TED2005
Brian Greene: Making sense of string theory
Brian Green stringiteooriast
Filmed:
Readability: 4
6,215,922 views
Füüsik Brian Green seletab superstringide teooriat, kus pisikesed energiakiud võnguvad 11-mõõtmelises aegruumis, luues nii kõik universumi osakesed ja jõud.
Brian Greene - Physicist
Brian Greene is perhaps the best-known proponent of superstring theory, the idea that minuscule strands of energy vibrating in a higher dimensional space-time create every particle and force in the universe. Full bio
Brian Greene is perhaps the best-known proponent of superstring theory, the idea that minuscule strands of energy vibrating in a higher dimensional space-time create every particle and force in the universe. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
In the year 1919,
0
1000
2000
1919. aastal pakkus
00:15
a virtually unknown German mathematician, named Theodor Kaluza
1
3000
7000
üsna tundmatu saksa matemaatik Theodor Kaluza välja
00:22
suggested a very bold and, in some ways, a very bizarre idea.
2
10000
7000
väga julge ja mingil moel väga veidra idee.
00:29
He proposed that our universe
3
17000
2000
Ta pakkus, et Universumis
00:31
might actually have more than the three dimensions
4
19000
3000
võiks tegelikult olla rohkem mõõtmeid
00:34
that we are all aware of.
5
22000
3000
kui meile teadaolevad kolm.
00:37
That is in addition to left, right, back, forth and up, down,
6
25000
3000
Lisaks vasakule-paremale, edasi-tagasi, üles-alla,
00:40
Kaluza proposed that there might be additional dimensions of space
7
28000
5000
pakkus Kaluza, võib olla veel lisamõõtmeid,
00:45
that for some reason we don't yet see.
8
33000
3000
mida me mingil põhjusel ei näe.
00:48
Now, when someone makes a bold and bizarre idea,
9
36000
4000
Kui keegi tuleb välja julge ja veidra ideega,
00:52
sometimes that's all it is -- bold and bizarre,
10
40000
2000
siis mõnikord nii ongi, julge ja veider,
00:54
but it has nothing to do with the world around us.
11
42000
3000
aga sel pole midagi tegemist meid ümbritseva maailmaga.
00:57
This particular idea, however --
12
45000
2000
Ometi see konkreetne mõte,
00:59
although we don't yet know whether it's right or wrong,
13
47000
3000
- me veel ei tea, kas see on õige või mitte
01:02
and at the end I'll discuss experiments which, in the next few years,
14
50000
3000
ja lõpupoole ma võtan vaadelda katse, mis peaks lähemal ajal
01:05
may tell us whether it's right or wrong --
15
53000
2000
andma meile selgust, kas on see tõsi või mitte -
01:07
this idea has had a major impact on physics in the last century
16
55000
4000
nimetet ideel on olnud suur mõju eelmise sajandi füüsikale
01:11
and continues to inform a lot of cutting-edge research.
17
59000
3000
ja see toidab jätkuvalt eesrindlikku teadust.
01:14
So, I'd like to tell you something about the story of these extra dimensions.
18
62000
4000
Tahaksin nüüd rääkida sellest lisamõõtmete asjast.
01:18
So where do we go?
19
66000
2000
Millest siis alustada?
01:20
To begin we need a little bit of back story. Go to 1907.
20
68000
3000
Alguseks vaadakem veidi tausta. Läheme tagasi aastasse 1907.
01:23
This is a year when Einstein is basking in the glow
21
71000
4000
Aeg mil Einstein naudib
01:27
of having discovered the special theory of relativity
22
75000
3000
erirelatiivsusteooria avastamise kuulsust
01:30
and decides to take on a new project,
23
78000
3000
ja otsustab ette võtta uue projekti -
01:33
to try to understand fully the grand, pervasive force of gravity.
24
81000
7000
püüda mõista suursugust, kõikjaleulatuvat gravitatsioonijõudu.
01:40
And in that moment, there are many people around
25
88000
3000
Selleks ajaks arvasid paljud,
01:43
who thought that that project had already been resolved.
26
91000
4000
et see projekt on juba tehtud.
01:47
Newton had given the world a theory of gravity in the late 1600s
27
95000
3000
Newton oli 17. sajandil loonud gravitatsiooniteooria,
01:50
that works well, describes the motion of planets,
28
98000
4000
mis töötas hästi, kirjeldas planeetide liikumist,
01:54
the motion of the moon and so forth,
29
102000
2000
Kuu liikumist jm,
01:56
the motion of apocryphal of apples falling from trees,
30
104000
3000
apokrüüfiliste õunte langemist puudelt
01:59
hitting people on the head.
31
107000
2000
inimestele vastu pead.
02:01
All of that could be described using Newton's work.
32
109000
2000
Kõik see kirjeldus Newton töödega.
02:03
But Einstein realized that Newton had left something out of the story,
33
111000
4000
Kuid Einstein mõistis, et Newtonil on siin midagi tegemata jäänud,
02:07
because even Newton had written
34
115000
3000
Newton isegi on kirjutanud,
02:10
that although he understood how to calculate the effect of gravity,
35
118000
5000
et kuigi ta sai aru, kuidas arvutada gravitatsioonilist mõju,
02:15
he'd been unable to figure out how it really works.
36
123000
3000
oli ta ometi võimetu välja mõtlema, kuidas see tegelikult toimib.
02:18
How is it that the Sun, 93 million miles away,
37
126000
3000
Kuidas Päike 150 miljoni kilomeetri kauguselt
02:21
[that] somehow it affects the motion of the Earth?
38
129000
3000
mingil moel Maa liikumist mõjutab.
02:24
How does the Sun reach out across empty inert space and exert influence?
39
132000
4000
Kuidas rakendub Päikese toime läbi täiesti tühja ruumi.
02:28
And that is a task to which Einstein set himself --
40
136000
3000
Ja see oligi ülesanne, mille Einstein endale püstitas -
02:31
to figure out how gravity works.
41
139000
3000
kuidas gravitatsioon toimib.
02:34
And let me show you what it is that he found.
