, let's first check and make sure
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Hvad gør de? Lad os først kontrollere og være sikre på,
12:27
they're really amnesiac. We ask these
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at de virkelig har hukommelsesbesvær. Vi beder disse
12:29
amnesiac patients to tell us which one they own,
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patienter med hukommelsesbesvær om at fortælle os, hvilket maleri, de ejer,
12:33
which one they chose last time, which one is theirs.
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hvilket de valgte sidste gang, hvilket der er deres.
12:36
And what we find is amnesiac patients just guess.
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Og vi fandt ud af at patienter med hukommelsesbesvær bare gætter.
12:40
These are normal controls, where if I did this with you,
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Disse er normale kontrolpersoner, hvor, hvis jeg gjorde det med jer,
12:42
all of you would know which print you chose.
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ville I alle vide, hvilket maleri I valgte.
12:44
But if I do this with amnesiac patients,
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Men hvis jeg gør dette med patienter med hukommelsesbesvær,
12:46
they don't have a clue. They can't pick their print out of a lineup.
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har de ikke en anelse. De kan ikke vælge deres maleri i en opstilling.
12:52
Here's what normal controls do: they synthesize happiness.
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Her er hvad normale kontrolpersoner gør: de syntetiserer lykke.
12:56
Right? This is the change in liking score,
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Ikke? Her er ændringen i popularitet,
12:58
the change from the first time they ranked to the second time they ranked.
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ændringen fra første gang de rangerede til anden gang de rangerede.
13:01
Normal controls show
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Normale kontrolelementer viser
13:02
-- that was the magic I showed you;
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-- det var magien jeg viste jer;
13:04
now I'm showing it to you in graphical form --
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nu viser jeg jer det i grafisk form --
13:07
"The one I own is better than I thought. The one I didn't own,
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"Det jeg ejer er bedre, end jeg troede. Det jeg ikke ejer,
13:10
the one I left behind, is not as good as I thought."
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det jeg efterlod, er ikke så god, som jeg troede."
13:13
Amnesiacs do exactly the same thing. Think about this result.
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Folk med hukommelsestab gør nøjagtigt det samme. Tænk over dette resultat.
13:18
These people like better the one they own,
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Disse mennesker kan bedre lide det de ejer,
13:21
but they don't know they own it.
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men de ved ikke, de ejer det.
13:25
"Yeah, right" is not the right response!
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"Helt sikkert" er ikke det rigtige svar!
13:29
What these people did when they synthesized happiness
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Det disse folk gjorde, da de syntetiserede lykke,
13:32
is they really, truly changed
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er, at de virkelig, virkelig ændrede
13:35
their affective, hedonic, aesthetic reactions to that poster.
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deres følelsesmæssige, hedonistiske, æstetiske reaktioner på denne plakat.
13:40
They're not just saying it because they own it,
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De siger det ikke, bare fordi de ejer det,
13:43
because they don't know they own it.
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fordi de ved ikke ejer de det.
13:47
Now, when psychologists show you bars,
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Når psykologer viser dig statistikker,
13:50
you know that they are showing you averages of lots of people.
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ved du, at de viser gennemsnittet af en masse mennesker.
13:53
And yet, all of us have this psychological immune system,
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Og alligevel har vi alle dette psykologiske immunsystem,
13:57
this capacity to synthesize happiness,
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denne kapacitet til at syntetisere lykke,
13:59
but some of us do this trick better than others.
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men nogle af os kan dette trick bedre end andre.
14:02
And some situations allow anybody to do it more effectively
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Og nogle situationer tillader alle at gøre det mere effektivt
14:06
than other situations do.
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end andre situationer gør.
14:10
It turns out that freedom
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Det viser sig, at frihed
14:14
-- the ability to make up your mind and change your mind --
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-- evnen til at beslutte sig for noget og ændre mening --
14:17
is the friend of natural happiness, because it allows you to choose
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er en ven af naturlig lykke, fordi det giver dig muligheden for at vælge
14:20
among all those delicious futures and find the one that you would most enjoy.
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blandt alle disse dejlige fremtids-scenarier og finde den, du ville nyde mest.
14:25
But freedom to choose
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Men frihed til at vælge
14:27
-- to change and make up your mind -- is the enemy of synthetic happiness.
