Mission Blue Voyage
Stephen Palumbi: Hidden toxins in the fish we eat
スティーブン・パランビ: 水銀の足跡を追って
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海の健康と私達自身の健康には、強固で驚くべき繋がりがある、と海洋生物学者スティーブン・パランビは言います。海の食物連鎖の底辺に溜まる毒が、どのように人間の体へと入っていくのか。彼は、日本の魚市場で発見された衝撃的な汚染の実例と共に説明します。彼の研究は、海と、そして人類を健康に導く道を指し示します。
Stephen Palumbi - Marine biologist
Stephen Palumbi studies the way humanity and ocean life interact and intertwine. His insights into our codependence offer ideas for protecting both the ocean and ourselves. Full bio
Stephen Palumbi studies the way humanity and ocean life interact and intertwine. His insights into our codependence offer ideas for protecting both the ocean and ourselves. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
It can be a very complicated thing, the ocean.
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海はとても複雑です
00:18
And it can be a very complicated thing, what human health is.
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健康とは何かという問いもまた複雑です
00:21
And bringing those two together might seem a very daunting task,
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同時に考えるなんて 目を背けたくなる
00:24
but what I'm going to try to say is that
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しかし 私がこれから伝える事は
00:26
even in that complexity,
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複雑に絡み合った中にも
00:28
there's some simple themes that I think,
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理解すれば 私達を前進させる
00:30
if we understand, we can really move forward.
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単純な事柄がある ということです
00:33
And those simple themes aren't really
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それらの単純な事柄とは
00:35
themes about the complex science of what's going on,
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複雑な科学などではなく
00:37
but things that we all pretty well know.
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馴染みのある事柄です
00:39
And I'm going to start with this one:
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まずはこんな言葉から
00:41
If momma ain't happy, ain't nobody happy.
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ママが不幸だとみんなが不幸
00:44
We know that, right? We've experienced that.
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経験から知っていると思います
00:47
And if we just take that
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これを理解して
00:49
and we build from there,
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まずはここから始めれば
00:51
then we can go to the next step,
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次のステップに進めるはず
00:53
which is that if the ocean ain't happy,
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海が不幸なら
00:56
ain't nobody happy.
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誰も幸せになれない
00:58
That's the theme of my talk.
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このスピーチのテーマです
01:00
And we're making the ocean pretty unhappy in a lot of different ways.
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色々な方法で私達は海を不幸にしています
01:03
This is a shot of Cannery Row in 1932.
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これは1932年の”缶詰横丁”
01:06
Cannery Row, at the time,
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当時”缶詰横丁”には
01:08
had the biggest industrial
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西海岸で最大の
01:10
canning operation on the west coast.
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缶詰製造産業がありました
01:12
We piled enormous amounts of pollution
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そして 膨大な汚染物質を
01:15
into the air and into the water.
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大気と海に蓄積しました
01:17
Rolf Bolin, who was a professor
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私の職場 ホプキン海洋研究所
01:19
at the Hopkin's Marine Station where I work,
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その教授 ロルフ・ボリンが
01:21
wrote in the 1940s that
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40年代 こう書いています
01:23
"The fumes from the scum floating on the inlets of the bay
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入り江に浮かぶカスから立ち上るガスは
01:26
were so bad they turned
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とても醜悪で
01:28
lead-based paints black."
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鉛を含んだペンキを黒くしてしまいました
01:30
People working in these canneries
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缶詰工場の従業員達は
01:32
could barely stay there all day because of the smell,
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悪臭の中 一日を過ごすのがやっとでした
01:35
but you know what they came out saying?
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しかし彼らはこう言いました
01:37
They say, "You know what you smell?
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「何の匂いか分かるかい？」
01:39
You smell money."
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「お金だよ」
01:41
That pollution was money to that community,
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そこでは汚染はお金を意味し
01:44
and those people dealt with the pollution
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人々は耐え忍びました
01:46
and absorbed it into their skin and into their bodies
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皮ふや体に汚染を吸い込みながら
01:49
because they needed the money.