42
142000
3000
Vaatame, mis ta avastas.
02:37
So Einstein found
43
145000
1000
Einstein leidis,
02:38
that the medium that transmits gravity is space itself.
44
146000
4000
et gravitatsiooni vahendajaks on ruum ise.
02:42
The idea goes like this:
45
150000
2000
Mõte on iseenesest selline:
02:44
imagine space is a substrate of all there is.
46
152000
2000
kujutlege, et ruum on aluspinnaks kõigele, mis selles on.
02:46
Einstein said space is nice and flat, if there's no matter present.
47
154000
4000
Einstein leidis, et ruum on kenasti tasane kuni seal ei ole ainet.
02:50
But if there is matter in the environment, such as the Sun,
48
158000
4000
Kui seal on aine, näiteks Päike,
02:54
it causes the fabric of space to warp, to curve.
49
162000
4000
paneb see ruumi kõverduma, painduma.
02:58
And that communicates the force of gravity.
50
166000
2000
See kõverus vahendabki gravitatsioonijõudu.
03:00
Even the Earth warps space around it.
51
168000
3000
Ka Maa kõverdab ruumi enda ümber.
03:03
Now look at the Moon.
52
171000
2000
Vaadake Kuud.
03:05
The Moon is kept in orbit, according to these ideas,
53
173000
3000
Kuu püsib orbiidil - selle lähenemise kohaselt -
03:08
because it rolls along a valley in the curved environment
54
176000
3000
sest ta veereb mööda keskkonna kõveruse kaldeid,
03:11
that the Sun and the Moon and the Earth can all create by virtue of their presence.
55
179000
5000
mille Päike, Kuu ja Maa loovad oma kohalolekuga.
03:16
We go to a full-frame view of this.
56
184000
3000
Ja kui vaadata kaugemalt.
03:19
The Earth itself is kept in orbit
57
187000
2000
Ka Maa ise püsib orbiidil,
03:21
because it rolls along a valley in the environment that's curved
58
189000
4000
sest veereb mööda kallet,
03:25
because of the Sun's presence.
59
193000
2000
mille põhjus on Päikese kohalolek.
03:27
That is this new idea about how gravity actually works.
60
195000
5000
Selline ongi uus ettekujutus gravitatsiooni tegelikust toimimisest.
03:32
Now, this idea was tested in 1919 through astronomical observations.
61
200000
5000
Nimetatud teooria leidis kinnituse astronoomiliste vaatlustega 1919. aastal.
03:37
It really works. It describes the data.
62
205000
3000
Nii see tõesti toimib. Klapib andmetega.
03:40
And this gained Einstein prominence around the world.
63
208000
4000
Ja sellega kogus Einsteini üleilmset tuntust veelgi.
03:44
And that is what got Kaluza thinking.
64
212000
4000
See pani ka Kaluza mõtlema.
03:48
He, like Einstein, was in search of what we call a unified theory.
65
216000
4000
Temagi, nagu Einstein, otsis seda, mida me nimetame „ühtne teooria”.
03:52
That's one theory
66
220000
2000
See oleks üksainus teooria,
03:54
that might be able to describe all of nature's forces from one set of ideas,
67
222000
4000
mis kirjeldaks kõiki jõude looduses ühe ideega,
03:58
one set of principles, one master equation, if you will.
68
226000
4000
ühe printsiipide komplektiga, ühe põhivõrrandiga, kui soovite.
04:02
So Kaluza said to himself,
69
230000
2000
Kaluza mõtles niisiis,
04:04
Einstein has been able to describe gravity
70
232000
3000
Einsteinil õnnestus kirjeldada gravitatsiooni
04:07
in terms of warps and curves in space --
71
235000
2000
kõverdumise ja paindumisena ruumis,
04:09
in fact, space and time, to be more precise.
72
237000
3000
tegelikult ruumis ja ajas, et olla täpsem.
04:12
Maybe I can play the same game with the other known force,
73
240000
5000
Võib-olla saan ma teha sama triki teise tuntud jõuga,
04:17
which was, at that time, known as the electromagnetic force --
74
245000
3000
mis sel ajal sai olla ainult elektromagnetjõud -
04:20
we know of others today, but at that time
75
248000
2000
tänaseks me teame veel teisi, aga sel ajal
04:22
that was the only other one people were thinking about.
76
250000
2000
oli see ainus, mis võis kõne alla tulla.
04:24
You know, the force responsible for electricity
77
252000
2000
Teadagi, see jõud on seotud elektriga,
04:26
and magnetic attraction and so forth.
78
254000
2000
magnetite tõmbumisega jms.
04:28
So Kaluza says, maybe I can play the same game
79
256000
3000
Niisiis, Kaluza arvab, võib-olla saaks seda võtet korrata
04:31
and describe electromagnetic force in terms of warps and curves.
80
259000
4000
ja kirjeldada elektromagnetjõudu kõverdumise ja paindumisena.
04:35
That raised a question: warps and curves in what?
81
263000
3000
Sellest kerkib küsimus, mille kõverdumine ja paindumine?
04:38
Einstein had already used up space and time,
82
266000
5000
Einstein oli gravitatsiooni kirjeldamiseks juba ära kasutanud
04:43
warps and curves, to describe gravity.
83
271000
2000
ruumi ja aja kõverused ja paindumise.
04:45
There didn't seem to be anything else to warp or curve.
84
273000
3000
Paistis, et rohkem pole midagi kõveraks keerata ja painutada.
04:48
So Kaluza said, well, maybe there are more dimensions of space.
85
276000
5000
Kuid Kaluza oletas, et võib-olla on ruumil rohkem mõõtmeid.
04:53
He said, if I want to describe one more force,
86
281000
2000
Kui ma tahan kirjeldada veel üht jõudu,
04:55
maybe I need one more dimension.
87
283000
2000
ehk on vaja veel üht mõõdet.