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-- at ændre mening og beslutte sig for noget -- er fjenden af syntetiseret lykke.
14:31
And I'm going to show you why.
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Og jeg vil vise jer hvorfor.
14:33
Dilbert already knows, of course.
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Dilbert ved det allerede, naturligvis.
14:34
You're reading the cartoon as I'm talking.
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I læser tegneserien, mens jeg taler.
14:36
"Dogbert's tech support. How may I abuse you?"
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"Dogbert's tech support. Hvordan kan jeg misbruge dig?"
14:38
"My printer prints a blank page after every document."
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"Min printer udskriver en tom side efter hvert dokument."
14:41
"Why would you complain about getting free paper?"
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"Hvorfor ville du klage over at få gratis papir?"
14:43
"Free? Aren't you just giving me my own paper?"
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"Gratis? Giver du mig ikke bare mit eget papir?"
14:45
"Egad, man! Look at the quality of the free paper
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"Egad, mand! Se på kvaliteten af det gratis papir
14:47
compared to your lousy regular paper!
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sammenlignet med dit elendige almindelige papir!
14:48
Only a fool or a liar would say that they look the same!"
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Kun et fjols eller en løgner vil sige, at de ser ens ud!"
14:51
"Ah! Now that you mention it, it does seem a little silkier!"
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"Ah! Nu, hvor du nævner det, virker det faktisk lidt mere silkeblødt!"
14:54
"What are you doing?"
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"Hvad laver du?"
14:56
"I'm helping people accept the things they cannot change." Indeed.
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"Jeg hjælper folk med at acceptere de ting, de ikke kan ændre." Rigtigt.
14:59
The psychological immune system works best
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Det psykologiske immunsystem fungerer bedst,
15:02
when we are totally stuck, when we are trapped.
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når vi sidder fuldstændig fast, når vi er fanget.
15:06
This is the difference between dating and marriage, right?
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Det er forskellen mellem dating og ægteskab, ikke?
15:08
I mean, you go out on a date with a guy,
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Jeg mener, man går på date med en fyr,
15:10
and he picks his nose; you don't go out on another date.
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og han piller næse; så går man ikke med på anden date.
15:12
You're married to a guy and he picks his nose?
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Du er gift med en fyr, og han piller næse?
15:14
Yeah, he has a heart of gold;
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Altså, har han et hjerte af guld;
15:15
don't touch the fruitcake. Right? (Laughter)
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lad vær med at røre ved frugttærten. Ikke? (Latter)
15:17
You find a way to be happy with what's happened.
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Du finder en måde at være tilfreds med, hvad der er sket.
15:21
Now what I want to show you is that
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Det vil jeg nu vil vise jer er, at
15:24
people don't know this about themselves,
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folk ikke ved dette om sig selv,
15:27
and not knowing this can work to our supreme disadvantage.
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og ikke at vide dette kan være vores største ulempe.
15:30
Here's an experiment we did at Harvard.
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Her er et eksperiment, vi udførte på Harvard.
15:32
We created a photography course, a black-and-white photography course,
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Vi oprettede et fotograferings-kursus, et sort-hvid fotograferings-kursus,
15:35
and we allowed students to come in and learn how to use a darkroom.
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og vi tillod studerende at komme og lære at bruge et mørkekammer.
15:39
So we gave them cameras; they went around campus;
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Så gav vi dem kameraer; de gik omkring på campus;
15:41
they took 12 pictures of their favorite professors and their dorm room and their dog,
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de tog 12 billeder af deres foretrukne professorer og deres kollegieværelse og deres hund,
15:46
and all the other things they wanted to have Harvard memories of.
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og alle de andre ting, de ville have Harvard-minder af.
15:48
They bring us the camera; we make up a contact sheet;
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De kommer med kameraet til os; vi laver et kontaktark;
15:51
they figure out which are the two best pictures;
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de finder ud af hvilke billeder er de to bedste;
15:53
and we now spend six hours teaching them about darkrooms.
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og så bruger vi seks timer på at lære dem om mørkekamre.
15:55
And they blow two of them up,
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Og de forstørrer to af dem,
15:57
and they have two gorgeous eight-by-10 glossies of
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og så har de to pragtfulde 8 gange 10 fotografier af
15:59
meaningful things to them, and we say,
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ting, der er betydningsfulde for dem, og vi siger,
16:01
"Which one would you like to give up?"
