TED2013
Daniel Reisel: The neuroscience of restorative justice
Danijel Raisel (Daniel Reisel): Neurologija restorativne pravde
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Danijel Raisel proučava mozak psihopata kriminalaca (i miševa). On postavlja veliko pitanje: umesto da smeštamo ove kriminalce u ustanove, zar ne bi trebalo da koristimo ono što znamo o mozgu kako bismo im pomogli da se rehabilituju? Drugim rečima: ako u mozgu mogu da nastanu novi nervni putevi nakon povrede... možemo li pomoći da mozak zaraste moralno?
Daniel Reisel - Neuroscientist
Daniel Reisel searches for the psychological and physical roots of human morality. Full bio
Daniel Reisel searches for the psychological and physical roots of human morality. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'd like to talk today
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Želeo bih da govorim danas
00:14
about how we can change our brains
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o tome kako možemo
promeniti svoje mozgove
promeniti svoje mozgove
00:16
and our society.
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i svoje društvo.
00:19
Meet Joe.
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Upoznajte Džoa.
00:21
Joe's 32 years old and a murderer.
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Džo ima 32 godine i ubica je.
Upoznao sam ga pre 13 godina
u krilu za doživotne osuđenike
u krilu za doživotne osuđenike
00:25
I met Joe 13 years ago on the lifer wing
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00:28
at Wormwood Scrubs high-security prison in London.
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u veoma zaštićenom
Vormvud Skrabs zatvoru u Londonu.
Vormvud Skrabs zatvoru u Londonu.
00:31
I'd like you to imagine this place.
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Želeo bih da zamislite to mesto.
00:33
It looks and feels like it sounds:
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Izgleda i deluje kao što zvuči:
00:37
Wormwood Scrubs.
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Vormvud Skrabs.
00:39
Built at the end of the Victorian Era
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Izgradili su ga
pred kraj Viktorijanske ere
pred kraj Viktorijanske ere
00:41
by the inmates themselves,
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sami stanovnici,
00:43
it is where England's most
dangerous prisoners are kept.
dangerous prisoners are kept.
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tamo su držani
najozloglašeniji engleski zatvorenici.
najozloglašeniji engleski zatvorenici.
00:46
These individuals have committed acts
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Ove osobe su počinile dela
00:48
of unspeakable evil.
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neizrecivog zla.
00:50
And I was there to study their brains.
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Bio sam tamo da izučavam
njihove mozgove.
njihove mozgove.
00:54
I was part of a team of researchers
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Bio sam deo istraživačkog tima
00:56
from University College London,
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sa Londonskog univerzitetskog koledža
00:57
on a grant from the U.K. department of health.
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uz podršku britanskog
Ministarstva zdravlja.
Ministarstva zdravlja.
Moj zadatak je bio
da proučavam grupu stanovnika
da proučavam grupu stanovnika
01:00
My task was to study a group of inmates
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01:02
who had been clinically diagnosed as psychopaths.
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koji su bili klinički dijagnostikovani
kao psihopate.
kao psihopate.
01:05
That meant they were the most
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To je značilo da su bili
01:07
callous and the most aggressive
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najokoreliji i najagresivniji
01:08
of the entire prison population.
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među celom zatvorskom populacijom.
01:12
What lay at the root of their behavior?
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Šta leži u korenu njihovog ponašanja?
01:15
Was there a neurological cause for their condition?
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Da li je postojao neurološki uzrok
za njihovo stanje?
za njihovo stanje?
01:19
And if there was a neurological cause,
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I ako je postojao neurološki uzrok,
01:22
could we find a cure?
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da li bismo mogli naći lek?
01:25
So I'd like to speak about change, and
especially about emotional change.
especially about emotional change.
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Voleo bih da pričam o promeni,
a naročito o emocionalnoj promeni.
a naročito o emocionalnoj promeni.
01:29
Growing up, I was always intrigued
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Tokom odrastanja,
uvek sam bio zaintrigiran
uvek sam bio zaintrigiran
01:31
by how people change.
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time kako se ljudi menjaju.