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お金の為に
01:51
We made the ocean unhappy; we made people very unhappy,
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私達は海を そして人々を不幸にし
01:54
and we made them unhealthy.
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彼らの健康を奪いました
01:57
The connection between ocean health and human health
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海と人間の健康との繋がりは
01:59
is actually based upon another couple simple adages,
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また別の格言に基づいています
02:02
and I want to call that
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その格言とは
02:04
"pinch a minnow, hurt a whale."
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「小魚をつねれば鯨が泣く」
02:06
The pyramid of ocean life ...
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海洋生物のピラミッド
02:08
Now, when an ecologist looks at the ocean -- I have to tell you --
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生態学者が海を考える時
02:11
we look at the ocean in a very different way,
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非常に異なる観点から
02:13
and we see different things than when a regular person looks at the ocean
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一般の人とは違う物事を見ます
02:16
because when an ecologist looks at the ocean,
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なぜなら 生態学者は
02:18
we see all those interconnections.
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物事の相互関係を見るからです
02:20
We see the base of the food chain,
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食物連鎖の底辺
02:22
the plankton, the small things,
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小さなプランクトンが
02:24
and we see how those animals
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どの様にして
02:26
are food to animals in the middle of the pyramid,
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中層に位置する生物の餌になるのか
02:29
and on so up this diagram.
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図の頂点に至るまで考えます
02:33
And that flow, that flow of life,
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そして その命の流れ
02:35
from the very base up to the very top,
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底辺から頂点までの流れこそ
02:37
is the flow that ecologists see.
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生態学者の見る流れなのです
02:39
And that's what we're trying to preserve
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「海を救おう 海の健康を取り戻そう」と訴える時
02:41
when we say, "Save the ocean. Heal the ocean."
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私達が守ろうとしている物
02:44
It's that pyramid.
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それがピラミッドなのです
02:46
Now why does that matter for human health?
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さて なぜ人間の健康と関わってくるのか？
02:49
Because when we jam things in the bottom
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なぜなら ピラミッドの底に
02:51
of that pyramid that shouldn't be there,
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在るべきでない物を押し込むと
02:53
some very frightening things happen.
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とても怖い事が起こるからです
02:56
Pollutants, some pollutants have been created by us:
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私達が作り出した汚染物
02:59
molecules like PCBs
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例えばPCBなどは
03:01
that can't be broken down by our bodies.
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体内で分解できません
03:03
And they go in the base of that pyramid,
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それらはピラミッドの底へ入り
03:05
and they drift up; they're passed up that way,
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次々と捕食動物の間を漂い上がり
03:08
on to predators and on to the top predators,
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頂点まで辿り着きます
03:10
and in so doing,
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そうする間に
03:12
they accumulate.
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蓄積されていくのです
03:14
Now, to bring that home, I thought I'd invent a little game.
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理解する為にゲームをひとつ
03:16
We don't really have to play it; we can just think about it here.
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想像するだけで大丈夫です
03:18
It's the Styrofoam and chocolate game.
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発泡スチロールとチョコのゲーム
03:20
Imagine that when we got on this boat,
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ボートに乗っているとします
03:23
we were all given
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発泡スチロールのピーナッツを
03:25
two Styrofoam peanuts.
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１人２粒渡されます
03:27
Can't do much with them: Put them in your pocket.
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なにもできないのでとりあえずはポケットに
03:29
Suppose the rules are: every time you offer somebody a drink,
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ルールは 毎回お酒を勧める度に
03:32
you give them the drink,
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お酒と一緒に
03:34
and you give them your Styrofoam peanuts too.
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ピーナッツも渡します
03:36
What'll happen is that the Styrofoam peanuts
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すると ピーナッツは
03:38
will start moving through our society here,
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廻りめぐって
03:40
and they will accumulate in
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一番ケチで飲兵衛な人の元に
03:42
the drunkest, stingiest people.