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"Hvilken vil du opgive?"
16:04
They say, "I have to give one up?"
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De siger: "Skal jeg opgive ét?"
16:05
"Oh, yes. We need one as evidence of the class project.
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"Oh, ja. Vi har brug for en som bevis for klassens projekt.
16:08
So you have to give me one. You have to make a choice.
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Så du skal give mig et. Du skal foretage et valg.
16:11
You get to keep one, and I get to keep one."
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Du får lov til at beholde en, og jeg får lov til at beholde en."
16:14
Now, there are two conditions in this experiment.
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Nuvel, der er to betingelser i dette eksperiment.
16:17
In one case, the students are told, "But you know,
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I ét tilfælde får de studerende at vide, "Men du ved,
16:20
if you want to change your mind, I'll always have the other one here,
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hvis du vil ændre mening, har jeg altid det andet her,
16:23
and in the next four days, before I actually mail it to headquarters,
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og i de næste fire dage, før jeg faktisk sender det til hovedkvarteret,
16:27
I'll be glad to" -- (Laughter) -- yeah, "headquarters" --
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vil jeg meget gerne" -- (Latter) -- ja ,"hovedkvarteret" --
16:30
"I'll be glad to swap it out with you. In fact,
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"vil jeg meget gerne bytte med dig. Faktisk
16:33
I'll come to your dorm room and give
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kommer jeg gerne til dit kollegieværelse og giver
16:34
-- just give me an email. Better yet, I'll check with you.
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-- bare send mig en mail. Eller endnu bedre, jeg kommer bare forbi.
16:37
You ever want to change your mind, it's totally returnable."
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Hvis du nogensinde vil ændre mening, er det fuldstændig returnerbart."
16:40
The other half of the students are told exactly the opposite:
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Den anden halvdel af de studerende får præcis det modsatte at vide:
16:43
"Make your choice. And by the way,
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"Træf et valg. Og forresten,
16:45
the mail is going out, gosh, in two minutes, to England.
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posten er på vej om, hov, til England om to minutter.
16:48
Your picture will be winging its way over the Atlantic.
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Dit billede vil flyve over atlanten.
16:50
You will never see it again."
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Du kommer aldrig til at se det igen."
16:52
Now, half of the students in each of these conditions
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Så, halvdelen af de studerende i hver af disse situationer
16:55
are asked to make predictions about how much
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bliver bedt om at komme med forudsigelser om, hvor meget
16:57
they're going to come to like the picture that they keep
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de vil komme til at lide det billede, de beholder,
17:00
and the picture they leave behind.
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og billedet de efterlader.
17:02
Other students are just sent back to their little dorm rooms
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Andre studerende bliver bare sendt tilbage til deres lille kollegieværelser,
17:05
and they are measured over the next three to six days
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og de måles over de næste tre til seks dage
17:10
on their liking, satisfaction with the pictures.
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på hvor godt de kan lide, er tilfredse med billederne.
17:12
And look at what we find.
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Og se hvad vi finder ud af.
17:13
First of all, here's what students think is going to happen.
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Her er først og fremmest, hvad eleverne tror der vil ske.
17:16
They think they're going to maybe come to like the picture they chose
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De tror, de nok vil komme til at lide billedet, de valgte,
17:20
a little more than the one they left behind,
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lidt mere end det billede, de valgte fra,
17:23
but these are not statistically significant differences.
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men disse er ikke statistisk signifikante forskelle.
17:27
It's a very small increase, and it doesn't much matter
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Det er en meget lille stigning, og det betyder ikke rigtig noget,
17:29
whether they were in the reversible or irreversible condition.
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om de var i den låste eller ulåste situation.
17:32
Wrong-o. Bad simulators. Because here's what's really happening.
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Forkert! Dårlige simulatorer. Fordi her er, hvad der virkelig sker.
17:37
Both right before the swap and five days later,
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Både lige før ombytningen og fem dage senere,
17:40
people who are stuck with that picture,
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kan mennesker, der sidder fast med billedet,
17:42
who have no choice,
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som ikke har noget valg,
17:43
who can never change their mind, like it a lot!
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der aldrig kan ændre mening, rigtig godt lide det!
