Mission Blue Voyage
Stephen Palumbi: Hidden toxins in the fish we eat
史蒂芬·帕伦：追寻水银的踪迹
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生物学家史蒂芬·帕伦认为，海洋的健康和我们的健康之间有着紧密而神奇的联系。他通过日本一个渔场发生的让人震惊的有毒污染的事件，展示了位于海洋食物链底部的有毒物质是如何进入我们的身体的。他的工作主要是未来拯救海洋健康的方法——同时也包括人类的。
Stephen Palumbi - Marine biologist
Stephen Palumbi studies the way humanity and ocean life interact and intertwine. His insights into our codependence offer ideas for protecting both the ocean and ourselves. Full bio
Stephen Palumbi studies the way humanity and ocean life interact and intertwine. His insights into our codependence offer ideas for protecting both the ocean and ourselves. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
It can be a very complicated thing, the ocean.
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海洋是一个非常复杂的事物。
00:18
And it can be a very complicated thing, what human health is.
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人类的健康也是一件非常复杂的事情。
00:21
And bringing those two together might seem a very daunting task,
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将两者统一起来看起来是一件艰巨的任务。
00:24
but what I'm going to try to say is that
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但我想要试图去说明的是
00:26
even in that complexity,
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即使是如此复杂的情况，
00:28
there's some simple themes that I think,
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也存在一些我认为简单的话题，
00:30
if we understand, we can really move forward.
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一些如果我们能理解，就很容易向前发展的话题。
00:33
And those simple themes aren't really
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这些简单的话题确实不是
00:35
themes about the complex science of what's going on,
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有关那复杂的科学有了怎样的发展，
00:37
but things that we all pretty well know.
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而是一些我们都恰好知道的事情。
00:39
And I'm going to start with this one:
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接下来我就来说一个。
00:41
If momma ain't happy, ain't nobody happy.
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如果老妈不高兴了，大家都别想开心。
00:44
We know that, right? We've experienced that.
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我们都知道，不是吗？我们都经历过。
00:47
And if we just take that
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接下来如果我们能理解这一点
00:49
and we build from there,
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从这里出发，
00:51
then we can go to the next step,
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可以得出下一步的，
00:53
which is that if the ocean ain't happy,
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那就是如果海洋不高兴了
00:56
ain't nobody happy.
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大家也都别想开心。
00:58
That's the theme of my talk.
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这就是我演讲的主题。
01:00
And we're making the ocean pretty unhappy in a lot of different ways.
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我们正在通过许多不同的方法惹怒海洋。
01:03
This is a shot of Cannery Row in 1932.
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这是1932年在坎纳里鲁夫拍的一副照片
01:06
Cannery Row, at the time,
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那时的坎纳里鲁夫，
01:08
had the biggest industrial
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有着西海岸最大的
01:10
canning operation on the west coast.
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工业化罐头工厂。
01:12
We piled enormous amounts of pollution
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我们堆积了大量的污染物
01:15
into the air and into the water.
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在空气中和水中
01:17
Rolf Bolin, who was a professor
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我所工作的霍普金的海洋研究站的
01:19
at the Hopkin's Marine Station where I work,
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罗尔夫·博林教授，
01:21
wrote in the 1940s that
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在二十世纪40年代指出，
01:23
"The fumes from the scum floating on the inlets of the bay
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“海湾入口里浮沫所散发的臭气
01:26
were so bad they turned
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特别难闻
01:28
lead-based paints black."
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那里有含铅的黑涂料。
01:30
People working in these canneries
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工作在罐头厂的人们
01:32
could barely stay there all day because of the smell,
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每天都只能待在这样的气味之中。
01:35
but you know what they came out saying?
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然而你知道他们说什么吗？
01:37
They say, "You know what you smell?
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他们说：“你知道你闻到的是什么吗？
01:39
You smell money."