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集まっていきます
03:44
(Laughter)
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（笑）
03:49
There's no mechanism in this game
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消化できないピーナッツが
03:51
for them to go anywhere but into
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一ヶ所に集まり
03:53
a bigger and bigger pile
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どんどん積み上がる
03:55
of indigestible Styrofoam peanuts.
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何のからくりもありません
03:57
And that's exactly what happens with PDBs
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これこそまさに
03:59
in this food pyramid:
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PCBに起こる事なのです
04:01
They accumulate into the top of it.
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ピラミッドの頂点へ蓄積するのです
04:04
Now suppose, instead of Styrofoam peanuts,
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さて ピーナッツの代わりに
04:06
we take these lovely little chocolates that we get
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この美味しそうなチョコを
04:08
and we had those instead.
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持っているとしましょう
04:10
Well, some of us would be eating those chocolates
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何人かは 渡す代わりに
04:12
instead of passing them around,
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食べてしまう
04:14
and instead of accumulating,
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蓄積する代わりに
04:16
they will just pass into our group here
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私達の間をめぐり
04:19
and not accumulate in any one group
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消費されていくので
04:21
because they're absorbed by us.
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一ヶ所には溜まりません
04:23
And that's the difference between a PCB
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この違いこそ オメガ３の様な
04:25
and, say, something natural like an omega-3,
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体に良い天然物と
04:27
something we want out of the marine food chain.
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PCBとの違いです
04:31
PCBs accumulate.
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PCBは蓄積されます
04:33
We have great examples of that, unfortunately.
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残念な事に 実例があります
04:35
PCBs accumulate in dolphins
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サラソタ湾やテキサス州やノースキャロライナ州の
04:37
in Sarasota Bay, in Texas, in North Carolina.
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イルカにPCBは蓄積します
04:40
They get into the food chain.
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食物連鎖のなかで
04:42
The dolphins eat the fish
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プランクトンから魚へ
04:44
that have PCBs from the plankton,
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魚からイルカへ
04:46
and those PCBs, being fat-soluble,
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脂溶性のPCBは
04:49
accumulate in these dolphins.
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イルカに蓄積されます
04:51
Now, a dolphin,
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さて そのイルカ達
04:53
mother dolphin, any dolphin --
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全てのイルカにとって
04:55
there's only one way
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PCBを体外に出す方法は
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that a PCB can get out of a dolphin.
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たった１つ
04:59
And what's that?
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それは何か？
05:01
In mother's milk.
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母乳です
05:03
Here's a diagram of the PCB load
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これはサラソタ湾のイルカの
05:05
of dolphins in Sarasota Bay.
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PCB含有量を示す図です
05:07
Adult males: a huge load.
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オス：大量
05:09
Juveniles: a huge load.
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子供：大量
05:11
Females after their first calf is already weaned:
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授乳を終えたメス：
05:13
a lower load.
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少量
05:15
Those females, they're not trying to.
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意思とは関係なく
05:17
Those females are passing the PCBs
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メス達は自分の子に
05:19
in the fat of their own mother's milk
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授乳によって
05:22
into their offspring,
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PCBを渡しているのです
05:24
and their offspring don't survive.
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その子供達は長生き出来ません
05:27
The death rate in these dolphins,
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初産による子供の
05:29
for the first calf born of every female dolphin,
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死亡率は
05:31
is 60 to 80 percent.
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60~80％です
05:33
These mothers pump their first offspring
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母親達は 子供に
05:36
full of this pollutant,
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大量の汚染物質を流し込み
05:38
and most of them die.
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多くを殺してしまいます
05:40
Now, the mother then can go and reproduce,
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母親は次の子を産めますが
05:42
but what a terrible price to pay
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この汚染物質の蓄積に
05:44
for the accumulation of this pollutant
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払う代償は
05:46
in these animals --
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あまりに大き過ぎます
05:48
the death of the first-born calf.
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第一子の死
05:51
There's another top predator in the ocean, it turns out.
