ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Daniel Reisel - Neuroscientist
Daniel Reisel searches for the psychological and physical roots of human morality.

Why you should listen

Daniel Reisel grew up in Norway but settled in the UK in 1995. He works as a hospital doctor and as a research fellow in epigenetics at University College London. He completed his PhD in Neuroscience in 2005, investigating how learning rewires the brain. Since then, his research has been concerned with the effect of life events on gene function. Daniel is currently training to become an accredited restorative justice facilitator with the UK Restorative Justice Council.

More profile about the speaker
Daniel Reisel | Speaker | TED.com
TED2013

Daniel Reisel: The neuroscience of restorative justice

Daniel Reisel: A neurociencia da xustiza restaurativa

Filmed:
885,475 views

Daniel Reisel dedícase a estudar o cerebro dos psicópatas (e o dos ratos). E faise unha pregunta moi importante: No canto de ter a estes criminais simplemente pechados, non deberiamos facer uso do que sabemos sobre o cerebro para axudarlles a rehabilitarse? Noutras palabras, se o cerebro pode desenvolver vías neuronais novas tras unha lesión, poderiamos axudarlle tamén a rexenerar o sentido moral?
- Neuroscientist
Daniel Reisel searches for the psychological and physical roots of human morality. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
I'd like to talk today
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Hoxe gustaríame falar
00:14
about how we can change our brains
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sobre como podemos cambiar
os nosos cerebros
00:16
and our society.
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e a nosa sociedade.
00:19
Meet Joe.
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Preséntovos a Joe
00:21
Joe's 32 years old and a murderer.
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Joe ten 32 anos e é un asasino.
00:25
I met Joe 13 years ago on the lifer wing
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Coñecino hai 13 anos
no pavillón de cadea perpetua
en Wormwood Scrubs,
unha prisión de alta seguridade,
00:28
at Wormwood Scrubs high-security prison in London.
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en Londres.
00:31
I'd like you to imagine this place.
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Gustaríame que imaxinarades aquel sitio.
00:33
It looks and feels like it sounds:
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Era tal é como indica o seu nome
Wormwood Scrubs
(matogueiras de absintio).
00:37
Wormwood Scrubs.
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00:39
Built at the end of the Victorian Era
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Construído a finais da época vitoriana
00:41
by the inmates themselves,
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polos propios presos,
alí encérranse os criminais
máis perigosos de Inglaterra.
00:43
it is where England's most
dangerous prisoners are kept.
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00:46
These individuals have committed acts
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Estas persoas cometeron
crimes realmente atroces.
00:48
of unspeakable evil.
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00:50
And I was there to study their brains.
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E eu estaba alí
para estudar as súas mentes.
Eu formaba parte dun equipo
de investigación
00:54
I was part of a team of researchers
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00:56
from University College London,
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da University College London,
00:57
on a grant from the U.K. department of health.
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era bolseiro do Ministerio de
de Saúde do Reino Unido.
01:00
My task was to study a group of inmates
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O meu traballo consistía en estudar
un grupo de reclusos
01:02
who had been clinically diagnosed as psychopaths.
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que foran diagnosticados
como psicópatas.
01:05
That meant they were the most
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O cal quere dicir que eran
os máis desapiadados e agresivos
01:07
callous and the most aggressive
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01:08
of the entire prison population.
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de tódolos reclusos da prisión.
01:12
What lay at the root of their behavior?
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Cal era a orixe dese comportamento?
01:15
Was there a neurological cause for their condition?
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Tería unha causa neurolóxica
a súa enfermidade?
01:19
And if there was a neurological cause,
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E se a tiña,
01:22
could we find a cure?
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poderiamos atoparlle a cura?
01:25
So I'd like to speak about change, and
especially about emotional change.
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Falemos agora do cambio,
en concreto do cambio emocional.
01:29
Growing up, I was always intrigued
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Desde novo sempre me intrigou
01:31
by how people change.
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o xeito no que vai cambiando a xente.
01:34
My mother, a clinical psychotherapist,
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A miña nai, psicóloga clínica,
ás veces atendía
01:37
would occasionally see patients at home
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aos pacientes na casa polas tardes.