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你闻到的是钱的气味。”
01:41
That pollution was money to that community,
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污染来自于社区的金钱利益。
01:44
and those people dealt with the pollution
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那些人们和污染生活在一起
01:46
and absorbed it into their skin and into their bodies
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并把污染吸入了它们的皮肤和身体
01:49
because they needed the money.
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因为他们需要钱。
01:51
We made the ocean unhappy; we made people very unhappy,
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让海洋不高兴，人们也特别不高兴，
01:54
and we made them unhealthy.
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并且人类还不再健康。
01:57
The connection between ocean health and human health
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海洋的健康和人类健康之间的联系
01:59
is actually based upon another couple simple adages,
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确实就像另一组谚语说的那样。
02:02
and I want to call that
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我觉得这么说：
02:04
"pinch a minnow, hurt a whale."
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“抓了小鱼，害死鲸鱼”
02:06
The pyramid of ocean life ...
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海洋生物的食物链……
02:08
Now, when an ecologist looks at the ocean -- I have to tell you --
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现在……当一位生态学者看待海洋的时候——我承认——
02:11
we look at the ocean in a very different way,
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我们用一种十分不同的方式来看待海洋，
02:13
and we see different things than when a regular person looks at the ocean
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比起普通人，我们看待海洋时发现的不同之处更多。
02:16
because when an ecologist looks at the ocean,
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因为当生态学家看待海洋的时候，
02:18
we see all those interconnections.
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会看到其中的相互联系。
02:20
We see the base of the food chain,
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我们看食物链的下层，
02:22
the plankton, the small things,
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浮游生物这种小东西，
02:24
and we see how those animals
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还会看这些小动物们
02:26
are food to animals in the middle of the pyramid,
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是如何成为位于金字塔中部动物们的食物的，
02:29
and on so up this diagram.
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然后就这样一直向上走到这幅图的顶部。
02:33
And that flow, that flow of life,
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这种生命的流动
02:35
from the very base up to the very top,
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从最底部流向最顶部，
02:37
is the flow that ecologists see.
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是生态学家们关注的。
02:39
And that's what we're trying to preserve
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并且这就是我们努力去保护的
02:41
when we say, "Save the ocean. Heal the ocean."
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当我们说：“救救海洋，给海洋治治病吧。”
02:44
It's that pyramid.
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说的就是这金字塔。
02:46
Now why does that matter for human health?
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那么为什么这与人类的健康有关系呢？
02:49
Because when we jam things in the bottom
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因为，当我们把一些本不该在食物链底部存在
02:51
of that pyramid that shouldn't be there,
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的东西塞进了金字塔食物链之后，
02:53
some very frightening things happen.
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就出现了很可怕的事情。
02:56
Pollutants, some pollutants have been created by us:
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一些由我们制造的污染物，
02:59
molecules like PCBs
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像是PCB分子（多氯联苯，一种致癌物质）
03:01
that can't be broken down by our bodies.
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是不能被我们的身体吸收的。
03:03
And they go in the base of that pyramid,
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它们进入到食物链金字塔的底部，
03:05
and they drift up; they're passed up that way,
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并不断向上，经过食物链，
03:08
on to predators and on to the top predators,
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到达肉食动物和顶端肉食动物这里。
03:10
and in so doing,
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这样的话，
03:12
they accumulate.
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就堆积起来了。
03:14
Now, to bring that home, I thought I'd invent a little game.
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然后，为了能彻底了解这个问题，我想邀请大家做个小游戏
03:16
We don't really have to play it; we can just think about it here.
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我们并不是真的要玩，只是在这里想一下就好。
03:18
It's the Styrofoam and chocolate game.
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这是个保丽龙发泡胶和巧克力的游戏。
03:20
Imagine that when we got on this boat,
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想象一下当我们登上这艘船，
03:23
we were all given
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我们都得到了
03:25
two Styrofoam peanuts.
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两个保丽龙的花生。
03:27
Can't do much with them: Put them in your pocket.