01:34
My mother, a clinical psychotherapist,
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Moja majka, klinički psihoterapeut,
01:37
would occasionally see patients at home
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povremeno bi primala pacijente
kod kuće uveče.
01:39
in the evening.
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01:41
She would shut the door to the living room,
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Zatvorila bi vrata dnevne sobe,
01:42
and I imagined
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a ja sam zamišljao
01:44
magical things happened in that room.
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da se magične stvari događaju u toj sobi.
01:47
At the age of five or six
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Kad sam imao 5 ili 6 godina
01:49
I would creep up in my pajamas
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došunjao bih se u pidžami
01:51
and sit outside with my ear glued to the door.
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i seo napolju
sa uvetom prilepljenim za vrata.
sa uvetom prilepljenim za vrata.
01:54
On more than one occasion, I fell asleep
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U više navrata bih zaspao
01:55
and they had to push me out of the way
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i morali su da me sklanjaju odatle
01:57
at the end of the session.
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na kraju seanse.
01:59
And I suppose that's how I found myself
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Pretpostavljam da sam se
iz tog razloga zatekao
iz tog razloga zatekao
02:02
walking into the secure interview room
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kako ulazim u osiguranu sobu za intervju
02:04
on my first day at Wormwood Scrubs.
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svog prvog dana u Vormvud Skrabsu.
02:08
Joe sat across a steel table
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Džo je sedeo naspram čeličnog stola
02:10
and greeted me with this blank expression.
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i pozdravio me je bezizražajno.
02:14
The prison warden, looking equally indifferent,
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Zatvorski čuvar, koji je delovao
podjednako nezainteresovano,
podjednako nezainteresovano,
02:17
said, "Any trouble, just press the red buzzer,
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rekao je: "U slučaju nevolje,
samo pritisnite crveno zvonce,
samo pritisnite crveno zvonce,
02:20
and we'll be around as soon as we can."
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i stižemo što pre možemo."
02:22
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
02:25
I sat down.
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Seo sam.
02:27
The heavy metal door slammed shut behind me.
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Teška metalna vrata
zalupila su se za mnom.
zalupila su se za mnom.
02:30
I looked up at the red buzzer
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Pogledao sam u crveno zvono
02:32
far behind Joe on the opposite wall.
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daleko iza Džoa na suprotnom zidu.
02:34
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
02:37
I looked at Joe.
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Pogledao sam Džoa.
02:39
Perhaps detecting my concern,
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Možda primetivši moju zabrinutost,
02:41
he leaned forward, and said,
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nagnuo se napred i rekao,
02:42
as reassuringly as he could,
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što je više ohrabrujuće mogao:
02:44
"Ah, don't worry about the buzzer,
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"Ah, ne brini za zvono,
02:46
it doesn't work anyway."
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ionako ne radi."
02:48
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
02:55
Over the subsequent months,
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Tokom narednih meseci,
02:57
we tested Joe and his fellow inmates,
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testirali smo Džoa
i njegove drugove zatvorenike,
i njegove drugove zatvorenike,
03:01
looking specifically at their ability
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posebno posmatrajući njihovu sposobnost
03:03
to categorize different images of emotion.
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da kategorišu različite slike emocija.
03:08
And we looked at their physical response
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Posmatrali smo njihovu fizičku reakciju
03:10
to those emotions.
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na te emocije.
Tako na primer, kada većina nas gleda
03:12
So, for example, when most of us look
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03:13
at a picture like this of somebody looking sad,
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sliku poput ove gde neko deluje tužno,
03:16
we instantly have a slight,
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mi momentalno imamo blagu,
03:20
measurable physical response:
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merljivu fizičku reakciju:
03:22
increased heart rate, sweating of the skin.
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ubrzani otkucaji srca, znojenje.
Dok su psihopate u našem istraživanju
bile u stanju
bile u stanju
03:25
Whilst the psychopaths in our study were able
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03:27
to describe the pictures accurately,
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da tačno opišu slike,
03:29
they failed to show the emotions required.
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nisu umeli da pokažu tražene emocije.
03:32
They failed to show a physical response.
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Nisu mogli da pokažu fizičku reakciju.
