TED2015
Nathalie Cabrol: How Mars might hold the secret to the origin of life
Natali Kabrol (Nathalie Cabrol): Kako bi Mars mogao skrivati tajnu o poreklu života
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Iako volimo da zamišljamo male zelene, veća je verovatnoća da će život na drugim planetama biti mikrobski. Planetarni naučnik, Natali Kabrol, nas vodi na Mars u potragu za mikrobima, lov koji nas, nelogično, vodi do udaljenih jezera na Andima. Ovi ekstremni životni uslovi - sa tankom atmosferom i sprženom zemljom - približni su uslovima kakvi su bili na površini Marsa pre oko tri i po miliona godina. Kako se mikrobi prilagođavaju da bi preživeli ovde može nam pokazati gde da ih tražimo na Marsu - i to bi nam moglo pomoći da razumemo zašto nekad putevi mikroba vode do stvaranja civilizacije, dok drugi vode do ćorsokaka.
Nathalie Cabrol - Planetary explorer
To determine how life might persist on Mars, Nathalie Cabrol explores one of Earth’s most extreme environments: high-elevation Andean lakes and deserts. Full bio
To determine how life might persist on Mars, Nathalie Cabrol explores one of Earth’s most extreme environments: high-elevation Andean lakes and deserts. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Well, you know, sometimes
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Znate, ponekad
00:14
the most important things come
in the smallest packages.
in the smallest packages.
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najvažnije stvari dolaze
u najmanjim pakovanjima.
u najmanjim pakovanjima.
00:17
I am going to try to convince you,
in the 15 minutes I have,
in the 15 minutes I have,
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U ovih 15 minuta koje imam,
pokušaću da vas ubedim
pokušaću da vas ubedim
00:20
that microbes have a lot to say
about questions such as,
about questions such as,
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da mikrobi mogu mnogo toga reći
o pitanjima kao što je
o pitanjima kao što je
00:25
"Are we alone?"
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"Da li smo sami?"
00:26
and they can tell us more about
not only life in our solar system
not only life in our solar system
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i mogu mnogo toga reći,
ne samo o životu u našem Sunčevom sistemu,
ne samo o životu u našem Sunčevom sistemu,
00:32
but also maybe beyond,
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već možda i izvan njega,
00:34
and this is why I am tracking them down
in the most impossible places on Earth,
in the most impossible places on Earth,
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i to je razlog što ih pratim
na neverovatna mesta na Zemlji,
na neverovatna mesta na Zemlji,
00:39
in extreme environments where conditions
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u ekstremnim sredinama
gde ih životni uslovi
gde ih životni uslovi
00:41
are really pushing them
to the brink of survival.
to the brink of survival.
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dovode na sam rub preživljavanja
00:44
Actually, sometimes me too,
when I'm trying to follow them too close.
when I'm trying to follow them too close.
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zapravo, ponekad i mene isto tako,
kada pokušam da im se previše približim.
kada pokušam da im se previše približim.
00:47
But here's the thing:
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Ali evo u čemu je stvar:
00:49
We are the only advanced civilization
in the solar system,
in the solar system,
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mi smo jedina napredna civilizacija
u Sunčevom sistemu
u Sunčevom sistemu
00:55
but that doesn't mean that there is
no microbial life nearby.
no microbial life nearby.
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ali to ne znači da u okolini
nema mikrobskog života.
nema mikrobskog života.
00:58
In fact, the planets
and moons you see here
and moons you see here
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Zapravo, planete i meseci koje ovde vidite
01:02
could host life -- all of them --
and we know that,
and we know that,
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mogli bi imati život na sebi - svi oni,
i mi to znamo,
i mi to znamo,
01:06
and it's a strong possibility.
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i velika je verovatnoća da je tako.
01:09
And if we were going to find life
on those moons and planets,
on those moons and planets,
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Pa ako bismo našli život
na ovim mesecima i planetama,
na ovim mesecima i planetama,
01:14
then we would answer questions such as,
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onda bismo tražili odgovor
na pitanja tipa:
na pitanja tipa:
01:17
are we alone in the solar system?
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"Jesmo li sami u Sunčevom sistemu?"
01:19
Where are we coming from?
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"Odakle potičemo?"
01:21
Do we have family in the neighborhood?
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"Imamo li neku porodicu u komšiluku?"
01:24
Is there life beyond our solar system?
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"Ima li života izvan Sunčevog sistema?"
01:28
And we can ask all those questions
because there has been a revolution
because there has been a revolution
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Možemo da postavimo sva ova pitanja
zbog revolucije
zbog revolucije
01:32
in our understanding
of what a habitable planet is,
of what a habitable planet is,
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u našem načinu shvatanja toga
šta je zapravo planeta
šta je zapravo planeta
01:36
and today, a habitable planet is a planet
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i danas, naseljiva planeta je planeta
01:39
that has a zone where
water can stay stable,
water can stay stable,
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koja na sebi ima zonu
gde voda može ostati stabilna
gde voda može ostati stabilna
01:44
but to me this is a horizontal
definition of habitability,
definition of habitability,
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ali po meni to je horizontalna
definicija naseljivosti
definicija naseljivosti
01:47
because it involves a distance to a star,
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jer uključuje i udaljenost od zvezde,
01:50
but there is another
dimension to habitability,
dimension to habitability,
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a postoji još jedna
dimenzija naseljivosti,
dimenzija naseljivosti,
01:53
and this is a vertical dimension.
