Nathalie Cabrol: How Mars might hold the secret to the origin of life
ناتالی کابرول: چگونه ممکن است مریخ راز سرچشمه زندگی را در خود نگه داشته باشد
To determine how life might persist on Mars, Nathalie Cabrol explores one of Earth’s most extreme environments: high-elevation Andean lakes and deserts. Full bio
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in the smallest packages.
in the 15 minutes I have,
شما را متقاعد کنم
about questions such as,
چیزهای زیادی برای گفتن دارند. مانند،
not only life in our solar system
in the most impossible places on Earth,
مکان ها بر روی زمین دنبال می کنم،
to the brink of survival.
when I'm trying to follow them too close.
وقتی سعی می کنم که آنها را از نزدیک دنبال کنم.
in the solar system,
no microbial life nearby.
and moons you see here
and we know that,
و ما این را می دانیم،
on those moons and planets,
because there has been a revolution
چون درکی که ما از
of what a habitable planet is,
water can stay stable,
definition of habitability,
dimension to habitability,
where you are very far away from a sun,
جایی که شما خیلی از خورشید دور هستید،
energy, nutrients,
deep in the ocean,
در اعماق اقیانوسها،
for life processes.
at that point, all walls collapse.
همه دیوارها فرو میریزند.
at the headlines lately,
discovered a subsurface ocean
on Enceladus, on Titan,
and hot springs on Enceladus,
into a giant spa.
knows how much microbes like that, right?
می داند که میکروبها چقدر این را دوست دارند، درسته؟
at the surface of Mars today,
in our understanding of habitability,
in our understanding
of life are on Earth.
نیز در حال پیشرفت است.
organic molecules,
between bacteria and rocks,
gases in the atmosphere.
tiny green algae
of those who have been pumping oxygen
کسانی هستند که اکسیژن را
in the atmosphere of the Earth.
90 percent of the life
۹۰ درصد زندگی
you are breathing this air today.
of all of these things,
از همه این چیزها افزایش می یابد،
we still cannot answer,
to find the physical evidence
on this planet,
is older than four billion years is gone.
۴ میلیارد سال پیش بوده از بین رفته است.
biological horizon.
افق بیولوژیکی می گویم.
where we are coming from.
evidence of our own origin
از سرچشمه خودمان پیدا کنیم
and this place in Mars.
of the solar system,
by giant asteroids and comets,
و سیارکها غول پیکربمباران شدند،
from these impacts all over the place.
تمامی سطح زمین وجود دارند.
at each other for a very long time.
همدیگر را برای مدت زیادی ادامه دادند.
been seeded by the same material.
با مواد مشابهی تشکیل شده باشند.
there on the surface and waiting for us.
بر سطح ( مریخ) نشسته و منتظر ما باشد.
and try to find traces of our own origin.
و سعی کنیم آثاری از سرچشمه خودمان در آنجا پیدا کنیم.
at the time when conditions were right.
telling us exactly the same thing today.
appeared on the Earth,
it had volcanoes, it had lakes,
picture you see here.
rover only a few weeks ago.
(کیوراسیتی) چند هفته پیش (از مریخ) ارسال شده.
and this picture tells us something:
و این تصویر به ما چیزی میگوید:
for a very long time.
to actually happen.
life will be easy to find on Mars?
به آسانی می توانیم زندگی را در مریخ پیدا کنیم؟
at the surface of the Earth,
stripped away by solar winds,
bombarded the surface
سطح مریخ را بمبارن کردند
and went underground.
of the signatures of life
the impact of each of these events
to know where those signatures are hiding,
که این آثار کجا پنهان شدهاند،
to send our rover to the right places
مریخنورد را به مکان درست بفرستیم
that may be telling us something
از این سنگها که شاید به ما چیزهای
that somewhere, independently,
3.5 billion years ago
to go back in the past of our own planet.
برای رفتن به گذشته سیاره مان از آن استفاده می کنند.
in very extreme environments
to those of Mars
to understand what happened.
I'm going to take you with me
we are at 4,500 meters in the Andes,
ما در ارتفاع ۴٫۵۰۰ متری در رشته کوه های آند هستیم،
years after the Earth and Mars formed.
