ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dan Gilbert - Psychologist; happiness expert
Harvard psychologist Dan Gilbert says our beliefs about what will make us happy are often wrong -- a premise he supports with intriguing research, and explains in his accessible and unexpectedly funny book, Stumbling on Happiness.

Why you should listen

Dan Gilbert believes that, in our ardent, lifelong pursuit of happiness, most of us have the wrong map. In the same way that optical illusions fool our eyes -- and fool everyone's eyes in the same way -- Gilbert argues that our brains systematically misjudge what will make us happy. And these quirks in our cognition make humans very poor predictors of our own bliss.

The premise of his current research -- that our assumptions about what will make us happy are often wrong -- is supported with clinical research drawn from psychology and neuroscience. But his delivery is what sets him apart. His engaging -- and often hilarious -- style pokes fun at typical human behavior and invokes pop-culture references everyone can relate to. This winning style translates also to Gilbert's writing, which is lucid, approachable and laugh-out-loud funny. The immensely readable Stumbling on Happiness, published in 2006, became a New York Times bestseller and has been translated into 20 languages.

In fact, the title of his book could be drawn from his own life. At 19, he was a high school dropout with dreams of writing science fiction. When a creative writing class at his community college was full, he enrolled in the only available course: psychology. He found his passion there, earned a doctorate in social psychology in 1985 at Princeton, and has since won a Guggenheim Fellowship and the Phi Beta Kappa teaching prize for his work at Harvard. He has written essays and articles for The New York Times, Time and even Starbucks, while continuing his research into happiness at his Hedonic Psychology Laboratory.

More profile about the speaker
Dan Gilbert | Speaker | TED.com
TED2004

Dan Gilbert: The surprising science of happiness

丹尼.吉伯特問: 我們為什麼會快樂?

