ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dan Gilbert - Psychologist; happiness expert
Harvard psychologist Dan Gilbert says our beliefs about what will make us happy are often wrong -- a premise he supports with intriguing research, and explains in his accessible and unexpectedly funny book, Stumbling on Happiness.

Why you should listen

Dan Gilbert believes that, in our ardent, lifelong pursuit of happiness, most of us have the wrong map. In the same way that optical illusions fool our eyes -- and fool everyone's eyes in the same way -- Gilbert argues that our brains systematically misjudge what will make us happy. And these quirks in our cognition make humans very poor predictors of our own bliss.

The premise of his current research -- that our assumptions about what will make us happy are often wrong -- is supported with clinical research drawn from psychology and neuroscience. But his delivery is what sets him apart. His engaging -- and often hilarious -- style pokes fun at typical human behavior and invokes pop-culture references everyone can relate to. This winning style translates also to Gilbert's writing, which is lucid, approachable and laugh-out-loud funny. The immensely readable Stumbling on Happiness, published in 2006, became a New York Times bestseller and has been translated into 20 languages.

In fact, the title of his book could be drawn from his own life. At 19, he was a high school dropout with dreams of writing science fiction. When a creative writing class at his community college was full, he enrolled in the only available course: psychology. He found his passion there, earned a doctorate in social psychology in 1985 at Princeton, and has since won a Guggenheim Fellowship and the Phi Beta Kappa teaching prize for his work at Harvard. He has written essays and articles for The New York Times, Time and even Starbucks, while continuing his research into happiness at his Hedonic Psychology Laboratory.

More profile about the speaker
Dan Gilbert | Speaker | TED.com
TED2004

Dan Gilbert: The surprising science of happiness

丹尼.吉伯特問: 我們為什麼會快樂?