01:39
in the evening.
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01:41
She would shut the door to the living room,
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Ela pechaba a porta do salón
01:42
and I imagined
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e eu imaxinaba que alí
ocorrían cousas máxicas.
01:44
magical things happened in that room.
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01:47
At the age of five or six
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Cando tiña cinco ou seis anos,
01:49
I would creep up in my pajamas
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escapulíame en pixama
01:51
and sit outside with my ear glued to the door.
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e sentábame fóra,
coa orella pegada á porta.
01:54
On more than one occasion, I fell asleep
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Máis dunha vez, adormecín
01:55
and they had to push me out of the way
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e tivéronme que apartar
dun empurrón
01:57
at the end of the session.
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ao final da sesión.
01:59
And I suppose that's how I found myself
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Supoño que foi así como acabei
02:02
walking into the secure interview room
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entrando na sala de entrevistas
02:04
on my first day at Wormwood Scrubs.
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no meu primeiro día
en Wormwood Scrubs.
02:08
Joe sat across a steel table
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Joe sentouse ao outro lado
dunha mesa de aceiro
02:10
and greeted me with this blank expression.
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e saudoume sen expresión.
02:14
The prison warden, looking equally indifferent,
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O garda da prisión, coa mesma
expresión indiferente, dixo:
02:17
said, "Any trouble, just press the red buzzer,
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"Se hai algún problema,
prema no timbre vermello
02:20
and we'll be around as soon as we can."
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e viremos o antes posible"
02:22
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
02:25
I sat down.
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Senteime.
02:27
The heavy metal door slammed shut behind me.
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A pesada porta de metal
pechouse ás miñas costas.
02:30
I looked up at the red buzzer
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Mirei para o timbre vermello
que estaba detrás de Joe,
02:32
far behind Joe on the opposite wall.
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na parede de en fronte.
02:34
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
02:37
I looked at Joe.
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Mirei a Joe.
02:39
Perhaps detecting my concern,
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Poida que notando a miña preocupación,
02:41
he leaned forward, and said,
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inclinouse cara adiante e díxome,
02:42
as reassuringly as he could,
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do xeito máis tranquilizador que puido:
02:44
"Ah, don't worry about the buzzer,
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"Ah! non te preocupes polo timbre.
02:46
it doesn't work anyway."
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Total, non funciona".
02:48
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
02:55
Over the subsequent months,
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Durante os seguintes meses,
02:57
we tested Joe and his fellow inmates,
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examinamos a Joe
e aos seus compañeiros,
03:01
looking specifically at their ability
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centrándonos na capacidade
03:03
to categorize different images of emotion.
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para clasificar diferentes
imaxes emocionais.
03:08
And we looked at their physical response
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E observamos as súas respostas físicas
03:10
to those emotions.
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a esas emocións.
03:12
So, for example, when most of us look
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Por exemplo,
03:13
at a picture like this of somebody looking sad,
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cando miramos a foto
de alguén triste,
03:16
we instantly have a slight,
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de forma inmediata,
temos unha lixeira e perceptible
resposta física medible:
03:20
measurable physical response:
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03:22
increased heart rate, sweating of the skin.
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aumento da frecuencia cardíaca,
suor da pel...
03:25
Whilst the psychopaths in our study were able
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Aínda que os psicópatas do estudo
03:27
to describe the pictures accurately,
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podían describir as imaxes
con exactitude,
03:29
they failed to show the emotions required.
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non amosaban as emocións correspondentes.
03:32
They failed to show a physical response.
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Non amosaban unha resposta física.
03:36
It was as though they knew the words
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Era como se coñecesen a letra,
03:38
but not the music of empathy.
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pero non a música, da empatía.
03:41
So we wanted to look closer at this
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Queríamos analizar mellor isto
03:43
to use MRI to image their brains.
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e facer resonancias
magnéticas dos seus cerebros.
03:47
That turned out to be not such an easy task.
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Non resultou ser unha tarefa fácil.
03:50
Imagine transporting a collection
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Imaxinade transportar a un grupo
03:51
of clinical psychopaths across central London
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de psicópatas polo
centro de Londres,
03:54
in shackles and handcuffs
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con grillóns e esposas
03:56
in rush hour,
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en hora punta.