03:36
It was as though they knew the words
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Kao da su znali reči
03:38
but not the music of empathy.
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ali ne i muziku empatije.
03:41
So we wanted to look closer at this
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Želeli smo da ovo posmatramo bliže
03:43
to use MRI to image their brains.
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koristeći MRI
da skeniramo njihove mozgove.
da skeniramo njihove mozgove.
03:47
That turned out to be not such an easy task.
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Ispostavilo se da to nije
tako lak zadatak.
tako lak zadatak.
03:50
Imagine transporting a collection
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Zamislite da prevozite grupu
03:51
of clinical psychopaths across central London
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kliničkih psihopata kroz centralni London
03:54
in shackles and handcuffs
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u lancima i lisicama
03:56
in rush hour,
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u sred saobraćajne gužve,
03:58
and in order to place each
of them in an MRI scanner,
of them in an MRI scanner,
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a da biste stavili
svakog od njih u MRI skener,
svakog od njih u MRI skener,
04:02
you have to remove all metal objects,
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morate da uklonite sve metalne predmete,
04:04
including shackles and handcuffs,
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uključujući lance i lisice,
04:05
and, as I learned, all body piercings.
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i, kako sam saznao, sve pirsinge na telu.
04:09
After some time, however,
we had a tentative answer.
we had a tentative answer.
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Nakon izvesnog vremena
smo imali privremeni odgovor.
smo imali privremeni odgovor.
04:14
These individuals were not just the victims
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Ove osobe nisu bile samo žrtve
04:16
of a troubled childhood.
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problematičnog detinjstva.
04:18
There was something else.
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Postojalo je nešto drugo.
04:21
People like Joe have a deficit in a brain area
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Ljudi kao što je Džo
imaju deficit u oblasti mozga
imaju deficit u oblasti mozga
04:25
called the amygdala.
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po imenu amigdala.
04:27
The amygdala is an almond-shaped organ
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Amigdala je organ u obliku badema
04:29
deep within each of the hemispheres of the brain.
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duboko unutar obe hemisfere mozga.
04:32
It is thought to be key to the experience of empathy.
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Smatra se ključnim za iskustvo empatije.
04:36
Normally, the more empathic a person is,
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Obično, što je osoba više empatična,
04:39
the larger and more active their amygdala is.
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amigdala je veća i aktivnija.
04:42
Our population of inmates
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Naša populacija zatvorenika
04:44
had a deficient amygdala,
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imala je defektnu amigdalu,
što je verovatno dovelo
do njihovog nedostatka empatije
do njihovog nedostatka empatije
04:45
which likely led to their lack of empathy
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04:47
and to their immoral behavior.
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i nemoralnog ponašanja.
04:50
So let's take a step back.
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Vratimo se korak unazad.
04:54
Normally, acquiring moral behavior
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Obično, sticanje moralnog ponašanja
04:56
is simply part of growing up,
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je jednostavno deo odrastanja,
04:59
like learning to speak.
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kao što je učenje govora.
05:01
At the age of six months, virtually every one of us
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Na uzrastu od šest meseci,
praktično svi mi
praktično svi mi
05:04
is able to differentiate between
animate and inanimate objects.
animate and inanimate objects.
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smo u stanju da razlikujemo
žive i nežive objekte.
žive i nežive objekte.
05:08
At the age of 12 months,
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Na uzrastu od 12 meseci,
05:11
most children are able to imitate
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većina dece je u stanju da imitira
05:14
the purposeful actions of others.
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svrsishodne postupke drugih.
05:16
So for example, your mother raises her hands
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Tako na primer, vaša majka podiže ruke
05:18
to stretch, and you imitate her behavior.
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da se protegne
i vi imitirate njeno ponašanje.
i vi imitirate njeno ponašanje.
05:21
At first, this isn't perfect.
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U početku, to nije savršeno.
05:24
I remember my cousin Sasha,
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Sećam se moje rođake Saše,
05:26
two years old at the time,
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koja je imala dve godine u to vreme,
05:28
looking through a picture book
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kako razgleda slikovnicu
05:30
and licking one finger and flicking
the page with the other hand,
the page with the other hand,
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i liže jedan prst
i prevrće stranicu drugom rukom,
i prevrće stranicu drugom rukom,
05:33
licking one finger and flicking
the page with the other hand.
the page with the other hand.