Filmed:
18,394,509 views

《碰上幸福》的作者丹尼.吉伯特,挑戰我們因不如意而感到不快樂的思想。即使事情沒有按計劃進行,我們的「心理免疫系統」都能讓我們感到真正的快樂。
- Psychologist; happiness expert
Harvard psychologist Dan Gilbert says our beliefs about what will make us happy are often wrong -- a premise he supports with intriguing research, and explains in his accessible and unexpectedly funny book, Stumbling on Happiness. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
When you have 21 minutes分鐘 to speak說話,
0
0
2000
當你有21分鐘發言時間,
00:17
two million百萬 years年份 seems似乎 like a really long time.
1
2000
3000
相比之下二百萬年似乎是很長一段時間
00:20
But evolutionarily進化, two million百萬 years年份 is nothing.
2
5000
3000
但就進化論而言,二百萬年是很短的
00:23
And yet然而 in two million百萬 years年份 the human人的 brain has nearly幾乎 tripled三倍 in mass,
3
8000
6000
然而,二百萬年的時間,
人腦的體積增長了將近3倍
00:29
going from the one-and-a-quarter一和一季度 pound brain of our ancestor祖先 here, Habilis能人,
4
14000
3000
從直立猿人(我們的祖先)的 1.25磅腦袋,
00:32
to the almost幾乎 three-pound3磅重 meatloaf肉餅 that everybody每個人 here has between之間 their ears耳朵.
5
17000
6000
到現在我們每個人兩耳中間的近3磅重的肉餅
00:38
What is it about a big brain that nature性質 was so eager急於 for every一切 one of us to have one?
6
23000
7000
大腦究竟有什麼特質,
讓我們每個人都需要有一個呢?
00:45
Well, it turns out when brains大腦 triple三倍 in size尺寸,
7
30000
3000
哦,原來人腦體積增加了近3倍後
00:48
they don't just get three times bigger; they gain獲得 new structures結構.
8
33000
4000
不單只增大了,它們還配備新的結構
00:52
And one of the main主要 reasons原因 our brain got so big is because it got a new part部分,
9
37000
4000
它們變得那麼大的主因之一,
是因為新增了一個部分
00:56
called the "frontal前面的 lobe." And particularly尤其, a part部分 called the "pre-frontal前額葉 cortex皮質."
10
41000
4000
稱為「額葉」,尤其是
稱為「前額葉皮質」的部分
01:00
Now what does a pre-frontal前額葉 cortex皮質 do for you that should justify辯解
11
45000
4000
究竟前額葉皮質有什麼功能可以
01:04
the entire整個 architectural建築的 overhaul翻修 of the human人的 skull頭骨 in the blink of evolutionary發展的 time?
12
49000
5000
在進化過程中,
一瞬間重整全部頭骨的結構?
01:09
Well, it turns out the pre-frontal前額葉 cortex皮質 does lots of things,
13
54000
3000
哦,原來,前額葉皮質能做很多功能,
01:12
but one of the most important重要 things it does
14
57000
2000
但其中一個最重要的功能
01:14
is it is an experience經驗 simulator模擬器.
15
59000
4000
是作為一個經驗模擬器
01:18
Flight飛行 pilots飛行員 practice實踐 in flight飛行 simulators模擬器
16
63000
4000
飛機駕駛員利用飛行模擬器練習
01:22
so that they don't make real真實 mistakes錯誤 in planes飛機.
17
67000
2000
以減低在真正駕駛時的出錯率
01:24
Human人的 beings眾生 have this marvelous奇妙 adaptation適應
18
69000
3000
人類有這種非凡的能力
01:27
that they can actually其實 have experiences經驗 in their heads
19
72000
4000
可以先在腦中創造模擬經驗
01:31
before they try them out in real真實 life.
20
76000
2000
然後在現實生活中嘗試實行
01:33
This is a trick that none沒有 of our ancestors祖先 could do,
21
78000
3000
我們的祖先無法這麼做
01:36
and that no other animal動物 can do quite相當 like we can. It's a marvelous奇妙 adaptation適應.
22
81000
5000
也沒有其他動物能做到,
這是一種非凡的適應能力
01:41
It's up there with opposable對抗性 thumbs大拇指 and standing常設 upright直立 and language語言
23
86000
4000
非凡程度可以比美相對的
十指、雙腳的站立、語言
01:45
as one of the things that got our species種類 out of the trees樹木
24
90000
3000
這些能力讓我們從住在森林中進化到
01:48
and into the shopping購物 mall購物中心.
25
93000
2000
能進入購物商場
01:50
Now -- (Laughter笑聲) -- all of you have doneDONE this.
26
95000
3000
現在-- 在座每個人都做過
01:53
I mean, you know,
27
98000
1000
我的意思是
01:54
Ben and Jerry's傑里的 doesn't have liver-and-onion肝臟和洋蔥 ice cream奶油,
28
99000
4000
Ben & Jerry’s冰淇淋店
沒有賣肝臟加洋蔥口味
01:58
and it's not because they whipped鞭打 some up, tried試著 it and went, "Yuck."
29
103000
3000
不是因為他們試吃過了才發現很難吃
02:01
It's because, without leaving離開 your armchair扶手椅,
30
106000
3000
而是因為,只要坐在那
02:04
you can simulate模擬 that flavor味道 and say "yuck" before you make it.
31
109000
4000
就能模擬那味道,光想就知道很難吃
02:08
Let's see how your experience經驗 simulators模擬器 are working加工.
32
113000
5000
來看看我們的經驗模擬器是怎樣運作
02:13
Let's just run a quick diagnostic診斷
before I proceed繼續 with the rest休息 of the talk.
33
118000
4000
在我繼續演講前,先很快的問大家個問題
02:17
Here's這裡的 two different不同 futures期貨 that I invite邀請 you to contemplate沉思,
34
122000
4000
請你們想一下這兩個不同的未來
02:21
and you can try to simulate模擬 them and tell me which哪一個 one you think you might威力 prefer比較喜歡.
35
126000
4000
試著模擬這兩個未來,
然後告訴我你比較喜歡哪個
02:25
One of them is winning勝利 the lottery抽獎. This is about 314 million百萬 dollars美元.
36
130000
5000
第一個是中彩卷,約三億一千四百萬美金
02:30
And the other is becoming變得 paraplegic截癱.
37
135000
3000
另外個是下半身癱瘓
02:33
So, just give it a moment時刻 of thought.
38
138000
3000
讓大家考慮一下
02:36
You probably大概 don't feel like you need a moment時刻 of thought.
39
141000
3000
你可能覺得這根本不用考慮
02:39
Interestingly有趣的是, there are data數據 on these two groups of people,
40
144000
4000
有趣的是,我們有這兩組人的數據
02:43
data數據 on how happy快樂 they are.
41
148000
2000
他們有多快樂的數據
02:45
And this is exactly究竟 what you expected預期, isn't it?
42
150000
3000
你們預期的像這樣,對嗎?
02:48
But these aren't the data數據. I made製作 these up!
43
153000
3000
但這些不是真的數據,是我作出來的!
02:51
These are the data數據. You failed失敗 the pop流行的 quiz測驗, and you're hardly幾乎不 five minutes分鐘 into the lecture演講.
44
156000
5000
這些才是真正的數據。
演講還不到5分鐘,你們小考就不及格了
02:56
Because the fact事實 is that a year after losing失去 the use of their legs,
45
161000
4000
因為實際上,下半身癱瘓之後一年,
03:00
and a year after winning勝利 the lotto樂透, lottery抽獎 winners獲獎者 and paraplegics截癱患者
46
165000
5000
和中了彩卷之後一年,贏彩卷和癱瘓的人
03:05
are equally一樣 happy快樂 with their lives生活.
47
170000
2000
都同樣地滿意他們的生活
03:07
Now, don't feel too bad about failing失敗 the first pop流行的 quiz測驗,
48
172000
3000
現在,請不要為第一次小考不及格感到丟臉
03:10
because everybody每個人 fails失敗 all of the pop流行的 quizzes測驗 all of the time.
49
175000
3000
小考不合格的情況是很常發生的事
03:13
The research研究 that my laboratory實驗室 has been doing,
50
178000
3000
根據我的實驗室所做的研究
03:16
that economists經濟學家 and psychologists心理學家 around the country國家 have been doing,
51
181000
3000
全國各地的經濟學家
和心理學家也在做的研究
03:19
have revealed透露 something really quite相當 startling觸目驚心 to us,
52
184000
3000
得出一些令人吃驚的結論
03:22
something we call the "impact碰撞 bias偏壓,"
53
187000
3000
我們稱之為 預測的偏差
03:25
which哪一個 is the tendency趨勢 for the simulator模擬器 to work badly.
54
190000
3000
這是指模擬器出錯的狀況
03:28
For the simulator模擬器 to make you believe that different不同 outcomes結果
55
193000
4000
這模擬器預測不同未來的差異
03:32
are more different不同 than in fact事實 they really are.
56
197000
3000
比實際的差異還大
03:35
From field領域 studies學習 to laboratory實驗室 studies學習,
57
200000
2000
從實地研究到實驗室研究
03:37
we see that winning勝利 or losing失去 an election選舉, gaining取得 or losing失去 a romantic浪漫 partner夥伴,
58
202000
4000
我們都看到,選舉勝出
或落敗、獲得或失去一個伴侶
03:41
getting得到 or not getting得到 a promotion提升, passing通過 or not passing通過 a college學院 test測試,
59
206000
5000
有沒有得到升遷、有沒有通過大學入學考
03:46
on and on, have far less impact碰撞, less intensity強度 and much less duration持續時間