Filmed:
18,394,509 views

《碰上幸福》的作者丹尼.吉伯特,挑戰我們因不如意而感到不快樂的思想。即使事情沒有按計劃進行,我們的「心理免疫系統」都能讓我們感到真正的快樂。
- Psychologist; happiness expert
Harvard psychologist Dan Gilbert says our beliefs about what will make us happy are often wrong -- a premise he supports with intriguing research, and explains in his accessible and unexpectedly funny book, Stumbling on Happiness. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
When you have 21 minutes分鐘 to speak說話,
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當你有21分鐘發言時間,
00:17
two million百萬 years年份 seems似乎 like a really long time.
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相比之下二百萬年似乎是很長一段時間
00:20
But evolutionarily進化, two million百萬 years年份 is nothing.
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但就進化論而言,二百萬年是很短的
00:23
And yet然而 in two million百萬 years年份 the human人的 brain has nearly幾乎 tripled三倍 in mass,
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然而,二百萬年的時間,
人腦的體積增長了將近3倍
00:29
going from the one-and-a-quarter一和一季度 pound brain of our ancestor祖先 here, Habilis能人,
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從直立猿人(我們的祖先)的 1.25磅腦袋,
00:32
to the almost幾乎 three-pound3磅重 meatloaf肉餅 that everybody每個人 here has between之間 their ears耳朵.
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到現在我們每個人兩耳中間的近3磅重的肉餅
00:38
What is it about a big brain that nature性質 was so eager急於 for every一切 one of us to have one?
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大腦究竟有什麼特質,
讓我們每個人都需要有一個呢?
00:45
Well, it turns out when brains大腦 triple三倍 in size尺寸,
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哦,原來人腦體積增加了近3倍後
00:48
they don't just get three times bigger; they gain獲得 new structures結構.
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不單只增大了,它們還配備新的結構
00:52
And one of the main主要 reasons原因 our brain got so big is because it got a new part部分,
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它們變得那麼大的主因之一,
是因為新增了一個部分
00:56
called the "frontal前面的 lobe." And particularly尤其, a part部分 called the "pre-frontal前額葉 cortex皮質."
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稱為「額葉」,尤其是
稱為「前額葉皮質」的部分
01:00
Now what does a pre-frontal前額葉 cortex皮質 do for you that should justify辯解
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究竟前額葉皮質有什麼功能可以
01:04
the entire整個 architectural建築的 overhaul翻修 of the human人的 skull頭骨 in the blink of evolutionary發展的 time?
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在進化過程中,
一瞬間重整全部頭骨的結構?
01:09
Well, it turns out the pre-frontal前額葉 cortex皮質 does lots of things,
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哦,原來,前額葉皮質能做很多功能,
01:12
but one of the most important重要 things it does
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但其中一個最重要的功能
01:14
is it is an experience經驗 simulator模擬器.
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是作為一個經驗模擬器
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Flight飛行 pilots飛行員 practice實踐 in flight飛行 simulators模擬器
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飛機駕駛員利用飛行模擬器練習
01:22
so that they don't make real真實 mistakes錯誤 in planes飛機.
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以減低在真正駕駛時的出錯率
01:24
Human人的 beings眾生 have this marvelous奇妙 adaptation適應
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人類有這種非凡的能力
01:27
that they can actually其實 have experiences經驗 in their heads
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可以先在腦中創造模擬經驗
01:31
before they try them out in real真實 life.
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然後在現實生活中嘗試實行
01:33
This is a trick that none沒有 of our ancestors祖先 could do,
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我們的祖先無法這麼做
01:36
and that no other animal動物 can do quite相當 like we can. It's a marvelous奇妙 adaptation適應.
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也沒有其他動物能做到,
這是一種非凡的適應能力
01:41
It's up there with opposable對抗性 thumbs大拇指 and standing常設 upright直立 and language語言
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非凡程度可以比美相對的
十指、雙腳的站立、語言
01:45
as one of the things that got our species種類 out of the trees樹木
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這些能力讓我們從住在森林中進化到
01:48
and into the shopping購物 mall購物中心.
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能進入購物商場
01:50
Now -- (Laughter笑聲) -- all of you have doneDONE this.
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現在-- 在座每個人都做過
01:53
I mean, you know,
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我的意思是
01:54
Ben and Jerry's傑里的 doesn't have liver-and-onion肝臟和洋蔥 ice cream奶油,
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Ben & Jerry’s冰淇淋店
沒有賣肝臟加洋蔥口味
01:58
and it's not because they whipped鞭打 some up, tried試著 it and went, "Yuck."
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不是因為他們試吃過了才發現很難吃
02:01
It's because, without leaving離開 your armchair扶手椅,
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而是因為,只要坐在那
02:04
you can simulate模擬 that flavor味道 and say "yuck" before you make it.
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就能模擬那味道,光想就知道很難吃
02:08
Let's see how your experience經驗 simulators模擬器 are working加工.
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來看看我們的經驗模擬器是怎樣運作
02:13
Let's just run a quick diagnostic診斷
before I proceed繼續 with the rest休息 of the talk.
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在我繼續演講前,先很快的問大家個問題
02:17
Here's這裡的 two different不同 futures期貨 that I invite邀請 you to contemplate沉思,
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請你們想一下這兩個不同的未來
02:21
and you can try to simulate模擬 them and tell me which哪一個 one you think you might威力 prefer比較喜歡.
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試著模擬這兩個未來,
然後告訴我你比較喜歡哪個
02:25
One of them is winning勝利 the lottery抽獎. This is about 314 million百萬 dollars美元.
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第一個是中彩卷,約三億一千四百萬美金
02:30
And the other is becoming變得 paraplegic截癱.
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另外個是下半身癱瘓
02:33
So, just give it a moment時刻 of thought.
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讓大家考慮一下
02:36
You probably大概 don't feel like you need a moment時刻 of thought.
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你可能覺得這根本不用考慮
02:39
Interestingly有趣的是, there are data數據 on these two groups of people,
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有趣的是,我們有這兩組人的數據
02:43
data數據 on how happy快樂 they are.
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他們有多快樂的數據
02:45
And this is exactly究竟 what you expected預期, isn't it?
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你們預期的像這樣,對嗎?
02:48
But these aren't the data數據. I made製作 these up!
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但這些不是真的數據,是我作出來的!
02:51
These are the data數據. You failed失敗 the pop流行的 quiz測驗, and you're hardly幾乎不 five minutes分鐘 into the lecture演講.
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這些才是真正的數據。
演講還不到5分鐘,你們小考就不及格了
02:56
Because the fact事實 is that a year after losing失去 the use of their legs,
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因為實際上,下半身癱瘓之後一年,
03:00
and a year after winning勝利 the lotto樂透, lottery抽獎 winners獲獎者 and paraplegics截癱患者
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和中了彩卷之後一年,贏彩卷和癱瘓的人
03:05
are equally一樣 happy快樂 with their lives生活.
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都同樣地滿意他們的生活
03:07
Now, don't feel too bad about failing失敗 the first pop流行的 quiz測驗,
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現在,請不要為第一次小考不及格感到丟臉
03:10
because everybody每個人 fails失敗 all of the pop流行的 quizzes測驗 all of the time.
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小考不合格的情況是很常發生的事
03:13
The research研究 that my laboratory實驗室 has been doing,
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根據我的實驗室所做的研究
03:16
that economists經濟學家 and psychologists心理學家 around the country國家 have been doing,
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全國各地的經濟學家
和心理學家也在做的研究
03:19
have revealed透露 something really quite相當 startling觸目驚心 to us,
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得出一些令人吃驚的結論
03:22
something we call the "impact碰撞 bias偏壓,"
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我們稱之為 預測的偏差
03:25
which哪一個 is the tendency趨勢 for the simulator模擬器 to work badly.
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這是指模擬器出錯的狀況
03:28
For the simulator模擬器 to make you believe that different不同 outcomes結果
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這模擬器預測不同未來的差異
03:32
are more different不同 than in fact事實 they really are.
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比實際的差異還大
03:35
From field領域 studies學習 to laboratory實驗室 studies學習,
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從實地研究到實驗室研究
03:37
we see that winning勝利 or losing失去 an election選舉, gaining取得 or losing失去 a romantic浪漫 partner夥伴,
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我們都看到,選舉勝出
或落敗、獲得或失去一個伴侶
03:41
getting得到 or not getting得到 a promotion提升, passing通過 or not passing通過 a college學院 test測試,
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有沒有得到升遷、有沒有通過大學入學考
03:46
on and on, have far less impact碰撞, less intensity強度 and much less duration持續時間
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等等產生的影響,比預期中較輕、較弱、及時間較短
03:51
than people expect期望 them to have.
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不同人們所想像的