04:57
So he imagined that the world had four dimensions of space, not three,
88
285000
4000
Ta kujutles, et ruumil on neli mõõdet, mitte kolm
05:01
and imagined that electromagnetism was warps and curves
89
289000
4000
ja et elektromagnetism on kõverdumine
05:05
in that fourth dimension. Now here's the thing:
90
293000
2000
selles neljandas mõõtmes. Asi on selles, et
05:07
when he wrote down the equations describing warps and curves
91
295000
3000
kui ta kirjutas välja kõverdumist kirjeldavad võrrandid
05:10
in a universe with four space dimensions, not three,
92
298000
3000
neljamõõtmelisele, mitte kolmemõõtmelisele ruumile,
05:13
he found the old equations that Einstein had already derived in three dimensions --
93
301000
4000
leidis ta Einsteini tuletatud kolme mõõtme võrrandid -
05:17
those were for gravity --
94
305000
1000
need olid gravitatsiooni jaoks -
05:18
but he found one more equation because of the one more dimension.
95
306000
4000
aga ta leidis veel ühe, sest oli veel üks mõõde.
05:22
And when he looked at that equation,
96
310000
2000
Ja kui ta seda vaatas.
05:24
it was none other than the equation
97
312000
2000
See oli sama, mida teadlased ammu teadsid,
05:26
that scientists had long known to describe the electromagnetic force.
98
314000
3000
see kirjeldas elektromagnetjõudu.
05:29
Amazing -- it just popped out.
99
317000
2000
Hämmastav - see lihtsalt tuli nii välja.
05:31
He was so excited by this realization
100
319000
3000
Ta oli nii erutatud,
05:34
that he ran around his house screaming, "Victory!" --
101
322000
3000
et tormas ümber maja kisades „Võit!” -
05:37
that he had found the unified theory.
102
325000
3000
ta oli leidnud ühendteooria.
05:40
Now clearly, Kaluza was a man who took theory very seriously.
103
328000
7000
Olgu öeldud, et Kaluza oli mees, kes võttis teooriaid väga tõsiselt.
05:47
He, in fact --
104
335000
1000
Tegelikult ka -
05:48
there is a story that when he wanted to learn how to swim,
105
336000
3000
räägitakse, et kui ta tahtis ujuma õppida,
05:51
he read a book, a treatise on swimming --
106
339000
3000
luges ta uuringut ujumise kohta -
05:54
(Laughter)
107
342000
1000
(Naer)
05:55
-- then dove into the ocean.
108
343000
2000
ja läkski ookeani ujuma.
05:57
This is a man who would risk his life on theory.
109
345000
3000
See mees oli valmis teooria nimel riskima eluga.
06:00
Now, but for those of us who are a little bit more practically minded,
110
348000
4000
Kuid neil, kel on rohkem praktilist meelt,
06:04
two questions immediately arise from his observation.
111
352000
3000
peaks kerkima kaks küsimust.
06:07
Number one: if there are more dimensions in space, where are they?
112
355000
4000
Esiteks: kui on olemas rohkem ruumimõõtmeid, siis kus nad on?
06:11
We don't seem to see them.
113
359000
2000
Paistab, et me ei näe neid.
06:13
And number two: does this theory really work in detail,
114
361000
4000
Ja teiseks: kas see teooria töötab detailides,
06:17
when you try to apply it to the world around us?
115
365000
3000
kui me püüaks seda rakendada maailmale meie ümber.
06:20
Now, the first question was answered in 1926
116
368000
4000
Esimene küsimus sai vastuse 1926. aastal
06:24
by a fellow named Oskar Klein.
117
372000
2000
Oskar Kleini nimeliselt mehelt.
06:26
He suggested that dimensions might come in two varieties --
118
374000
4000
Ta pakkus, et mõõtmed võivad esineda kahes variandis -
06:30
there might be big, easy-to-see dimensions,
119
378000
3000
nad võivad olla suured, kergesti märgatavad mõõtmed,
06:33
but there might also be tiny, curled-up dimensions,
120
381000
3000
aga nad võivad olla ka kokkukeerdunud mõõtmed,
06:36
curled up so small, even though they're all around us,
121
384000
3000
nii tihedalt kokku keeratud, et olgugi nad on siinsamas meie ümber,
06:39
that we don't see them.
122
387000
2000
neid me ei näe.
06:41
Let me show you that one visually.
123
389000
2000
Vaatame seda pildilt.
06:43
So, imagine you're looking at something
124
391000
2000
Vaadakem mingit sellista asja,
06:45
like a cable supporting a traffic light.
125
393000
2000
nagu valgusfoori hoidev tross.
06:47
It's in Manhattan. You're in Central Park -- it's kind of irrelevant --
126
395000
3000
See on Manhattanil. Te olete Keskpargis - mis pole eriti oluline -
06:50
but the cable looks one-dimensional from a distant viewpoint,
127
398000
4000
tross paistab kaugelt vaadates ühemõõtmeline,
06:54
but you and I all know that it does have some thickness.
128
402000
3000
aga me kõik teame, et sellel on teatud jämedus.
06:57
It's very hard to see it, though, from far away.
129
405000
2000
Seda on raske märgata, kui vaadata eemalt.
06:59
But if we zoom in and take the perspective of, say,
130
407000
2000
Kui me aga suurendame,
07:01
a little ant walking around --
131
409000
2000
siin jalutab väike sipelgas -
07:03
little ants are so small that they can access all of the dimensions --
132
411000
3000
need sipelgad on nii väikesed, et nad saavad kasutada kõik mõõtmeid -
07:06
the long dimension,
133
414000
2000
pikkusmõõtu,
07:08
but also this clockwise, counter-clockwise direction.
134
416000
3000
aga ka seda päripäeva-vastupäeva suunda.
07:11
And I hope you appreciate this.
135
419000
2000
Ma loodan, et te hindate seda kõrgelt.
07:13
It took so long to get these ants to do this.
136
421000
2000
Võttis hulga aega, et sipelgad niimoodi välja õpetada.