60
211000
5000
等等產生的影響,比預期中較輕、較弱、及時間較短
03:51
than people expect期望 them to have.
61
216000
3000
不同人們所想像的
03:54
In fact事實, a recent最近 study研究 -- this almost幾乎 floors地板 me --
62
219000
3000
事實上,令我完全屈服的是
03:57
a recent最近 study研究 showing展示 how major重大的 life traumas創傷 affect影響 people
63
222000
5000
最近一項研究,關於人生重大創傷造成的影響
04:02
suggests提示 that if it happened發生 over three months個月 ago,
64
227000
3000
顯示,創傷發生超過3個月之後
04:05
with only a few少數 exceptions例外,
65
230000
1000
只有少數例外
04:06
it has no impact碰撞 whatsoever任何 on your happiness幸福.
66
231000
3000
否則它對你的人生幸福並沒有任何影響
04:09
Why?
67
234000
3000
為什麼?
04:12
Because happiness幸福 can be synthesized綜合.
68
237000
4000
因為快樂是可以合成的
04:16
Sir先生 Thomas托馬斯 Brown棕色 wrote in 1642, "I am the happiest最幸福 man alive.
69
241000
4000
托馬斯.布朗爵士在1642年
寫道: 「我是活著中最幸福的人」
04:20
I have that in me that can convert兌換 poverty貧窮 to riches富有, adversity逆境 to prosperity繁榮.
70
245000
6000
「我擁有的潛能可以把貧困
轉換為財富,逆境轉換為繁榮」
04:26
I am more invulnerable無懈可擊 than Achilles阿喀琉斯; fortune幸運 hath哈斯 not one place地點 to hit擊中 me."
71
251000
4000
「我比阿基里斯更加刀槍不入;
命運找不到一處能打擊我的地方。」
04:30
What kind of remarkable卓越 machinery機械 does this guy have in his head?
72
255000
4000
這傢伙的腦子裡有什麼非凡的機器嗎?
04:34
Well, it turns out it's precisely恰恰 the same相同 remarkable卓越 machinery機械 that all off us have.
73
259000
5000
原來,這非凡的機器我們每個人都有
04:39
Human人的 beings眾生 have something that we might威力 think of as a "psychological心理 immune免疫的 system系統."
74
264000
6000
人類有種東西可視為是精神免疫的系統
04:45
A system系統 of cognitive認知 processes流程, largely大部分 non-conscious不自覺的 cognitive認知 processes流程,
75
270000
5000
認知程序的系統,大量不自覺的認知程序
04:50
that help them change更改 their views意見 of the world世界,
76
275000
4000
能幫助他們改變自己的世界觀
04:54
so that they can feel better about the worlds世界 in which哪一個 they find themselves他們自己.
77
279000
4000
能使他們對自己的生活,產生更好的感受
04:58
Like Sir先生 Thomas托馬斯, you have this machine.
78
283000
2000
和托馬斯爵士一樣,你們也有這機器
05:00
Unlike不像 Sir先生 Thomas托馬斯, you seem似乎 not to know it. (Laughter笑聲)
79
285000
4000
和托馬斯爵士不一樣的是,你們並不知道這點
05:04
We synthesize合成 happiness幸福, but we think happiness幸福 is a thing to be found發現.
80
289000
6000
我們能合成快樂,但我們認為快樂是尋找來的
05:10
Now, you don't need me to give you too many許多 examples例子 of people synthesizing合成 happiness幸福,
81
295000
5000
現在,你們並不需要我給太多合成快樂的例子
05:15
I suspect疑似. Though雖然 I'm going to show顯示 you some experimental試驗 evidence證據,
82
300000
3000
但是我要給你們一些實驗例子
05:18
you don't have to look very far for evidence證據.
83
303000
3000
一些很容易找到的證據
05:21
As a challenge挑戰 to myself, since以來 I say this once一旦 in a while in lectures講座,
84
306000
3000
算是給我自己的挑戰,
因為我偶爾在演講時會講
05:24
I took a copy複製 of the New York紐約 Times and tried試著 to find some instances實例 of people synthesizing合成 happiness幸福.
85
309000
4000
我用一份紐約時報想試圖找出一些合成快樂的例子
05:28
And here are three guys synthesizing合成 happiness幸福.
86
313000
2000
這裡有三個人合成快樂
05:30
"I am so much better off physically物理, financially經濟, emotionally感情上, mentally精神上
87
315000
3000
「我在多方面也比以前好多了,
身體上、經濟上、感情上、精神上、
05:33
and almost幾乎 every一切 other way." "I don't have one minute's分鐘 regret後悔.
88
318000
4000
幾乎所有的方面 」、「我沒有一點的遺憾,
05:37
It was a glorious輝煌 experience經驗." "I believe it turned轉身 out for the best最好."
89
322000
3000
這是一個光榮的歷程」、「最後的結果是最好的」
05:40
Who are these characters人物 who are so damn該死的 happy快樂?
90
325000
2000
這些快樂的人究竟是誰呢?
05:42
Well, the first one is Jim吉姆 Wright賴特.
91
327000
2000
第一位是吉姆.賴特
05:44
Some of you are old enough足夠 to remember記得: he was the chairman主席 of the House of Representatives代表
92
329000
4000
有些人年紀較大可能記得,
他當過美國眾議院主席
05:48
and he resigned辭職 in disgrace恥辱 when this young年輕 Republican共和黨人 named命名 Newt蠑螈 Gingrich金里奇
93
333000
4000
因為被一位年輕的共和黨員紐特.金奇
05:52
found發現 out about a shady陰涼 book deal合同 he had doneDONE.
94
337000
3000
揭發受賄醜聞而黯然辭職
05:55
He lost丟失 everything. The most powerful強大 Democrat民主黨人 in the country國家,
95
340000
2000
他失去了一切,曾是全國擁有最大權力的民主黨員
05:57
he lost丟失 everything.
96
342000
1000
他失去了一切
05:58
He lost丟失 his money; he lost丟失 his power功率.
97
343000
3000
他失去了他的金錢、他的權力
06:01
What does he have to say all these years年份 later後來 about it?
98
346000
2000
那麼他在多年後說了什麼?
06:03
"I am so much better off physically物理, financially經濟, mentally精神上
99
348000
3000
「我好多了,不管是身體上、經濟上、感情上、精神上、
06:06
and in almost幾乎 every一切 other way."
100
351000
2000
幾乎所有的方面 」
06:08
What other way would there be to be better off?
101
353000
2000
還有什麼方面能變得更好?
06:10
VegetablyVegetably? MinerallyMinerally? AnimallyAnimally? He's pretty漂亮 much covered覆蓋 them there.
102
355000
4000
植物上?礦物上?動物上?他差不多都說完啦
06:14
MoreeseMoreese BickhamBickham is somebody you've never heard聽說 of.
103
359000
2000
你們應該沒有聽說這位慕仁.碧咸
06:16
MoreeseMoreese BickhamBickham uttered發話 these words upon being存在 released發布.
104
361000
4000
慕仁.碧咸被釋放時說出這些話
06:20
He was 78 years年份 old. He spent花費 37 years年份
105
365000
2430
他那時78歲,他被關了37年,
在路易斯安那州監獄,因一宗他沒有犯的罪
06:22
in a Louisiana路易斯安那州 State Penitentiary教養所
for a crime犯罪 he didn't commit承諾.
106
367430
2790
[最終他因為
06:25
[He was ultimately最終
107
370220
1780
06:27
released發布 for good behavior行為
halfway through通過 his sentence句子.]
108
372000
3000
獄中行為良好
而在刑期的一半中假釋出獄]
06:30
And what did he have to say about his experience經驗?
109
375000
2000
那他被釋放時說了什麼?
06:32
"I don't have one minute's分鐘 regret後悔. It was a glorious輝煌 experience經驗."
110
377000
2000
「我沒有一點的遺憾,這是一個光榮的歷程。」
06:34
Glorious輝煌! This guy is not saying,
111
379000
2000
光榮的!這傢伙不是說:
06:36
"Well, you know, there were some nice不錯 guys. They had a gym健身房."
112
381000
2000
「嗯,獄中有一些人還不錯的,又有健身房。」
06:38
It's "glorious輝煌,"
113
383000
1000
他說「光榮」
06:39
a word we usually平時 reserve保留 for something like a religious宗教 experience經驗.
114
384000
4000
這個字通常只用來
形容宗教體驗之類的吧
06:43
Harry掠奪 S. LangermanLangerman uttered發話 these words, and he's somebody you might威力 have known已知
115
388000
4000
哈利.蘭格曼說出以下這些話,
你們可能原本會認識他
06:47
but didn't, because in 1949 he read a little article文章 in the paper
116
392000
3000
但最後沒有,因為在1949年,他讀了一篇文章
06:50
about a hamburger漢堡包 stand owned擁有的 by these two brothers兄弟 named命名 McDonalds麥當勞.
117
395000
4000
關於兩個姓麥當勞的兄弟
所擁有的一個漢堡攤
06:54
And he thought, "That's a really neat整齊 idea理念!"
118
399000
2000
他想︰「這是一個非常好的主意!」
06:56
So he went to find them. They said,
119
401000
2000
於是,他找到那兩兄弟。他們說︰
06:58
"We can give you a franchise專營權 on this for 3,000 bucks雄鹿."
120
403000
2000
「3000美元,我們就給你經營權」
07:00
Harry掠奪 went back to New York紐約, asked his brother哥哥 who's誰是 an investment投資 banker銀行家
121
405000
4000
哈利回到紐約,請他那個做投資銀行家的兄弟
07:04
to loan貸款 him the 3,000 dollars美元,
122
409000
1000
讓他貸款3000美元
07:05
and his brother's兄弟 immortal不朽 words were,
123
410000
2000
那兄弟的不朽話語是︰
07:07
"You idiot白痴, nobody沒有人 eats hamburgers漢堡包."
124
412000
1000
「你這白痴,沒有人吃漢堡的」
07:08