03:54
In fact事實, a recent最近 study研究 -- this almost幾乎 floors地板 me --
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事實上,令我完全屈服的是
03:57
a recent最近 study研究 showing展示 how major重大的 life traumas創傷 affect影響 people
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最近一項研究,關於人生重大創傷造成的影響
04:02
suggests提示 that if it happened發生 over three months個月 ago,
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顯示,創傷發生超過3個月之後
04:05
with only a few少數 exceptions例外,
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只有少數例外
04:06
it has no impact碰撞 whatsoever任何 on your happiness幸福.
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否則它對你的人生幸福並沒有任何影響
04:09
Why?
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為什麼?
04:12
Because happiness幸福 can be synthesized綜合.
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因為快樂是可以合成的
04:16
Sir先生 Thomas托馬斯 Brown棕色 wrote in 1642, "I am the happiest最幸福 man alive.
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托馬斯.布朗爵士在1642年
寫道: 「我是活著中最幸福的人」
04:20
I have that in me that can convert兌換 poverty貧窮 to riches富有, adversity逆境 to prosperity繁榮.
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「我擁有的潛能可以把貧困
轉換為財富,逆境轉換為繁榮」
04:26
I am more invulnerable無懈可擊 than Achilles阿喀琉斯; fortune幸運 hath哈斯 not one place地點 to hit擊中 me."
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「我比阿基里斯更加刀槍不入;
命運找不到一處能打擊我的地方。」
04:30
What kind of remarkable卓越 machinery機械 does this guy have in his head?
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這傢伙的腦子裡有什麼非凡的機器嗎?
04:34
Well, it turns out it's precisely恰恰 the same相同 remarkable卓越 machinery機械 that all off us have.
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原來,這非凡的機器我們每個人都有
04:39
Human人的 beings眾生 have something that we might威力 think of as a "psychological心理 immune免疫的 system系統."
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人類有種東西可視為是精神免疫的系統
04:45
A system系統 of cognitive認知 processes流程, largely大部分 non-conscious不自覺的 cognitive認知 processes流程,
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認知程序的系統,大量不自覺的認知程序
04:50
that help them change更改 their views意見 of the world世界,
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能幫助他們改變自己的世界觀
04:54
so that they can feel better about the worlds世界 in which哪一個 they find themselves他們自己.
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能使他們對自己的生活,產生更好的感受
04:58
Like Sir先生 Thomas托馬斯, you have this machine.
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和托馬斯爵士一樣,你們也有這機器
05:00
Unlike不像 Sir先生 Thomas托馬斯, you seem似乎 not to know it. (Laughter笑聲)
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和托馬斯爵士不一樣的是,你們並不知道這點
05:04
We synthesize合成 happiness幸福, but we think happiness幸福 is a thing to be found發現.
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我們能合成快樂,但我們認為快樂是尋找來的
05:10
Now, you don't need me to give you too many許多 examples例子 of people synthesizing合成 happiness幸福,
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現在,你們並不需要我給太多合成快樂的例子
05:15
I suspect疑似. Though雖然 I'm going to show顯示 you some experimental試驗 evidence證據,
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但是我要給你們一些實驗例子
05:18
you don't have to look very far for evidence證據.
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一些很容易找到的證據
05:21
As a challenge挑戰 to myself, since以來 I say this once一旦 in a while in lectures講座,
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算是給我自己的挑戰,
因為我偶爾在演講時會講
05:24
I took a copy複製 of the New York紐約 Times and tried試著 to find some instances實例 of people synthesizing合成 happiness幸福.
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我用一份紐約時報想試圖找出一些合成快樂的例子
05:28
And here are three guys synthesizing合成 happiness幸福.
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這裡有三個人合成快樂
05:30
"I am so much better off physically物理, financially經濟, emotionally感情上, mentally精神上
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「我在多方面也比以前好多了,
身體上、經濟上、感情上、精神上、
05:33
and almost幾乎 every一切 other way." "I don't have one minute's分鐘 regret後悔.
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幾乎所有的方面 」、「我沒有一點的遺憾,
05:37
It was a glorious輝煌 experience經驗." "I believe it turned轉身 out for the best最好."
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這是一個光榮的歷程」、「最後的結果是最好的」
05:40
Who are these characters人物 who are so damn該死的 happy快樂?
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這些快樂的人究竟是誰呢?
05:42
Well, the first one is Jim吉姆 Wright賴特.
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第一位是吉姆.賴特
05:44
Some of you are old enough足夠 to remember記得: he was the chairman主席 of the House of Representatives代表
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有些人年紀較大可能記得,
他當過美國眾議院主席
05:48
and he resigned辭職 in disgrace恥辱 when this young年輕 Republican共和黨人 named命名 Newt蠑螈 Gingrich金里奇
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因為被一位年輕的共和黨員紐特.金奇
05:52
found發現 out about a shady陰涼 book deal合同 he had doneDONE.
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揭發受賄醜聞而黯然辭職
05:55
He lost丟失 everything. The most powerful強大 Democrat民主黨人 in the country國家,
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他失去了一切,曾是全國擁有最大權力的民主黨員
05:57
he lost丟失 everything.
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他失去了一切
05:58
He lost丟失 his money; he lost丟失 his power功率.
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他失去了他的金錢、他的權力
06:01
What does he have to say all these years年份 later後來 about it?
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那麼他在多年後說了什麼?
06:03
"I am so much better off physically物理, financially經濟, mentally精神上
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「我好多了,不管是身體上、經濟上、感情上、精神上、
06:06
and in almost幾乎 every一切 other way."
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幾乎所有的方面 」
06:08
What other way would there be to be better off?
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還有什麼方面能變得更好?
06:10
VegetablyVegetably? MinerallyMinerally? AnimallyAnimally? He's pretty漂亮 much covered覆蓋 them there.
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植物上?礦物上?動物上?他差不多都說完啦
06:14
MoreeseMoreese BickhamBickham is somebody you've never heard聽說 of.
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你們應該沒有聽說這位慕仁.碧咸
06:16
MoreeseMoreese BickhamBickham uttered發話 these words upon being存在 released發布.
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慕仁.碧咸被釋放時說出這些話
06:20
He was 78 years年份 old. He spent花費 37 years年份
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他那時78歲,他被關了37年,
在路易斯安那州監獄,因一宗他沒有犯的罪
06:22
in a Louisiana路易斯安那州 State Penitentiary教養所
for a crime犯罪 he didn't commit承諾.
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[最終他因為
06:25
[He was ultimately最終
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released發布 for good behavior行為
halfway through通過 his sentence句子.]
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獄中行為良好
而在刑期的一半中假釋出獄]
06:30
And what did he have to say about his experience經驗?
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那他被釋放時說了什麼?
06:32
"I don't have one minute's分鐘 regret後悔. It was a glorious輝煌 experience經驗."
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「我沒有一點的遺憾,這是一個光榮的歷程。」
06:34
Glorious輝煌! This guy is not saying,
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光榮的!這傢伙不是說:
06:36
"Well, you know, there were some nice不錯 guys. They had a gym健身房."
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「嗯,獄中有一些人還不錯的,又有健身房。」
06:38
It's "glorious輝煌,"
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他說「光榮」
06:39
a word we usually平時 reserve保留 for something like a religious宗教 experience經驗.
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這個字通常只用來
形容宗教體驗之類的吧
06:43
Harry掠奪 S. LangermanLangerman uttered發話 these words, and he's somebody you might威力 have known已知
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哈利.蘭格曼說出以下這些話,
你們可能原本會認識他
06:47
but didn't, because in 1949 he read a little article文章 in the paper
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但最後沒有,因為在1949年,他讀了一篇文章
06:50
about a hamburger漢堡包 stand owned擁有的 by these two brothers兄弟 named命名 McDonalds麥當勞.
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關於兩個姓麥當勞的兄弟
所擁有的一個漢堡攤
06:54
And he thought, "That's a really neat整齊 idea理念!"
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他想︰「這是一個非常好的主意!」
06:56
So he went to find them. They said,
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於是,他找到那兩兄弟。他們說︰
06:58
"We can give you a franchise專營權 on this for 3,000 bucks雄鹿."
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「3000美元,我們就給你經營權」
07:00
Harry掠奪 went back to New York紐約, asked his brother哥哥 who's誰是 an investment投資 banker銀行家
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哈利回到紐約,請他那個做投資銀行家的兄弟
07:04
to loan貸款 him the 3,000 dollars美元,
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讓他貸款3000美元
07:05
and his brother's兄弟 immortal不朽 words were,
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那兄弟的不朽話語是︰
07:07
"You idiot白痴, nobody沒有人 eats hamburgers漢堡包."
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「你這白痴,沒有人吃漢堡的」
07:08
He wouldn't不會 lend him the money, and of course課程 six months個月 later後來
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他沒有借給他錢,當然,半年後
07:11
Ray射線 Croc鱷魚 had exactly究竟 the same相同 idea理念.
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一位雷‧克羅也有相同的想法
07:13