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liže jedan prst
i prevrće stranicu drugom rukom,
i prevrće stranicu drugom rukom,
05:35
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
05:37
Bit by bit, we build the foundations
of the social brain
of the social brain
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Malo po malo,
gradimo osnove društvenog mozga
gradimo osnove društvenog mozga
05:41
so that by the time we're three, four years old,
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tako da dok napunimo tri-četiri godine,
05:46
most children, not all,
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većina dece, ne sva,
05:47
have acquired the ability to understand
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su stekla sposobnost da razumeju
05:49
the intentions of others,
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namere drugih,
05:51
another prerequisite for empathy.
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drugi preduslov za empatiju.
05:54
The fact that this developmental progression
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Činjenica da je ovaj razvojni sled
05:57
is universal,
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univerzalan,
05:58
irrespective of where you live in the world
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nezavisno od toga gde živite
06:00
or which culture you inhabit,
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ili u kojoj kulturi ste nastanjeni,
06:03
strongly suggests that the foundations
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snažno ukazuje da su osnove
06:05
of moral behavior are inborn.
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moralnog ponašanja urođene.
06:08
If you doubt this,
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Ako sumnjate u ovo,
06:11
try, as I've done, to renege on a promise you've made
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pokušajte, kao što sam ja probao,
da ne održite obećanje koje ste dali
da ne održite obećanje koje ste dali
06:14
to a four-year-old.
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četvorogodišnjaku.
06:16
You will find that the mind of a four-year old
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Otkrićete da um četvorogodišnjaka
06:18
is not naïve in the slightest.
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nije nimalo naivan.
06:20
It is more akin to a Swiss army knife
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Sličan je švajcarskom nožu
06:23
with fixed mental modules
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sa fiksiranim mentalnim modulima
06:25
finely honed during development
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fino naštelovanim tokom razvoja
06:27
and a sharp sense of fairness.
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i jakim osećajem za pravednost.
06:30
The early years are crucial.
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Prve godine su ključne.
06:33
There seems to be a window of opportunity,
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Kao da postoje vrata mogućnosti,
06:35
after which mastering moral questions
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nakon kojih savladavanje moralnih pitanja
06:38
becomes more difficult,
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postaje teže,
06:39
like adults learning a foreign language.
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kao kada odrasli uče strani jezik.
06:43
That's not to say it's impossible.
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Ne može se reći da je to nemoguće.
06:45
A recent, wonderful study from Stanford University
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Skorašnje sjajno istraživanje
sa Univerziteta Stenford
sa Univerziteta Stenford
06:48
showed that people who have played
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pokazalo je da su ljudi koji su igrali
06:51
a virtual reality game in which they took on
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igricu virtuelne realnosti
u kojoj su preuzeli
u kojoj su preuzeli
06:53
the role of a good and helpful superhero
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ulogu dobrog i korisnog superheroja
06:56
actually became more caring and helpful
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zapravo postali brižniji i uslužni
06:58
towards others afterwards.
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prema drugima nakon toga.
07:00
Now I'm not suggesting
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Ne predlažem
07:02
we endow criminals with superpowers,
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da obezbedimo supermoći za kriminalce,
07:05
but I am suggesting that we need to find ways
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ali predlažem da nađemo načine
07:09
to get Joe and people like him
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da postignemo da Džo i njemu slični
07:11
to change their brains and their behavior,
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promene svoj mozak i ponašanje,
07:13
for their benefit
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za njihovo dobro
07:15
and for the benefit of the rest of us.
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i dobro svih nas.
07:18
So can brains change?
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Može li se mozak promeniti?
07:22
For over 100 years,
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Preko 100 godina,
07:24
neuroanatomists and later neuroscientists
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neuroanatomi i kasnije neurolozi
07:28
held the view that after initial
development in childhood,
development in childhood,
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držali su se stanovišta da
nakon početnog razvoja u detinjstvu,
nakon početnog razvoja u detinjstvu,
07:31
no new brain cells could grow
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nove moždane ćelije ne mogu nastati
07:34
in the adult human brain.