He wouldn't不會 lend him the money, and of course課程 six months個月 later後來
125
413000
3000
他沒有借給他錢,當然,半年後
07:11
Ray射線 Croc鱷魚 had exactly究竟 the same相同 idea理念.
126
416000
2000
一位雷‧克羅也有相同的想法
07:13
It turns out people do eat hamburgers漢堡包,
127
418000
2000
原來很多人喜歡吃漢堡
07:15
and Ray射線 Croc鱷魚, for a while, became成為 the richest首富 man in America美國.
128
420000
4000
有段時間,雷‧克羅成了美國最富有的人
07:20
And then finally最後 -- you know, the best最好 of all possible可能 worlds世界 --
129
425000
2000
最後,最精彩的這個
07:22
some of you recognize認識 this young年輕 photo照片 of Pete皮特 Best最好,
130
427000
5000
有一些人可能認得這位
彼得‧貝斯特年輕時的照片
07:27
who was the original原版的 drummer鼓手 for the Beatles披頭士樂隊,
131
432000
2000
他原是披頭四的鼓手
07:29
until直到 they, you know, sent發送 him out on an errand使命 and snuck偷傳 away
132
434000
3000
直到他們打發了他
07:32
and picked採摘的 up Ringo林戈 on a tour遊覽.
133
437000
3000
找了林哥一起巡迴
07:35
Well, in 1994, when Pete皮特 Best最好 was interviewed採訪
134
440000
2000
好了,當彼得在1994年接受採訪時
07:37
-- yes, he's still a drummer鼓手; yes, he's a studio工作室 musician音樂家 --
135
442000
3000
是,他仍是個鼓手;是,他是個錄音室音樂家
07:40
he had this to say: "I'm happier幸福 than I would have been with the Beatles披頭士樂隊."
136
445000
3000
他曾這樣說:「我現在比我在披頭四時更快樂」
07:43
Okay. There's something important重要 to be learned學到了 from these people,
137
448000
3000
好吧。我們可以從這些人身上學到些很重要的東西
07:46
and it is the secret秘密 of happiness幸福.
138
451000
2000
就是快樂的秘訣
07:48
Here it is, finally最後 to be revealed透露.
139
453000
2000
現在,要揭露了
07:50
First: accrue累積 wealth財富, power功率, and prestige聲望,
140
455000
3000
第一:累積財富、權力和威望
07:53
then lose失去 it. (Laughter笑聲)
141
458000
3000
然後失去它們
07:56
Second第二: spend as much of your life in prison監獄 as you possibly或者 can.
142
461000
3000
第二:能被關多久就被關多久
07:59
(Laughter笑聲) Third第三: make somebody else其他 really, really rich豐富. (Laughter笑聲)
143
464000
5000
第三:讓別人變得非常非常富有
08:04
And finally最後: never ever join加入 the Beatles披頭士樂隊. (Laughter笑聲)
144
469000
4000
最後:永遠不要加入披頭四
08:08
OK. Now I, like Ze Frank坦率, can predict預測 your next下一個 thought,
145
473000
5000
現在,像澤‧法蘭克一樣,
我可以預測你們在想什麼
08:13
which哪一個 is, "Yeah, right." Because when
146
478000
2000
就是「對啦,最好是」
08:15
people synthesize合成 happiness幸福, as these gentlemen紳士 seem似乎 to have doneDONE,
147
480000
4000
因為當人合成快樂時,像這些人的例子
08:19
we all smile微笑 at them, but we kind of roll our eyes眼睛 and say,
148
484000
4000
我們臉上掛著微笑,但其實都翻著白眼想︰
08:23
"Yeah right, you never really wanted the job工作."
149
488000
3000
「是嗎?你從來沒有想過要那份工作?」
08:26
"Oh yeah, right. You really didn't
150
491000
1000
「是嗎?你和她」
08:27
have that much in common共同 with her,
151
492000
3000
確實沒有什麼共同點
08:30
and you figured想通 that out just about the time
152
495000
2000
而你就在她把訂婚戒指扔向你的時候
08:32
she threw the engagement訂婚 ring in your face面對."
153
497000
2000
才發現這個事實」
08:34
We smirk傻笑 because we believe that synthetic合成的 happiness幸福
154
499000
4000
我們偷笑,是因為我們認為合成快樂
08:38
is not of the same相同 quality質量 as what we might威力 call "natural自然 happiness幸福."
155
503000
3000
次於自然快樂
08:41
What are these terms條款?
156
506000
1000
這是什麼術語?
08:42
Natural自然 happiness幸福 is what we get when we get what we wanted,
157
507000
4000
自然快樂,是我們得到
心理所想要的東西那種快樂
08:46
and synthetic合成的 happiness幸福 is what we make when we don't get what we wanted.
158
511000
5000
合成快樂,是我們得不到
想要的東西時,改變想法的快樂
08:51
And in our society社會, we have a strong強大 belief信仰
159
516000
3000
在我們的社會,我們堅信
08:54
that synthetic合成的 happiness幸福 is of an inferior kind.
160
519000
3000
合成快樂是比較差的一種
08:57
Why do we have that belief信仰?
161
522000
2000
為什麼我們這樣想?
08:59
Well, it's very simple簡單. What kind of economic經濟 engine發動機
162
524000
4000
很簡單,我們的經濟發展
09:03
would keep churning翻騰
163
528000
1000
會變成怎樣
09:04
if we believed相信 that not getting得到 what we want could make us just as happy快樂 as getting得到 it?
164
529000
6000
如果我們相信,得不到想要的東西
和得到想要的東西都能同樣地快樂?
09:10
With all apologies道歉 to my friend朋友 Matthieu馬蒂厄 Ricard里卡德,
165
535000
4000
先向我的朋友馬修‧瑞卡道歉
09:14
a shopping購物 mall購物中心 full充分 of Zen monks和尚
166
539000
2000
一個只有僧侶光顧的購物中心
09:16
is not going to be particularly尤其 profitable有利可圖
167
541000
2000
是很難取得高利潤
09:18
because they don't want stuff東東 enough足夠.
168
543000
4000
因他們的購買慾不夠強
09:22
I want to suggest建議 to you that synthetic合成的 happiness幸福
169
547000
3000
我想告訴各位,合成快樂的
09:25
is every一切 bit as real真實 and enduring持久
170
550000
3000
真實性和持久性
09:28
as the kind of happiness幸福 you stumble絆倒 upon
171
553000
3000
其實和那種當你達到目標
09:31
when you get exactly究竟 what you were aiming瞄準 for.
172
556000
3000
所得到的快樂一樣程度
09:34
Now, I'm a scientist科學家, so I'm going to do this not with rhetoric修辭,
173
559000
1000
我是一個科學家,所以我不只是空談
09:35
but by marinating醃製 you in a little bit of data數據.
174
560000
2000
我會用一些數據來感化你們
09:38
Let me first show顯示 you an experimental試驗 paradigm範例 that is used
175
563000
2000
首先,這個典型的實驗範例
09:40
to demonstrate演示 the synthesis合成 of happiness幸福
176
565000
4000
用來說明合成的快樂
09:44
among其中 regular定期 old folks鄉親. And this isn't mine.
177
569000
2000
這是較早之前的,不是我的範例
09:46
This is a 50-year-old-歲 paradigm範例 called the "free自由 choice選擇 paradigm範例."
178
571000
3000
差不多50年前的,稱為自由選擇模式
09:49
It's very simple簡單.
179
574000
2000
這很簡單
09:51
You bring帶來 in, say, six objects對象,
180
576000
3000
你有6件物件
09:54
and you ask a subject學科 to rank them from the most to the least最小 liked喜歡.
181
579000
2000
請你的實驗對象用自己
對物件的好感程度排名
09:56
In this case案件, because the experiment實驗 I'm going to tell you about uses使用 them,
182
581000
3000
在這實驗中的研究員使用了
09:59
these are Monet莫奈 prints版畫.
183
584000
2000
莫內的畫
10:01
So, everybody每個人 can rank these Monet莫奈 prints版畫
184
586000
2000
每個人都以喜好來排這些莫內的印刷畫
10:03
from the one they like the most, to the one they like the least最小.
185
588000
2000
由最喜歡到最不喜歡
10:05
Now we give you a choice選擇:
186
590000
2000
現在,我們告訴你:
10:07
"We happen發生 to have some extra額外 prints版畫 in the closet壁櫥.
187
592000
3000
「我們有些多餘的印刷畫放在櫃子裡」
10:10
We're going to give you one as your prize to take home.
188
595000
2000
「我們送你一張作為獎品」
10:12
We happen發生 to have number three and number four,"
189
597000
3000
「我們正好有3號和4號」
10:15
we tell the subject學科. This is a bit of a difficult choice選擇,
190
600000
3000
就這樣告訴他們,這是個有點困難的抉擇
10:18
because neither也不 one is preferred首選 strongly非常 to the other,
191
603000
3000
因為兩張沒有太大的喜好差異
10:21
but naturally自然, people tend趨向 to pick number three
192
606000
3000
但自然地,他們傾向選擇3號
10:24
because they liked喜歡 it a little better than number four.
193
609000
2000
因為比4號還更喜歡一點
10:27
Sometime某時 later後來 -- it could be 15 minutes分鐘; it could be 15 days --
194
612000
3000
之後,可能是15分鐘後,也可能是15天後
10:30
the same相同 stimuli刺激 are put before the subject學科,
195
615000
3000
實驗對象會再看同一組物件
10:33
and the subject學科 is asked to re-rank重新排名 the stimuli刺激.
196
618000
2000
請他們重新排列好感程度
10:35