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a to je ta vertikalna dimenzija.
01:55
Think of it as
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Mislite o njoj kao o uslovima
01:59
conditions in the subsurface of a planet
where you are very far away from a sun,
where you are very far away from a sun,
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ispod površine planete
gde ste veoma udaljeni od Sunca
gde ste veoma udaljeni od Sunca
02:06
but you still have water,
energy, nutrients,
energy, nutrients,
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ali još uvek imate vodu,
energiju, nutrijente,
energiju, nutrijente,
02:09
which for some of them means food,
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što za neke od njih znači imati hranu
02:11
and a protection.
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i zaštitu.
02:13
And when you look at the Earth,
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Kada pogledate Zemlju,
02:15
very far away from any sunlight,
deep in the ocean,
deep in the ocean,
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veoma daleko od bilo kakve
sunčeve svetlosti, duboko u okeanu,
sunčeve svetlosti, duboko u okeanu,
02:19
you have life thriving
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i dalje sve vrvi od života
02:21
and it uses only chemistry
for life processes.
for life processes.
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koji koristi samo hemiju
za životne procese.
za životne procese.
02:25
So when you think of it
at that point, all walls collapse.
at that point, all walls collapse.
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Pa kada razmišljamo na ovakav način,
sve prepreke se ruše.
sve prepreke se ruše.
02:31
You have no limitations, basically.
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Praktično nema ograničenja.
02:33
And if you have been looking
at the headlines lately,
at the headlines lately,
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I ako ste u skorije vreme gledali
naslove u novinama,
naslove u novinama,
02:36
then you will see that we have
discovered a subsurface ocean
discovered a subsurface ocean
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onda ste videli da smo otkrili
podpovršinski okean
podpovršinski okean
02:39
on Europa, on Ganymede,
on Enceladus, on Titan,
on Enceladus, on Titan,
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na Evropi, Ganimedu, Enceladu, Titanu,
02:42
and now we are finding a geyser
and hot springs on Enceladus,
and hot springs on Enceladus,
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i sada istražujemo gejzir
i vrele izvore na Enceladusu.
i vrele izvore na Enceladusu.
02:45
Our solar system is turning
into a giant spa.
into a giant spa.
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Naš Sunčev sistem se pretvara
u džinovski spa centar.
u džinovski spa centar.
02:49
For anybody who has gone to a spa
knows how much microbes like that, right?
knows how much microbes like that, right?
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Svi oni koji su išli u spa centar znaju
koliko mikrobi to vole, zar ne?
koliko mikrobi to vole, zar ne?
02:53
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
02:55
So at that point, think also about Mars.
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Pa na taj način, razmislimo i o Marsu.
02:59
There is no life possible
at the surface of Mars today,
at the surface of Mars today,
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Život na Marsu nije moguć danas,
03:02
but it might still be hiding underground.
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ali moguće je da se on krije
ispod njegove površine.
ispod njegove površine.
03:05
So, we have been making progress
in our understanding of habitability,
in our understanding of habitability,
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Dakle, napredovali smo
u našem razumevanju naseljivosti,
u našem razumevanju naseljivosti,
03:11
but we also have been making progress
in our understanding
in our understanding
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ali smo isto tako napredovali
u našem razumevanju
u našem razumevanju
03:14
of what the signatures
of life are on Earth.
of life are on Earth.
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i toga šta predstavlja život na Zemlji.
03:17
And you can have what we call
organic molecules,
organic molecules,
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Imamo ono što nazivamo
organskim molekulima,
organskim molekulima,
03:20
and these are the bricks of life,
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i oni su temelji života,
03:22
and you can have fossils,
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imamo fosile,
03:24
and you can minerals, biominerals,
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minerale, biominerale,
03:27
which is due to the reaction
between bacteria and rocks,
between bacteria and rocks,
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koji nastaju u reakciji
između bakterija i stena,
između bakterija i stena,
03:30
and of course you can have
gases in the atmosphere.
gases in the atmosphere.
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i naravno, imamo gasove u atmosferi.
03:33
And when you look at those
tiny green algae
tiny green algae
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I ove sićušne zelene alge
03:35
on the right of the slide here,
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ovde, na desnoj strani stene,
03:37
they are the direct descendants
of those who have been pumping oxygen
of those who have been pumping oxygen
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one su direktni potomci onih
koje su pumpale kiseonik
koje su pumpale kiseonik
03:41
a billion years ago
in the atmosphere of the Earth.
in the atmosphere of the Earth.
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milijardu godina ranije
u Zemljinu atmosferu.
u Zemljinu atmosferu.
03:43
When they did that, they poisoned
90 percent of the life
90 percent of the life
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Kada su to radile, one su otrovale
90 odsto života
90 odsto života
03:46
at the surface of the Earth,
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na Zemljinoj površini,
03:47
but they are the reason why
you are breathing this air today.
you are breathing this air today.
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ali one su razlog zašto danas
udišemo ovakav vazduh.
udišemo ovakav vazduh.
