TED2009
Alex Tabarrok: How ideas trump crises
Alex Tabarrok o tome kako ideje poništavaju krize
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"Kleta znanost" ekonomija zablistala je u ovom optimističnom izlaganju. Ekonomist Alex Tabarrok zagovara slobodnu trgovinu i globalizaciju kao sile koje naš donedavno podijeljeni svijet transformiraju u zajednicu u kojoj se ideje dijele, čineći nas zdravijima, sretnijima i uspješnijima nego što se moglo predvidjeti.
Alex Tabarrok - Economist
With the hit economic blog MarginalRevolution.com, co-author Alex Tabarrok generates more hits than a summer hailstorm, and sheds light into the darkest corners of the dismal science. Full bio
With the hit economic blog MarginalRevolution.com, co-author Alex Tabarrok generates more hits than a summer hailstorm, and sheds light into the darkest corners of the dismal science. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
The first half of the 20th century
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Prva polovica dvadesetog stoljeća
00:16
was an absolute disaster in human affairs,
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je bila katastrofalna za ljudsku civilizaciju,
00:19
a cataclysm.
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prava kataklizma.
00:21
We had the First World War,
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Imali smo Prvi svjetski rat,
00:24
the Great Depression,
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pa Veliku depresiju,
00:26
the Second World War
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Drugi svjetski rat,
00:28
and the rise of the communist nations.
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i uspon komunističkih država.
00:31
And each one of these forces
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Svaki od ovih događaja
00:33
split the world, tore the world apart,
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je podijelio svijet, otuđio ga,
00:35
divided the world.
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i razdvojio.
00:38
And they threw up walls --
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Ljudi su podigli zidove,
00:40
political walls, trade walls,
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političke zidove, trgovinske zidove,
00:42
transportation walls,
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transportacijske zidove,
00:44
communication walls, iron curtains --
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komunikacijske zidove, željezne zavjese,
00:47
which divided peoples and nations.
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koje su dijelile ljude i nacije.
00:51
It was only in the second half of the 20th century
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Tek smo u drugoj polovici dvadesetog stoljeća
00:55
that we slowly began to pull ourselves
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polako počeli izlaziti
00:58
out of this abyss.
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iz ovog ponora.
01:01
Trade walls began to come tumbling down.
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Trgovinski zidovi su počeli padati.
01:04
Here are some data on tariffs:
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Evo nekoliko podataka o carinama:
01:06
starting at 40 percent, coming down to less than 5 percent.
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počele su sa 40 posto i spustile se na manje od 5 posto.
01:09
We globalized the world. And what does that mean?
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Globalizirali smo svijet. Što to znači?
01:12
It means that we extended cooperation
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Znači da smo proširili suradnju
01:15
across national boundaries;
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preko granica između nacija.
01:17
we made the world more cooperative.
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Učinili smo svijet združenijim.
01:20
Transportation walls came tumbling down.
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Transportacijski zidovi su pali.
01:24
You know in 1950 the typical ship carried
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U 1950. godini tipični brod je nosio
01:27
5,000 to 10,000 tons worth of goods.
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5,000 do 10,000 tona dobara.
01:31
Today a container ship can carry 150,000 tons;
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Danas nosač kontejnera može prenijeti 150,000 tona.
01:35
it can be manned with a smaller crew;
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Može imati manju posadu
01:37
and unloaded faster than ever before.
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i istovartiti se brže nego ikada prije.
01:40
Communication walls, I don't have to tell you -- the Internet --
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Komunikacijski zidovi - ne moram vam pričati o Internetu,
01:43
have come tumbling down.
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su pali.
01:45
And of course the iron curtains,
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I naravno željezne zavjese -
01:47
political walls have come tumbling down.
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politički zidovi su pali.
01:51
Now all of this has been tremendous for the world.
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Sve ovo je imalo golem utjecaj na svijet.
01:55
Trade has increased.
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Trgovina je porasla.
01:57
Here is just a little bit of data.
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Evo malo podataka.
01:59
In 1990, exports from China to the United States:
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U 1990. godini izvoz Kine u SAD bio je
02:01
15 billion dollars.
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15 milijardi dolara.