"Tell us how much you like them now."
197
620000
2000
「請告訴我們,你有多喜歡它們」
10:37
What happens發生? Watch as happiness幸福 is synthesized綜合.
198
622000
3000
會發生什麼事呢?請看快樂被合成
10:40
This is the result結果 that has been replicated複製 over and over again.
199
625000
4000
重做實驗也得出這結果
10:44
You're watching觀看 happiness幸福 be synthesized綜合.
200
629000
1000
你們正在看快樂被合成
10:45
Would you like to see it again? Happiness幸福!
201
630000
5000
你們想再看一次嗎?快樂!
10:50
"The one I got is really better than I thought!
202
635000
2000
「我擁有的那件物件真的比我想像中好!
10:52
That other one I didn't get sucks!"
203
637000
2000
「我沒有選擇的那件物件真爛!」
10:54
(Laughter笑聲) That's the synthesis合成 of happiness幸福.
204
639000
2000
這正是合成的快樂
10:56
Now what's the right response響應 to that? "Yeah, right!"
205
641000
6000
好了,正確的反應怎樣的?「噢,真的嗎?」
11:02
Now, here's這裡的 the experiment實驗 we did,
206
647000
3000
這個是我們做的實驗
11:05
and I would hope希望 this is going to convince說服 you that
207
650000
1000
希望這個實驗能說服你們
11:06
"Yeah, right!" was not the right response響應.
208
651000
3000
「對啦,最好是」不是正確的反應
11:09
We did this experiment實驗 with a group of patients耐心
209
654000
2000
我們以病人為實驗對象來重做以上的實驗,
11:11
who had anterograde順行 amnesia健忘症. These are hospitalized住院 patients耐心.
210
656000
3000
是患有順行性遺忘症的病人,長期住院的患者
11:14
Most of them have Korsakoff's科爾薩科夫 syndrome綜合徵,
211
659000
2000
他們多數患有科爾薩科夫氏症候群
11:16
a polyneuriticpolyneuritic psychosis精神病 that -- they drank way too much,
212
661000
5000
一種複合性神經炎 - 他們酒喝太多
11:21
and they can't make new memories回憶.
213
666000
2000
無法製造新的回憶
11:23
OK? They remember記得 their childhood童年, but if you walk步行 in and introduce介紹 yourself你自己,
214
668000
4000
懂嗎?他們還記得童年,
但如果你向他們自我介紹
11:27
and then leave離開 the room房間,
215
672000
1000
然後離開房間
11:28
when you come back, they don't know who you are.
216
673000
2000
當你再回去時,他們已經忘記你是誰
11:31
We took our Monet莫奈 prints版畫 to the hospital醫院.
217
676000
3000
我們把莫內的印刷畫帶到醫院
11:34
And we asked these patients耐心 to rank them
218
679000
4000
要這些病人排名
11:38
from the one they liked喜歡 the most to the one they liked喜歡 the least最小.
219
683000
3000
從最喜歡到最不喜歡
11:41
We then gave them the choice選擇 between之間 number three and number four.
220
686000
4000
然後,要他們選3號或4號作為禮物
11:45
Like everybody每個人 else其他, they said,
221
690000
2000
和其他人一樣,他們說:
11:47
"Gee嘖嘖, thanks謝謝 Doc文件! That's great! I could use a new print打印.
222
692000
2000
「哎呀,多謝醫生!太棒了!我正好要張新的畫
11:49
I'll take number three."
223
694000
2000
我要3號」
11:51
We explained解釋 we would have number three mailed郵寄 to them.
224
696000
4000
我們告訴他們會郵寄3號那張過去
11:55
We gathered雲集 up our materials物料 and we went out of the room房間,
225
700000
3000
我們整理好東西就離開了房間
11:58
and counted to a half hour小時.
226
703000
2000
然後等了半小時
12:00
Back into the room房間, we say, "Hi你好, we're back."
227
705000
3000
之後回到房間,我們說︰「嗨,我們回來了」
12:03
The patients耐心, bless保佑 them, say, "Ah, Doc文件, I'm sorry,
228
708000
4000
那些病人,真的要保佑他們,說:「啊,對不起醫生
12:07
I've got a memory記憶 problem問題; that's why I'm here.
229
712000
2000
我有記憶問題,正是我住院的原因
12:09
If I've met會見 you before, I don't remember記得."
230
714000
2000
如果我之前遇見你,我已經忘了」
12:11
"Really, Jim吉姆, you don't remember記得? I was just here with the Monet莫奈 prints版畫?"
231
716000
3000
「真的嗎,吉姆,你不記得?
我剛剛才拿了莫內的印刷畫過來」
12:14
"Sorry, Doc文件, I just don't have a clue線索."
232
719000
3000
「對不起醫生,我真的不知道」
12:17
"No problem問題, Jim吉姆. All I want you to do is rank these for me
233
722000
3000
「沒關係,吉姆,我只想請你幫我把這些印刷畫
12:20
from the one you like the most to the one you like the least最小."
234
725000
5000
從最喜歡到最不喜歡作排名」
12:25
What do they do? Well, let's first check and make sure
235
730000
2000
他們會做什麼?好,讓我們先測試一下
12:27
they're really amnesiac失憶. We ask these
236
732000
2000
他們是不是真的忘記了,所以要求
12:29
amnesiac失憶 patients耐心 to tell us which哪一個 one they own擁有,
237
734000
4000
請他們指出自己擁有的那一張
12:33
which哪一個 one they chose選擇 last time, which哪一個 one is theirs他們的.
238
738000
3000
就是他們之前選的那張,送他們的那張
12:36
And what we find is amnesiac失憶 patients耐心 just guess猜測.
239
741000
4000
我們發現失憶症患者只是用猜的
12:40
These are normal正常 controls控制, where if I did this with you,
240
745000
2000
這是標準的對照組,如果我要你們答這問題
12:42
all of you would know which哪一個 print打印 you chose選擇.
241
747000
2000
你們每一位都能指出那張是屬於你的
12:44
But if I do this with amnesiac失憶 patients耐心,
242
749000
2000
如果我要失憶症患者答這個問題
12:46
they don't have a clue線索. They can't pick their print打印 out of a lineup排隊.
243
751000
6000
他們真的不知道,無法選出屬於他們的那張印刷畫
12:52
Here's這裡的 what normal正常 controls控制 do: they synthesize合成 happiness幸福.
244
757000
4000
以下是標準的對照組會做的事:他們會合成快樂
12:56
Right? This is the change更改 in liking喜歡 score得分了,
245
761000
2000
對不對?這是喜好評分的改變
12:58
the change更改 from the first time they ranked排名 to the second第二 time they ranked排名.
246
763000
3000
這是從他們第一次排列和第二次排列之間的變化
13:01
Normal正常 controls控制 show顯示
247
766000
1000
標準的對照組顯示
13:02
-- that was the magic魔法 I showed顯示 you;
248
767000
2000
- 這是我之前展示給你們的魔術,
13:04
now I'm showing展示 it to you in graphical圖形 form形成 --
249
769000
3000
現在我以圖表形式展示給你們 -
13:07
"The one I own擁有 is better than I thought. The one I didn't own擁有,
250
772000
3000
「我擁有的那件比我想像中好,我沒有的那件
13:10
the one I left behind背後, is not as good as I thought."
251
775000
3000
我放棄的那件,真的不如我想像中好」
13:13
Amnesiacs健忘症患者 do exactly究竟 the same相同 thing. Think about this result結果.
252
778000
5000
失憶症患者做同樣的事情,
請細想這個實驗結果
13:18
These people like better the one they own擁有,
253
783000
3000
這些人更喜歡他們自己擁有那張
13:21
but they don't know they own擁有 it.
254
786000
3000
但他們不知道自己擁有它
13:25
"Yeah, right" is not the right response響應!
255
790000
3000
「對啦,最好是」並不是正確的反應!
13:29
What these people did when they synthesized綜合 happiness幸福
256
794000
3000
當他們合成快樂時
13:32
is they really, truly changed
257
797000
3000
他們真正改變了
13:35
their affective情感, hedonic享樂, aesthetic審美 reactions反應 to that poster海報.
258
800000
5000
對那張印刷畫感情上的、快樂的、審美的反應
13:40
They're not just saying it because they own擁有 it,
259
805000
3000
他們不只是因為自己擁有它
13:43
because they don't know they own擁有 it.
260
808000
3000
因為他們根本不知道
13:47
Now, when psychologists心理學家 show顯示 you bars酒吧,
261
812000
3000
現在,當心理學家展示長條圖
13:50
you know that they are showing展示 you averages均線 of lots of people.
262
815000
3000
你們要知道,是顯示很多人的平均數
13:53
And yet然而, all of us have this psychological心理 immune免疫的 system系統,
263
818000
4000
然而,我們每個人都有這個心理免疫系統
13:57
this capacity容量 to synthesize合成 happiness幸福,
264
822000
2000
這種合成快樂的能力
13:59
but some of us do this trick better than others其他.
265
824000
3000
但有些人在這方面的能力比別人好
14:02
And some situations情況 allow允許 anybody任何人 to do it more effectively有效
266
827000
4000
在某些情況下會比其他情況更容許人
14:06
than other situations情況 do.
267
831000
3000
有效地發揮這能力
14:10
It turns out that freedom自由
268
835000
4000
原來自由
14:14
-- the ability能力 to make up your mind心神 and change更改 your mind心神 --
269
839000
3000
- 即決定和改變思想的能力 -