03:52
But as much as our understanding grows
of all of these things,
of all of these things,
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Ali iako naše razumevanje
o svim ovim stvarima raste,
o svim ovim stvarima raste,
03:57
there is one question
we still cannot answer,
we still cannot answer,
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postoji jedno pitanje na koje
još uvek nemamo odgovor,
još uvek nemamo odgovor,
04:00
and this is, where are we coming from?
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a to je - odakle potičemo?
04:03
And you know, it's getting worse,
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Kao što znate, postaje još teže,
04:04
because we won't be able
to find the physical evidence
to find the physical evidence
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jer nećemo moći da nađemo fizičke dokaze
04:07
of where we are coming from
on this planet,
on this planet,
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o našem poreklu na ovoj planeti,
04:10
and the reason being is that anything that
is older than four billion years is gone.
is older than four billion years is gone.
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a razlog je taj što je sve što je starije
od četiri milijarde godina izgubljeno.
od četiri milijarde godina izgubljeno.
04:16
All record is gone,
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Svi podaci su izgubljeni,
04:17
erased by plate tectonics and erosion.
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izbrisali su ih tektonika ploča i erozija.
04:21
This is what I call the Earth's
biological horizon.
biological horizon.
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Ovo je ono što ja nazivam
bilološkim horizontom.
bilološkim horizontom.
04:25
Beyond this horizon we don't know
where we are coming from.
where we are coming from.
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Van ovog horizonta,
ne znamo odakle dolazimo.
ne znamo odakle dolazimo.
04:28
So is everything lost? Well, maybe not.
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Pa je li sve izgubljeno? Možda i nije.
04:31
And we might be able to find
evidence of our own origin
evidence of our own origin
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Možda bismo i mogli naći dokaze
o našem poreklu
o našem poreklu
04:35
in the most unlikely place,
and this place in Mars.
and this place in Mars.
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na neočekivanim mestima,
a takvo mesto je Mars.
a takvo mesto je Mars.
04:39
How is this possible?
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Kako je to moguće?
04:41
Well clearly at the beginning
of the solar system,
of the solar system,
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Pa, očigledno na početku Sunčevog sistema,
04:44
Mars and the Earth were bombarded
by giant asteroids and comets,
by giant asteroids and comets,
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Mars i Zemlja su bombardovani
ogromnim asteroidima i kometama,
ogromnim asteroidima i kometama,
04:49
and there were ejecta
from these impacts all over the place.
from these impacts all over the place.
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i ostaci ovih udara su bili svuda naokolo.
04:52
Earth and Mars kept throwing rocks
at each other for a very long time.
at each other for a very long time.
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Zemlja i Mars su još dugo
nastavili da se gađaju stenama.
nastavili da se gađaju stenama.
04:56
Pieces of rocks landed on the Earth.
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Delovi stena su sleteli na Zemlju.
04:58
Pieces of the Earth landed on Mars.
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Delovi Zemlje su sleteli na Mars.
05:00
So clearly, those two planets may have
been seeded by the same material.
been seeded by the same material.
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Očigledno, na ove dve planete moglo
je biti posejano seme istog materijala.
je biti posejano seme istog materijala.
05:05
So yeah, maybe Granddady is sitting
there on the surface and waiting for us.
there on the surface and waiting for us.
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Stoga, da, možda je neki predak sedeo ovde
na ovoj površini i čekao nas.
na ovoj površini i čekao nas.
05:10
But that also means that we can go to Mars
and try to find traces of our own origin.
and try to find traces of our own origin.
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Ali to znači i da možemo otići na Mars
i probati da nađemo tragove našeg porekla.
i probati da nađemo tragove našeg porekla.
05:18
Mars may hold that secret for us.
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Mars možda skriva tu tajnu.
05:20
This is why Mars is so special to us.
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To je razlog što nam je Mars tako poseban.
05:23
But for that to happen,
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Ali da bi se to dogodilo,
05:25
Mars needed to be habitable
at the time when conditions were right.
at the time when conditions were right.
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Mars je morao da bude naseljiv
u vreme kada su uslovi bili ispunjeni.
u vreme kada su uslovi bili ispunjeni.
05:30
So was Mars habitable?
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Pa da li je Mars bio naseljiv?
05:32
We have a number of missions
telling us exactly the same thing today.
telling us exactly the same thing today.
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Veliki broj misija na Marsu
nam danas pokazuje istu stvar.
nam danas pokazuje istu stvar.
05:36
At the time when life
appeared on the Earth,
appeared on the Earth,
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U vreme kada se život na Zemlji pojavio,
05:39
Mars did have an ocean,
it had volcanoes, it had lakes,
it had volcanoes, it had lakes,
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Mars je imao okeane, vulkane, jezera,
05:44
and it had deltas like the beautiful
picture you see here.
picture you see here.
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i delte kao na ovoj lepoj slici
koju vidite ovde.
koju vidite ovde.
05:47
This picture was sent by the Curiosity
rover only a few weeks ago.
rover only a few weeks ago.
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Ovu sliku je poslao rover Kjuriositi
pre samo nekoliko nedelja.
pre samo nekoliko nedelja.
05:51
It shows the remnants of a delta,
and this picture tells us something:
and this picture tells us something:
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Ona pokazuje ostatke delte,
i ona nam nešto govori:
i ona nam nešto govori:
05:55
water was abundant
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vode je bilo u izoblju
05:57
and stayed founting at the surface
for a very long time.
for a very long time.