07:15
(Laughter)
137
423000
1000
(Naer)
07:16
But this illustrates the fact that dimensions can be of two sorts:
138
424000
3000
Kuid see illustreerib fakti, et mõõtmeid võib olla kahte sorti:
07:19
big and small. And the idea that maybe the big dimensions around us
139
427000
4000
suuri ja väikseid. Ja mõtet, et suured mõõtmed me ümber
07:23
are the ones that we can easily see,
140
431000
2000
on need, mida me kergesti märkame,
07:25
but there might be additional dimensions curled up,
141
433000
3000
aga on täiendavad kokkukeerdunud mõõtmed,
07:28
sort of like the circular part of that cable,
142
436000
2000
nagu näiteks selle trossi ristlõige,
07:30
so small that they have so far remained invisible.
143
438000
4000
nii väikesed, et nad on jäänud siiani nähtamatuks.
07:34
Let me show you what that would look like.
144
442000
2000
Vaatame, kuidas see välja näeb.
07:36
So, if we take a look, say, at space itself --
145
444000
3000
Kui heidame pilgu ruumile endale -
07:39
I can only show, of course, two dimensions on a screen.
146
447000
4000
muidugi saan ma seda ekraanil näidata ainult kahemõõtmelisena.
07:43
Some of you guys will fix that one day,
147
451000
2000
Keegi teist korraldab selle ära ühel päeval,
07:45
but anything that's not flat on a screen is a new dimension,
148
453000
2000
aga kõik mis ei ole ekraani tasandis, on uus mõõde,
07:47
goes smaller, smaller, smaller,
149
455000
2000
läheme väiksemaks, väiksemaks, väiksemaks
07:49
and way down in the microscopic depths of space itself,
150
457000
4000
ja väga kaugel ruumi mikroskoopilistes sügavustes -
07:53
this is the idea,
151
461000
1000
selles asi ongi,
07:54
you could have additional curled up dimensions --
152
462000
2000
leiame täiendavad kokkukeerdunud mõõtmed.
07:56
here is a little shape of a circle -- so small that we don't see them.
153
464000
3000
Siin on väike ringike - nii pisike, et me näe seda.
07:59
But if you were a little ultra microscopic ant walking around,
154
467000
4000
Aga kui te jalutaks siin väikese, ultramikroskoopilise sipelgana,
08:03
you could walk in the big dimensions that we all know about --
155
471000
2000
saaksite te käia suurtes dimensioonides,
08:05
that's like the grid part --
156
473000
2000
see võre siin -
08:07
but you could also access the tiny curled-up dimension
157
475000
3000
kuid te saaksite toimida ka tillukeses keerdunud dimensioonis,
08:10
that's so small that we can't see it with the naked eye
158
478000
2000
mis on liiga väike selleks, et seda palja silmaga
08:12
or even with any of our most refined equipment.
159
480000
3000
või isegi meie kõige peenemate seadmetega näha.
08:15
But deeply tucked into the fabric of space itself,
160
483000
3000
Kuid pakituna sügavale ruumi tekstuuri
08:18
the idea is there could be more dimensions, as we see there.
161
486000
4000
võib olemas olla rohkem dimensioone, nagu siin näha.
08:22
Now that's an explanation
162
490000
4000
See olekski seletus,
08:26
about how the universe could have more dimensions than the ones that we see.
163
494000
4000
kuidas Universumis võib olla rohkem mõõtmeid kui need, mida näeme.
08:30
But what about the second question that I asked:
164
498000
3000
Aga teine küsimus, mida ma nimetasin:
08:33
does the theory actually work
165
501000
2000
kas teooria tegelikult töötab,
08:35
when you try to apply it to the real world?
166
503000
2000
kui te püüate seda rakendada reaalsele maailmale?
08:37
Well, it turns out that Einstein and Kaluza and many others
167
505000
3000
Tuleb välja, et Einstein ja Kaluza ja paljud teised
08:40
worked on trying to refine this framework
168
508000
5000
nägid vaeva püüdes seda raamideed täpsustada
08:45
and apply it to the physics of the universe
169
513000
3000
ja rakendada universumifüüsikale
08:48
as was understood at the time, and, in detail, it didn't work.
170
516000
4000
nii nagu seda tol ajalt tunti, kuid pisiasjus see ei toiminud.
08:52
In detail, for instance,
171
520000
1000
Detailides, näiteks
08:53
they couldn't get the mass of the electron
172
521000
2000
ei lahenenud elektroni massi küsimus
08:55
to work out correctly in this theory.
173
523000
2000
selles teoorias.
08:57
So many people worked on it, but by the '40s, certainly by the '50s,
174
525000
5000
Palju inimesi töötas selle kallal, kuid 40-ndatel ja muidugi 50-ndatel
09:02
this strange but very compelling idea
175
530000
4000
see kummaline, aga väga mõjuv teooria,
09:06
of how to unify the laws of physics had gone away.
176
534000
3000
kuidas ühitada füüsikaseadusi, vajus unustusse.
09:09
Until something wonderful happened in our age.
177
537000
4000
Kuni meie ajal juhtus midagi imepärast.
09:13
In our era, a new approach to unify the laws of physics
178
541000
4000
Meie ajastul püüavad paljud teadlased
09:17
is being pursued by physicists such as myself,
179
545000
2000
mina ise ja paljud teised kõikjal maailmas,
09:19
many others around the world,
180
547000
2000
uuel moel läheneda füüsikaseaduste ühitamisele,
09:21
it's called superstring theory, as you were indicating.
181
549000
3000
seda kutsutakse Superstringide Teooriaks, nagu juba jõudsite märgata.
09:24
And the wonderful thing is that superstring theory
182
552000
4000
Ja eriti huvitav on see, et esmapilgul pole superstringide teoorial
09:28
has nothing to do at first sight with this idea of extra dimensions,
183
556000
4000
midagi pistmist selle lisamõõtmete ideega,
09:32
but when we study superstring theory,
184
560000
3000
kuid superstringide teooriat lähemalt uurides
09:35
we find that it resurrects the idea in a sparkling, new form.
185
563000
3000
me näeme, et ta äratab selle mõtte uues säravas vormis.
09:38
So, let me just tell you how that goes.
186
566000
2000
Nüüd sellest kuidas see käib.
09:40
Superstring theory -- what is it?