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海の食物連鎖におけるもう１つの頂点
05:54
That top predator, of course, is us.
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それはもちろん 人間です
05:56
And we also are eating meat
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私達は同じ場所からくる
05:58
that comes from some of these same places.
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肉を食べています
06:00
This is whale meat
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東京のスーパーで売られている
06:02
that I photographed in a grocery store in Tokyo --
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鯨の肉
06:04
or is it?
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それとも 本当は？
06:06
In fact, what we did a few years ago
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数年前 私たちは
06:08
was learn how to smuggle
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分子生物学研究室を
06:10
a molecular biology lab into Tokyo
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こっそり東京に作り
06:12
and use it to genetically test the DNA
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そこで鯨肉サンプルの
06:15
out of whale meat samples
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DNAテストを行い
06:17
and identify what they really were.
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正体を突き止めました
06:19
And some of those whale meat samples were whale meat.
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いくつかは実際に鯨肉でしたが
06:21
Some of them were illegal whale meat, by the way.
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「違法な鯨肉」ですが
06:23
That's another story.
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それはまた 別の話です
06:25
But some of them were not whale meat at all.
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いくつかは 全くの偽者でした
06:27
Even though they were labeled whale meat, they were dolphin meat.
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ラベルは偽りで 実際はイルカの肉
06:30
Some of them were dolphin liver. Some of them were dolphin blubber.
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イルカの肝臓や脂肪だったのです
06:33
And those dolphin parts
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そしてそれらの各部位には
06:35
had a huge load of PCBs,
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大量のPCBや
06:37
dioxins and heavy metals.
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ダイオキシンや重金属が含まれていました
06:40
And that huge load was passing into the people
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それら大量の汚染物は
06:42
that ate this meat.
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人間の体に流れ込みます
06:44
It turns out that a lot of dolphins
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事実 大量のイルカが
06:46
are being sold as meat
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世界の鯨市場で
06:48
in the whale meat market around the world.
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食肉として販売されています
06:50
That's a tragedy for those populations,
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イルカだけでなく
06:52
but it's also a tragedy
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汚染されているとは知らずに
06:54
for the people eating them
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それを食べる人々にとっても
06:56
because they don't know that that's toxic meat.
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この事実は悲劇なのです
06:59
We had these data a few years ago.
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このデータを発見したのは数年前
07:02
I remember sitting at my desk
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鯨肉として売られている肉が
07:04
being about the only person in the world
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実際は汚染されたイルカである
07:06
who knew that whale meat being sold in these markets
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私は その事実を知る
07:09
was really dolphin meat, and it was toxic.
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おそらくただ一人の人間でした
07:12
It had two-to-three-to-400 times the toxic loads
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EPA基準の200～400倍もの量が
07:15
ever allowed by the EPA.
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含有されていたのです
07:17
And I remember there sitting at my desk thinking,
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こう思ったのを 覚えています
07:20
"Well, I know this. This is a great scientific discovery,"
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「これは偉大な科学的発見だ」
07:23
but it was so awful.
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しかし 恐ろしい発見でした
07:25
And for the very first time in my scientific career,
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科学雑誌でデータを公表してから
07:27
I broke scientific protocol,
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それについて演説をするという
07:29
which is that you take the data and publish them in scientific journals
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通常の手順を 科学者人生で初めて
07:32
and then begin to talk about them.
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破りました
07:34
We sent a very polite letter
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とても丁寧な手紙を
07:36
to the Minister of Health in Japan
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日本の厚生労働大臣宛てに送り
07:39
and simply pointed out that
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私達ではなく 日本の人々にとって
07:42
this is an intolerable situation, not for us,
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許されざる状況なのだと
07:44
but for the people of Japan
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指摘しました
07:46
because mothers who may be breastfeeding,
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授乳中の母親が
07:49
who may have young children,
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幼い子を持つ母親達が
07:51
would be buying something that they thought was healthy,
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汚染された肉を 体に良いと信じ
07:54
but it was really toxic.