14:17
is the friend朋友 of natural自然 happiness幸福, because it allows允許 you to choose選擇
270
842000
3000
是"自然快樂"的朋友,因為它讓你選擇
14:20
among其中 all those delicious美味的 futures期貨 and find the one that you would most enjoy請享用.
271
845000
5000
一個最完美的未來和找到你最喜歡的那個
14:25
But freedom自由 to choose選擇
272
850000
2000
但,有選擇的自由
14:27
-- to change更改 and make up your mind心神 -- is the enemy敵人 of synthetic合成的 happiness幸福.
273
852000
4000
- 改變思想和決定的能力 - 是"合成快樂"的敵人
14:31
And I'm going to show顯示 you why.
274
856000
2000
我會告訴你為什麼
14:33
Dilbert迪爾伯特 already已經 knows知道, of course課程.
275
858000
1000
代伯特當然已經知道這一點
14:34
You're reading the cartoon動畫片 as I'm talking.
276
859000
2000
我一邊念你們跟著看這則漫畫
14:36
"Dogbert'sDogbert的 tech高科技 support支持. How may可能 I abuse濫用 you?"
277
861000
2000
「狗伯特技術中心,我能虐待你什麼嗎?」
14:38
"My printer打印機 prints版畫 a blank空白 page after every一切 document文件."
278
863000
3000
「我的印表機每次印完,就會跑出一張白紙」
14:41
"Why would you complain抱怨 about getting得到 free自由 paper?"
279
866000
2000
「為什麼你會抱怨收到免費的紙?」
14:43
"Free自由? Aren't是不是 you just giving me my own擁有 paper?"
280
868000
2000
「免費?那白紙是我自己的阿」
14:45
"Egad扯扯, man! Look at the quality質量 of the free自由 paper
281
870000
2000
「哎呀,大哥!請把這張紙
14:47
compared相比 to your lousy糟糕 regular定期 paper!
282
872000
1000
和你的普通廉價紙的質感比較一下!
14:48
Only a fool傻子 or a liar說謊者 would say that they look the same相同!"
283
873000
3000
只有傻瓜或說謊的人,才會說它們是相同的!」
14:51
"Ah! Now that you mention提到 it, it does seem似乎 a little silkier烏骨雞!"
284
876000
3000
「啊!你這樣一說,真的看來好像比較光滑!」
14:54
"What are you doing?"
285
879000
2000
「你在做什麼?」
14:56
"I'm helping幫助 people accept接受 the things they cannot不能 change更改." Indeed確實.
286
881000
3000
「我幫助人們接受他們不能改變的事情」,正是如此
14:59
The psychological心理 immune免疫的 system系統 works作品 best最好
287
884000
3000
我們的心理免疫系統
15:02
when we are totally完全 stuck卡住, when we are trapped被困.
288
887000
4000
在我們不能改變的情況下
能達到最佳成效
15:06
This is the difference區別 between之間 dating約會 and marriage婚姻, right?
289
891000
2000
這就像約會和婚姻的分別,對不對?
15:08
I mean, you go out on a date日期 with a guy,
290
893000
2000
我的意思是,妳與一個男人約會,
15:10
and he picks精選 his nose鼻子; you don't go out on another另一個 date日期.
291
895000
2000
他挖鼻孔,你可選擇不再與他約會
15:12
You're married已婚 to a guy and he picks精選 his nose鼻子?
292
897000
2000
假如妳是妳丈夫挖鼻孔呢?
15:14
Yeah, he has a heart of gold;
293
899000
1000
是啊,他心腸很好
15:15
don't touch觸摸 the fruitcake水果蛋糕. Right? (Laughter笑聲)
294
900000
2000
但不准碰水果蛋糕,對吧?
15:17
You find a way to be happy快樂 with what's happened發生.
295
902000
4000
你找到一個能對現況感到快樂的方法
15:21
Now what I want to show顯示 you is that
296
906000
3000
現在我要告訴你們
15:24
people don't know this about themselves他們自己,
297
909000
3000
人們並不知道這一點
15:27
and not knowing會心 this can work to our supreme最高 disadvantage壞處.
298
912000
3000
不知道這一點對我們很不利
15:30
Here's這裡的 an experiment實驗 we did at Harvard哈佛.
299
915000
2000
以下是個我們在哈佛大學做的實驗
15:32
We created創建 a photography攝影 course課程, a black-and-white黑與白 photography攝影 course課程,
300
917000
3000
我們開了一門黑白攝影課程
15:35
and we allowed允許 students學生們 to come in and learn學習 how to use a darkroom暗室.
301
920000
3000
讓學生們學習如何使用暗房
15:39
So we gave them cameras相機; they went around campus校園;
302
924000
2000
我們給他們相機,他們在校園內
15:41
they took 12 pictures圖片 of their favorite喜愛 professors教授 and their dorm宿舍 room房間 and their dog,
303
926000
5000
拍攝12張有關自己喜歡的教授、宿舍、狗等等的圖片
15:46
and all the other things they wanted to have Harvard哈佛 memories回憶 of.
304
931000
2000
一些他們希望想要留念的哈佛回憶
15:48
They bring帶來 us the camera相機; we make up a contact聯繫 sheet;
305
933000
3000
然後我們做成一張相片的縮圖表
15:51
they figure數字 out which哪一個 are the two best最好 pictures圖片;
306
936000
2000
讓他們選出最好的兩張照片
15:53
and we now spend six hours小時 teaching教學 them about darkrooms暗室.
307
938000
2000
接著我們花6個小時教他們暗房的運作
15:55
And they blow打擊 two of them up,
308
940000
2000
他們把那兩張照片放大
15:57
and they have two gorgeous華麗 eight-by-八逐10 glossiesglossies of
309
942000
2000
成為極美的8 × 10,有光澤的又
15:59
meaningful富有意義的 things to them, and we say,
310
944000
2000
對他們有意義的照片,接著我們說︰
16:01
"Which哪一個 one would you like to give up?"
311
946000
3000
「你想放棄哪一張?」
16:04
They say, "I have to give one up?"
312
949000
1000
他們問︰「我需要放棄一張嗎?」
16:05
"Oh, yes. We need one as evidence證據 of the class project項目.
313
950000
3000
「噢,是的。我們需要其中一張作為課程的證據
16:08
So you have to give me one. You have to make a choice選擇.
314
953000
3000
所以你必須給我一張,你必須作出抉擇
16:11
You get to keep one, and I get to keep one."
315
956000
3000
你得一張,我得一張
16:14
Now, there are two conditions條件 in this experiment實驗.
316
959000
3000
此實驗有兩個情況
16:17
In one case案件, the students學生們 are told, "But you know,
317
962000
3000
情況一,我們告訴學生︰「你要知道,
16:20
if you want to change更改 your mind心神, I'll always have the other one here,
318
965000
3000
如果你改變了主意,我還會有另一張在這裡
16:23
and in the next下一個 four days, before I actually其實 mail郵件 it to headquarters司令部,
319
968000
4000
在我寄到總部之前,還有4天考慮
16:27
I'll be glad高興 to" -- (Laughter笑聲) -- yeah, "headquarters司令部" --
320
972000
3000
我會很樂意…」 -(群眾笑聲) - 是,我說"總部"
16:30
"I'll be glad高興 to swap交換 it out with you. In fact事實,
321
975000
3000
「我很樂意讓你換回去,不如這樣
16:33
I'll come to your dorm宿舍 room房間 and give
322
978000
1000
我會送到你的宿舍
16:34
-- just give me an email電子郵件. Better yet然而, I'll check with you.
323
979000
3000
你只要寫封電郵給我,或更好的方法,我主動先問你
16:37
You ever want to change更改 your mind心神, it's totally完全 returnable可回收."
324
982000
3000
你隨時改變了主意,我們隨時能交換照片
16:40
The other half of the students學生們 are told exactly究竟 the opposite對面:
325
985000
3000
另一半的學生情形相反
16:43
"Make your choice選擇. And by the way,
326
988000
2000
「請你作出一個決定,而且
16:45
the mail郵件 is going out, gosh天哪, in two minutes分鐘, to England英國.
327
990000
3000
我們差不多在兩分鐘後就要去英格蘭
16:48
Your picture圖片 will be winging蒙冤 its way over the Atlantic大西洋.
328
993000
2000
你的照片將飛越大西洋
16:50
You will never see it again."
329
995000
2000
你將再也看不到它了」
16:52
Now, half of the students學生們 in each of these conditions條件
330
997000
3000
現在,我們請兩種情況中各一半的學生
16:55
are asked to make predictions預測 about how much
331
1000000
2000
預測他們對於
16:57
they're going to come to like the picture圖片 that they keep
332
1002000
3000
選了的和放棄的兩張照片
17:00
and the picture圖片 they leave離開 behind背後.
333
1005000
2000
會發展怎樣的喜歡程度
17:02
Other students學生們 are just sent發送 back to their little dorm宿舍 rooms客房
334
1007000
3000
另一半的學生們被送回他們的宿舍
17:05
and they are measured測量 over the next下一個 three to six days
335
1010000
5000
測量他們在之後的3至6天
17:10
on their liking喜歡, satisfaction滿意 with the pictures圖片.
336
1015000
2000
對照片的喜歡程度和滿意程度
17:12
And look at what we find.
337
1017000
1000
看看我們發現什麼
17:13
First of all, here's這裡的 what students學生們 think is going to happen發生.
338
1018000
3000
首先,這是學生們認為會發生的情況
17:16
They think they're going to maybe come to like the picture圖片 they chose選擇
339
1021000
4000
他們認為會喜歡他們選了的照片
17:20