03:58
and in order to place each
of them in an MRI scanner,
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E para facerlles a resonancia
había que quitarlles
todos os obxectos metálicos,
04:02
you have to remove all metal objects,
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04:04
including shackles and handcuffs,
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incluíndo as esposas e os grillóns,
04:05
and, as I learned, all body piercings.
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e como aprendín,
tódolos piercings do corpo.
04:09
After some time, however,
we had a tentative answer.
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No entanto, tempo despois,
obtivemos unha resposta provisional.
04:14
These individuals were not just the victims
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Esas persoas
non só eran vítimas
04:16
of a troubled childhood.
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dunha infancia problemática.
04:18
There was something else.
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Había algo máis.
04:21
People like Joe have a deficit in a brain area
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A xente como Joe
ten unha deficiencia
04:25
called the amygdala.
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nunha área do cerebro
chamada amígdala.
04:27
The amygdala is an almond-shaped organ
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A amígdala é un órgano
con forma de améndoa
04:29
deep within each of the hemispheres of the brain.
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que está nas profundidades
de cada hemisferio do cerebro.
Crese que é crucial
para a empatía.
04:32
It is thought to be key to the experience of empathy.
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04:36
Normally, the more empathic a person is,
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Canto máis empática é unha persoa,
04:39
the larger and more active their amygdala is.
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maior e máis activa é a súa amígdala.
04:42
Our population of inmates
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Os nosos internos
tiñan unha amígdala
deficiente, o cal
04:44
had a deficient amygdala,
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04:45
which likely led to their lack of empathy
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probablemente causaba
a falta de empatía
04:47
and to their immoral behavior.
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e comportamentos inmorais.
04:50
So let's take a step back.
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Volvamos sobre o pasado
un momento.
04:54
Normally, acquiring moral behavior
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Normalmente, adquirimos
comportamentos morais
04:56
is simply part of growing up,
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segundo imos madurando,
04:59
like learning to speak.
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igual que aprendemos a falar.
05:01
At the age of six months, virtually every one of us
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Aos seis meses,
case todos nós
05:04
is able to differentiate between
animate and inanimate objects.
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podemos diferenciar entre
obxectos animados e inanimados.
05:08
At the age of 12 months,
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Aos 12 meses,
a maioría dos nenos poden imitar
05:11
most children are able to imitate
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05:14
the purposeful actions of others.
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accións voluntarias doutros.
05:16
So for example, your mother raises her hands
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Por exemplo, a túa nai
levanta as mans
05:18
to stretch, and you imitate her behavior.
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para estricarse e ti imítala.
05:21
At first, this isn't perfect.
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Ao principio, non sae perfecto.
Lémbrome da miña prima Sasha,
05:24
I remember my cousin Sasha,
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cando tiña dous anos,
05:26
two years old at the time,
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folleando un libro de contos,
05:28
looking through a picture book
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05:30
and licking one finger and flicking
the page with the other hand,
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chupándose un dedo e pasando
as páxinas coa outra man.
05:33
licking one finger and flicking
the page with the other hand.
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05:35
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
05:37
Bit by bit, we build the foundations
of the social brain
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Pouco a pouco, construímos
as bases do cerebro social
05:41
so that by the time we're three, four years old,
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de modo que para
os tres ou catro anos,
case todos os nenos, non todos,
05:46
most children, not all,
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05:47
have acquired the ability to understand
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adquiriron a capacidade de entender
05:49
the intentions of others,
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as intencións doutros,
05:51
another prerequisite for empathy.
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outro requisito para a empatía.
05:54
The fact that this developmental progression
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O feito de que esta
progresión do desenvolvemento
05:57
is universal,
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sexa universal,
05:58
irrespective of where you live in the world
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independentemente de onde vivamos
06:00
or which culture you inhabit,
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ou de cal sexa a nosa cultura,
06:03
strongly suggests that the foundations
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é un forte indicador
de que as bases
06:05
of moral behavior are inborn.
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do comportamento moral
son innatas.
06:08
If you doubt this,
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Se o dubidan,
06:11
try, as I've done, to renege on a promise you've made
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intenten, coma min,
romper unha promesa
06:14
to a four-year-old.