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i prekrivala je njegovu površinu
veoma dugo.
veoma dugo.
05:59
This is good news for life.
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Ovo su dobre vesti za život.
06:01
Life chemistry takes a long time
to actually happen.
to actually happen.
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Hemiji života potrebno je
mnogo vremena da proradi.
mnogo vremena da proradi.
06:04
So this is extremely good news,
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Ovo su dakle jako dobre vesti,
06:06
but does that mean that if we go there,
life will be easy to find on Mars?
life will be easy to find on Mars?
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ali znači li to da ćemo lako
naći život na Marsu ako odemo tamo?
naći život na Marsu ako odemo tamo?
06:10
Not necessarily.
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Ne obavezno.
06:12
Here's what happened:
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Evo šta se dogodilo:
06:13
At the time when life exploded
at the surface of the Earth,
at the surface of the Earth,
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u vreme kada je život probujao
na površini Zemlje,
na površini Zemlje,
06:17
then everything went south for Mars,
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na Marsu je sve pošlo naopako,
06:19
literally.
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bukvalno.
06:20
The atmosphere was
stripped away by solar winds,
stripped away by solar winds,
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Atmosfera je oduvana solarnim vetrovima,
06:24
Mars lost its magnetosphere,
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Mars je izgubio svoju magnetosferu,
06:26
and then cosmic rays and U.V.
bombarded the surface
bombarded the surface
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a zatim su kosmičko zračenje i UV zraci
bombardovali površinu,
bombardovali površinu,
06:31
and water escaped to space
and went underground.
and went underground.
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a voda je pobegla u atmosferu
i otišla ispod površine.
i otišla ispod površine.
06:35
So if we want to be able to understand,
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Tako, ako želimo da razumemo,
06:38
if we want to be able to find those traces
of the signatures of life
of the signatures of life
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ako želimo da nađemo te tragove života
06:43
at the surface of Mars, if they are there,
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na površini Marsa, ako su tamo,
06:45
we need to understand what was
the impact of each of these events
the impact of each of these events
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moramo da razumemo kakav je bio
uticaj svih ovih dešavanja
uticaj svih ovih dešavanja
06:48
on the preservation of its record.
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na očuvanje tih dokaza.
06:52
Only then will we be able
to know where those signatures are hiding,
to know where those signatures are hiding,
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Samo tako ćemo moći da znamo
gde se ti tragovi kriju,
gde se ti tragovi kriju,
06:57
and only then will we be able
to send our rover to the right places
to send our rover to the right places
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i samo tako ćemo moći
da pošaljemo rover na prava mesta
da pošaljemo rover na prava mesta
07:00
where we can sample those rocks
that may be telling us something
that may be telling us something
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gde može sakupljati stene
koje nam možda mogu reći nešto
koje nam možda mogu reći nešto
07:04
really important about who we are,
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zaista važno o tome ko smo mi,
07:06
or, if not, maybe telling us
that somewhere, independently,
that somewhere, independently,
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ili, ako ne, možda nam reći da se negde,
nezavisno od nas,
nezavisno od nas,
07:10
life has appeared on another planet.
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život pojavio na drugoj planeti.
07:13
So to do that, it's easy.
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Lako je to uraditi.
07:16
You only need to go back
3.5 billion years ago
3.5 billion years ago
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Samo treba otići
3,5 milijarde godina unazad
3,5 milijarde godina unazad
07:19
in the past of a planet.
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u prošlost planete.
07:22
We just need a time machine.
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Samo nam treba vremeska mašina.
07:24
Easy, right?
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Lako, zar ne?
07:27
Well, actually, it is.
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Pa, zapravo, i jeste.
07:28
Look around you -- that's planet Earth.
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Pogledajte oko sebe -
to je planeta Zemlja.
to je planeta Zemlja.
07:30
This is our time machine.
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To je naša vremenska mašina.
07:32
Geologists are using it
to go back in the past of our own planet.
to go back in the past of our own planet.
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Geolozi je koriste da se vrate
u prošlost naše planete.
u prošlost naše planete.
07:36
I am using it a little bit differently.
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Ja je koristim malo drugačije.
07:38
I use planet Earth to go
in very extreme environments
in very extreme environments
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Koristim planetu Zemlju da idem
u veoma ekstremna okruženja
u veoma ekstremna okruženja
07:41
where conditions were similar
to those of Mars
to those of Mars
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gde su uslovi slični onima
koji su bili na Marsu
koji su bili na Marsu
07:44
at the time when the climate changed,
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u vreme kada se klima menjala,
07:46
and there I'm trying
to understand what happened.
to understand what happened.
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i tamo pokušavam
da razumem šta se dogodilo.
da razumem šta se dogodilo.
07:49
What are the signatures of life?
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Koji su to znakovi života?
07:51
What is left? How are we going to find it?
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Šta je ostalo? Kako to pronaći?
07:54
So for one moment now
I'm going to take you with me
I'm going to take you with me
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Sada ću vas nakratko povesti sa sobom
07:57
on a trip into that time machine.
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na putovanje tom vremenskom mašinom.
08:00
And now, what you see here,
we are at 4,500 meters in the Andes,
we are at 4,500 meters in the Andes,
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I sada, ovo što vidite, mi smo
4 500 metara visoko na Andima
4 500 metara visoko na Andima
08:04
but in fact we are less than a billion
years after the Earth and Mars formed.
years after the Earth and Mars formed.