a little more than the one they left behind背後,
340
1025000
3000
多過他們放棄的那張照片
17:23
but these are not statistically統計學 significant重大 differences分歧.
341
1028000
3000
但差異並不大
17:27
It's a very small increase增加, and it doesn't much matter
342
1032000
2000
只有小小的增加,無論這是
17:29
whether是否 they were in the reversible可逆 or irreversible不可逆轉 condition條件.
343
1034000
3000
可退換或不可退換的情況沒有影響他們
17:32
Wrong-o錯誤-O. Bad simulators模擬器. Because here's這裡的 what's really happening事件.
344
1037000
5000
錯了喔,模擬器笨蛋,因為這才是真正發生的事
17:37
Both right before the swap交換 and five days later後來,
345
1042000
3000
交換前和交換五天後
17:40
people who are stuck卡住 with that picture圖片,
346
1045000
2000
那些不能更換的人
17:42
who have no choice選擇,
347
1047000
1000
沒有選擇餘地的人
17:43
who can never change更改 their mind心神, like it a lot!
348
1048000
5000
無法改變主意的人,變得很喜歡他們選的照片!
17:48
And people who are deliberating審議 -- "Should I return返回 it?
349
1053000
3000
那些還在考慮 - 「我應該換回另一張照片嗎?
17:51
Have I gotten得到 the right one? Maybe this isn't the good one?
350
1056000
2000
也許我擁有這一張照片並不是好的那張?
17:53
Maybe I left the good one?" -- have killed殺害 themselves他們自己.
351
1058000
2000
也許我沒選的那張照片才是好的?」煩死自己了
17:55
They don't like their picture圖片, and in fact事實
352
1060000
2000
他們不喜歡他們的照片,而且
17:57
even after the opportunity機會 to swap交換 has expired過期,
353
1062000
2000
選擇期限過後
17:59
they still don't like their picture圖片. Why?
354
1064000
6000
他們仍然不喜歡他們的照片,為什麼?
18:05
Because the reversible可逆 condition條件 is not conducive有利於
355
1070000
3000
因為一個可轉變的情況是不利於
18:08
to the synthesis合成 of happiness幸福.
356
1073000
2000
快樂的合成
18:10
So here's這裡的 the final最後 piece of this experiment實驗.
357
1075000
3000
好,這是實驗的最後一個部分
18:13
We bring帶來 in a whole整個 new group of naive幼稚 Harvard哈佛 students學生們
358
1078000
4000
我們邀請了全新一群天真的哈佛學生
18:17
and we say, "You know, we're doing a photography攝影 course課程,
359
1082000
3000
告訴他們︰「我們開設了一個攝影課程,
18:20
and we can do it one of two ways方法.
360
1085000
2000
有以下兩種班級
18:22
We could do it so that when you take the two pictures圖片,
361
1087000
3000
讓你們各拍兩張照片
18:25
you'd have four days to change更改 your mind心神,
362
1090000
2000
你們有4天的時間去改變主意
18:27
or we're doing another另一個 course課程 where you take the two pictures圖片
363
1092000
2000
或另一種,讓你們各拍兩張照片
18:29
and you make up your mind心神 right away
364
1094000
2000
要你們立即選一張
18:31
and you can never change更改 it. Which哪一個 course課程 would you like to be in?"
365
1096000
2000
且不能改變主意,你們希望上哪一班?」
18:33
Duh! 66 percent百分 of the students學生們, two-thirds三分之二,
366
1098000
5000
噢!百分之66的學生,三分之二
18:38
prefer比較喜歡 to be in the course課程 where they have the opportunity機會 to change更改 their mind心神.
367
1103000
4000
寧願選有機會改變主意的那班
18:42
Hello你好? 66 percent百分 of the students學生們 choose選擇 to be in the course課程 in which哪一個 they will
368
1107000
4000
哈囉?百分之66的學生想要那種最終將會
18:46
ultimately最終 be deeply dissatisfied不滿意 with the picture圖片.
369
1111000
4000
令他們深感不滿的選擇
18:50
Because they do not know the conditions條件 under which哪一個 synthetic合成的 happiness幸福 grows成長.
370
1115000
6000
因為他們不知道合成快樂能在什麼情況下發生
18:56
The Bard詩人 said everything best最好, of course課程, and he's making製造 my point here
371
1121000
5000
莎士比亞說的最好,他在表達出我的觀點
19:01
but he's making製造 it hyperbolically雙曲線:
372
1126000
3000
雖然有點誇張
19:04
"'Tis'提斯 nothing good or bad / But thinking思維 makes品牌 it so."
373
1129000
3000
「事情並無好壞 / 是我們的思維使之如此」
19:07
It's nice不錯 poetry詩歌, but that can't exactly究竟 be right.
374
1132000
3000
這是很好的詩句,但不完全準確
19:10
Is there really nothing good or bad?
375
1135000
3000
真的沒什麼好壞的事嗎?
19:13
Is it really the case案件 that gall bladder膀胱 surgery手術 and a trip to Paris巴黎
376
1138000
3000
膽囊手術和巴黎度假
19:16
are just the same相同 thing? That seems似乎 like a one-question一個問題 IQ智商 test測試.
377
1141000
7000
是一樣嗎?比較像是在考你 IQ吧
19:23
They can't be exactly究竟 the same相同.
378
1148000
2000
它們不完全一樣
19:25
In more turgid華而不實 prose散文, but closer接近 to the truth真相,
379
1150000
3000
以較無聊但較貼近事實的散文來說
19:28
was the father父親 of modern現代 capitalism資本主義, Adam亞當 Smith工匠, and he said this.
380
1153000
3000
現代資本主義之父,亞當斯密曾說
19:31
This is worth價值 contemplating考慮:
381
1156000
2000
非常值得思考
19:33
"The great source資源 of both the misery苦難 and disorders障礙 of human人的 life
382
1158000
4000
「人的生命中所受的痛苦和不幸
19:37
seems似乎 to arise出現 from overrating高估 the difference區別
383
1162000
3000
似乎都源於錯估了
19:40
between之間 one permanent常駐 situation情況 and another另一個 ...
384
1165000
3000
兩種不能改變的情況會產生的差異
19:43
Some of these situations情況 may可能, no doubt懷疑, deserve值得 to be preferred首選 to others其他,
385
1168000
5000
有一些情況,毫無疑問地,應該令人較喜歡
19:48
but none沒有 of them can deserve值得 to be pursued追求的
386
1173000
6000
但沒有一種情況值得一個人
19:54
with that passionate多情 ardor熱情 which哪一個 drives驅動器 us to violate違反 the rules規則
387
1179000
4000
因要熱情地追求它,而違反
19:58
either of prudence謹慎 or of justice正義, or to corrupt腐敗 the future未來 tranquility寧靜 of our minds頭腦,
388
1183000
5000
謹慎或正義的原則,或令我們安寧的心神腐壞
20:03
either by shame恥辱 from the remembrance紀念 of our own擁有 folly蠢事,
389
1188000
4000
無論是因為記起我們的愚蠢行為而感到恥辱
20:07
or by remorse悔恨 for the horror恐怖 of our own擁有 injustice不公正."
390
1192000
4000
或因我們不公正的恐怖行為而痛悔」
20:11
In other words: yes, some things are better than others其他.
391
1196000
5000
換句話說:是,有些東西比其他的好
20:16
We should have preferences優先 that lead us into one future未來 over another另一個.
392
1201000
5000
我們應該用自己的喜好去選擇一個未來
20:21
But when those preferences優先 drive駕駛 us too hard and too fast快速
393
1206000
4000
但當這些喜好,驅使我們過度強硬和過急
20:25
because we have overrated被高估 the difference區別 between之間 these futures期貨,
394
1210000
4000
因為我們錯估了兩種未來的差別時
20:29
we are at risk風險.
395
1214000
3000
我們便處於危險中
20:32
When our ambition志向 is bounded, it leads引線 us to work joyfully欣然.
396
1217000
3000
當我們的野心受限,我們能高興地工作
20:35
When our ambition志向 is unbounded無界, it leads引線 us to lie謊言, to cheat作弊, to steal, to hurt傷害 others其他,
397
1220000
6000
當我們的野心沒有限制,我們會說謊言、欺騙、偷竊、傷害他人
20:41
to sacrifice犧牲 things of real真實 value. When our fears恐懼 are bounded,
398
1226000
4000
犧牲掉真正價值的東西。當我們的恐懼受限
20:45
we're prudent謹慎; we're cautious謹慎; we're thoughtful周到.
399
1230000
4000
我們會變得慎重、謹慎、深思熟慮
20:49
When our fears恐懼 are unbounded無界 and overblown誇大,
400
1234000
3000
當我們的恐懼沒有限制
20:52
we're reckless魯莽, and we're cowardly膽小.
401
1237000
3000
我們會變得魯莽、怯懦
20:55
The lesson I want to leave離開 you with from these data數據
402
1240000
3000
我希望在這演講中,你們能學到的是
20:58
is that our longings渴望 and our worries are both to some degree overblown誇大,
403
1243000
5000
我們太過於放大我們的渴望和憂慮了
21:03
because we have within us the capacity容量 to manufacture製造 the very commodity商品
404
1248000
6000
其實我們已經有能力去生產出那個
21:09
we are constantly經常 chasing when we choose選擇 experience經驗.
405
1254000
4000
當我們做選擇時,不斷追求的東西
21:13
Thank you.
406
1258000
1000
謝謝
Translated by Olive Ma
Reviewed by Adrienne Lin