It turns out people do eat hamburgers漢堡包,
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原來很多人喜歡吃漢堡
07:15
and Ray射線 Croc鱷魚, for a while, became成為 the richest首富 man in America美國.
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有段時間,雷‧克羅成了美國最富有的人
07:20
And then finally最後 -- you know, the best最好 of all possible可能 worlds世界 --
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最後,最精彩的這個
07:22
some of you recognize認識 this young年輕 photo照片 of Pete皮特 Best最好,
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有一些人可能認得這位
彼得‧貝斯特年輕時的照片
07:27
who was the original原版的 drummer鼓手 for the Beatles披頭士樂隊,
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他原是披頭四的鼓手
07:29
until直到 they, you know, sent發送 him out on an errand使命 and snuck偷傳 away
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直到他們打發了他
07:32
and picked採摘的 up Ringo林戈 on a tour遊覽.
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找了林哥一起巡迴
07:35
Well, in 1994, when Pete皮特 Best最好 was interviewed採訪
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好了,當彼得在1994年接受採訪時
07:37
-- yes, he's still a drummer鼓手; yes, he's a studio工作室 musician音樂家 --
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是,他仍是個鼓手;是,他是個錄音室音樂家
07:40
he had this to say: "I'm happier幸福 than I would have been with the Beatles披頭士樂隊."
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他曾這樣說:「我現在比我在披頭四時更快樂」
07:43
Okay. There's something important重要 to be learned學到了 from these people,
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好吧。我們可以從這些人身上學到些很重要的東西
07:46
and it is the secret秘密 of happiness幸福.
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就是快樂的秘訣
07:48
Here it is, finally最後 to be revealed透露.
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現在,要揭露了
07:50
First: accrue累積 wealth財富, power功率, and prestige聲望,
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第一:累積財富、權力和威望
07:53
then lose失去 it. (Laughter笑聲)
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然後失去它們
07:56
Second第二: spend as much of your life in prison監獄 as you possibly或者 can.
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第二:能被關多久就被關多久
07:59
(Laughter笑聲) Third第三: make somebody else其他 really, really rich豐富. (Laughter笑聲)
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第三:讓別人變得非常非常富有
08:04
And finally最後: never ever join加入 the Beatles披頭士樂隊. (Laughter笑聲)
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最後:永遠不要加入披頭四
08:08
OK. Now I, like Ze Frank坦率, can predict預測 your next下一個 thought,
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現在,像澤‧法蘭克一樣,
我可以預測你們在想什麼
08:13
which哪一個 is, "Yeah, right." Because when
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就是「對啦,最好是」
08:15
people synthesize合成 happiness幸福, as these gentlemen紳士 seem似乎 to have doneDONE,
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因為當人合成快樂時,像這些人的例子
08:19
we all smile微笑 at them, but we kind of roll our eyes眼睛 and say,
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我們臉上掛著微笑,但其實都翻著白眼想︰
08:23
"Yeah right, you never really wanted the job工作."
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「是嗎?你從來沒有想過要那份工作?」
08:26
"Oh yeah, right. You really didn't
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「是嗎?你和她」
08:27
have that much in common共同 with her,
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確實沒有什麼共同點
08:30
and you figured想通 that out just about the time
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而你就在她把訂婚戒指扔向你的時候
08:32
she threw the engagement訂婚 ring in your face面對."
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才發現這個事實」
08:34
We smirk傻笑 because we believe that synthetic合成的 happiness幸福
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我們偷笑,是因為我們認為合成快樂
08:38
is not of the same相同 quality質量 as what we might威力 call "natural自然 happiness幸福."
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次於自然快樂
08:41
What are these terms條款?
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這是什麼術語?
08:42
Natural自然 happiness幸福 is what we get when we get what we wanted,
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自然快樂,是我們得到
心理所想要的東西那種快樂
08:46
and synthetic合成的 happiness幸福 is what we make when we don't get what we wanted.
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合成快樂,是我們得不到
想要的東西時,改變想法的快樂
08:51
And in our society社會, we have a strong強大 belief信仰
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在我們的社會,我們堅信
08:54
that synthetic合成的 happiness幸福 is of an inferior kind.
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合成快樂是比較差的一種
08:57
Why do we have that belief信仰?
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為什麼我們這樣想?
08:59
Well, it's very simple簡單. What kind of economic經濟 engine發動機
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很簡單,我們的經濟發展
09:03
would keep churning翻騰
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會變成怎樣
09:04
if we believed相信 that not getting得到 what we want could make us just as happy快樂 as getting得到 it?
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如果我們相信,得不到想要的東西
和得到想要的東西都能同樣地快樂?
09:10
With all apologies道歉 to my friend朋友 Matthieu馬蒂厄 Ricard里卡德,
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先向我的朋友馬修‧瑞卡道歉
09:14
a shopping購物 mall購物中心 full充分 of Zen monks和尚
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一個只有僧侶光顧的購物中心
09:16
is not going to be particularly尤其 profitable有利可圖
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是很難取得高利潤
09:18
because they don't want stuff東東 enough足夠.
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因他們的購買慾不夠強
09:22
I want to suggest建議 to you that synthetic合成的 happiness幸福
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我想告訴各位,合成快樂的
09:25
is every一切 bit as real真實 and enduring持久
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真實性和持久性
09:28
as the kind of happiness幸福 you stumble絆倒 upon
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其實和那種當你達到目標
09:31
when you get exactly究竟 what you were aiming瞄準 for.
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所得到的快樂一樣程度
09:34
Now, I'm a scientist科學家, so I'm going to do this not with rhetoric修辭,
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我是一個科學家,所以我不只是空談
09:35
but by marinating醃製 you in a little bit of data數據.
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我會用一些數據來感化你們
09:38
Let me first show顯示 you an experimental試驗 paradigm範例 that is used
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首先,這個典型的實驗範例
09:40
to demonstrate演示 the synthesis合成 of happiness幸福
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用來說明合成的快樂
09:44
among其中 regular定期 old folks鄉親. And this isn't mine.
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這是較早之前的,不是我的範例
09:46
This is a 50-year-old-歲 paradigm範例 called the "free自由 choice選擇 paradigm範例."
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差不多50年前的,稱為自由選擇模式
09:49
It's very simple簡單.
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這很簡單
09:51
You bring帶來 in, say, six objects對象,
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你有6件物件
09:54
and you ask a subject學科 to rank them from the most to the least最小 liked喜歡.
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請你的實驗對象用自己
對物件的好感程度排名
09:56
In this case案件, because the experiment實驗 I'm going to tell you about uses使用 them,
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在這實驗中的研究員使用了
09:59
these are Monet莫奈 prints版畫.
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莫內的畫
10:01
So, everybody每個人 can rank these Monet莫奈 prints版畫
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每個人都以喜好來排這些莫內的印刷畫
10:03
from the one they like the most, to the one they like the least最小.
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由最喜歡到最不喜歡
10:05
Now we give you a choice選擇:
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現在,我們告訴你:
10:07
"We happen發生 to have some extra額外 prints版畫 in the closet壁櫥.
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「我們有些多餘的印刷畫放在櫃子裡」
10:10
We're going to give you one as your prize to take home.
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「我們送你一張作為獎品」
10:12
We happen發生 to have number three and number four,"
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「我們正好有3號和4號」
10:15
we tell the subject學科. This is a bit of a difficult choice選擇,
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就這樣告訴他們,這是個有點困難的抉擇
10:18
because neither也不 one is preferred首選 strongly非常 to the other,
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因為兩張沒有太大的喜好差異
10:21
but naturally自然, people tend趨向 to pick number three
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但自然地,他們傾向選擇3號
10:24
because they liked喜歡 it a little better than number four.
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因為比4號還更喜歡一點
10:27
Sometime某時 later後來 -- it could be 15 minutes分鐘; it could be 15 days --
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之後,可能是15分鐘後,也可能是15天後
10:30
the same相同 stimuli刺激 are put before the subject學科,
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實驗對象會再看同一組物件
10:33
and the subject學科 is asked to re-rank重新排名 the stimuli刺激.
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請他們重新排列好感程度
10:35
"Tell us how much you like them now."
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「請告訴我們,你有多喜歡它們」
10:37
What happens發生? Watch as happiness幸福 is synthesized綜合.