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u odraslom ljudskom mozgu.
07:35
The brain could only change
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Mozak se samo može izmeniti
07:37
within certain set limits.
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u izvesnim postavljenim granicama.
07:39
That was the dogma.
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To je bila dogma.
07:41
But then, in the 1990s,
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Ali onda, '90-ih godina,
07:43
studies starting showing,
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istraživanja su počela da pokazuju,
07:45
following the lead of Elizabeth
Gould at Princeton and others,
Gould at Princeton and others,
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sledivši Elizabet Guld
na Prinstonu i druge,
na Prinstonu i druge,
07:47
studies started showing the
evidence of neurogenesis,
evidence of neurogenesis,
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studije su počele da pokazuju
dokaze neurogeneze,
dokaze neurogeneze,
07:51
the birth of new brain cells
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rođenja novih moždanih ćelija
07:53
in the adult mammalian brain,
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u odraslom mozgu sisara,
07:56
first in the olfactory bulb,
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najpre u olfaktornom delu,
07:57
which is responsible for our sense of smell,
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koji je odgovoran za naše čulo mirisa,
07:59
then in the hippocampus
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zatim u hipokampusu
08:01
involving short-term memory,
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vezano za kratkoročno pamćenje,
08:04
and finally in the amygdala itself.
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i najzad u samoj amigdali.
08:07
In order to understand
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Da bih razumeo
08:09
how this process works,
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kako ovaj proces funkcioniše,
08:11
I left the psychopaths and joined a lab in Oxford
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ostavio sam psihopate
i priključio se laboratoriji na Oksfordu
i priključio se laboratoriji na Oksfordu
08:13
specializing in learning and development.
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specijalizovanoj za učenje i razvoj.
08:17
Instead of psychopaths, I studied mice,
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Umesto psihopata,
proučavao sam miševe,
proučavao sam miševe,
08:20
because the same pattern of brain responses
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jer se isti obrazac moždanih reakcija
08:23
appears across many different
species of social animals.
species of social animals.
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javlja kod mnogih
različitih vrsta društvenih životinja.
različitih vrsta društvenih životinja.
08:27
So if you rear a mouse in a standard cage,
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Ako uzgajate miša
u standardnom kavezu,
u standardnom kavezu,
08:31
a shoebox, essentially, with cotton wool,
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kutiji za cipele, u suštini,
sa pamučnom vunom,
sa pamučnom vunom,
08:34
alone and without much stimulation,
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samog bez mnogo stimulacije,
08:35
not only does it not thrive,
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ne samo da on neće napredovati,
08:37
but it will often develop strange,
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već će često razviti čudna ponašanja
08:39
repetitive behaviors.
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koja se ponavljaju.
08:40
This naturally sociable animal
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Ova prirodno druželjubiva životinja
će izgubiti svoju sposobnost
da se povezuje sa drugim miševima,
da se povezuje sa drugim miševima,
08:43
will lose its ability to bond with other mice,
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08:45
even becoming aggressive when introduced to them.
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postajući čak i agresivna
kada se iznese pred njih.
kada se iznese pred njih.
Sa druge strane, miševi odgajani
u onome što nazivamo
u onome što nazivamo
08:50
However, mice reared in what we called
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08:52
an enriched environment,
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obogaćujuća sredina,
08:53
a large habitation with other mice
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u velikom staništu sa drugim miševima
08:55
with wheels and ladders and areas to explore,
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sa točkovima i merdevinama
i oblastima za istraživanje,
i oblastima za istraživanje,
08:59
demonstrate neurogenesis,
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pokazivaće neurogenezu,
rođenje novih moždanih ćelija,
09:00
the birth of new brain cells,
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i kao što smo pokazali,
takođe imaju bolja postignuća
takođe imaju bolja postignuća
09:03
and as we showed, they also perform better
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09:05
on a range of learning and memory tasks.
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na mnogim zadacima
učenja i pamćenja.
učenja i pamćenja.