02:03
By 2007: over 300 billion dollars.
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Do 2007. preko 300 milijardi dolara.
02:07
And perhaps most remarkably,
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I možda najznačajnije,
02:10
at the beginning of the 21st century,
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početkom dvadeset i prvog stoljeća,
02:12
really for the first time in modern history,
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zapravo, prvi puta u modernoj povijesti,
02:16
growth extended to almost all parts of the world.
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rast se proširio na gotovo cijeli svijet.
02:20
So China, I've already mentioned,
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Kina, već sam ju spomenuo,
02:22
beginning around 1978, around the time of the death of Mao,
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počevši u 1978. godini negdje oko smrti Maoa --
02:25
growth -- ten percent a year.
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rast: deset posto godišnje.
02:27
Year after year after year,
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Godinom za godinu,
02:29
absolutely incredible.
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posve nevjerojatno!
02:31
Never before in human history
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Nikada prije u ljudskoj povijesti
02:35
have so many people been raised out of
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nije se toliko ljudi podiglo iz siromaštva
02:37
such great poverty as happened in China.
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kao što se to dogodilo u Kini.
02:40
China is the world's greatest anti-poverty program
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Kina je, sama po sebi, najveći svjetski program borbe protiv siromaštva
02:43
over the last three decades.
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tijekom poslijednjih trideset godina.
02:45
India, starting a little bit later,
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Indija je krenula malo kasnije,
02:47
but in 1990, begetting tremendous growth.
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ali je 1990. godine započela ogroman rast.
02:50
Incomes at that time
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Primanja u to vrijeme:
02:52
less than $1,000 per year.
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manje od 1,000 dolara godišnje.
02:54
And over the next 18 years
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Tijekom slijedećih 18 godina
02:56
have almost tripled.
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su se gotovo utrostručila.
02:58
Growth of six percent a year. Absolutely incredible.
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To je rast od šest posto godišnje. Apsolutno nevjerojatno.
03:01
Now Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa --
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Afrika,
03:04
Sub-Saharan Africa
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Podsaharsha Afrika,
03:06
has been the area of the world
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bila je dio svijeta
03:08
most resistant to growth.
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u kojem se rast najmanje primio.
03:11
And we can see the tragedy of Africa
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Možemo vidjeti tragediju Afrike
03:14
in the first few bars here.
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u prvih nekoliko stupaca ovdje.
03:16
Growth was negative.
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Rast je bio negativan.
03:18
People were actually getting poorer than their parents,
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Ljudi su zapravo bili siromašniji od svojih roditelja.
03:21
and sometimes even poorer than their grandparents had been.
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I ponekad čak siromašniji od svojih djedova.
03:24
But at the end of the 20th century,
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Ali pri kraju dvadesetog stoljeća,
03:26
the beginning of the 21st century,
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početkom dvadeset i prvog stoljeća,
03:28
we saw growth in Africa.
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vidjeli smo rast u Africi.
03:31
And I think, as you'll see, there's reasons for optimism,
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I mislim da, kao što ćete vidjeti, ima razloga optimizmu.
03:33
because I believe that the best is yet to come.
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Jer mislim da će najbolje tek doći.
03:36
Now why.
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Zašto?
03:38
On the cutting edge today
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Na rubu napredka danas
03:40
it's new ideas which are driving growth.
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upravo nove ideje potiču rast.
03:42
And by that I mean it's
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Pod time mislim na
03:44
products for which the research and development costs
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proizvode za koje su troškovi istraživanja i razvoja
03:47
are really high, and the manufacturing costs are low.
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iznimno visoki, no proizvodni troškovi su niski.
03:50
More than ever before it is these types of ideas
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Više nego ikada prije, ovakve ideje
03:52
which are driving growth on the cutting edge.
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potiču rast na samom rubu tehnološkog razvoja.
03:55
Now ideas have this amazing property.
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Ideje imaju jedno zapanjujuće svojstvo.
03:57
Thomas Jefferson, I think, really expressed this quite well.
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Mislim da je Thomas Jefferson ovo vrlo dobro izrazio.
04:00
He said, "He who receives an idea from me
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Rekao je: "Onaj tko od mene dobije ideju,
04:04
receives instruction himself, without lessening mine.