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ali smo zapravo u dobu od manje
od milijardu godina
od milijardu godina
nakon nastanka Zemlje i Marsa.
08:11
The Earth and Mars will have looked
pretty much exactly like that --
pretty much exactly like that --
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Zemlja i Mars bi izgledali
prilično slično ovome -
prilično slično ovome -
08:15
volcanoes everywhere,
evaporating lakes everywhere,
evaporating lakes everywhere,
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svuda naokolo vuklani,
svuda naokolo jezera isparavaju,
svuda naokolo jezera isparavaju,
08:18
minerals, hot springs,
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minerali, vreli izvori,
08:22
and then you see those mounds
on the shore of those lakes?
on the shore of those lakes?
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i vidite li ove nasipe na obalama jezera?
08:25
Those are built by the descendants
of the first organisms
of the first organisms
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Njih su stvorili potomci prvih organizama
08:29
that gave us the first fossil on Earth.
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3102
koji su nam dali prve fosile na Zemlji.
08:32
But if we want to understand what's
going on, we need to go a little further.
going on, we need to go a little further.
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Ali ako želimo da razumemo šta se događa,
moramo da idemo malo dalje.
moramo da idemo malo dalje.
08:36
And the other thing about those sites
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1915
Još jedna zanimljiva osobina ovih mesta
08:38
is that exactly like on Mars
three and a half billion years ago,
three and a half billion years ago,
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je sto što se ovde, baš kao i na Marsu
pre tri i po milijarde godina
pre tri i po milijarde godina
08:41
the climate is changing very fast,
and water and ice are disappearing.
and water and ice are disappearing.
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klima menjala veoma brzo,
i voda i led su nestajali.
i voda i led su nestajali.
08:46
But we need to go back to that time
when everything changed on Mars,
when everything changed on Mars,
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Ali moramo da se vratimo unazad
u to vreme kada se sve na Marsu promenilo,
u to vreme kada se sve na Marsu promenilo,
08:49
and to do that, we need to go higher.
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i da bismo to uradili,
moramo da se popnemo još više.
moramo da se popnemo još više.
08:52
Why is that?
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Zašto?
08:53
Because when you go higher,
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Jer kada se penjemo više,
08:55
the atmosphere is getting thinner,
it's getting more unstable,
it's getting more unstable,
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atmosfera se stanjuje,
postaje nestabilnija,
postaje nestabilnija,
08:58
the temperature is getting cooler,
and you have a lot more U.V. radiation.
and you have a lot more U.V. radiation.
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temperatura je hladnija,
i ima više UV zračenja.
i ima više UV zračenja.
09:03
Basically,
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809
U suštini,
09:04
you are getting to those conditions
on Mars when everything changed.
on Mars when everything changed.
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približavamo se onim uslovima
na Marsu kada se sve menjalo.
na Marsu kada se sve menjalo.
09:10
So I was not promising anything about
a leisurely trip on the time machine.
a leisurely trip on the time machine.
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Pa, nisam obećala lagodno putovanje
ovom vremenskom mašinom.
ovom vremenskom mašinom.
09:16
You are not going to be sitting
in that time machine.
in that time machine.
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Nećete samo sedeti u njoj.
09:19
You have to haul 1,000 pounds
of equipment to the summit
of equipment to the summit
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Morate vući 450 kg opreme do vrha
09:22
of this 20,000-foot volcano
in the Andes here.
in the Andes here.
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3785
ovog vulkana na Andima
visokog 20 000 stopa.
visokog 20 000 stopa.
09:26
That's about 6,000 meters.
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2600
To je oko 6000 metara.
09:28
And you also have to sleep
on 42-degree slopes
on 42-degree slopes
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Takođe morate da spavate na padini
pod uglom od 42 stepena,
pod uglom od 42 stepena,
09:32
and really hope that there won't
be any earthquake that night.
be any earthquake that night.
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i nadate se da neće biti
nikakvih zemljotresa preko noći.
nikakvih zemljotresa preko noći.
09:35
But when we get to the summit,
we actually find the lake we came for.
we actually find the lake we came for.
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Ali kada stignemo do vrha,
naći ćemo jezero koje tražimo.
naći ćemo jezero koje tražimo.
09:40
At this altitude, this lake is
experiencing exactly the same conditions
experiencing exactly the same conditions
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Na ovoj visini,
ovo jezero se nalazi u istim uslovima
ovo jezero se nalazi u istim uslovima
09:45
as those on Mars
three and a half billion years ago.
three and a half billion years ago.
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kao što su bili oni na Marsu
tri i po milijarde godina ranije.
tri i po milijarde godina ranije.
09:48
And now we have to change our voyage
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I sada moramo da menjamo
ovo naše putovanje
ovo naše putovanje
09:51
into an inner voyage inside that lake,
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2720
u putovanje u unutrašnjost ovog jezera,
09:53
and to do that, we have to remove
our mountain gear
our mountain gear
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i da bismo to uradili,
moramo da uklonimo planinsku opremu,
moramo da uklonimo planinsku opremu,
09:57
and actually don suits and go for it.
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navučemo odela i idemo.