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會發生什麼事呢?請看快樂被合成
10:40
This is the result結果 that has been replicated複製 over and over again.
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重做實驗也得出這結果
10:44
You're watching觀看 happiness幸福 be synthesized綜合.
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你們正在看快樂被合成
10:45
Would you like to see it again? Happiness幸福!
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你們想再看一次嗎?快樂!
10:50
"The one I got is really better than I thought!
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「我擁有的那件物件真的比我想像中好!
10:52
That other one I didn't get sucks!"
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「我沒有選擇的那件物件真爛!」
10:54
(Laughter笑聲) That's the synthesis合成 of happiness幸福.
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這正是合成的快樂
10:56
Now what's the right response響應 to that? "Yeah, right!"
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好了,正確的反應怎樣的?「噢,真的嗎?」
11:02
Now, here's這裡的 the experiment實驗 we did,
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這個是我們做的實驗
11:05
and I would hope希望 this is going to convince說服 you that
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希望這個實驗能說服你們
11:06
"Yeah, right!" was not the right response響應.
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「對啦,最好是」不是正確的反應
11:09
We did this experiment實驗 with a group of patients耐心
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我們以病人為實驗對象來重做以上的實驗,
11:11
who had anterograde順行 amnesia健忘症. These are hospitalized住院 patients耐心.
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是患有順行性遺忘症的病人,長期住院的患者
11:14
Most of them have Korsakoff's科爾薩科夫 syndrome綜合徵,
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他們多數患有科爾薩科夫氏症候群
11:16
a polyneuriticpolyneuritic psychosis精神病 that -- they drank way too much,
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一種複合性神經炎 - 他們酒喝太多
11:21
and they can't make new memories回憶.
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無法製造新的回憶
11:23
OK? They remember記得 their childhood童年, but if you walk步行 in and introduce介紹 yourself你自己,
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懂嗎?他們還記得童年,
但如果你向他們自我介紹
11:27
and then leave離開 the room房間,
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然後離開房間
11:28
when you come back, they don't know who you are.
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當你再回去時,他們已經忘記你是誰
11:31
We took our Monet莫奈 prints版畫 to the hospital醫院.
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我們把莫內的印刷畫帶到醫院
11:34
And we asked these patients耐心 to rank them
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要這些病人排名
11:38
from the one they liked喜歡 the most to the one they liked喜歡 the least最小.
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從最喜歡到最不喜歡
11:41
We then gave them the choice選擇 between之間 number three and number four.
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然後,要他們選3號或4號作為禮物
11:45
Like everybody每個人 else其他, they said,
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和其他人一樣,他們說:
11:47
"Gee嘖嘖, thanks謝謝 Doc文件! That's great! I could use a new print打印.
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「哎呀,多謝醫生!太棒了!我正好要張新的畫
11:49
I'll take number three."
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我要3號」
11:51
We explained解釋 we would have number three mailed郵寄 to them.
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我們告訴他們會郵寄3號那張過去
11:55
We gathered雲集 up our materials物料 and we went out of the room房間,
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我們整理好東西就離開了房間
11:58
and counted to a half hour小時.
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然後等了半小時
12:00
Back into the room房間, we say, "Hi你好, we're back."
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之後回到房間,我們說︰「嗨,我們回來了」
12:03
The patients耐心, bless保佑 them, say, "Ah, Doc文件, I'm sorry,
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那些病人,真的要保佑他們,說:「啊,對不起醫生
12:07
I've got a memory記憶 problem問題; that's why I'm here.
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我有記憶問題,正是我住院的原因
12:09
If I've met會見 you before, I don't remember記得."
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如果我之前遇見你,我已經忘了」
12:11
"Really, Jim吉姆, you don't remember記得? I was just here with the Monet莫奈 prints版畫?"
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「真的嗎,吉姆,你不記得?
我剛剛才拿了莫內的印刷畫過來」
12:14
"Sorry, Doc文件, I just don't have a clue線索."
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「對不起醫生,我真的不知道」
12:17
"No problem問題, Jim吉姆. All I want you to do is rank these for me
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「沒關係,吉姆,我只想請你幫我把這些印刷畫
12:20
from the one you like the most to the one you like the least最小."
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從最喜歡到最不喜歡作排名」
12:25
What do they do? Well, let's first check and make sure
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他們會做什麼?好,讓我們先測試一下
12:27
they're really amnesiac失憶. We ask these
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他們是不是真的忘記了,所以要求
12:29
amnesiac失憶 patients耐心 to tell us which哪一個 one they own擁有,
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請他們指出自己擁有的那一張
12:33
which哪一個 one they chose選擇 last time, which哪一個 one is theirs他們的.
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就是他們之前選的那張,送他們的那張
12:36
And what we find is amnesiac失憶 patients耐心 just guess猜測.
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我們發現失憶症患者只是用猜的
12:40
These are normal正常 controls控制, where if I did this with you,
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這是標準的對照組,如果我要你們答這問題
12:42
all of you would know which哪一個 print打印 you chose選擇.
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你們每一位都能指出那張是屬於你的
12:44
But if I do this with amnesiac失憶 patients耐心,
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如果我要失憶症患者答這個問題
12:46
they don't have a clue線索. They can't pick their print打印 out of a lineup排隊.
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他們真的不知道,無法選出屬於他們的那張印刷畫
12:52
Here's這裡的 what normal正常 controls控制 do: they synthesize合成 happiness幸福.
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以下是標準的對照組會做的事:他們會合成快樂
12:56
Right? This is the change更改 in liking喜歡 score得分了,
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對不對?這是喜好評分的改變
12:58
the change更改 from the first time they ranked排名 to the second第二 time they ranked排名.
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這是從他們第一次排列和第二次排列之間的變化
13:01
Normal正常 controls控制 show顯示
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標準的對照組顯示
13:02
-- that was the magic魔法 I showed顯示 you;
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- 這是我之前展示給你們的魔術,
13:04
now I'm showing展示 it to you in graphical圖形 form形成 --
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現在我以圖表形式展示給你們 -
13:07
"The one I own擁有 is better than I thought. The one I didn't own擁有,
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「我擁有的那件比我想像中好,我沒有的那件
13:10
the one I left behind背後, is not as good as I thought."
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我放棄的那件,真的不如我想像中好」
13:13
Amnesiacs健忘症患者 do exactly究竟 the same相同 thing. Think about this result結果.
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失憶症患者做同樣的事情,
請細想這個實驗結果
13:18
These people like better the one they own擁有,
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這些人更喜歡他們自己擁有那張
13:21
but they don't know they own擁有 it.
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但他們不知道自己擁有它
13:25
"Yeah, right" is not the right response響應!
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「對啦,最好是」並不是正確的反應!
13:29
What these people did when they synthesized綜合 happiness幸福
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當他們合成快樂時
13:32
is they really, truly changed
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他們真正改變了
13:35
their affective情感, hedonic享樂, aesthetic審美 reactions反應 to that poster海報.
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對那張印刷畫感情上的、快樂的、審美的反應
13:40
They're not just saying it because they own擁有 it,
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他們不只是因為自己擁有它
13:43
because they don't know they own擁有 it.
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因為他們根本不知道
13:47
Now, when psychologists心理學家 show顯示 you bars酒吧,
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現在,當心理學家展示長條圖
13:50
you know that they are showing展示 you averages均線 of lots of people.
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你們要知道,是顯示很多人的平均數
13:53
And yet然而, all of us have this psychological心理 immune免疫的 system系統,
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然而,我們每個人都有這個心理免疫系統
13:57
this capacity容量 to synthesize合成 happiness幸福,
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這種合成快樂的能力
13:59
but some of us do this trick better than others其他.
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但有些人在這方面的能力比別人好
14:02
And some situations情況 allow允許 anybody任何人 to do it more effectively有效
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在某些情況下會比其他情況更容許人
14:06
than other situations情況 do.
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有效地發揮這能力
14:10
It turns out that freedom自由
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原來自由
14:14
-- the ability能力 to make up your mind心神 and change更改 your mind心神 --
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- 即決定和改變思想的能力 -
14:17