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prima znanje bez da smanjuje moje.
04:08
As he who lights his candle at mine
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Kao što onaj tko upali svijeću kraj mene
04:11
receives light without darkening me."
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prima svijetlo bez da mene zamračuje."
04:14
Or to put it slightly differently:
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Ili, postavivši to malo drugačije,
04:16
one apple feeds one man,
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jabuka nahrani čovjeka,
04:18
but an idea can feed the world.
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ali ideja može nahraniti svijet.
04:21
Now this is not new. This is practically not new to TEDsters.
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Ovo nije novo. Zapravo, ništa novo za sudionike TED-a.
04:24
This is practically the model of TED.
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To je praktički model rada TED-a.
04:26
But what is new is that the greater function of ideas
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Novost je u tome što viša funkcija koju ideje imaju
04:30
is going to drive growth even more than ever before.
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može poticati rast više nego ikada prije.
04:35
This provides a reason why
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To je razlog zašto su
04:37
trade and globalization
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trgovina i globalizacija
04:39
are even more important, more powerful than ever before,
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važnije i snažnije nego ikada prije,
04:42
and are going to increase growth more than ever before.
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i povećati će rast više nego ikada.
04:45
And to explain why this is so, I have a question.
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Kao objašnjenje zašto je to tako, postaviti ću pitanje.
04:48
Suppose that there are two diseases:
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Zamislimo dvije bolesti.
04:51
one of them is rare, the other one is common,
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Jedna rijetka, a druga česta.
04:53
but if they are not treated they are equally severe.
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Ako se ne liječe, obje su jednako teške.
04:56
If you had to choose, which would you rather have:
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Kada biste morali birati, koju biste radije imali?
04:59
the common disease or the rare disease?
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Čestu ili rijetku bolest?
05:03
Common, the common -- I think that's absolutely right,
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Čestu, čestu. I to je posve u redu.
05:05
and why? Because there are more drugs to treat common diseases
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Zašto? Jer postoji više lijekova za liječenje čestih bolesti
05:09
than there are to treat rare diseases.
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nego za liječenje rijetkih.
05:12
The reason for this is incentives.
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Razlog tome su vanjski poticaji.
05:14
It costs about the same to produce a new drug
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Jednako je skupo proizvesti novi lijek
05:17
whether that drug treats 1,000 people,
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bez obzira da li on liječi 1,000 ljudi,
05:20
100,000 people, or a million people.
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100,000 osoba ili milijun.
05:23
But the revenues are much greater if the drug treats a million people.
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Ali dobit je puno veća ako je lijek potreban milijunu ljudi.
05:26
So the incentives are much larger
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Tako da su i poticaji mnogo veći
05:29
to produce drugs which treat more people.
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za proizvodnju lijekova koji liječe veći broj ljudi.
05:33
To put this differently: larger markets save lives.
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Drugačije rečeno, veća tržišta spašavaju živote.
05:37
In this case misery truly does love company.
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U ovom slučaju nevolja stvarno traži društvo.
05:41
Now think about the following:
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Zamislite sada slijedeće:
05:43
if China and India were as rich as the United States is today,
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kada bi Kina i Indija bila bogate kao SAD danas,
05:47
the market for cancer drugs would be eight times larger than it is now.
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tržište lijekova za rak bi bilo osam puta veće nego što je sada.
05:53
Now we are not there yet, but it is happening.
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Još nismo došli do te faze, ali polako se ostvaruje.
05:55
As other countries become richer
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Kako ostale države postaju bogatije
05:58
the demand for these pharmaceuticals
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tako će se potražnja za farmaceutskim preparatima
06:00
is going to increase tremendously.
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silno povećati.
06:02
And that means an increase incentive to do research and development,
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A to znači povećanje poticaja za provedbu istraživanja i razvoja,
06:05
which benefits everyone in the world.
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što je na kraju bolje za sve.
06:08
Larger markets increase the incentive
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Veća tržišta povećavaju poticaje
06:10
to produce all kinds of ideas,
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za izvedbom svih vrsta ideja.