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除了把它们放在兜里，你也做不了什么其他的。
03:29
Suppose the rules are: every time you offer somebody a drink,
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因为规则是：每一次你请别人喝一杯的时候，
03:32
you give them the drink,
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除了要给别人酒之外，
03:34
and you give them your Styrofoam peanuts too.
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也要把你的保丽龙花生给别人。
03:36
What'll happen is that the Styrofoam peanuts
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接下来发生的事情就是保丽龙花生
03:38
will start moving through our society here,
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会开始在我们的团体里流通。
03:40
and they will accumulate in
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并且它们会集中在
03:42
the drunkest, stingiest people.
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最吝啬的醉鬼身上
03:44
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
03:49
There's no mechanism in this game
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这个游戏里面的机制
03:51
for them to go anywhere but into
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让人们什么也做不了
03:53
a bigger and bigger pile
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除了得到越来越大的一堆
03:55
of indigestible Styrofoam peanuts.
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无法消化的保丽龙花生。
03:57
And that's exactly what happens with PDBs
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这就是和PDB分子（对二氯苯，化学合成药剂，致癌）
03:59
in this food pyramid:
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在食物链中的堆积一样。
04:01
They accumulate into the top of it.
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它们富集在食物链的顶部。
04:04
Now suppose, instead of Styrofoam peanuts,
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然后假设不用保丽龙花生，
04:06
we take these lovely little chocolates that we get
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我们用这些可爱的巧克力
04:08
and we had those instead.
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来替代它们。
04:10
Well, some of us would be eating those chocolates
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嗯，我们之中的一些人会把巧克力吃了
04:12
instead of passing them around,
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而不给别人。
04:14
and instead of accumulating,
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这样就不会产生堆积，
04:16
they will just pass into our group here
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它们只会在人群中流通
04:19
and not accumulate in any one group
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但不会堆积在人群里。
04:21
because they're absorbed by us.
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因为巧克力可以被我们吸收。
04:23
And that's the difference between a PCB
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这与PCB分子是不同的，
04:25
and, say, something natural like an omega-3,
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可以说，就像ω- 3脂肪酸一样天然，
04:27
something we want out of the marine food chain.
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我们希望海洋食物链里有这些东西。
04:31
PCBs accumulate.
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PCB的富集。
04:33
We have great examples of that, unfortunately.
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很不幸，有许多这种例子
04:35
PCBs accumulate in dolphins
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PCB堆积在海豚体内
04:37
in Sarasota Bay, in Texas, in North Carolina.
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就发生在萨拉索塔湾，得克萨斯州，北卡罗来纳州。
04:40
They get into the food chain.
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PCB分子进入了食物链。
04:42
The dolphins eat the fish
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海豚吃了小鱼
04:44
that have PCBs from the plankton,
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小鱼从浮游生物那里得到了PCB分子，
04:46
and those PCBs, being fat-soluble,
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这些脂溶性的PCB分子
04:49
accumulate in these dolphins.
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就富集在了海豚体内。
04:51
Now, a dolphin,
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现在，一只海豚，
04:53
mother dolphin, any dolphin --
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海豚母亲，或者是任何的海豚
04:55
there's only one way
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只有一种方法
04:57
that a PCB can get out of a dolphin.
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排出PCB分子。
04:59
And what's that?
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是什么呢？
05:01
In mother's milk.
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通过母乳。
05:03
Here's a diagram of the PCB load
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这是一张萨拉索塔湾海豚
05:05
of dolphins in Sarasota Bay.
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体内PCB含量的图表。
05:07
Adult males: a huge load.
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成年雄性体内的含量巨大。
05:09
Juveniles: a huge load.
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幼年海豚体内也有很大含量。
05:11
Females after their first calf is already weaned:
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雌性在第一次哺乳期之后
05:13
a lower load.
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含量稍低。
05:15
Those females, they're not trying to.