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que lle fixeran a
un neno de catro anos.
06:16
You will find that the mind of a four-year old
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Verán que a mente
dun neno de catro anos
06:18
is not naïve in the slightest.
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non é inxenua en absoluto.
06:20
It is more akin to a Swiss army knife
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Seméllase máis a
unha navalla suíza
06:23
with fixed mental modules
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con módulos mentais fixos,
06:25
finely honed during development
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pulidos finamente
durante o crecemento,
06:27
and a sharp sense of fairness.
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e cun agudo
sentido da xustiza.
06:30
The early years are crucial.
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Os primeiros anos son cruciais.
06:33
There seems to be a window of opportunity,
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Parece que hai un momento concreto,
06:35
after which mastering moral questions
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despois do cal, dominar
as cuestións morais
06:38
becomes more difficult,
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resulta máis difícil,
06:39
like adults learning a foreign language.
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como cando os adultos
aprenden un idioma.
06:43
That's not to say it's impossible.
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Pero non quere dicir
que sexa imposible.
06:45
A recent, wonderful study from Stanford University
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Hai pouco, un marabilloso estudo
da Universidade de Stanford
06:48
showed that people who have played
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demostrou que a xente que xogou
06:51
a virtual reality game in which they took on
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a un xogo de realidade virtual
06:53
the role of a good and helpful superhero
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no que asumías o rol de
superheroe bo e servizal,
06:56
actually became more caring and helpful
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vólvese máis cariñosa e servizal
06:58
towards others afterwards.
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cos demais no futuro.
Non estou suxerindo que
07:00
Now I'm not suggesting
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07:02
we endow criminals with superpowers,
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lles deamos superpoderes
aos criminais,
07:05
but I am suggesting that we need to find ways
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senón que necesitamos
atopar formas
07:09
to get Joe and people like him
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para que Joe
e xente coma el
07:11
to change their brains and their behavior,
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cambien as súas mentes
e os seus comportamentos,
07:13
for their benefit
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polo seu ben
07:15
and for the benefit of the rest of us.
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e polo dos demais.
07:18
So can brains change?
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Pode cambiar o cerebro?
07:22
For over 100 years,
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Durante máis de 100 anos,
07:24
neuroanatomists and later neuroscientists
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os neuroanatomistas
e os neurocientíficos
07:28
held the view that after initial
development in childhood,
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argumentaban que despois do
desenvolvemento inicial da infancia,
07:31
no new brain cells could grow
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non podían producirse
novas neuronas
07:34
in the adult human brain.
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no cerebro dun adulto.
07:35
The brain could only change
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O cerebro só podía cambiar
07:37
within certain set limits.
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dentro duns límites establecidos.
07:39
That was the dogma.
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Ese era o dogma.
07:41
But then, in the 1990s,
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Pero nos anos 90,
algúns estudos
comezaron a demostrar,
07:43
studies starting showing,
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07:45
following the lead of Elizabeth
Gould at Princeton and others,
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seguindo o camiño de
Elizabeth Gould en Princeton
e doutros,
07:47
studies started showing the
evidence of neurogenesis,
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que había probas
de neuroxénese,
07:51
the birth of new brain cells
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do nacemento de novas neuronas,
07:53
in the adult mammalian brain,
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no cerebro dun mamífero adulto;
07:56
first in the olfactory bulb,
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primeiro no bulbo olfactivo,
07:57
which is responsible for our sense of smell,
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responsable do sentido do olfacto,
07:59
then in the hippocampus
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despois no hipocampo,
08:01
involving short-term memory,
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que actúa na memoria a curto prazo,
08:04
and finally in the amygdala itself.
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e finalmente na propia amígdala.
08:07
In order to understand
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Para entender como funciona este proceso,
08:09
how this process works,
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deixei aos psicópatas e ingresei
nun laboratorio de Oxford
08:11
I left the psychopaths and joined a lab in Oxford
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08:13
specializing in learning and development.
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para especializarme
na aprendizaxe e desenvolvemento.
08:17
Instead of psychopaths, I studied mice,
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No lugar de psicópatas,
estudaba ratos,
porque o mesmo patrón
de resposta cerebral aparece
08:20
because the same pattern of brain responses
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08:23
appears across many different
species of social animals.