09:08
Now, they don't develop morality to the point of
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Oni ne razviju moralnost do tog nivoa
da prenose kese iz kupovine
starim miševima
starim miševima
09:10
carrying the shopping bags of little old mice
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09:12
across the street,
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preko ulice,
09:14
but their improved environment results in healthy,
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ali poboljšana sredina dovodi do zdravog,
09:17
sociable behavior.
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društvenog ponašanja.
09:19
Mice reared in a standard cage, by contrast,
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Miševi odgajani u standardnom kavezu,
nasuprot tome,
nasuprot tome,
09:22
not dissimilar, you might say, from a prison cell,
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nije daleko, može se reći,
od zatvorske ćelije,
od zatvorske ćelije,
09:24
have dramatically lower levels of new neurons
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imaju drastično niže nivoe neurona
09:27
in the brain.
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u mozgu.
09:29
It is now clear that the amygdala of mammals,
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Sada je jasno da amigdala sisara,
09:32
including primates like us,
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uključujući primate kao što smo mi,
09:33
can show neurogenesis.
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može pokazati neurogenezu.
09:36
In some areas of the brain,
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U nekim oblastima mozga,
09:37
more than 20 percent of cells are newly formed.
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više od 20 procenata ćelija
su novoformirane.
su novoformirane.
09:41
We're just beginning to understand
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Tek počinjemo da razumemo
09:43
what exact function these cells have,
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kakve tačno funkcije ove ćelije imaju,
09:45
but what it implies is that the brain is capable
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ali to nagoveštava da je mozak u stanju
09:48
of extraordinary change way into adulthood.
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na izuzetnu promenu
daleko u odraslom dobu.
daleko u odraslom dobu.
09:53
However, our brains are also
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Međutim, naš mozak je takođe
09:55
exquisitely sensitive to stress in our environment.
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izuzetno osetljiv
na stres u našoj okolini.
na stres u našoj okolini.
09:59
Stress hormones, glucocorticoids,
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Hormoni stresa, glukokortikoidi,
10:01
released by the brain,
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koje ispušta mozak,
10:03
suppress the growth of these new cells.
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suzbijaju rast novih ćelija.
10:06
The more stress, the less brain development,
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Što više stresa, to manje razvoja mozga,
10:09
which in turn causes less adaptability
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što zauzvrat proizvodi
manje prilagodljivosti
manje prilagodljivosti
10:13
and causes higher stress levels.
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i stvara više nivoe stresa.
10:16
This is the interplay between nature and nurture
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Ovo je međuigra urođenog i stečenog
10:20
in real time in front of our eyes.
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uživo pred našim očima.
10:24
When you think about it,
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Kada razmislite o tome,
10:26
it is ironic that our current solution
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ironično je da je naše trenutno rešenje
10:28
for people with stressed amygdalae
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za ljude sa amigdalom pod stresom
10:30
is to place them in an environment
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da ih smestimo u sredinu
10:32
that actually inhibits any chance of further growth.
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koja zapravo sputava
svaku šansu daljeg razvoja.
svaku šansu daljeg razvoja.
10:36
Of course, imprisonment is a necessary part
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Naravno, stavljanje u zatvor
je neophodan deo
je neophodan deo
10:39
of the criminal justice system
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kriminalnog sistema pravde
10:41
and of protecting society.
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i zaštite društva.
10:43
Our research does not suggest
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Naše istraživanje ne ukazuje
10:44
that criminals should submit their MRI scans
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da kriminalci treba
da dostave svoje MRI snimke
da dostave svoje MRI snimke
10:47
as evidence in court
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kao dokaz na sudu
10:48
and get off the hook because
they've got a faulty amygdala.
they've got a faulty amygdala.
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i izvuku se jer imaju
amigdalu sa greškom.
amigdalu sa greškom.
10:52
The evidence is actually the other way.
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Dokaz je zapravo na drugoj strani.
10:54
Because our brains are capable of change,
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Pošto je naš mozak
u stanju da se promeni,
u stanju da se promeni,
10:57
we need to take responsibility for our actions,
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moramo da preuzmemo odgovornost
za svoje postupke,
za svoje postupke,
10:59
and they need to take responsibility
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i oni treba da preuzmu odgovornost
11:01
for their rehabilitation.