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雌性海豚并不想这样。
05:17
Those females are passing the PCBs
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它们将PCB分子
05:19
in the fat of their own mother's milk
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通过乳汁里面的脂肪
05:22
into their offspring,
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传递给了它们的后代。
05:24
and their offspring don't survive.
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而后代没有活下来。
05:27
The death rate in these dolphins,
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这些海豚的死亡率，
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for the first calf born of every female dolphin,
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每只雌性海豚的第一胎，
05:31
is 60 to 80 percent.
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大约在60%到80％。
05:33
These mothers pump their first offspring
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母亲们把污染物
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full of this pollutant,
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都输送给了第一胎后代。
05:38
and most of them die.
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其中大部分都会死去。
05:40
Now, the mother then can go and reproduce,
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现在，雌性海豚可以继续繁殖了，
05:42
but what a terrible price to pay
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但这代价太大了
05:44
for the accumulation of this pollutant
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污染物富集在
05:46
in these animals --
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这些动物体内
05:48
the death of the first-born calf.
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——这要由第一胎后代的死来买单。
05:51
There's another top predator in the ocean, it turns out.
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原来，在海洋食物链里还有另外一个顶端捕食者
05:54
That top predator, of course, is us.
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显然，这个顶端捕食者就是我们。
05:56
And we also are eating meat
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我们也吃肉
05:58
that comes from some of these same places.
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来自于同样一些地方的肉。
06:00
This is whale meat
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这是鲸鱼肉
06:02
that I photographed in a grocery store in Tokyo --
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我在东京一家食品店拍到的
06:04
or is it?
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或者不是？
06:06
In fact, what we did a few years ago
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实际上，我们做了几年的研究
06:08
was learn how to smuggle
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研究如何偷运
06:10
a molecular biology lab into Tokyo
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一所分子生物实验室进东京
06:12
and use it to genetically test the DNA
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用于遗传学的检验
06:15
out of whale meat samples
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检验鲸鱼肉中去出的DNA样本
06:17
and identify what they really were.
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并鉴定它们到底是什么。
06:19
And some of those whale meat samples were whale meat.
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一部分鲸鱼肉样本确实是鲸鱼肉。
06:21
Some of them were illegal whale meat, by the way.
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顺带一说，另一部分检验出不合规格。
06:23
That's another story.
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这是另一个话题了。
06:25
But some of them were not whale meat at all.
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但是有一些就根本不是鲸鱼肉。
06:27
Even though they were labeled whale meat, they were dolphin meat.
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即使有着鲸鱼肉的幌子，实际上这些是海豚肉。
06:30
Some of them were dolphin liver. Some of them were dolphin blubber.
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有一些是海豚肝脏。有一些是海豚的鳍。
06:33
And those dolphin parts
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那些海豚肉
06:35
had a huge load of PCBs,
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都含巨量的PCB分子，
06:37
dioxins and heavy metals.
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二恶英（剧毒）和重金属。
06:40
And that huge load was passing into the people
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这些有害物质都流入到
06:42
that ate this meat.
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食用这些肉的人身体内。
06:44
It turns out that a lot of dolphins
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这证明许多海豚
06:46
are being sold as meat
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在世界上的鲸肉市场里
06:48
in the whale meat market around the world.
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都被当作肉食出售。
06:50
That's a tragedy for those populations,
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对海豚来说这是一场悲剧。
06:52
but it's also a tragedy
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但对食用它们的人类来说
06:54
for the people eating them
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同样是一场悲剧
06:56
because they don't know that that's toxic meat.
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因为他们并不知道这是有毒的肉。
06:59
We had these data a few years ago.
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几年前的一天我们得出的这些数据。
07:02
I remember sitting at my desk
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我记得我坐在办公桌旁
07:04
being about the only person in the world
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作为世界上唯一的人
07:06
who knew that whale meat being sold in these markets
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唯一知道在鲸鱼肉市场上卖的那些鲸鱼肉
07:09
was really dolphin meat, and it was toxic.