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en moitas especies de animais sociais.
08:27
So if you rear a mouse in a standard cage,
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Se crías unha rata
nunha gaiola estándar,
08:31
a shoebox, essentially, with cotton wool,
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nunha caixa de zapatos,
con algodón,
soa e sen moitos estímulos,
08:34
alone and without much stimulation,
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08:35
not only does it not thrive,
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non só non se desenvolve ben,
08:37
but it will often develop strange,
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senón que a miúdo xorden
comportamentos raros e repetitivos.
08:39
repetitive behaviors.
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08:40
This naturally sociable animal
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Este animal sociable por natureza
08:43
will lose its ability to bond with other mice,
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perderá a súa capacidade
de relacionarse
con outros ratos,
08:45
even becoming aggressive when introduced to them.
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e ata chegará a poñerse agresivo
cando é posto con eles.
Pero os ratos criados
no que chamamos
08:50
However, mice reared in what we called
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un ambiente enriquecido,
08:52
an enriched environment,
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un habitáculo grande
con outros ratos,
08:53
a large habitation with other mice
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con rodas, escaleiras
e outras zonas para explorar,
08:55
with wheels and ladders and areas to explore,
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presentan neuroxénese,
08:59
demonstrate neurogenesis,
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09:00
the birth of new brain cells,
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o nacemento de novas neuronas,
e, como demostramos,
09:03
and as we showed, they also perform better
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levan a cabo mellor
09:05
on a range of learning and memory tasks.
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unha serie de tarefas
de aprendizaxe e memoria.
09:08
Now, they don't develop morality to the point of
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Pero non desenvolven
a moralidade ata o punto
09:10
carrying the shopping bags of little old mice
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de levarlle as bolsa pola rúa
09:12
across the street,
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aos ratiños anciáns,
09:14
but their improved environment results in healthy,
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pero as mellores condicións ambientais
09:17
sociable behavior.
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xeran un comportamento social saudable.
09:19
Mice reared in a standard cage, by contrast,
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Pola contra, os ratos
criados en gaiolas estándar,
09:22
not dissimilar, you might say, from a prison cell,
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non moi distintas, poderíase dicir,
á cela dunha prisión,
09:24
have dramatically lower levels of new neurons
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teñen niveis
significativamente máis baixos
de neuronas novas.
09:27
in the brain.
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09:29
It is now clear that the amygdala of mammals,
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Queda claro que a amígdala
dos mamíferos,
09:32
including primates like us,
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incluíndo aos primates coma nós,
09:33
can show neurogenesis.
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pode presentar neuroxénese.
09:36
In some areas of the brain,
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Nalgunhas parte do cerebro,
09:37
more than 20 percent of cells are newly formed.
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máis do 20% das
células son novas.
09:41
We're just beginning to understand
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Estamos comezando a entender
09:43
what exact function these cells have,
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a función exacta desas células,
09:45
but what it implies is that the brain is capable
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pero o que quere dicir
é que o cerebro
09:48
of extraordinary change way into adulthood.
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é capaz de cambios extraordinarios
ben avanzada a vida adulta.
09:53
However, our brains are also
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Así a todo,
o noso cerebro tamén é
sumamente sensible
09:55
exquisitely sensitive to stress in our environment.
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ao estrés que nos arrodea.
09:59
Stress hormones, glucocorticoids,
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As hormonas do estrés,
glicocorticoides,
10:01
released by the brain,
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liberadas polo cerebro,
10:03
suppress the growth of these new cells.
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suprimen o crecemento
destas células novas.
Canto máis estrés,
menos desenvolvemento cerebral,
10:06
The more stress, the less brain development,
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10:09
which in turn causes less adaptability
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o que xera, á súa vez,
menos adaptabilidade
10:13
and causes higher stress levels.
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e aumenta os niveis de estrés.
10:16
This is the interplay between nature and nurture
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Esta é a interacción
entre natureza e crianza
en tempo real, diante
dos nosos ollos.
10:20
in real time in front of our eyes.