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買っているかも知れないのだと
07:56
That led to a whole series of other campaigns in Japan,
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これが日本で 様々な運動の引き金となりました
07:59
and I'm really proud to say that at this point,
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誇りを持って言えますが
08:02
it's very difficult to buy anything in Japan
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今日本に 偽装表示の商品は
08:05
that's labeled incorrectly,
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ほとんどありません
08:07
even though they're still selling whale meat,
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これが良いこととは思いませんが
08:09
which I believe they shouldn't.
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日本で鯨肉の売買は続いています
08:11
But at least it's labeled correctly,
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けれども少なくとも表示に偽りはなく
08:13
and you're no longer going to be buying
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汚染されたイルカの肉を
08:15
toxic dolphin meat instead.
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買ってしまう心配はありません
08:18
It isn't just there that this happens,
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日本だけではありません
08:21
but in a natural diet of some communities
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カナダ北極圏やアメリカ
08:23
in the Canadian arctic and in the United States
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そして欧州北極圏
08:25
and in the European arctic,
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それら地域の食生活と
08:27
a natural diet of seals and whales
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アシカやクジラの食生活が
08:30
leads to an accumulation of PCBs
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世界のあらゆる場所から
08:32
that have gathered up from all parts of the world
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PCBを集積させ
08:35
and ended up in these women.
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彼女達のもとへと運びます
08:37
These women have toxic breast milk.
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この女性達の母乳は有毒です
08:40
They cannot feed their offspring, their children,
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彼女達は 子供を母乳で育てることが
08:43
their breast milk
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出来ません
08:45
because of the accumulation of these toxins
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食物連鎖と
08:47
in their food chain,
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彼女達が一部を担う
08:49
in their part of the world's
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海のピラミッドが集めた
08:51
ocean pyramid.
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毒のせいで
08:53
That means their immune systems are compromised.
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彼女達の免疫システムは損なわれ
08:56
It means that their children's development
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さらに 子供達の発達も
08:58
can be compromised.
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危険にさらされます
09:00
And the world's attention on this over the last decade
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ここ十年 世界はこの問題に注目し
09:03
has reduced the problem
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この女性達の為に
09:05
for these women,
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問題を軽減してきました
09:07
not by changing the pyramid,
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ピラミッドではなく
09:09
but by changing what they particularly eat out of it.
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食生活を変えることで
09:11
We've taken them out of their natural pyramid
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問題を解決する為に
09:13
in order to solve this problem.
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彼女らをピラミッドから外しました
09:16
That's a good thing for this particular acute problem,
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しかしこの策は
09:18
but it does nothing to solve the pyramid problem.
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根本的解決にはなりません
09:20
There's other ways of breaking the pyramid.
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ピラミッドを壊す方法は 他にもあります
09:23
The pyramid, if we jam things in the bottom,
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底に物を詰め込めば
09:26
can get backed up like a sewer line that's clogged.
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詰った下水道の様に 逆流します
09:29
And if we jam nutrients, sewage, fertilizer
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養分や汚水 化学肥料を
09:32
in the base of that food pyramid,
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ピラミッドの底に詰め込むと
09:34
it can back up all through it.
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頂点まで逆流します
09:36
We end up with things we've heard about before:
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何が起るかはご存知の通り
09:38
red tides, for example,
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例えば 赤潮
09:40
which are blooms of toxic algae
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毒性の藻類の異常発生
09:42
floating through the oceans
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海を漂い
09:44
causing neurological damage.
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神経性の被害を与えます
09:46
We can also see blooms of bacteria,
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バクテリアやウィルスの
09:48
blooms of viruses in the ocean.
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異常発生も起り得ます
09:50
These are two shots of a red tide coming on shore here
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この海岸では２度赤潮が起り
09:53
and a bacteria
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コレラ菌を含む
09:55
in the genus vibrio,
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ビブリオ属の
09:57
which includes the genus that has cholera in it.
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バクテリアを含んでいます
10:00
How many people have seen a "beach closed" sign?