06:12
whether it's software, whether it's a computer chip,
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Bez obzira radi li se o softveru, računalnom čipu,
06:14
whether it's a new design.
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ili novom dizajnu.
06:16
For the Hollywood people in the audience,
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Za one u publici koji dolaze iz Hollywooda,
06:18
this even explains why action movies
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to čak objašnjava zašto akcijski filmovi
06:20
have larger budgets than comedies:
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imaju veće budžete od komedija.
06:22
it's because action movies translate easier
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To je zato što je lakše prevesti akcijske filmove
06:25
into other languages and other cultures,
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na druge jezike i druge kulture.
06:27
so the market for those movies is larger.
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Pa je tržište tih filmova veće.
06:29
People are willing to invest more,
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Ljudi su voljni više uložiti,
06:31
and the budgets are larger.
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i budžeti su veći.
06:33
Alright. Well if larger markets increase the incentive
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U redu. Pa, ako veća tržišta povećavaju poticaje
06:36
to produce new ideas,
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za ostvarivanjem novih ideja,
06:38
how do we maximize that incentive?
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kako možemo maksimizirati te poticaje?
06:41
It's by having one world market, by globalizing the world.
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Tako da napravimo jedno, zajedničko svjetsko tržište, da globaliziramo svijet.
06:46
The way I like to put this is:
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Volim to ovako reći:
06:48
one idea. Ideas are meant to be shared,
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jedna ideja, a ideje su zato da se dijele,
06:51
so one idea can serve one world, one market.
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jedna ideja može poslužiti jednom svijetu, jednom tržištu.
06:56
One idea, one world, one market.
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Jedna ideja, jedan svijet, jedno tržište.
06:59
Well how else can we create new ideas?
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Kako bismo inače stvarali nove ideje?
07:02
That's one reason.
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Evo jednog načina.
07:04
Globalize trade.
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Globalizirajte, trgujte.
07:06
How else can we create new ideas?
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Na koji još način bismo stvarali nove ideje?
07:08
Well, more idea creators.
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Uz više ljudi koji ideje stvaraju.
07:10
Now idea creators, they come from all walks of life.
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Ljudi koji stvaraju ideje dolaze iz svih područja.
07:13
Artists and innovators -- many of the people you've seen on this stage.
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Umjetnici i inovatori, puno ljudi koje ste vidjeli na ovoj pozornici.
07:16
I'm going to focus on scientists and engineers
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Usredotočiti ću se na znanstvenike i inženjere
07:19
because I have some data on that, and I'm a data person.
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jer imam podatke o njima, a ja volim podatke.
07:22
Now, today, less than one-tenth of one percent
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Danas su manje od 1/10 jednog postotka populacije
07:27
of the world's population are scientists and engineers.
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na svijetu znanstvenici i inženjeri.
07:30
(Laughter)
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(smijeh)
07:32
The United States has been an idea leader.
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Sjedinjene američke države su bile vodeće u idejama.
07:35
A large fraction of those people are in the United States.
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Veliki postotak ovih ljudi boravi u SAD-u.
07:38
But the U.S. is losing its idea leadership.
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Ali SAD gubi vodstvo u idejama.
07:43
And for that I am very grateful.
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I jako sam zahvalan zbog toga.
07:45
That is a good thing.
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To je dobra stvar.
07:48
It is fortunate that we are becoming less of an idea leader
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Sreća je što gubimo vodstvo
07:51
because for too long the United States,
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jer su predugo SAD
07:53
and a handful of other developed countries,
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i mali broj drugih razvijenih država
07:55
have shouldered the entire burden
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nosili cijeli teret
07:57
of research and development.
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istraživanja i razvoja.
07:59
But consider the following:
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Ali razmislite o slijedećem:
08:02
if the world as a whole were as wealthy as the United States is now
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kad bi cijeli svijet bio bogat kao što su SAD danas
08:05
there would be more than five times as many scientists and engineers
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bilo bi više nego pet puta više znanstvenika i inženjera
08:09
contributing to ideas which benefit everyone,
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koji pridonose idejama što koriste svima,
08:13
which are shared by everyone.
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dijeleći ih uzajamno.
08:15
I think of the great Indian mathematician, Ramanujan.