10:02
But at the time we enter that lake,
at the very moment we enter that lake,
at the very moment we enter that lake,
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Ali kada uđemo u jezero,
baš u trenutku kada zaronimo unutar,
baš u trenutku kada zaronimo unutar,
10:06
we are stepping back
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vraćamo se unazad
10:08
three and a half billion years
in the past of another planet,
in the past of another planet,
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3181
tri i po milijarde godina
u prošlost neke druge planete,
u prošlost neke druge planete,
10:11
and then we are going to get
the answer came for.
the answer came for.
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i tada ćemo dobiti odgovor
po koji smo došli.
po koji smo došli.
10:16
Life is everywhere, absolutely everywhere.
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3122
Života ima svuda, baš svuda.
10:19
Everything you see in this picture
is a living organism.
is a living organism.
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3320
Sve što na ovoj slici vidite
je neki živi organizam.
je neki živi organizam.
10:22
Maybe not so the diver,
but everything else.
but everything else.
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Možda ne treba da računamo ronioca,
ali sve ostalo, da.
ali sve ostalo, da.
10:27
But this picture is very deceiving.
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3227
Ali ova slika je veoma obmanjujuća.
10:30
Life is abundant in those lakes,
189
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2670
Života ima u izoblju u ovim jezerima,
10:33
but like in many places on Earth
right now and due to climate change,
right now and due to climate change,
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4107
ali kao na većini mesta na Zemlji danas,
zbog klimatskih promena,
zbog klimatskih promena,
10:37
there is a huge loss in biodiversity.
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2694
i ovde dolazi do ogromnog
smanjenja biodiverziteta.
smanjenja biodiverziteta.
10:40
In the samples that we took back home,
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U uzorcima koje smo odneli,
10:43
36 percent of the bacteria in those lakes
were composed of three species,
were composed of three species,
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5816
36 odsto bakterija iz ovih jezera
sastojalo se od tri vrste,
sastojalo se od tri vrste,
10:49
and those three species are the ones
that have survived so far.
that have survived so far.
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637556
3819
i te tri vrste su one
koje su tako dugo preživele.
koje su tako dugo preživele.
10:53
Here's another lake,
right next to the first one.
right next to the first one.
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2787
Evo ga još jedno jezero,
odmah pored prvog.
odmah pored prvog.
10:56
The red color you see here
is not due to minerals.
is not due to minerals.
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3668
Crvena boja koju vidite
ne potiče od minerala.
ne potiče od minerala.
10:59
It's actually due to the presence
of a tiny algae.
of a tiny algae.
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3321
Ona je zapravo ovakva
zbog prisustva sićušnih algi.
zbog prisustva sićušnih algi.
11:03
In this region, the U.V. radiation
is really nasty.
is really nasty.
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4509
U ovoj oblasti, UV zračenje je jako gadno.
11:07
Anywhere on Earth, 11
is considered to be extreme.
is considered to be extreme.
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3469
Bilo gde na Zemlji,
11 se smatra ekstremnim.
11 se smatra ekstremnim.
11:11
During U.V. storms there,
the U.V. Index reaches 43.
the U.V. Index reaches 43.
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4031
Tokom UV oluja ovde,
UV indeks dostiže 43.
UV indeks dostiže 43.
11:15
SPF 30 is not going to do anything
to you over there,
to you over there,
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4246
Faktor zaštite 30
neće vam ovde ništa pomoći.
neće vam ovde ništa pomoći.
11:19
and the water is so
transparent in those lakes
transparent in those lakes
202
667976
3366
Voda je tako prozirna u ovim jezerima
11:23
that the algae has
nowhere to hide, really,
nowhere to hide, really,
203
671342
3333
da alge bukvalno nemaju gde da se sakriju,
11:26
and so they are developing
their own sunscreen,
their own sunscreen,
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2290
pa su razvile svoju sopstvenu
kremu za sunčanje,
kremu za sunčanje,
11:28
and this is the red color you see.
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1784
i to je ova crvena boja koju vidite.
11:30
But they can adapt only so far,
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678749
2561
Ali one mogu da se prilagode samo donekle,
11:33
and then when all the water
is gone from the surface,
is gone from the surface,
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2478
i kada sva voda nestane sa površine,
11:35
microbes have only one solution left:
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2600
mikrobima preostaje samo jedno rešenje:
11:38
They go underground.
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686388
1858
da idu ispod površine.
11:40
And those microbes, the rocks
you see in that slide here,
you see in that slide here,
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2925
I ovi mikrobi,
stene koje vidite na ovom slajdu,
stene koje vidite na ovom slajdu,
11:43
well, they are actually
living inside rocks
living inside rocks
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3220
pa, mikrobi zapravo žive unutar tih stena
11:46
and they are using the protection
of the translucence of the rocks
of the translucence of the rocks
212
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3194
i od njih koriste zaštitu od prozračnosti
11:49
to get the good part of the U.V.
213
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1797
da bi dobili dobar deo UV zraka
11:51
and discard the part that could
actually damage their DNA.
actually damage their DNA.
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3744
i odbacili deo koji zapravo može
da ošteti DNK.
da ošteti DNK.