17:48
And people who are deliberating -- "Should I return it?
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Og mennesker, der overvejer -- "Bør jeg returnere det?
17:51
Have I gotten the right one? Maybe this isn't the good one?
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Har jeg fået det rigtige? Dette er måske ikke det gode billede?
17:53
Maybe I left the good one?" -- have killed themselves.
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Måske jeg efterlod det gode?" -- har dræbt sig selv.
17:55
They don't like their picture, and in fact
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De kan ikke lide deres billede, og faktisk
17:57
even after the opportunity to swap has expired,
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selv efter muligheden for at bytte er udløbet,
17:59
they still don't like their picture. Why?
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bryder de sig stadig ikke om deres billede. Hvorfor?
18:05
Because the reversible condition is not conducive
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Fordi den ulåste betingelse ikke er befordrende
18:08
to the synthesis of happiness.
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til at syntetisere lykke.
18:10
So here's the final piece of this experiment.
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Så her er den sidste brik i dette eksperiment.
18:13
We bring in a whole new group of naive Harvard students
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Vi finder en helt ny gruppe af naive Harvard-studerende
18:17
and we say, "You know, we're doing a photography course,
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og vi siger, "Nu skal I høre, vi laver et fotograferings-kursus,
18:20
and we can do it one of two ways.
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og vi kan gøre det på to måder.
18:22
We could do it so that when you take the two pictures,
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Vi kunne gøre det således, at når du tager de to billeder,
18:25
you'd have four days to change your mind,
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du ville, har du fire dage til at ændre mening,
18:27
or we're doing another course where you take the two pictures
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eller vi laver et andet kursus, hvor du tager de to billeder,
18:29
and you make up your mind right away
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og du vælger et billede med det samme,
18:31
and you can never change it. Which course would you like to be in?"
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og du kan aldrig ændre det. Hvilket kursus vil du gerne tage?"
18:33
Duh! 66 percent of the students, two-thirds,
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Duh! 66 procent af de studerende, to-tredjedele,
18:38
prefer to be in the course where they have the opportunity to change their mind.
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foretrækker at være i kurset, hvor de har mulighed for at ændre deres mening.
18:42
Hello? 66 percent of the students choose to be in the course in which they will
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Hallo? 66 procent af studerende vælger at være i kurset, hvor de
18:46
ultimately be deeply dissatisfied with the picture.
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i sidste ende vil være dybt utilfredse med billedet.
18:50
Because they do not know the conditions under which synthetic happiness grows.
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Fordi de ikke kender de betingelser, hvorunder syntetisk lykke vokser.
18:56
The Bard said everything best, of course, and he's making my point here
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Shakespeare har sagt alt det bedste, naturligvis, og han understøtter min pointe her
19:01
but he's making it hyperbolically:
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men han overdriver det:
19:04
"'Tis nothing good or bad / But thinking makes it so."
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"'Der er intet godt eller dårligt / men overvejelsen gør det så."
19:07
It's nice poetry, but that can't exactly be right.
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Det er fin poesi, men det kan ikke være rigtigt.
19:10
Is there really nothing good or bad?
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Er der virkelig ikke noget godt eller dårligt?
19:13
Is it really the case that gall bladder surgery and a trip to Paris
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Er det virkelig tilfældet, at en galdeblære-operation og en tur til Paris
19:16
are just the same thing? That seems like a one-question IQ test.
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er nøjagtig den samme ting? Der synes at være en ét-spørgsmåls IQ test.
19:23
They can't be exactly the same.
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De kan ikke være præcis det samme.
19:25
In more turgid prose, but closer to the truth,
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I mere bombastisk prosa, men tættere på sandheden,
19:28
was the father of modern capitalism, Adam Smith, and he said this.
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var faderen til den moderne kapitalisme, Adam Smith, og han sagde dette.
19:31
This is worth contemplating:
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Dette er værd at overveje:
19:33
"The great source of both the misery and disorders of human life
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"Den store kilde til både elendighed og forstyrrelser af menneskeliv
19:37
seems to arise from overrating the difference
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synes at opstå fra at overvurdere forskellen
19:40
between one permanent situation and another ...
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mellem én permanent situation og en anden...