پس از شکل گیری زمین و مریخ هستیم.
pretty much exactly like that --
evaporating lakes everywhere,
دریاچه های تبخیر شده در همه جا هستند،
on the shore of those lakes?
of the first organisms
going on, we need to go a little further.
باید کمی جلوتر برویم.
three and a half billion years ago,
۳/۵ میلیارد سال پیش،
and water and ice are disappearing.
آب و یخ در حال ناپدید شدن هستند.
when everything changed on Mars,
که همه چیز در مریخ تغییر کرد،
it's getting more unstable,
and you have a lot more U.V. radiation.
on Mars when everything changed.
a leisurely trip on the time machine.
با ماشین زمان ندادم.
in that time machine.
of equipment to the summit
in the Andes here.
on 42-degree slopes
be any earthquake that night.
we actually find the lake we came for.
دریاچه ای را پیدا کردیم که به خاطرش آمده بودیم.
experiencing exactly the same conditions
three and a half billion years ago.
our mountain gear
at the very moment we enter that lake,
دقیقا در همان لحظه که وارد می شویم،
in the past of another planet,
the answer came for.
is a living organism.
می بینید یک موجود زنده است.
but everything else.
right now and due to climate change,
were composed of three species,
از سه گونه تشکیل شده،
that have survived so far.
right next to the first one.
درست کنار اولی.
is not due to minerals.
of a tiny algae.
is really nasty.
is considered to be extreme.
با درجه ۱۱ بسیار شدید است.
the U.V. Index reaches 43.
میزان آن به ۴۳ می رسد.
to you over there,
transparent in those lakes
nowhere to hide, really,
their own sunscreen,
is gone from the surface,
you see in that slide here,
living inside rocks
of the translucence of the rocks
actually damage their DNA.
تخریب می کند را دور می ریزند.
for life on Mars in these areas,
three and a half billion years ago,
to actually protect itself.
is helping us very much
and to prepare missions.
the geology of Mars.
climate of Mars and its evolution,
has discovered traces of organics.
at the surface of Mars.
if the methane in question
that because of the discovery,
life present on Mars today
that Mars is very special to us,
که مریخ برای ما خیلی ویژه هست.
that Mars is the only place
to find potential microbial life.
زندگی بالقوه میکروبی در آن جالب است.
Mars and the Earth
to their tree of life,
در درخت زندگی داشته باشند،
it's not that easy.
دیگربه این آسانی نیست.
is not making it so easy
of material between planets,
life on those planets,
in the solar system.
but I can tell you something:
اما میتوانم به شما چیزی بگویم:
no matter what that magic number is,
مهم نیست که عدد جادویی چیست،
to measure the life potential,
beyond our own solar system.
by our generation.
but only if we dare to explore.
اما تنها اگر جرات و جسارت اکتشاف را داشته باشیم.
for alien microbes is not cool
میکروبی بیگانه باشید
a philosophical conversation with them,
you can tell them they're wrong.
می توانید به آنها بگوید که در اشتباهند.
is going to tell you
and about diversity.
is going to tell you about adaptation,
about planetary changes
تغییرات سیارات
as a microbial pathway
یک مسیر میکروبی
and look at the Earth.
و به زمین نگاه کنید.
intelligent species,
of our own solar system,
for alien life, small and big.
در پی زندگی بیگانه ها ، اعم ازکوچک و بزرگ، باشیم.
and we are listening,
and one moon at a time,
از یک قمر به قمری دیگر،
abundance of life,
how this life has survived thus far
and, indeed, philosophy.
و بدون شک فلسفه دست یابد.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nathalie Cabrol - Planetary explorerTo determine how life might persist on Mars, Nathalie Cabrol explores one of Earth’s most extreme environments: high-elevation Andean lakes and deserts.
Why you should listen
While hunting for life in the fragile biomes of the Andes, Nathalie Cabrol has braved earthquakes, set a diving record and gathered data on the threats faced by mountain ecosystems in the face of climate change.
But Cabrol’s eyes are always fixed on Mars, which may have once had a climate similar to Earth’s mountain deserts. As a science team member for NASA, Cabrol helps design interplanetary experiments for the Martian Spirit rover, and researches new technologies for future missions to Mars and beyond.
Nathalie Cabrol | Speaker | TED.com