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「海岸閉鎖」のサインを見たことある人？
10:05
Why does that happen?
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どうして起るのか？
10:07
It happens because we have jammed so much
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ピラミッドの底に
10:09
into the base of the natural ocean pyramid
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沢山詰め込みすぎて
10:11
that these bacteria clog it up
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詰ったバクテリアが
10:13
and overfill onto our beaches.
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海辺まで溢れ出てくるのです
10:15
Often what jams us up is sewage.
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大抵は汚水が原因です
10:18
Now how many of you have ever gone to a state park or a national park
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国立公園や州立公園の入り口で こんな看板を
10:21
where you had a big sign at the front saying,
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見たことがありますか？
10:23
"Closed because human sewage
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「生活排水が
10:25
is so far over this park
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公園中に溢れているため
10:27
that you can't use it"?
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立ち入り禁止」
10:29
Not very often. We wouldn't tolerate that.
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滅多にありませんよね？
10:32
We wouldn't tolerate our parks
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公園だと
10:34
being swamped by human sewage,
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耐えられないのに
10:37
but beaches are closed a lot in our country.
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海岸は頻繁に閉鎖されます
10:39
They're closed more and more and more all around the world for the same reason,
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同じ事が世界中で起っている
10:42
and I believe we shouldn't tolerate that either.
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これは容認すべきではありません
10:45
It's not just a question of cleanliness;
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問題は清潔さだけでなく
10:47
it's also a question of
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それらの生物がどのように
10:49
how those organisms
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病気の原因になるのか
10:51
then turn into human disease.
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それも問題です
10:53
These vibrios, these bacteria, can actually infect people.
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それらは実際人に影響を及ぼします
10:56
They can go into your skin and create skin infections.
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皮ふに入り込み 感染症を引き起こします
10:59
This is a graph from NOAA's ocean and human health initiative,
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NOAAによるグラフです
11:02
showing the rise of the infections
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過去２年間における
11:05
by vibrio in people
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ビブリオ菌による人への感染
11:08
over the last few years.
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その増加を示しています
11:10
Surfers, for example, know this incredibly.
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サーファーはこれを熟知しています
11:13
And if you can see on some surfing sites,
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サーフサイトで見れるのは
11:16
in fact, not only do you see
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実際のところ
11:18
what the waves are like or what the weather's like,
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天気や波の状況だけでなく
11:20
but on some surf rider sites,
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いくつかの海岸では
11:22
you see a little flashing poo alert.
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糞尿警報を見ることができます
11:25
That means that the beach might have great waves,
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最高の波が来ていたとしても
11:28
but it's a dangerous place for surfers to be
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危険だということです
11:30
because they can carry with them,
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サーフィンを楽しんだ後
11:32
even after a great day of surfing,
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直すのが難しい病原菌を
11:34
this legacy of an infection that might take a very long time to solve.
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持ち帰るかも知れないからです
11:37
Some of these infections are actually carrying
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そのうち幾つかが持つ
11:39
antibiotic resistance genes now,
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抗生物質抵抗性遺伝子が
11:41
and that makes them even more difficult.
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事態を悪化させます
11:43
These same infections
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それと同じ病原体が
11:45
create harmful algal blooms.
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有害な藻類を発生させます
11:47
Those blooms are generating other kinds of chemicals.
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それがまた別の化学物質を生み出します
11:50
This is just a simple list of some of the types of poisons
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藻類異常発生から派生した毒物の
11:53
that come out of these harmful algal blooms:
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簡単なリストです
11:55
shellfish poisoning,fish ciguatera,
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貝中毒 シガテラ毒魚
11:58
diarrheic shellfish poisoning -- you don't want to know about that --
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下痢性貝毒…これは知らぬが仏
12:01
neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, paralytic shellfish poisoning.
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神経性貝毒 麻痺性貝毒
12:04
These are things that are getting into our food chain
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全て食物連鎖の一部です
12:06
because of these blooms.