is the friend朋友 of natural自然 happiness幸福, because it allows允許 you to choose選擇
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是"自然快樂"的朋友,因為它讓你選擇
14:20
among其中 all those delicious美味的 futures期貨 and find the one that you would most enjoy請享用.
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一個最完美的未來和找到你最喜歡的那個
14:25
But freedom自由 to choose選擇
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但,有選擇的自由
14:27
-- to change更改 and make up your mind心神 -- is the enemy敵人 of synthetic合成的 happiness幸福.
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- 改變思想和決定的能力 - 是"合成快樂"的敵人
14:31
And I'm going to show顯示 you why.
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我會告訴你為什麼
14:33
Dilbert迪爾伯特 already已經 knows知道, of course課程.
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代伯特當然已經知道這一點
14:34
You're reading the cartoon動畫片 as I'm talking.
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我一邊念你們跟著看這則漫畫
14:36
"Dogbert'sDogbert的 tech高科技 support支持. How may可能 I abuse濫用 you?"
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「狗伯特技術中心,我能虐待你什麼嗎?」
14:38
"My printer打印機 prints版畫 a blank空白 page after every一切 document文件."
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「我的印表機每次印完,就會跑出一張白紙」
14:41
"Why would you complain抱怨 about getting得到 free自由 paper?"
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「為什麼你會抱怨收到免費的紙?」
14:43
"Free自由? Aren't是不是 you just giving me my own擁有 paper?"
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「免費?那白紙是我自己的阿」
14:45
"Egad扯扯, man! Look at the quality質量 of the free自由 paper
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「哎呀,大哥!請把這張紙
14:47
compared相比 to your lousy糟糕 regular定期 paper!
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和你的普通廉價紙的質感比較一下!
14:48
Only a fool傻子 or a liar說謊者 would say that they look the same相同!"
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只有傻瓜或說謊的人,才會說它們是相同的!」
14:51
"Ah! Now that you mention提到 it, it does seem似乎 a little silkier烏骨雞!"
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「啊!你這樣一說,真的看來好像比較光滑!」
14:54
"What are you doing?"
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「你在做什麼?」
14:56
"I'm helping幫助 people accept接受 the things they cannot不能 change更改." Indeed確實.
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「我幫助人們接受他們不能改變的事情」,正是如此
14:59
The psychological心理 immune免疫的 system系統 works作品 best最好
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我們的心理免疫系統
15:02
when we are totally完全 stuck卡住, when we are trapped被困.
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在我們不能改變的情況下
能達到最佳成效
15:06
This is the difference區別 between之間 dating約會 and marriage婚姻, right?
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這就像約會和婚姻的分別,對不對?
15:08
I mean, you go out on a date日期 with a guy,
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我的意思是,妳與一個男人約會,
15:10
and he picks精選 his nose鼻子; you don't go out on another另一個 date日期.
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他挖鼻孔,你可選擇不再與他約會
15:12
You're married已婚 to a guy and he picks精選 his nose鼻子?
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假如妳是妳丈夫挖鼻孔呢?
15:14
Yeah, he has a heart of gold;
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是啊,他心腸很好
15:15
don't touch觸摸 the fruitcake水果蛋糕. Right? (Laughter笑聲)
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但不准碰水果蛋糕,對吧?
15:17
You find a way to be happy快樂 with what's happened發生.
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你找到一個能對現況感到快樂的方法
15:21
Now what I want to show顯示 you is that
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現在我要告訴你們
15:24
people don't know this about themselves他們自己,
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人們並不知道這一點
15:27
and not knowing會心 this can work to our supreme最高 disadvantage壞處.
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不知道這一點對我們很不利
15:30
Here's這裡的 an experiment實驗 we did at Harvard哈佛.
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以下是個我們在哈佛大學做的實驗
15:32
We created創建 a photography攝影 course課程, a black-and-white黑與白 photography攝影 course課程,
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我們開了一門黑白攝影課程
15:35
and we allowed允許 students學生們 to come in and learn學習 how to use a darkroom暗室.
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讓學生們學習如何使用暗房
15:39
So we gave them cameras相機; they went around campus校園;
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我們給他們相機,他們在校園內
15:41
they took 12 pictures圖片 of their favorite喜愛 professors教授 and their dorm宿舍 room房間 and their dog,
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拍攝12張有關自己喜歡的教授、宿舍、狗等等的圖片
15:46
and all the other things they wanted to have Harvard哈佛 memories回憶 of.
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一些他們希望想要留念的哈佛回憶
15:48
They bring帶來 us the camera相機; we make up a contact聯繫 sheet;
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然後我們做成一張相片的縮圖表
15:51
they figure數字 out which哪一個 are the two best最好 pictures圖片;
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讓他們選出最好的兩張照片
15:53
and we now spend six hours小時 teaching教學 them about darkrooms暗室.
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接著我們花6個小時教他們暗房的運作
15:55
And they blow打擊 two of them up,
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他們把那兩張照片放大
15:57
and they have two gorgeous華麗 eight-by-八逐10 glossiesglossies of
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成為極美的8 × 10,有光澤的又
15:59
meaningful富有意義的 things to them, and we say,
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對他們有意義的照片,接著我們說︰
16:01
"Which哪一個 one would you like to give up?"
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「你想放棄哪一張?」
16:04
They say, "I have to give one up?"
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他們問︰「我需要放棄一張嗎?」
16:05
"Oh, yes. We need one as evidence證據 of the class project項目.
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「噢,是的。我們需要其中一張作為課程的證據
16:08
So you have to give me one. You have to make a choice選擇.
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所以你必須給我一張,你必須作出抉擇
16:11
You get to keep one, and I get to keep one."
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你得一張,我得一張
16:14
Now, there are two conditions條件 in this experiment實驗.
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此實驗有兩個情況
16:17
In one case案件, the students學生們 are told, "But you know,
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情況一,我們告訴學生︰「你要知道,
16:20
if you want to change更改 your mind心神, I'll always have the other one here,
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如果你改變了主意,我還會有另一張在這裡
16:23
and in the next下一個 four days, before I actually其實 mail郵件 it to headquarters司令部,
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在我寄到總部之前,還有4天考慮
16:27
I'll be glad高興 to" -- (Laughter笑聲) -- yeah, "headquarters司令部" --
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我會很樂意…」 -(群眾笑聲) - 是,我說"總部"
16:30
"I'll be glad高興 to swap交換 it out with you. In fact事實,
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「我很樂意讓你換回去,不如這樣
16:33
I'll come to your dorm宿舍 room房間 and give
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我會送到你的宿舍
16:34
-- just give me an email電子郵件. Better yet然而, I'll check with you.
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你只要寫封電郵給我,或更好的方法,我主動先問你
16:37
You ever want to change更改 your mind心神, it's totally完全 returnable可回收."
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你隨時改變了主意,我們隨時能交換照片
16:40
The other half of the students學生們 are told exactly究竟 the opposite對面:
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另一半的學生情形相反
16:43
"Make your choice選擇. And by the way,
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「請你作出一個決定,而且
16:45
the mail郵件 is going out, gosh天哪, in two minutes分鐘, to England英國.
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我們差不多在兩分鐘後就要去英格蘭
16:48
Your picture圖片 will be winging蒙冤 its way over the Atlantic大西洋.
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你的照片將飛越大西洋
16:50
You will never see it again."
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你將再也看不到它了」
16:52
Now, half of the students學生們 in each of these conditions條件
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現在,我們請兩種情況中各一半的學生
16:55
are asked to make predictions預測 about how much
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預測他們對於
16:57
they're going to come to like the picture圖片 that they keep
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選了的和放棄的兩張照片
17:00
and the picture圖片 they leave離開 behind背後.
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會發展怎樣的喜歡程度
17:02
Other students學生們 are just sent發送 back to their little dorm宿舍 rooms客房
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另一半的學生們被送回他們的宿舍
17:05
and they are measured測量 over the next下一個 three to six days
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測量他們在之後的3至6天
17:10
on their liking喜歡, satisfaction滿意 with the pictures圖片.
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對照片的喜歡程度和滿意程度
17:12
And look at what we find.
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看看我們發現什麼
17:13
First of all, here's這裡的 what students學生們 think is going to happen發生.
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首先,這是學生們認為會發生的情況
17:16
They think they're going to maybe come to like the picture圖片 they chose選擇
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他們認為會喜歡他們選了的照片