187
568000
2000
Superstringide teooria - mis see on?
09:42
Well, it's a theory that tries to answer the question:
188
570000
2000
See on teooria, mis püüab vastata küsimusele:
09:44
what are the basic, fundamental, indivisible, uncuttable constituents
189
572000
5000
millistest põhilistest, fundamentaalsetest, jagamatutest, lõhustamatutest koostisosadest
09:49
making up everything in the world around us?
190
577000
4000
on kokku pandud kogu meid ümbritsev maailm?
09:53
The idea is like this.
191
581000
2000
Idee on selline.
09:55
So, imagine we look at a familiar object, just a candle in a holder,
192
583000
5000
Vaatame mingit tavalist eset, näiteks küünalt küünlajalas
10:00
and imagine that we want to figure out what it is made of.
193
588000
3000
ja püüame kujutleda, millest see on tehtud.
10:03
So we go on a journey deep inside the object and examine the constituents.
194
591000
4000
Reisime objekti sügavusse ja uurime selle koostist.
10:07
So deep inside -- we all know, you go sufficiently far down, you have atoms.
195
595000
4000
Sügavas sisemuses - kui minna uurimisega piisavalt kaugele, leiate te aatomid.
10:11
We also all know that atoms are not the end of the story.
196
599000
3000
Me teame, et aatomid pole selle reisi lõpp.
10:14
They have little electrons that swarm around a central nucleus
197
602000
4000
Seal on pisikesed elektronid, mis parvlevad tsentraalse,
10:18
with neutrons and protons.
198
606000
1000
neutronitest ja prootonitest tuuma ümber.
10:19
Even the neutrons and protons have smaller particles inside of them known as quarks.
199
607000
5000
Isegi neutronid ja prootonid sisaldavad väiksemaid osakesi, mida nimetatakse kvarkideks.
10:24
That is where conventional ideas stop.
200
612000
3000
Siin saavad tavapärased teooriad otsa.
10:27
Here is the new idea of string theory.
201
615000
2000
Samas on stringiteooria uus lähenemine.
10:29
Deep inside any of these particles, there is something else.
202
617000
5000
Sügaval iga osakese sisemuses leidub veel midagi.
10:34
This something else is this dancing filament of energy.
203
622000
3000
Seal tantsiskleb pisike kiud energiat.
10:37
It looks like a vibrating string --
204
625000
2000
See on nagu võnkuv keeleke, string -
10:39
that's where the idea, string theory comes from.
205
627000
2000
sellest pärinebki stringiteooria idee.
10:41
And just like the vibrating strings that you just saw in a cello
206
629000
3000
Ja nagu tšellokeeled, mida te nägite,
10:44
can vibrate in different patterns,
207
632000
2000
võivad võnkuda erineval moel,
10:46
these can also vibrate in different patterns.
208
634000
2000
nii ka need võivad võnkuda erinevalt.
10:48
They don't produce different musical notes.
209
636000
2000
Nad ei lase kõlada erinevatel nootidel.
10:50
Rather, they produce the different particles making up the world around us.
210
638000
4000
Selle asemel loovad nad erinevad osakesed, millest koosneb maailm meie ümber.
10:54
So if these ideas are correct,
211
642000
1000
Kui need mõtted on õiged,
10:55
this is what the ultra-microscopic landscape of the universe looks like.
212
643000
5000
siis selline ongi Universumi ultramikroskoopiline vaade.
11:00
It's built up of a huge number
213
648000
2000
See on tehtud tohutust arvust
11:02
of these little tiny filaments of vibrating energy,
214
650000
4000
tibatillukestest võnkuvatest energiakiududest,
11:06
vibrating in different frequencies.
215
654000
2000
mis vibreerivad erineva sagedusega.
11:08
The different frequencies produce the different particles.
216
656000
3000
Eri sagedused loovad erinevad osakesed.
11:11
The different particles are responsible
217
659000
3000
Erinevad osakesed põhjustavad
11:14
for all the richness in the world around us.
218
662000
3000
meid ümbritseva maailma rikkuse.
11:17
And there you see unification,
219
665000
2000
See on ühendteooria,
11:19
because matter particles, electrons and quarks,
220
667000
3000
kuna aineosakesed, elektronid ja kvargid,
11:22
radiation particles, photons, gravitons, are all built up from one entity.
221
670000
6000
kiirguse osakesed, footonid ja gravitonid, kõigil on üks olemus.
11:28
So matter and the forces of nature all are put together
222
676000
4000
Kogu aine ja kõik jõud looduses on ühest ja samast
11:32
under the rubric of vibrating strings.
223
680000
2000
võnkuvate stringide soost.
11:34
And that's what we mean by a unified theory.
224
682000
4000
Ja nii me mõistamegi ühendteooriat.
11:38
Now here is the catch.
225
686000
2000
Kuid siin on konks.
11:40
When you study the mathematics of string theory,
226
688000
3000
Kui te uurite stringiteooria matemaatikat,
11:43
you find that it doesn't work
227
691000
2000
leiate te, et see ei toimi
11:45
in a universe that just has three dimensions of space.
228
693000
3000
kolmemõõtmelises universumis.
11:48
It doesn't work in a universe with four dimensions of space, nor five, nor six.
229
696000
4000
See ei toimi ka nelja ruumimõõtme korral, ega ka viie või kuue korral.
11:52
Finally, you can study the equations, and show that it works
230
700000
4000
Lõpuks võite jõuda võrranditeni ja näidata, et see töötab
11:56
only in a universe that has 10 dimensions of space
231
704000
4000
ainult universumi korral, kus on 10 ruumimõõdet
12:00
and one dimension of time.
232
708000
2000
ja üks ajamõõde.
12:02
It leads us right back to this idea of Kaluza and Klein --
233
710000
5000
See toob meid tagasi Kaluza ja Kleini idee juurde,
12:07
that our world, when appropriately described,
234
715000
3000
et meie maailmas, kui seda asjakohaselt kirjeldada,
12:10
has more dimensions than the ones that we see.
235
718000
3000
on rohkem mõõtmeid kui need mida me näeme.