11:55
And this is why we are taking our rover
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703126
2275
To je razlog što koristimo rovere
11:57
to train them to search
for life on Mars in these areas,
for life on Mars in these areas,
216
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3576
i treniramo ih da traže život
na Marsu u ovakvim oblastima,
na Marsu u ovakvim oblastima,
12:00
because if there was life on Mars
three and a half billion years ago,
three and a half billion years ago,
217
708977
3737
jer ako je bilo života na Marsu
tri i po milijarde godina ranije,
tri i po milijarde godina ranije,
12:04
it had to use the same strategy
to actually protect itself.
to actually protect itself.
218
712714
4360
morao je da se koristi istom strategijom
da bi se zaštitio.
da bi se zaštitio.
12:09
Now, it is pretty obvious
219
717864
2378
Sada, prilično je očigledno
12:12
that going to extreme environments
is helping us very much
is helping us very much
220
720242
3528
da nam odlazak u ekstremna
životna okruženja dosta pomaže
životna okruženja dosta pomaže
12:15
for the exploration of Mars
and to prepare missions.
and to prepare missions.
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3991
u istraživanju Marsa,
i u pripremama misija.
i u pripremama misija.
12:19
So far, it has helped us to understand
the geology of Mars.
the geology of Mars.
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727761
4339
Za sada, pomogao nam je
da razumemo geologiju Marsa.
da razumemo geologiju Marsa.
12:24
It has helped to understand the past
climate of Mars and its evolution,
climate of Mars and its evolution,
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732100
4121
Pomogao nam je da razumemo prošlost klime
na Marsu i njegovu evoluciju,
na Marsu i njegovu evoluciju,
12:28
but also its habitability potential.
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2987
ali i njegov potencijal za naseljivost.
12:31
Our most recent rover on Mars
has discovered traces of organics.
has discovered traces of organics.
225
739208
5539
Naš poslednji rover je na Marsu otkrio
tragove organskih materija.
tragove organskih materija.
12:36
Yeah, there are organics
at the surface of Mars.
at the surface of Mars.
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744747
2959
Da, organske materije postoje
na površini Marsa.
na površini Marsa.
12:39
And it also discovered traces of methane.
227
747706
3901
Takođe je otkrio tragove metana.
12:43
And we don't know yet
if the methane in question
if the methane in question
228
751607
2545
I mi još uvek ne znamo da li je taj metan
12:46
is really from geology or biology.
229
754152
3838
zapravo pitanje
za biologiju ili geologiju.
za biologiju ili geologiju.
12:49
Regardless, what we know is
that because of the discovery,
that because of the discovery,
230
757990
4869
Bez obzira na to, ono što znamo
je da zahvaljujući tom otkriću,
je da zahvaljujući tom otkriću,
12:54
the hypothesis that there is still
life present on Mars today
life present on Mars today
231
762859
3241
hipoteza da na Marsu i dalje ima života
12:58
remains a viable one.
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766100
2355
ostaje održiva.
13:00
So by now, I think I have convinced you
that Mars is very special to us,
that Mars is very special to us,
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768455
5197
Pa mislim da sam vas do sada ubedila
da nam je Mars veoma poseban,
da nam je Mars veoma poseban,
13:05
but it would be a mistake to think
that Mars is the only place
that Mars is the only place
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2976
ali bilo bi pogrešno
misliti da je Mars jedino mesto
misliti da je Mars jedino mesto
13:08
in the solar system that is interesting
to find potential microbial life.
to find potential microbial life.
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4946
u Sunčevom sistemu zanimljivo za traženje
potencijalnog mikrobskog života.
potencijalnog mikrobskog života.
13:14
And the reason is because
Mars and the Earth
Mars and the Earth
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782434
3918
A razlog za to je taj što Mars i Zemlja
13:18
could have a common root
to their tree of life,
to their tree of life,
237
786352
2791
mogu imati zajednički koren
njihovog drveta života,
njihovog drveta života,
13:21
but when you go beyond Mars,
it's not that easy.
it's not that easy.
238
789143
4147
ali kada se udaljavamo od Marsa,
to ne ide tako lako.
to ne ide tako lako.
13:25
Celestial mechanics
is not making it so easy
is not making it so easy
239
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2610
Nebeska mehanika nam baš i ne olakšava
13:27
for an exchange
of material between planets,
of material between planets,
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2415
razmenu materijala između planeta,
13:30
and so if we were to discover
life on those planets,
life on those planets,
241
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4040
i ako bismo otkrili život
na tim planetama,
na tim planetama,
13:34
it would be different from us.
242
802355
1857
on bi bio drugačiji od našeg.
13:36
It would be a different type of life.
243
804212
1838
Bio bi to drugačiji tip života.
13:38
But in the end, it might be just us,
244
806050
2853
Ali na kraju,
može biti da smo tu samo mi,
može biti da smo tu samo mi,
13:40
it might be us and Mars,
245
808903
1996
može biti da smo tu mi i Mars,
13:42
or it can be many trees of life
in the solar system.
in the solar system.
246
810899
3483
a može biti i da postoji mnogo
drveća života u sunčevom sistemu.
drveća života u sunčevom sistemu.
13:46
I don't know the answer yet,
but I can tell you something:
but I can tell you something:
247
814382
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Ne znam još uvek odgovor na ovo,
ali mogu vam nešto reći:
ali mogu vam nešto reći:
13:50
No matter what the result is,
no matter what that magic number is,
no matter what that magic number is,
248
818110
4432
koji god da je rezultat,
koji god da je taj magični broj,
koji god da je taj magični broj,
13:54
it is going to give us a standard
249
822542
2011
on će nam dati standard
13:56
by which we are going to be able
to measure the life potential,
to measure the life potential,
250
824553
4528
prema kojem će biti moguće
izmeriti životni potencijal,
izmeriti životni potencijal,
14:01
abundance and diversity
beyond our own solar system.
beyond our own solar system.