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dan Gilbert - Psychologist; happiness expert
Harvard psychologist Dan Gilbert says our beliefs about what will make us happy are often wrong -- a premise he supports with intriguing research, and explains in his accessible and unexpectedly funny book, Stumbling on Happiness.

Why you should listen

Dan Gilbert believes that, in our ardent, lifelong pursuit of happiness, most of us have the wrong map. In the same way that optical illusions fool our eyes -- and fool everyone's eyes in the same way -- Gilbert argues that our brains systematically misjudge what will make us happy. And these quirks in our cognition make humans very poor predictors of our own bliss.

The premise of his current research -- that our assumptions about what will make us happy are often wrong -- is supported with clinical research drawn from psychology and neuroscience. But his delivery is what sets him apart. His engaging -- and often hilarious -- style pokes fun at typical human behavior and invokes pop-culture references everyone can relate to. This winning style translates also to Gilbert's writing, which is lucid, approachable and laugh-out-loud funny. The immensely readable Stumbling on Happiness, published in 2006, became a New York Times bestseller and has been translated into 20 languages.

In fact, the title of his book could be drawn from his own life. At 19, he was a high school dropout with dreams of writing science fiction. When a creative writing class at his community college was full, he enrolled in the only available course: psychology. He found his passion there, earned a doctorate in social psychology in 1985 at Princeton, and has since won a Guggenheim Fellowship and the Phi Beta Kappa teaching prize for his work at Harvard. He has written essays and articles for The New York Times, Time and even Starbucks, while continuing his research into happiness at his Hedonic Psychology Laboratory.

More profile about the speaker
Dan Gilbert | Speaker | TED.com