17:20
a little more than the one they left behind背後,
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多過他們放棄的那張照片
17:23
but these are not statistically統計學 significant重大 differences分歧.
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但差異並不大
17:27
It's a very small increase增加, and it doesn't much matter
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只有小小的增加,無論這是
17:29
whether是否 they were in the reversible可逆 or irreversible不可逆轉 condition條件.
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可退換或不可退換的情況沒有影響他們
17:32
Wrong-o錯誤-O. Bad simulators模擬器. Because here's這裡的 what's really happening事件.
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錯了喔,模擬器笨蛋,因為這才是真正發生的事
17:37
Both right before the swap交換 and five days later後來,
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交換前和交換五天後
17:40
people who are stuck卡住 with that picture圖片,
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那些不能更換的人
17:42
who have no choice選擇,
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沒有選擇餘地的人
17:43
who can never change更改 their mind心神, like it a lot!
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無法改變主意的人,變得很喜歡他們選的照片!
17:48
And people who are deliberating審議 -- "Should I return返回 it?
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那些還在考慮 - 「我應該換回另一張照片嗎?
17:51
Have I gotten得到 the right one? Maybe this isn't the good one?
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也許我擁有這一張照片並不是好的那張?
17:53
Maybe I left the good one?" -- have killed殺害 themselves他們自己.
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也許我沒選的那張照片才是好的?」煩死自己了
17:55
They don't like their picture圖片, and in fact事實
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他們不喜歡他們的照片,而且
17:57
even after the opportunity機會 to swap交換 has expired過期,
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選擇期限過後
17:59
they still don't like their picture圖片. Why?
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他們仍然不喜歡他們的照片,為什麼?
18:05
Because the reversible可逆 condition條件 is not conducive有利於
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因為一個可轉變的情況是不利於
18:08
to the synthesis合成 of happiness幸福.
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快樂的合成
18:10
So here's這裡的 the final最後 piece of this experiment實驗.
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好,這是實驗的最後一個部分
18:13
We bring帶來 in a whole整個 new group of naive幼稚 Harvard哈佛 students學生們
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我們邀請了全新一群天真的哈佛學生
18:17
and we say, "You know, we're doing a photography攝影 course課程,
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告訴他們︰「我們開設了一個攝影課程,
18:20
and we can do it one of two ways方法.
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有以下兩種班級
18:22
We could do it so that when you take the two pictures圖片,
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讓你們各拍兩張照片
18:25
you'd have four days to change更改 your mind心神,
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你們有4天的時間去改變主意
18:27
or we're doing another另一個 course課程 where you take the two pictures圖片
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或另一種,讓你們各拍兩張照片
18:29
and you make up your mind心神 right away
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要你們立即選一張
18:31
and you can never change更改 it. Which哪一個 course課程 would you like to be in?"
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且不能改變主意,你們希望上哪一班?」
18:33
Duh! 66 percent百分 of the students學生們, two-thirds三分之二,
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噢!百分之66的學生,三分之二
18:38
prefer比較喜歡 to be in the course課程 where they have the opportunity機會 to change更改 their mind心神.
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寧願選有機會改變主意的那班
18:42
Hello你好? 66 percent百分 of the students學生們 choose選擇 to be in the course課程 in which哪一個 they will
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哈囉?百分之66的學生想要那種最終將會
18:46
ultimately最終 be deeply dissatisfied不滿意 with the picture圖片.
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令他們深感不滿的選擇
18:50
Because they do not know the conditions條件 under which哪一個 synthetic合成的 happiness幸福 grows成長.
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因為他們不知道合成快樂能在什麼情況下發生
18:56
The Bard詩人 said everything best最好, of course課程, and he's making製造 my point here
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莎士比亞說的最好,他在表達出我的觀點
19:01
but he's making製造 it hyperbolically雙曲線:
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雖然有點誇張
19:04
"'Tis'提斯 nothing good or bad / But thinking思維 makes品牌 it so."
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「事情並無好壞 / 是我們的思維使之如此」
19:07
It's nice不錯 poetry詩歌, but that can't exactly究竟 be right.
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這是很好的詩句,但不完全準確
19:10
Is there really nothing good or bad?
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真的沒什麼好壞的事嗎?
19:13
Is it really the case案件 that gall bladder膀胱 surgery手術 and a trip to Paris巴黎
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膽囊手術和巴黎度假
19:16
are just the same相同 thing? That seems似乎 like a one-question一個問題 IQ智商 test測試.
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是一樣嗎?比較像是在考你 IQ吧
19:23
They can't be exactly究竟 the same相同.
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它們不完全一樣
19:25
In more turgid華而不實 prose散文, but closer接近 to the truth真相,
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以較無聊但較貼近事實的散文來說
19:28
was the father父親 of modern現代 capitalism資本主義, Adam亞當 Smith工匠, and he said this.
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現代資本主義之父,亞當斯密曾說
19:31
This is worth價值 contemplating考慮:
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非常值得思考
19:33
"The great source資源 of both the misery苦難 and disorders障礙 of human人的 life
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「人的生命中所受的痛苦和不幸
19:37
seems似乎 to arise出現 from overrating高估 the difference區別
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似乎都源於錯估了
19:40
between之間 one permanent常駐 situation情況 and another另一個 ...
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兩種不能改變的情況會產生的差異
19:43
Some of these situations情況 may可能, no doubt懷疑, deserve值得 to be preferred首選 to others其他,
385
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有一些情況,毫無疑問地,應該令人較喜歡
19:48
but none沒有 of them can deserve值得 to be pursued追求的
386
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但沒有一種情況值得一個人
19:54
with that passionate多情 ardor熱情 which哪一個 drives驅動器 us to violate違反 the rules規則
387
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因要熱情地追求它,而違反
19:58
either of prudence謹慎 or of justice正義, or to corrupt腐敗 the future未來 tranquility寧靜 of our minds頭腦,
388
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謹慎或正義的原則,或令我們安寧的心神腐壞
20:03
either by shame恥辱 from the remembrance紀念 of our own擁有 folly蠢事,
389
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無論是因為記起我們的愚蠢行為而感到恥辱
20:07
or by remorse悔恨 for the horror恐怖 of our own擁有 injustice不公正."
390
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或因我們不公正的恐怖行為而痛悔」
20:11
In other words: yes, some things are better than others其他.
391
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換句話說:是,有些東西比其他的好
20:16
We should have preferences優先 that lead us into one future未來 over another另一個.
392
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我們應該用自己的喜好去選擇一個未來
20:21
But when those preferences優先 drive駕駛 us too hard and too fast快速
393
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但當這些喜好,驅使我們過度強硬和過急
20:25
because we have overrated被高估 the difference區別 between之間 these futures期貨,
394
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因為我們錯估了兩種未來的差別時
20:29
we are at risk風險.
395
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我們便處於危險中
20:32
When our ambition志向 is bounded, it leads引線 us to work joyfully欣然.
396
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當我們的野心受限,我們能高興地工作
20:35
When our ambition志向 is unbounded無界, it leads引線 us to lie謊言, to cheat作弊, to steal, to hurt傷害 others其他,
397
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6000
當我們的野心沒有限制,我們會說謊言、欺騙、偷竊、傷害他人
20:41
to sacrifice犧牲 things of real真實 value. When our fears恐懼 are bounded,
398
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犧牲掉真正價值的東西。當我們的恐懼受限
20:45
we're prudent謹慎; we're cautious謹慎; we're thoughtful周到.
399
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我們會變得慎重、謹慎、深思熟慮
20:49
When our fears恐懼 are unbounded無界 and overblown誇大,
400
1234000
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當我們的恐懼沒有限制
20:52
we're reckless魯莽, and we're cowardly膽小.
401
1237000
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我們會變得魯莽、怯懦
20:55
The lesson I want to leave離開 you with from these data數據
402
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我希望在這演講中,你們能學到的是
20:58
is that our longings渴望 and our worries are both to some degree overblown誇大,
403
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我們太過於放大我們的渴望和憂慮了
21:03
because we have within us the capacity容量 to manufacture製造 the very commodity商品
404
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其實我們已經有能力去生產出那個
21:09
we are constantly經常 chasing when we choose選擇 experience經驗.
405
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當我們做選擇時,不斷追求的東西
21:13
Thank you.
406
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謝謝
Translated by Olive Ma
Reviewed by Adrienne Lin