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Mislim na velikog Indijskog matematičara, Ramanujana.
08:19
How many Ramanujans are there in India today
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Koliko Ramanujana živi danas u Indiji
08:23
toiling in the fields, barely able to feed themselves,
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radeći na poljima i jedva preživljavajući,
08:26
when they could be feeding the world?
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kada bi mogli nahraniti idejama cijeli svijet?
08:29
Now we're not there yet.
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Još nismo stigli do toga.
08:31
But it is going to happen in this century.
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Ali će se dogoditi već u ovom stoljeću.
08:34
The real tragedy of the last century is this:
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Ovo je prava tragedija prošlog stoljeća:
08:40
if you think about the world's population
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razmišljate li o populaciji svijeta
08:44
as a giant computer, a massively parallel processor,
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kao o golemom računalu, procesoru sa puno paralelnih jezgri,
08:47
then the great tragedy has been
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onda je velika tragedija
08:49
that billions of our processors have been off line.
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što su većina naših jezgri bile ugašene.
08:54
But in this century China is coming on line.
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Ali u ovom stoljeću se uključuje Kina.
08:57
India is coming on line.
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Indija se uključuje.
08:59
Africa is coming on line.
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Afrika se uključuje.
09:01
We will see an Einstein in Africa in this century.
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Vidjeti ćemo Einsteina iz Afrike u ovom stoljeću.
09:06
Here is just some data. This is China.
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Evo još malo podataka, za Kinu.
09:08
1996: less than one million
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Do 1996.-te, bilo je manje od jednog milijuna
09:10
new university students in China per year;
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novih studenata u sveučilištima u Kini godišnje.
09:13
2006: over five million.
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U 2006. godini - preko pet milijuna.
09:17
Now think what this means.
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Razmislite što to znači.
09:19
This means we all benefit when another country gets rich.
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Svima će biti bolje kad se još jedna zemlja obogati.
09:23
We should not fear other countries becoming wealthy.
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Ne bismo se smjeli bojati toga da druge zemlje postaju bogate.
09:27
That is something that we should embrace --
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To je nešto što trebamo prigrliti --
09:30
a wealthy China, a wealthy India, a wealthy Africa.
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bogata Kina, bogata Indija, bogata Aftika.
09:33
We need a greater demand for ideas --
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Trebamo veću potražnju za idejama,
09:35
those larger markets I was talking about earlier --
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to su ona velika tržišta o kojima sam pričao,
09:38
and a greater supply of ideas for the world.
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i veći izvor ideja za svijet.
09:42
Now you can see some of the reasons why I'm optimistic.
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Sada vidite neke od razloga zašto sam optimističan.
09:46
Globalization is increasing the demand
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Globalizacija povećava potražnju
09:48
for ideas, the incentive to create new ideas.
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za idejama, poticaje za stvaranje novih ideja.
09:51
Investments in education are increasing the supply of new ideas.
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Ulaganja u edukaciju povećaju njihov dotok.
09:57
In fact if you look at world history
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Zapravo, pogledate li povijest svijeta
09:59
you can see some reasons for optimism.
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vidite razloge za optimizam.
10:01
From about the beginnings of humanity
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Od početaka čovječanstva
10:03
to 1500: zero economic growth, nothing.
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do godine 1500. nema ekonomskog rasta, ništa.
10:06
1500 to 1800: maybe a little bit of economic growth,
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Od 1500. do 1800. godine tek samo malo ekonomskog rasta.
10:10
but less in a century
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Ali manje u sto godina
10:12
than you expect to see in a year today.
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nego što bismo očekivali danas u jednoj.
10:16
1900s: maybe one percent.
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U 1900.-tima možda jedan posto.
10:18
Twentieth century: a little bit over two percent.
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Dvadeseto stoljeće malo više od dva posto.
10:20
Twenty-first century could easily be 3.3, even higher percent.
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Dvadeset i prvo stoljeće bi lako moglo ostvariti 3.3 ili više posto.
10:24
Even at that rate,
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Čak i na toj razini rasta
10:26
by 2100 average GDP per capita
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do 2100. godine će BDP po glavi
10:29
in the world will be $200,000.