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obilje i različitost van granica
našeg Sunčevog sistema.
našeg Sunčevog sistema.
14:04
And this can be achieved
by our generation.
by our generation.
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I ovo se može postići u našoj generaciji.
14:06
This can be our legacy,
but only if we dare to explore.
but only if we dare to explore.
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To može biti naša zaostavština,
ali samo ako budemo istraživali.
ali samo ako budemo istraživali.
14:11
Now, finally,
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Sada, konačno,
14:13
if somebody tells you that looking
for alien microbes is not cool
for alien microbes is not cool
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ako bi vam neko rekao da traženje
vanzemaljskih mikroba nije kul
vanzemaljskih mikroba nije kul
14:17
because you cannot have
a philosophical conversation with them,
a philosophical conversation with them,
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jer ne možemo sa njima uspostaviti
filozofski razgovor,
filozofski razgovor,
14:21
let me show you why and how
you can tell them they're wrong.
you can tell them they're wrong.
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dopustite da vam pokažem zašto i kako
biste im mogli reći da nisu u pravu.
biste im mogli reći da nisu u pravu.
14:27
Well, organic material
is going to tell you
is going to tell you
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Pa, organski materijali će vam govoriti
14:30
about environment, about complexity
and about diversity.
and about diversity.
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o okruženju, o složenosti
i o različitosti.
i o različitosti.
14:36
DNA, or any information carrier,
is going to tell you about adaptation,
is going to tell you about adaptation,
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DNK, ili bilo koji nosilac informacija,
govoriće o prilagođavanju
govoriće o prilagođavanju
14:42
about evolution, about survival,
about planetary changes
about planetary changes
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o evoluciji, o preživljavanju,
o promenama na planeti
o promenama na planeti
14:47
and about the transfer of information.
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i o prenosu informacija.
14:50
All together, they are telling us
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Sve zajedno, govore nam o onome
14:53
what started as a microbial pathway,
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što je počelo kao put mikroba,
14:57
and why what started
as a microbial pathway
as a microbial pathway
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i zašto je počelo baš tako,
15:00
sometimes ends up as a civilization
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ponekad vodeći do civilizacije,
15:03
or sometimes ends up as a dead end.
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a ponekad vodeći do ćorsokaka.
15:07
Look at the solar system,
and look at the Earth.
and look at the Earth.
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Pogledajte naš Sunčev sistem,
i pogledajte Zemlju.
i pogledajte Zemlju.
15:10
On Earth, there are many
intelligent species,
intelligent species,
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Na Zemlji, postoje mnoge
inteligentne vrste,
inteligentne vrste,
15:13
but only one has achieved technology.
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ali samo je jedna dostigla tehnologiju.
15:16
Right here in the journey
of our own solar system,
of our own solar system,
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Sada u ovom putovanju
kroz naš Sunčev sistem,
kroz naš Sunčev sistem,
15:20
there is a very, very powerful message
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nalazimo jednu veoma snažnu poruku
15:22
that says here's how we should look
for alien life, small and big.
for alien life, small and big.
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koja kaže kako bi trebalo da tražimo
vanzemaljski život, i mali i veliki.
vanzemaljski život, i mali i veliki.
15:28
So yeah, microbes are talking
and we are listening,
and we are listening,
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I da, mikrobi mogu da govore,
a mi slušamo,
a mi slušamo,
15:31
and they are taking us,
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i oni nas vode
15:33
one planet at a time
and one moon at a time,
and one moon at a time,
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od planete do planete,
od meseca do meseca,
od meseca do meseca,
15:35
towards their big brothers out there.
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tamo negde, do njihove velike braće.
15:38
And they are telling us about diversity,
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Oni nam govore i o raznovrsnosti,
15:41
they are telling us about
abundance of life,
abundance of life,
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govore nam o obilju života,
15:44
and they are telling us
how this life has survived thus far
how this life has survived thus far
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i govore nam o tome kako se život
ovako dugo održao
ovako dugo održao
15:48
to reach civilization,
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da bi dostigao civilizaciju,
15:51
intelligence, technology
and, indeed, philosophy.
and, indeed, philosophy.
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inteligenciju, tehnologiju,
i zaista, filozofiju.
i zaista, filozofiju.
15:56
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
15:57
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nathalie Cabrol - Planetary explorerTo determine how life might persist on Mars, Nathalie Cabrol explores one of Earth’s most extreme environments: high-elevation Andean lakes and deserts.
Why you should listen
While hunting for life in the fragile biomes of the Andes, Nathalie Cabrol has braved earthquakes, set a diving record and gathered data on the threats faced by mountain ecosystems in the face of climate change.
But Cabrol’s eyes are always fixed on Mars, which may have once had a climate similar to Earth’s mountain deserts. As a science team member for NASA, Cabrol helps design interplanetary experiments for the Martian Spirit rover, and researches new technologies for future missions to Mars and beyond.
Nathalie Cabrol | Speaker | TED.com