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藻類異常発生が原因で
12:08
Rita Calwell very famously
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リタ・コーウェルが
12:10
traced a very interesting story
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興味深い話を追っています
12:12
of cholera into human communities,
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人間ではなく
12:15
brought there, not by
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媒介生物コペポーダによって
12:17
a normal human vector,
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人間社会に持ち込まれる
12:19
but by a marine vector, this copepod.
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コレラについて
12:22
Copepods are small crustaceans.
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コペポーダは甲殻類です
12:24
They're a tiny fraction of an inch long,
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数分の１センチの大きさで
12:26
and they can carry on their little legs
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病気の原因となる
12:28
some of the cholera bacteria
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コレラ菌を
12:30
that then leads to human disease.
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足に抱えて運びます
12:33
That has sparked cholera epidemics
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それは世界中の港で
12:35
in ports along the world
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コレラの蔓延に火をつけ
12:37
and has led to increased concentration
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人々は貨物船が
12:40
on trying to make sure shipping
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それらの媒介生物を
12:42
doesn't move these
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運んでしまわないよう
12:44
vectors of cholera around the world.
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注意する様になりました
12:46
So what do you do?
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では どうするのか？
12:48
We have major problems in disrupted ecosystem flow
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問題は混乱した生態系の流れです
12:51
that the pyramid may not be working so well,
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ピラミッドはうまく作動せず
12:53
that the flow from the base up into it
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底からの流れは
12:55
is being blocked and clogged.
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塞がれ詰まっている
12:57
What do you do when you have this sort of disrupted flow?
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こんな時どう対処するか？
13:00
Well, there's a bunch of things you could do.
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できる事はいくつかあります
13:03
You could call Joe the Plumber, for example.
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配管工のジョーを呼ぶとか
13:05
And he could come in
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彼がやってきて
13:07
and fix the flow.
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直してくれるかもしれない
13:09
But in fact, if you look around the world,
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しかし実際 見回してみれば
13:12
not only are there hope spots
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解決の希望を持てる
13:14
for where we may be able to fix problems,
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場所だけでなく
13:16
there have been places where problems have been fixed,
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既に問題を解決した所
13:18
where people have come to grips with these issues
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把握し改善に向かう
13:20
and begun to turn them around.
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場所もあります
13:22
Monterey is one of those.
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モントレーはその１つです
13:24
I started out showing how much
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初めに示したとおり
13:26
we had distressed the Monterey Bay ecosystem
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私達はモントレー湾の生態系を
13:29
with pollution and the canning industry
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汚染や缶詰産業などによって
13:31
and all of the attendant problems.
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苦しめました
13:33
In 1932, that's the picture.
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この写真が1932年
13:35
In 2009, the picture is dramatically different.
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2009年 劇的に変化しています
13:39
The canneries are gone. The pollution has abated.
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缶詰工場はなくなり 汚染は減少しています
13:42
But there's a greater sense here
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しかし 重要なのは
13:44
that what the individual communities need
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個々の社会が必要なのは
13:46
is working ecosystems.
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正常な生態系だという事です
13:48
They need a functioning pyramid from the base all the way to the top.
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正常に機能するピラミッドが必要です
13:51
And that pyramid
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モントレーの
13:53
in Monterey, right now,
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ピラミッドは今
13:55
because of the efforts of a lot of different people,
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人々の努力によって
13:57
is functioning better than it's ever functioned
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過去150年で
13:59
for the last 150 years.
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最もよくに機能しています
14:02
It didn't happen accidentally.
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偶然起ったのではありません
14:04
It happened because many people put their time and effort
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多くの人々の時間と労力そして
14:07
and their pioneering spirit into this.
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開拓者精神の賜物です
14:09
On the left there, Julia Platt,
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左の写真 ジュリア・プラット
14:11
the mayor of my little hometown in Pacific Grove.
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私の出身地パシフィック・グローブの市長
14:13
At 74 years old, became mayor
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海を守る為には
14:15
because something had to be done
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何かをしなければと
14:17
to protect the ocean.