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u prosijeku u cijelom svijetu biti 200,000 dolara.
10:32
That's not U.S. GDP per capita, which will be over a million,
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To nije BDP u SAD-u. On će premašiti milijun.
10:35
but world GDP per capita -- $200,000.
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Ali svjetski BTP po glavi - 200,000 dolara.
10:38
That's not that far.
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To nije tako daleko.
10:40
We won't make it.
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Mi to nećemo doživjeti.
10:42
But some of our grandchildren probably will.
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Ali naši unuci vjerojatno hoće.
10:44
And I should say,
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I rekao bih
10:46
I think this is a rather modest prediction.
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da mislim da je to sasvim skromno predviđanje.
10:49
In Kurzweilian terms this is gloomy.
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U terminima Kurzweila, to je pomalo depresivno.
10:54
In Kurzweilian terms I'm like the Eeyore of economic growth.
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U terminima Kurzweila, ja sam kao Eeyore ekonomskog rasta [n.p. pesimističan]
10:58
(Laughter)
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(smijeh)
11:01
Alright what about problems?
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U redu. Što s problemima?
11:03
What about a great depression?
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Što ako nas pogodi velika depresija?
11:06
Well let's take a look. Let's take a look at the Great Depression.
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Pogledajmo. Da vidimo što se zbivalo tijekom Velike depresije.
11:10
Here is GDP per capita
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Ovdje je BDP po glavi
11:12
from 1900 to 1929.
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Od 1900. do 1929. godine.
11:15
Now let's imagine that you were an economist in 1929,
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Zamislimo da ste ekonomist i tijekom 1929. godine
11:19
trying to forecast future growth for the United States,
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pokušavate predvidjeti budući rast SAD-a,
11:22
not knowing that the economy was about to go off a cliff,
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ne znajući da će ekonomija uskoro propasti.
11:26
not knowing that we were about to enter
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Bez znanja da ćemo ući
11:29
the greatest economic disaster certainly in the 20th century.
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u najveću ekonomsku katastrofu dvadesetog stoljeća.
11:33
What would you have predicted, not knowing this?
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Što biste predvidjeli, bez da to znate?
11:35
If you had based your prediction, your forecast
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Ako ste bazirali predviđanja i svoju prognozu
11:37
on 1900 to 1929
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na godinama 1900. do 1929.
11:39
you'd have predicted something like this.
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onda biste predvidjeli ovako nešto.
11:41
If you'd been a little more optimistic --
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Ako biste bili malo optimističniji,
11:43
say, based upon the Roaring Twenties -- you'd have said this.
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recimo, temeljeno na moćnim 20-tima, rekli biste ovako.
11:46
So what actually happened?
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A što se u stvari dogodilo?
11:48
We went off a cliff but we recovered.
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Strmoglavili smo se, ali smo se i oporavili.
11:52
In fact in the second half of the 20th century
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Zapravo, u drugoj polovici dvadesetog stoljeća
11:55
growth was even higher than anything you would have predicted
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rast je bio veći od bilo čega što ste mogli predvidjeti
11:59
based upon the first half of the 20th century.
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na temelju prve polovice dvadesetog stoljeća.
12:02
So growth can wash away
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Rast može isprati
12:04
even what appears to be a great depression.
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sve što se dogodi u velikoj depresiji.
12:07
Alright. What else?
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U redu. Što još?
12:09
Oil. Oil. This was a big topic.
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Nafta, nafta. To je bila velika tema.
12:12
When I was writing up my notes oil was $140 per barrel.
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Kada sam pisao bilješke, cijena nafte iznosila je 140 dolara po barelu.
12:19
So people were asking a question. They were saying,
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I ljudi su postavljali pitanja. Govorili su,
12:22
"Is China drinking our milkshake?"
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"Konzumira li Kina naš luksuz?"
12:26
(Laughter)
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(smijeh)
12:27
And there is some truth to this,
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I tu ima neke istine
12:30
in the sense that we have something of a finite resource,
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u smislu da imamo ograničene resurse.
12:34
and increased growth is going to push up demand for that.
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A povećani rast će povećati potražnju za njima.