12:13
Now you might think about that and say, well,
236
721000
3000
Nüüd võite järgi mõelda ja öelda, heaküll
12:16
OK, you know, if you have extra dimensions, and they're really tightly curled up,
237
724000
3000
olgu, kui on lisamõõtmed ja nad on tõesti tihedalt kokku keerdunud,
12:19
yeah, perhaps we won't see them, if they're small enough.
238
727000
4000
jah, võib-olla me ei näe neid, kui nad on piisavalt väikesed.
12:23
But if there's a little tiny civilization of green people walking around down there,
239
731000
3000
Aga kui seal on tibatilluke roheliste mehikeste tsivilisatsioon
12:26
and you make them small enough, and we won't see them either. That is true.
240
734000
5000
ja nad on piisavalt pisikesed, et mitte välja paista, siis see on tõsi.
12:31
One of the other predictions of string theory --
241
739000
3000
Veel üks stringiteooria ennustustest -
12:34
no, that's not one of the other predictions of string theory.
242
742000
3000
ei, see pole stringiteooria ennustus.
12:37
(Laughter)
243
745000
1000
(Naer)
12:38
But it raises the question:
244
746000
2000
Kuid siit kerkib küsimus:
12:40
are we just trying to hide away these extra dimensions,
245
748000
2000
kas me mitte ei püüa neid lisamõõtmeid kuidagi jalust ära saada
12:42
or do they tell us something about the world?
246
750000
3000
või ehk ütlevad nad meile midagi maailma kohta.
12:45
In the remaining time, I'd like to tell you two features of them.
247
753000
4000
Allesjäänud ajaga, seletaksin nende mõõtmete kohta kahte põhilist asja.
12:49
First is, many of us believe that these extra dimensions
248
757000
4000
Esiteks, paljud usuvad, et lisamõõtmetes
12:53
hold the answer to what perhaps is the deepest question
249
761000
4000
peitub vastus ehk kõige sügavamale
12:57
in theoretical physics, theoretical science.
250
765000
3000
teoreetilise füüsika, loodusteaduse küsimusele.
13:00
And that question is this: when we look around the world,
251
768000
4000
Ja see oleks: kui me vaatame oma maailma
13:04
as scientists have done for the last hundred years,
252
772000
2000
nii nagu teadlased on seda teinud viimase saja aasta jooksul,
13:06
there appear to be about 20 numbers that really describe our universe.
253
774000
4000
siis paistab, et on umbes 20 arvu, mis meie Universumit sisuliselt kirjeldavad.
13:10
These are numbers like the mass of the particles,
254
778000
3000
Need on näiteks osakeste,
13:13
like electrons and quarks, the strength of gravity,
255
781000
2000
elektronide ja kvarkide, massid, gravitatsiooni tugevus,
13:15
the strength of the electromagnetic force --
256
783000
2000
elektromagnetjõu tugevus -
13:17
a list of about 20 numbers
257
785000
2000
umbes 20 arvu,
13:19
that have been measured with incredible precision,
258
787000
3000
mis on ära mõõdetud uskumatu täpsusega,
13:22
but nobody has an explanation
259
790000
2000
kuid keegi ei seleta,
13:24
for why the numbers have the particular values that they do.
260
792000
4000
miks neil just sellised väärtused on.
13:28
Now, does string theory offer an answer?
261
796000
3000
Kas stringiteoorial on vastus pakkuda?
13:31
Not yet.
262
799000
1000
Veel mitte.
13:32
But we believe the answer for why those numbers have the values they do
263
800000
4000
Aga me usume, et vastus, miks neil arvudel on sellised väärtused nagu neil on,
13:36
may rely on the form of the extra dimensions.
264
804000
3000
võiks toetuda lisamõõtmete kuju mõistmisele.
13:39
And the wonderful thing is, if those numbers
265
807000
2000
Imelugu on seejuures, et kui neil arvudel
13:41
had any other values than the known ones,
266
809000
3000
oleksid mingid meile tuntutest erinevad väärtused,
13:44
the universe, as we know it, wouldn't exist.
267
812000
3000
siis Universumi meile tuntud moel ei oleks olemas.
13:47
This is a deep question.
268
815000
1000
See on väga oluline küsimus.
13:48
Why are those numbers so finely tuned
269
816000
2000
Miks on need arvud nii täpselt paigas,
13:50
to allow stars to shine and planets to form,
270
818000
2000
et tähed saavad särada ja planeedid võisid tekkida.
13:52
when we recognize that if you fiddle with those numbers --
271
820000
3000
Vähimgi mäng nende arvudega -
13:55
if I had 20 dials up here
272
823000
2000
kui mul oleks siin 20 reguleerimisnuppu
13:57
and I let you come up and fiddle with those numbers,
273
825000
2000
ja ma laseks teil tulla ja neid arve sättida,
13:59
almost any fiddling makes the universe disappear.
274
827000
4000
siis peaaegu iga häälestus viiks Universumi kadumisele.
14:03
So can we explain those 20 numbers?
275
831000
3000
Nii et kas me saame nende 20 seletamisega hakkama?
14:06
And string theory suggests that those 20 numbers
276
834000
2000
Stringiteooria pakub, et neil 20 arvul
14:08
have to do with the extra dimensions.
277
836000
2000
on pistmist lisamõõtmetega.
14:10
Let me show you how.
278
838000
2000
Vaatame kuidas.
14:12
So when we talk about the extra dimensions in string theory,
279
840000
4000
Kui me räägime lisamõõtmetest stringiteoorias,
14:16
it's not one extra dimension,
280
844000
2000
siis see ole mitte üks lisamõõde,
14:18
as in the older ideas of Kaluza and Klein.
281
846000
4000
nagu Kaluza ja Kleini vanemates ideedes.
14:22
This is what string theory says about the extra dimensions.
282
850000
3000
Sellised oleksid stringiteooria lisamõõtmed.
14:25
They have a very rich, intertwined geometry.
283
853000
3000
Neil on väga keeruline läbipõimunud geomeetria.