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za svoju rehabilitaciju.
Jedan način na koji bi
takva rehabilitacija mogla delovati
takva rehabilitacija mogla delovati
11:04
One way such rehabilitation might work
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11:06
is through restorative justice programs.
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je kroz programe restorativne pravde.
11:10
Here victims, if they choose to participate,
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Tu se žrtve, ako odluče da učestvuju,
11:12
and perpetrators meet face to face
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i počinioci sreću licem u lice
11:14
in safe, structured encounters,
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u bezbednim, strukturisanim susretima,
11:17
and the perpetrator is encouraged
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i počinilac se podstiče
11:19
to take responsibility for their actions,
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da preuzme odgovornost
za svoje postupke,
za svoje postupke,
11:21
and the victim plays an active role in the process.
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a žrtva igra aktivnu ulogu u procesu.
11:24
In such a setting, the perpetrator can see,
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U takvoj postavci, počinilac može videti,
11:27
perhaps for the first time,
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možda po prvi put,
11:29
the victim as a real person
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žrtvu kao stvarnu osobu
11:31
with thoughts and feelings and a genuine
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sa mislima i osećanjima i istinskim
11:33
emotional response.
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emotivnim reakcijama.
11:35
This stimulates the amygdala
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Ovo stimuliše amigdalu
11:37
and may be a more effective rehabilitative practice
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i može biti efektivnija
rehabilitaciona praksa
rehabilitaciona praksa
11:40
than simple incarceration.
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od jednostavnog zatočenja.
Takvi programi neće delovati kod svih,
11:43
Such programs won't work for everyone,
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11:45
but for many, it could be a way
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ali za mnoge, to bi mogao biti način
11:48
to break the frozen sea within.
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da se otopi ledeno srce.
11:52
So what can we do now?
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Pa šta možemo sada da učinimo?
11:55
How can we apply this knowledge?
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Kako možemo da primenimo ovo znanje?
11:57
I'd like to leave you with
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Želeo bih da vas ostavim sa
12:00
three lessons that I learned.
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tri lekcije koje sam naučio.
12:01
The first thing that I learned was that
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Prva stvar koju sam naučio je da
moramo da menjamo
svoj način razmišljanja.
svoj način razmišljanja.
12:04
we need to change our mindset.
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12:05
Since Wormwood Scrubs was built 130 years ago,
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Otkad je Vormvud Skrabs izgrađen
pre 130 godina,
pre 130 godina,
12:08
society has advanced in virtually every aspect,
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društvo je napredovalo
u gotovo svakom aspektu,
u gotovo svakom aspektu,
12:11
in the way we run our schools, our hospitals.
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u načinu na koji upravljamo školama,
bolnicama.
bolnicama.
12:15
Yet the moment we speak about prisons,
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Ipak, čim progovorimo o zatvorima,
12:17
it's as though we're back in Dickensian times,
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kao da smo se vratili u vreme Dikensa,
12:20
if not medieval times.
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ako ne i srednji vek.
12:22
For too long, I believe,
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Predugo smo, smatram,
12:24
we've allowed ourselves to be persuaded
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dozvolili sebi da budemo ubeđeni
12:28
of the false notion that human
nature cannot change,
nature cannot change,
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u lažnu ideju da se ljudska priroda
ne može promeniti,
ne može promeniti,
12:31
and as a society, it's costing us dearly.
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i kao društvo, to nas skupo košta.
12:35
We know that the brain is
capable of extraordinary change,
capable of extraordinary change,
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Znamo da je mozak u stanju
za izuzetne promene,
za izuzetne promene,
12:39
and the best way to achieve that,
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i najbolji način za postizanje toga,
12:42
even in adults, is to change and modulate
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čak i kod odraslih,
jeste da promenimo i prilagodimo
jeste da promenimo i prilagodimo
12:44
our environment.
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našu okolinu.
12:46
The second thing I have learned
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Druga stvar koju sam naučio
12:49
is that we need to create an alliance
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je da moramo da stvorimo savez
12:51
of people who believe that science is integral
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sa ljudima koji veruju
da je nauka ključna
da je nauka ključna
12:55
to bringing about social change.