12:37
But I think I don't have to tell this audience
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Ali mislim da ne moram govoriti ovoj publici
12:39
that a higher price of oil is not necessarily a bad thing.
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kako viša cijena nafte nije nužno loša stvar.
12:44
Moreover, as everyone knows,
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Štoviše, kao što svi znaju,
12:47
look -- it's energy, not oil, which counts.
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zapravo je bitna energija, a ne nafta sama po sebi.
12:50
And higher oil prices mean
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Više cijene nafte znače
12:52
a greater incentive to invest in energy R&D.
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veći poticaj za ulaganje u istraživanje i razvoj energije.
12:55
You can see this in the data.
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Jasno to možete vidjeti u ovim podacima.
12:57
As oil prices go up, energy patents go up.
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Kako se povećava cijena nafte, broj patenata za energiju raste.
13:00
The world is much better equipped
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Svijet je sada puno bolje opremljen
13:02
to overcome an increase in the price of oil
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da prevlada povećanja u cijeni nafte
13:04
today, than ever in the past,
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nego što je bio ranije,
13:06
because of what I'm talking about.
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zbog svega ovog što sam ispričao.
13:08
One idea, one world, one market.
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Jedna ideja, jedan svijet, jedno tržište.
13:12
So I'm optimistic
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Tako da sam optimističan
13:15
so long as we hew to these two ideas:
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sve dok uvažavamo ove dvije ideje:
13:17
to keep globalizing world markets,
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da nastavimo globalizirati svjetska tržišta,
13:19
keep extending cooperation across national boundaries,
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nastavljamo povećavati suradnju preko granica država,
13:23
and keep investing in education.
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i nastavimo ulagati u obrazovanje.
13:26
Now the United States has a particularly important role
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SAD danas ima posebno važnu ulogu
13:29
to play in this:
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u svemu ovome --
13:32
to keep our education system globalized,
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da održimo svoj obrazovni sustav globaliziranim
13:35
to keep our education system open to students from all over the world,
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da držimo vlastiti obrazovni sustav otvorenim za studente iz cijeloga svijeta --
13:39
because our education system
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jer je naš obrazovni sustav
13:41
is the candle
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poput svijeće
13:43
that other students come to light their own candles.
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kojoj prilaze strani studenti da upale svoje.
13:48
Now remember here what Jefferson said.
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Sjetite se sada što je rekao Jefferson.
13:51
Jefferson said, "When they come
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Rekao je: "Kada dođu
13:54
and light their candles at ours,
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i upale svoje svijeće kod naše,
13:57
they gain light, and we are not darkened."
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oni dobivaju svjetlo, a mi nismo ništa manje osvjetljeni."
14:02
But Jefferson wasn't quite right, was he?
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Ali Jefferson nije bio sasvim u pravu, je li?
14:05
Because the truth is,
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Jer istina je,
14:08
when they light their candles at ours,
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da kada upale svoje svijeće do naše,
14:12
there is twice as much light available for everyone.
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svima postaje dostupno duplo više svjetlosti.
14:16
So my view is: Be optimistic.
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Tako da je moj pogled optimističan.
14:20
Spread the ideas. Spread the light.
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Širite ideje. Širite svjetlo.
14:23
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
14:25
(Applause)
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(pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alex Tabarrok - EconomistWith the hit economic blog MarginalRevolution.com, co-author Alex Tabarrok generates more hits than a summer hailstorm, and sheds light into the darkest corners of the dismal science.
Why you should listen
Perhaps the appeal of economics in the blogosphere was not pre-ordained from its representation in the bestseller lists (the Freakonomics phenomenon notwithstanding). But economists have taken the internet by storm, and Alex Tabarrok is one of the hottest -- along with co-author Tyler Cowen, their blog marginalrevolution.com is one of the most popular on the web, generating a forest of links and kudos from the mainstream press, including the Wall Street Journal.
Tabarrok's fascinations include the intersection among economics, law and public policy -- examining questions such as how race and poverty affect the outcome of jury trials. Tabarrok is also the Director of Research for the Independent Institute, an assistant editor for the Independent Review, and an Associate Professor of Economics at George Mason University.
Alex Tabarrok | Speaker | TED.com