14:28
This is an example of something known as a Calabi-Yau shape --
284
856000
4000
Siin näiteks Calabi-Yau ruum -
14:32
name isn't all that important.
285
860000
2000
nimi ei ole eriti tähtis.
14:34
But, as you can see,
286
862000
2000
Nagu näete,
14:36
the extra dimensions fold in on themselves
287
864000
3000
lisamõõtmed on iseendasse kokku volditud
14:39
and intertwine in a very interesting shape, interesting structure.
288
867000
4000
ja põimuvad väga huvitavaks kujundiks, põnevateks struktuurideks.
14:43
And the idea is that if this is what the extra dimensions look like,
289
871000
5000
Asja mõte on, et kui lisamõõtmed tõesti on sellised,
14:48
then the microscopic landscape of our universe all around us
290
876000
4000
siis näeb meie Universumi kõige pisem mikromaastik
14:52
would look like this on the tiniest of scales.
291
880000
2000
välja just selline.
14:54
When you swing your hand,
292
882000
1000
Kui te lehvitate käega,
14:55
you'd be moving around these extra dimensions over and over again,
293
883000
3000
siis liigute te ikka ja jälle läbi lisamõõtmete,
14:58
but they're so small that we wouldn't know it.
294
886000
2000
aga nad nii väikesed, et me ei tunne midagi.
15:00
So what is the physical implication, though, relevant to those 20 numbers?
295
888000
3000
Aga millise mõistliku füüsikaline järelduse võiks teha nende 20 arvu kohta?
15:03
Consider this. If you look at the instrument, a French horn,
296
891000
3000
Mõelgem niiviisi. Kui te vaatate sellist pilli, nagu metsasarv,
15:06
notice that the vibrations of the airstreams
297
894000
3000
näete, et õhusamba võnkumist
15:09
are affected by the shape of the instrument.
298
897000
2000
mõjutab pilli kuju.
15:11
Now in string theory,
299
899000
2000
Stringiteoorias
15:13
all the numbers are reflections of the way strings can vibrate.
300
901000
3000
on kõik arvud stringide, keelte võnkumise peegeldus.
15:16
So just as those airstreams
301
904000
2000
Kui need õhuvoolud
15:18
are affected by the twists and turns in the instrument,
302
906000
3000
saavad mõjutatud pööretest ja looklemisest pillis,
15:21
strings themselves will be affected
303
909000
2000
siis stringidele mõjub
15:23
by the vibrational patterns in the geometry within which they are moving.
304
911000
4000
võnkumise viis selles geomeetrias, kus nad liikuda saavad.
15:27
So let me bring some strings into the story.
305
915000
2000
Võtame siia nüüd ka stringid.
15:29
And if you watch these little fellows vibrating around --
306
917000
3000
Kui te vaatate neid siin võnkumas -
15:32
they'll be there in a second -- right there,
307
920000
2000
kohe nad ilmuvad -- siinsamas,
15:34
notice that they way they vibrate is affected
308
922000
2000
märkate, kuidas nende võnkumise viisi mõjutab
15:36
by the geometry of the extra dimensions.
309
924000
2000
lisamõõtmete geomeetria.
15:38
So, if we knew exactly what the extra dimensions look like --
310
926000
3000
Kui me teaksime täpselt millised need lisamõõtmed on -
15:41
we don't yet, but if we did --
311
929000
2000
me veel ei tea, aga kui me teaksime -
15:43
we should be able to calculate the allowed notes,
312
931000
3000
peaksime me saama välja arvutada lubatud noodid,
15:46
the allowed vibrational patterns.
313
934000
2000
võnkumise võimalikud viisid.
15:48
And if we could calculate the allowed vibrational patterns,
314
936000
3000
Ja kui me lubatud vibratsioonimustrid saaksime välja arvutada,
15:51
we should be able to calculate those 20 numbers.
315
939000
3000
võiksime leida need 20 arvu.
15:54
And if the answer that we get from our calculations
316
942000
4000
Kui meie arvutustulemused
15:58
agrees with the values of those numbers
317
946000
2000
sobivad nende arvude väärtustega,
16:00
that have been determined
318
948000
2000
mis on määratud
16:02
through detailed and precise experimentation,
319
950000
3000
täpseimate eksperimentidega,
16:05
this in many ways would be the first fundamental explanation
320
953000
5000
peaks see olema mitmes mõttes esimene fundamentaalne seletus
16:10
for why the structure of the universe is the way it is.
321
958000
5000
sellele, miks Universumi struktuur on just selline nagu ta on.
16:15
Now, the second issue that I want to finish up with is:
322
963000
3000
Teine probleem, millega ma tahan lõpetada:
16:18
how might we test for these extra dimensions more directly?
323
966000
5000
kuidas me saaksime lisamõõtmeid otsesemalt proovile panna?
16:23
Is this just an interesting mathematical structure
324
971000
3000
Kas on tegemist huvitava matemaatilise struktuuriga,
16:26
that might be able to explain
325
974000
2000
mis võib seletada
16:28
some previously unexplained features of the world,
326
976000
5000
varem seletamata maailma omadusi
16:33
or can we actually test for these extra dimensions?
327
981000
3000
või saame me tegelikult lisamõõtmeid testida?
16:36
And we think -- and this is, I think, very exciting --
328
984000
2000
Me arvame - ja see on minu meelest eriti põnev -
16:38
that in the next five years or so we may be able to test
329
986000
4000
et järgmise viie aastaga saab võimalikuks
16:42
for the existence of these extra dimensions.
330
990000
3000
uurida lisamõõtmete olemasolu.
16:45
Here's how it goes. In CERN, Geneva, Switzerland,
331
993000
4000
See toimub CERNis, Šveitsis Genfi lähedal.
16:49
a machine is being built called the Large Hadron Collider.
332
997000
4000
Ehitatavat seadet nimetakse Suur Hadronite Põrguti (LHC).
16:53
It's a machine that will send particles around a tunnel,
333
1001000
3000
Selles seadmes saadetakse osakesed tunnelit mööda
16:56
opposite directions, near the speed of light.