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74才で市長となりました
14:19
In 1931, she produced California's first
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2000
1931年 カリフォルニア初の
14:21
community-based marine protected area,
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地域密着型の海洋保護地域を
14:24
right next to the biggest polluting cannery,
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汚染源缶詰工場のすぐ横に設定しました
14:27
because Julia knew
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彼女は知っていたのです
14:29
that when the canneries eventually were gone,
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いつか缶詰工場がなくなった時
14:31
the ocean needed a place to grow from,
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海は育つ場所を
14:34
that the ocean needed a place to spark a seed,
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3000
芽を出す場所を必要とする事を
14:37
and she wanted to provide that seed.
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その種を用意したかったのです
14:39
Other people, like David Packard and Julie Packard,
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デビットとジュリー・パッカードは
14:42
who were instrumental in producing the Monterey Bay aquarium
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モントレー水族館を作るのに貢献し
14:45
to lock into people's notion
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人々に
14:47
that the ocean
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海と海洋生態系の健康は
14:49
and the health of the ocean ecosystem
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その生態系を食する事と同じくらい
14:52
were just as important to the economy of this area
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地域経済にとっても重要なのだと
14:55
as eating the ecosystem would be.
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認識させました
14:57
That change in thinking has led to a dramatic shift,
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その認識の転換は
15:00
not only in the fortunes of Monterey Bay,
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モントレー湾の富にだけでなく世界中に
15:03
but other places around the world.
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劇的な変化をもたらしました
15:05
Well, I want to leave you with the thought that
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最後に
15:07
what we're really trying to do here
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私達の真の目的は
15:09
is protect this ocean pyramid,
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海のピラミッドの保護です
15:11
and that ocean pyramid
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海と私達のピラミッドは
15:13
connects to our own pyramid of life.
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つながっています
15:15
It's an ocean planet,
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ここは海の惑星です
15:17
and we think of ourselves as a terrestrial species,
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私達は陸上動物ですが
15:21
but the pyramid of life in the ocean
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海のピラミッドと
15:24
and our own lives on land
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私達の陸上での生活は
15:26
are intricately connected.
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複雑につながっています
15:28
And it's only through having the ocean being healthy
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海を健康に保つ事でのみ
15:30
that we can remain healthy ourselves.
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私達は健康でいられます
15:32
Thank you very much.
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ありがとう
15:34
(Applause)
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拍手
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Stephen Palumbi - Marine biologistStephen Palumbi studies the way humanity and ocean life interact and intertwine. His insights into our codependence offer ideas for protecting both the ocean and ourselves.
Why you should listen
Stephen Palumbi teaches and does research in evolution and marine biology at Stanford University, and has long been fascinated by how quickly the world around us changes. His work on the genetics of marine organisms tries to focus on basic evolutionary questions but also on practical solutions to questions about how to preserve and protect the diverse life in the sea. DNA data on the genetics of marine populations like corals helps in the design and implementation of marine protected areas for conservation and fisheries enhancement. A second focus is on the use of molecular genetic techniques for the elucidation of past population sizes and dynamics of baleen whales, with the notion of recreating a better sense of the ecology of the virgin ocean.
Palumbi has lectured extensively on human-induced evolutionary change, has used genetic detective work to identify whales for sale in retail markets, and is working on new methods to help design marine parks for conservation. His first book for non-scientists, The Evolution Explosion, documents the impact of humans on evolution. His latest is an unusual environmental success story called The Death and Life of Monterey Bay. He also helped write and research and appears in the BBC series The Future Is Wild and the History Channel's World Without People. Other recent films appearances include The End of the Line and an upcoming Canadian Broadcasting series One Ocean.
Palumbi's other passion: microdocumentaries. His Short Attention Span Science Theater site received a million hits last year. And his band Sustainable Soul has several songs out, including "Crab Love" and "The Last Fish Left."
Stephen Palumbi | Speaker | TED.com