19:43
Some of these situations may, no doubt, deserve to be preferred to others,
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Nogle af disse situationer fortjener uden tvivl at blive foretrukket frem for andre,
19:48
but none of them can deserve to be pursued
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men ingen af dem kan fortjene at blive forfulgt
19:54
with that passionate ardor which drives us to violate the rules
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med den lidenskabelige glød, der driver os til at overtræde reglerne
19:58
either of prudence or of justice, or to corrupt the future tranquility of our minds,
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enten af forsigtighed eller retfærdighed, eller til at fordærve den fremtidige stilhed for vores hjerner,
20:03
either by shame from the remembrance of our own folly,
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enten ved skam fra erindringen om vores egen galskab,
20:07
or by remorse for the horror of our own injustice."
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eller ved anger for rædslen ved vores egen uretfærdighed."
20:11
In other words: yes, some things are better than others.
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Med andre ord: ja, nogle ting er bedre end andre.
20:16
We should have preferences that lead us into one future over another.
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Vi bør have præferencer, der fører os ind i én fremtid frem for en anden.
20:21
But when those preferences drive us too hard and too fast
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Men når disse præferencer driver os alt for hårdt og alt for hurtig,
20:25
because we have overrated the difference between these futures,
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fordi vi har overvurderet forskellen mellem disse fremtidige stadier,
20:29
we are at risk.
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er vi i fare.
20:32
When our ambition is bounded, it leads us to work joyfully.
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Når vores ambition er afgrænset, fører det os til at arbejde med glæde.
20:35
When our ambition is unbounded, it leads us to lie, to cheat, to steal, to hurt others,
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Når vores ambition er ubegrænset, får det os til at lyve, at snyde, at stjæle, at såre andre,
20:41
to sacrifice things of real value. When our fears are bounded,
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at ofre ting af reel værdi. Når vores frygt er afgrænset,
20:45
we're prudent; we're cautious; we're thoughtful.
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er vi fornuftige; vi er forsigtige; vi er eftertænksomme.
20:49
When our fears are unbounded and overblown,
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Når vores frygt er ubegrænsede og overdrevne,
20:52
we're reckless, and we're cowardly.
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er vi hensynsløse, og vi er feje.
20:55
The lesson I want to leave you with from these data
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Lektionen, jeg vil efterlade jer med fra disse data,
20:58
is that our longings and our worries are both to some degree overblown,
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er at vores længsler og vores bekymringer er begge til en vis grad overdrevede,
21:03
because we have within us the capacity to manufacture the very commodity
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fordi vi inden i os har kapaciteten til at fremstille den selvsamme råvare,
21:09
we are constantly chasing when we choose experience.
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vi konstant jagter, når vi vælger erfaring.
21:13
Thank you.
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Tak.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dan Gilbert - Psychologist; happiness expertHarvard psychologist Dan Gilbert says our beliefs about what will make us happy are often wrong -- a premise he supports with intriguing research, and explains in his accessible and unexpectedly funny book, Stumbling on Happiness.
Why you should listen
Dan Gilbert believes that, in our ardent, lifelong pursuit of happiness, most of us have the wrong map. In the same way that optical illusions fool our eyes -- and fool everyone's eyes in the same way -- Gilbert argues that our brains systematically misjudge what will make us happy. And these quirks in our cognition make humans very poor predictors of our own bliss.
The premise of his current research -- that our assumptions about what will make us happy are often wrong -- is supported with clinical research drawn from psychology and neuroscience. But his delivery is what sets him apart. His engaging -- and often hilarious -- style pokes fun at typical human behavior and invokes pop-culture references everyone can relate to. This winning style translates also to Gilbert's writing, which is lucid, approachable and laugh-out-loud funny. The immensely readable Stumbling on Happiness, published in 2006, became a New York Times bestseller and has been translated into 20 languages.
In fact, the title of his book could be drawn from his own life. At 19, he was a high school dropout with dreams of writing science fiction. When a creative writing class at his community college was full, he enrolled in the only available course: psychology. He found his passion there, earned a doctorate in social psychology in 1985 at Princeton, and has since won a Guggenheim Fellowship and the Phi Beta Kappa teaching prize for his work at Harvard. He has written essays and articles for The New York Times, Time and even Starbucks, while continuing his research into happiness at his Hedonic Psychology Laboratory.
Dan Gilbert | Speaker | TED.com