334
1004000
2000
vastassuundades teele peaaegu valguse kiirusega.
16:58
Every so often those particles will be aimed at each other,
335
1006000
4000
Aeg ajalt juhitakse osakesed kokku
17:02
so there's a head-on collision.
336
1010000
2000
ja saadakse laupkokkupõrge.
17:04
The hope is that if the collision has enough energy,
337
1012000
4000
Lootust on, et põrkesse saab piisavalt energiat
17:08
it may eject some of the debris from the collision
338
1016000
3000
saatmaks osa põrkekildudest
17:11
from our dimensions, forcing it to enter into the other dimensions.
339
1019000
5000
väljapoole meie mõõtmeid ja suunamaks nad lisamõõtmetesse.
17:16
How would we know it?
340
1024000
2000
Kuidas me sellest teada saame?
17:18
Well, we'll measure the amount of energy after the collision,
341
1026000
3000
Mõõdame energiakogused peale põrget
17:21
compare it to the amount of energy before,
342
1029000
2000
ja võrdleme seda eelnevaga.
17:23
and if there's less energy after the collision than before,
343
1031000
4000
Kui pärast põrget on vähem energiat kui oli enne,
17:27
this will be evidence that the energy has drifted away.
344
1035000
2000
saab see tõendiks, et osa on ära kandunud.
17:29
And if it drifts away in the right pattern that we can calculate,
345
1037000
3000
Ja kui see kandumine toimub viisil, mida me saame ette arvutada
17:32
this will be evidence that the extra dimensions are there.
346
1040000
3000
tõendab see lisamõõtemete olemasolu.
17:35
Let me show you that idea visually.
347
1043000
2000
Visualiseerime seda.
17:37
So, imagine we have a certain kind of particle called a graviton --
348
1045000
3000
Kujutleme, et meil on teatud sorti osake, mida kutsutakse gravitoniks -
17:40
that's the kind of debris we expect to be ejected out,
349
1048000
4000
see kuulub nende kildude hulka, millest me ootame, et neid on võimalik välja lüüa
17:44
if the extra dimensions are real.
350
1052000
2000
kui lisamõõtmed on tõesti olemas.
17:46
But here's how the experiment will go.
351
1054000
1000
Katse käib nii.
17:47
You take these particles. You slam them together.
352
1055000
3000
Võtate osakesed. Põrutate nad kokku.
17:50
You slam them together, and if we are right,
353
1058000
2000
Põrutate kokku ja kui meil on õigus,
17:52
some of the energy of that collision
354
1060000
2000
siis osa põrkeenergiast
17:54
will go into debris that flies off into these extra dimensions.
355
1062000
4000
lendab kildudega kaasa neisse lisamõõtmetesse.
17:58
So this is the kind of experiment
356
1066000
2000
Selline võiks olla katse,
18:00
that we'll be looking at in the next five, seven to 10 years or so.
357
1068000
4000
mida me ootame järgmise viie, seitsme kuni võib-olla kümne aasta jooksul.
18:04
And if this experiment bears fruit,
358
1072000
3000
Kui katse kannab vilja,
18:07
if we see that kind of particle ejected
359
1075000
3000
kui me leiame sedasorti osakeste väljumise
18:10
by noticing that there's less energy in our dimensions
360
1078000
3000
energia puudujäägi meie mõõtmetes
18:13
than when we began,
361
1081000
2000
võrreldes sellega kust alustasime,
18:15
this will show that the extra dimensions are real.
362
1083000
3000
siis see näitab meile, et lisamõõtmed on olemas.
18:18
And to me this is a really remarkable story,
363
1086000
3000
Minu jaoks on see tõeliselt tähelepanuväärne lugu
18:21
and a remarkable opportunity. Going back to Newton with absolute space --
364
1089000
4000
ja võimalus. Meenutades Newtoni absoluutset ruumi,
18:25
didn't provide anything but an arena, a stage
365
1093000
2000
see andis meile kõigest lava,
18:27
in which the events of the universe take place.
366
1095000
2000
millel Universumi etendus saab toimuda.
18:29
Einstein comes along and says,
367
1097000
2000
Siis tuleb Einstein ja ütleb,
18:31
well, space and time can warp and curve -- that's what gravity is.
368
1099000
3000
et ruum ja aeg kõverduvad ja painduvad, see ongi gravitatsioon.
18:34
And now string theory comes along and says,
369
1102000
4000
Ja nüüd ilmub stringiteooria, mis ütleb,
18:38
yes, gravity, quantum mechanics, electromagnetism,
370
1106000
3000
jah, gravitatsioon, kvantmehaanika, elektromagnetism -
18:41
all together in one package,
371
1109000
2000
kõik käib ühtekokku,
18:43
but only if the universe has more dimensions than the ones that we see.
372
1111000
4000
aga ainult siis kui Universumis on rohkem mõõtmeid, kui me näeme.
18:47
And this is an experiment that may test for them in our lifetime.
373
1115000
5000
See katse võib veel meie eluajal neid mõõtmeid uurida.
18:52
Amazing possibility.
374
1120000
2000
Hämmastav võimalus.
18:54
Thank you very much.
375
1122000
2000
Tänan.
18:56
(Applause)
376
1124000
7000
(Aplaus)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Brian Greene - PhysicistBrian Greene is perhaps the best-known proponent of superstring theory, the idea that minuscule strands of energy vibrating in a higher dimensional space-time create every particle and force in the universe.
Why you should listen
Greene, a professor of physics and mathematics at Columbia University, has focused on unified theories for more than 25 years, and has written several best-selling and non-technical books on the subject including The Elegant Universe, a Pulitzer finalist, and The Fabric of the Cosmos — each of which has been adapted into a NOVA mini-series. His latest book, The Hidden Reality, explores the possibility that our universe is not the only universe.
Greene believes science must be brought to general audiences in new and compelling ways, such as his live stage odyssey, Icarus at the Edge of Time, with original orchestral score by Philip Glass, and the annual World Science Festival, which he co-founded in 2008 with journalist Tracy Day.
Brian Greene | Speaker | TED.com