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za izazivanje društvenih promena.
12:57
It's easy enough for a neuroscientist to place
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Lako je za neurologa da smesti
zatvorenika sa najvećim obezbeđenjem
pod MRI skener.
pod MRI skener.
13:00
a high-security inmate in an MRI scanner.
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13:02
Well actually, that turns out not to be so easy,
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Zapravo, ispostavilo se
da to nije tako lako,
da to nije tako lako,
13:05
but ultimately what we want to show
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ali u krajnjoj liniji
ono što želimo da pokažemo
ono što želimo da pokažemo
13:07
is whether we're able to
reduce the reoffending rates.
reduce the reoffending rates.
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je to da li smo u mogućnosti
da smanjimo stope ponovnih prekršaja.
da smanjimo stope ponovnih prekršaja.
13:11
In order to answer complex questions like that,
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Da bismo odgovorili
na tako kompleksno pitanje,
na tako kompleksno pitanje,
13:14
we need people of different backgrounds --
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potrebni su nam ljudi
različitog obrazovanja -
različitog obrazovanja -
13:17
lab-based scientists and clinicians,
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laboratorijski naučnici i kliničari,
13:19
social workers and policy makers,
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socijalni radnici i donosioci odluka,
13:21
philanthropists and human rights activists —
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filantropi i aktivisti za ljudska prava -
13:24
to work together.
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da rade zajedno.
13:26
Finally, I believe we need
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Konačno, verujem da moramo
13:27
to change our own amygdalae,
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da promenimo sopstvene amigdale,
13:29
because this issue goes to the heart
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jer ovo pitanje ide u srž
13:32
not just of who Joe is,
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ne samo toga ko je Džo,
13:34
but who we are.
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već i ko smo mi.
13:35
We need to change our view of Joe
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Moramo da promenimo
naše sagledavanje Džoa
naše sagledavanje Džoa
13:38
as someone wholly irredeemable,
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kao nekog potpuno beznadežnog,
jer ako vidimo Džoa
kao potpuno beznadežnog,
kao potpuno beznadežnog,
13:42
because if we see Joe as wholly irredeemable,
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kako će on sebe videti drugačije?
13:46
how is he going to see himself as any different?
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13:50
In another decade, Joe will be released
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U sledećoj deceniji, Džo će biti pušten
iz Vormvud Skrabsa.
13:52
from Wormwood Scrubs.
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13:55
Will he be among the 70 percent of inmates
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Da li će on biti među 70 odsto zatvorenika
koji će završiti kao ponovni počinioci
13:57
who end up reoffending
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13:59
and returning to the prison system?
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i vratiti se u zatvor?
Zar ne bi bilo bolje kada bi,
tokom služenja svoje kazne,
tokom služenja svoje kazne,
14:02
Wouldn't it be better if, while serving his sentence,
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Džo mogao da vežba svoju amigdalu,
14:04
Joe was able to train his amygdala,
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što bi stimulisalo rast
novih moždanih ćelija
novih moždanih ćelija
14:06
which would stimulate the growth of new brain cells
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i veza,
14:09
and connections,
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tako da bi mogao da se suoči sa svetom
14:10
so that he will be able to face the world
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14:13
once he gets released?
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kada bude pušten?
To bi sigurno bilo u interesu svih nas.
14:15
Surely, that would be in the interest of all of us.
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(Aplauz)
14:21
(Applause)
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14:24
Thank you. (Applause)
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Hvala vam.
(Aplauz)
(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Daniel Reisel - NeuroscientistDaniel Reisel searches for the psychological and physical roots of human morality.
Why you should listen
Daniel Reisel grew up in Norway but settled in the UK in 1995. He works as a hospital doctor and as a research fellow in epigenetics at University College London. He completed his PhD in Neuroscience in 2005, investigating how learning rewires the brain. Since then, his research has been concerned with the effect of life events on gene function. Daniel is currently training to become an accredited restorative justice facilitator with the UK Restorative Justice Council.
Daniel Reisel | Speaker | TED.com