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Cando pensas niso,
10:24
When you think about it,
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resulta irónico
que a solución actual
10:26
it is ironic that our current solution
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10:28
for people with stressed amygdalae
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para a xente con
amígdalas estresadas
10:30
is to place them in an environment
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sexa poñelas nun ambiente
10:32
that actually inhibits any chance of further growth.
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que en realidade inhibe toda
posibilidade de crecemento posterior.
10:36
Of course, imprisonment is a necessary part
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Por suposto, o encarceramento
é unha parte necesaria
10:39
of the criminal justice system
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do sistema de xustiza penal
10:41
and of protecting society.
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para protexer a sociedade.
10:43
Our research does not suggest
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O noso estudo non suxire
10:44
that criminals should submit their MRI scans
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que os criminais presenten
as súas resonancias como proba nun xuízo
10:47
as evidence in court
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10:48
and get off the hook because
they've got a faulty amygdala.
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e que os liberen porque non
lles funcione ben a amígdala.
As probas mostran
que é ao revés.
10:52
The evidence is actually the other way.
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10:54
Because our brains are capable of change,
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Xa que o noso cerebro
pode cambiar
necesitamos ser responsables
dos nosos actos
10:57
we need to take responsibility for our actions,
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10:59
and they need to take responsibility
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e eles teñen que
facerse responsables
11:01
for their rehabilitation.
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de rehabilitarse.
Unha forma de que esa rehabilitación
11:04
One way such rehabilitation might work
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puidese chegar a funcionar
11:06
is through restorative justice programs.
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é a través de programas
de xustiza restaurativa.
11:10
Here victims, if they choose to participate,
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Aquí a vítima,
se decide participar,
11:12
and perpetrators meet face to face
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e o criminal
vense cara a cara
11:14
in safe, structured encounters,
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en encontros
seguros e estruturados,
11:17
and the perpetrator is encouraged
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anímase ao criminal
11:19
to take responsibility for their actions,
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a responsabilizarse dos seus actos,
11:21
and the victim plays an active role in the process.
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e a vítima xoga
un papel activo neste proceso.
11:24
In such a setting, the perpetrator can see,
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E neste escenario, o criminal pode ver,
11:27
perhaps for the first time,
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quizais por primeira vez,
á vítima coma unha persoa real,
11:29
the victim as a real person
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con pensamentos e sentimentos
11:31
with thoughts and feelings and a genuine
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11:33
emotional response.
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e unha xenuína resposta emocional.
11:35
This stimulates the amygdala
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Isto estimula a amígdala
11:37
and may be a more effective rehabilitative practice
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e pode ser una práctica
de rehabilitación máis efectiva
11:40
than simple incarceration.
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que o simple encarceramento.
Programas coma este
non funcionan para todos,
11:43
Such programs won't work for everyone,
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1585
11:45
but for many, it could be a way
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pero para moitos,
pode ser unha forma
de rematar con esa
enorme frialdade interior.
11:48
to break the frozen sea within.
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11:52
So what can we do now?
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Entón, que podemos
facer agora?
Como aplicamos este coñecemento?
11:55
How can we apply this knowledge?
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Gustaríame deixarlles
11:57
I'd like to leave you with
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tres leccións que aprendín.
12:00
three lessons that I learned.
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A primeira foi
12:01
The first thing that I learned was that
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que debemos cambiar
a nosa mentalidade.
12:04
we need to change our mindset.
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12:05
Since Wormwood Scrubs was built 130 years ago,
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Desde que se construíu
Wormwood Scrubs hai 130 anos,
12:08
society has advanced in virtually every aspect,
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a sociedade avanzou
en case tódolos aspectos,
na forma na que diriximos
os nosos colexios e hospitais.
12:11
in the way we run our schools, our hospitals.
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Aínda así, cando
falamos de prisións
12:15
Yet the moment we speak about prisons,
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é coma se volvésemos á época de Dickens
12:17
it's as though we're back in Dickensian times,
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ou á Idade Media.
12:20
if not medieval times.
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Durante demasiado tempo, penso,
12:22
For too long, I believe,
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permitímonos crer
na falsa idea
12:24
we've allowed ourselves to be persuaded
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de que a natureza humana
non pode cambiar
12:28
of the false notion that human
nature cannot change,
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e, como sociedade,
estámolo pagando moi caro.