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dan Gilbert - Psychologist; happiness expert
Harvard psychologist Dan Gilbert says our beliefs about what will make us happy are often wrong -- a premise he supports with intriguing research, and explains in his accessible and unexpectedly funny book, Stumbling on Happiness.

Why you should listen

Dan Gilbert believes that, in our ardent, lifelong pursuit of happiness, most of us have the wrong map. In the same way that optical illusions fool our eyes -- and fool everyone's eyes in the same way -- Gilbert argues that our brains systematically misjudge what will make us happy. And these quirks in our cognition make humans very poor predictors of our own bliss.

The premise of his current research -- that our assumptions about what will make us happy are often wrong -- is supported with clinical research drawn from psychology and neuroscience. But his delivery is what sets him apart. His engaging -- and often hilarious -- style pokes fun at typical human behavior and invokes pop-culture references everyone can relate to. This winning style translates also to Gilbert's writing, which is lucid, approachable and laugh-out-loud funny. The immensely readable Stumbling on Happiness, published in 2006, became a New York Times bestseller and has been translated into 20 languages.

In fact, the title of his book could be drawn from his own life. At 19, he was a high school dropout with dreams of writing science fiction. When a creative writing class at his community college was full, he enrolled in the only available course: psychology. He found his passion there, earned a doctorate in social psychology in 1985 at Princeton, and has since won a Guggenheim Fellowship and the Phi Beta Kappa teaching prize for his work at Harvard. He has written essays and articles for The New York Times, Time and even Starbucks, while continuing his research into happiness at his Hedonic Psychology Laboratory.

More profile about the speaker
Dan Gilbert | Speaker | TED.com

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