12:31
and as a society, it's costing us dearly.
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12:35
We know that the brain is
capable of extraordinary change,
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Sabemos que o cerebro é capaz
de cambios extraordinarios
e a mellor forma de conseguilo,
incluso en adultos,
12:39
and the best way to achieve that,
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3039
12:42
even in adults, is to change and modulate
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é cambiar e modular
o noso ambiente.
12:44
our environment.
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O segundo que aprendín
12:46
The second thing I have learned
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é que necesitamos
crear unha unión
12:49
is that we need to create an alliance
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12:51
of people who believe that science is integral
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entre a xente que cre
que a ciencia é esencial
para xerar o cambio social.
12:55
to bringing about social change.
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É moi fácil para un neurocientífico
12:57
It's easy enough for a neuroscientist to place
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facerlle unha resonancia
a un preso de alta seguridade.
13:00
a high-security inmate in an MRI scanner.
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Pois ben, resulta
que non é tan fácil
13:02
Well actually, that turns out not to be so easy,
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pero o que en verdade queremos ver
13:05
but ultimately what we want to show
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e se podemos reducir
as taxas de reincidencia.
13:07
is whether we're able to
reduce the reoffending rates.
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Para responder a preguntas tan complexas,
13:11
In order to answer complex questions like that,
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necesitamos xente con
diferentes formacións:
13:14
we need people of different backgrounds --
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13:17
lab-based scientists and clinicians,
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clínicos e científicos de laboratorio,
políticos e traballadores sociais,
13:19
social workers and policy makers,
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13:21
philanthropists and human rights activists —
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filántropos e defensores
dos dereitos humanos.
Necesitamos que traballen unidos.
13:24
to work together.
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13:26
Finally, I believe we need
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Finalmente creo que necesitamos
13:27
to change our own amygdalae,
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cambiar as nosas propias amígdalas,
13:29
because this issue goes to the heart
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porque esta cuestión chega ao fondo
13:32
not just of who Joe is,
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non só de quen é Joe,
senón de quen somos nós.
13:34
but who we are.
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Necesitamos deixar de ver a Joe
13:35
We need to change our view of Joe
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como alguén totalmente incorrixible,
13:38
as someone wholly irredeemable,
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porque, se nós o vemos así,
13:42
because if we see Joe as wholly irredeemable,
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como pode chegar el a verse
como alguén distinto?
13:46
how is he going to see himself as any different?
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Dentro dunha década,
Joe ha ser liberado
13:50
In another decade, Joe will be released
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13:52
from Wormwood Scrubs.
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de Wormwood Scrubs.
Estará entre o 70% de internos
13:55
Will he be among the 70 percent of inmates
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que terminan reincidindo
13:57
who end up reoffending
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13:59
and returning to the prison system?
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e volven ao sistema penitenciario?
Non será mellor que,
mentres cumpre a condena,
14:02
Wouldn't it be better if, while serving his sentence,
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14:04
Joe was able to train his amygdala,
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Joe adestre a súa amígdala,
14:06
which would stimulate the growth of new brain cells
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o que estimularía o crecemento
de novas células cerebrais e conexións,
14:09
and connections,
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14:10
so that he will be able to face the world
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para que, dese modo,
poida enfrontarse ao mundo
14:13
once he gets released?
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cando o liberen?
Sen dúbida, iso
beneficiaríanos a todos.
14:15
Surely, that would be in the interest of all of us.
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14:21
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
14:24
Thank you. (Applause)
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Grazas. (Aplausos)

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Daniel Reisel - Neuroscientist
Daniel Reisel searches for the psychological and physical roots of human morality.

Why you should listen

Daniel Reisel grew up in Norway but settled in the UK in 1995. He works as a hospital doctor and as a research fellow in epigenetics at University College London. He completed his PhD in Neuroscience in 2005, investigating how learning rewires the brain. Since then, his research has been concerned with the effect of life events on gene function. Daniel is currently training to become an accredited restorative justice facilitator with the UK Restorative Justice Council.

More profile about the speaker
Daniel Reisel | Speaker | TED.com