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实际上是海豚肉,并且含毒的人。
07:12
It had two-to-three-to-400 times the toxic loads
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含有的毒素是有史以来环保局允许的
07:15
ever allowed by the EPA.
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2-3倍到400倍。
07:17
And I remember there sitting at my desk thinking,
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并且我记得我坐在办公桌之前想：
07:20
"Well, I know this. This is a great scientific discovery,"
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“嗯，我发现了这个，这是个伟大的科学发现。”
07:23
but it was so awful.
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但它如此可怕。
07:25
And for the very first time in my scientific career,
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在我科学生涯中，我第一次
07:27
I broke scientific protocol,
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打破了科学的协议，
07:29
which is that you take the data and publish them in scientific journals
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就是做出数据并发布在科学杂志上，
07:32
and then begin to talk about them.
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然后再谈论它们。
07:34
We sent a very polite letter
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我们写了一封很客气的信
07:36
to the Minister of Health in Japan
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给日本卫生部长
07:39
and simply pointed out that
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并简单的指出
07:42
this is an intolerable situation, not for us,
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并非对于我们是一个不可忍受的情况，
07:44
but for the people of Japan
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而是对于日本人民。
07:46
because mothers who may be breastfeeding,
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因为需要哺乳的母亲们，
07:49
who may have young children,
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有小孩的母亲们，
07:51
would be buying something that they thought was healthy,
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应该买她们认为健康的东西，
07:54
but it was really toxic.
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但这些东西实际上有毒。
07:56
That led to a whole series of other campaigns in Japan,
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这导致了日本一系列的其他运动。
07:59
and I'm really proud to say that at this point,
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在这一点上，我真的非常骄傲的说，
08:02
it's very difficult to buy anything in Japan
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在日本买任何东西都很难
08:05
that's labeled incorrectly,
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这是标签贴错了，
08:07
even though they're still selling whale meat,
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即使他们仍然在出售鲸肉，
08:09
which I believe they shouldn't.
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而我认为他们不该这么做。
08:11
But at least it's labeled correctly,
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但是至少标签帖对了
08:13
and you're no longer going to be buying
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你就不回再去买
08:15
toxic dolphin meat instead.
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有毒的海豚肉。
08:18
It isn't just there that this happens,
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并不是只有日本才这样，
08:21
but in a natural diet of some communities
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而是在一些国家的自然食物链都这样
08:23
in the Canadian arctic and in the United States
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在加拿大北部，在美国
08:25
and in the European arctic,
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还有欧洲北部，
08:27
a natural diet of seals and whales
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海豹和鲸鱼的自然食物链
08:30
leads to an accumulation of PCBs
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导致了PCB分子的富集
08:32
that have gathered up from all parts of the world
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从世界上的各个地方
08:35
and ended up in these women.
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聚集到妇女的身上。
08:37
These women have toxic breast milk.
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这些妇女的乳汁含毒。
08:40
They cannot feed their offspring, their children,
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她们不能用她们的乳汁
08:43
their breast milk
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来喂养她们的孩子们
08:45
because of the accumulation of these toxins
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因为富集的毒素
08:47
in their food chain,
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在她们的食物链之中，
08:49
in their part of the world's
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在她们世界中的一部分
08:51
ocean pyramid.
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在海洋金字塔食物链里。
08:53
That means their immune systems are compromised.
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这说明她们的免疫系统已经受到危害。
08:56
It means that their children's development
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这说明她们后代的生长发育
08:58
can be compromised.
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也会受到危害。
09:00
And the world's attention on this over the last decade
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近十年世界上对这一问题的关注
09:03
has reduced the problem
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已经帮助这些妇女
09:05
for these women,
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解决了这个问题，
09:07
not by changing the pyramid,
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不是通过改变食物链结构，
09:09
but by changing what they particularly eat out of it.
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而是改变她们特有的饮食。
09:11
We've taken them out of their natural pyramid
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我们已经让这些妇女脱离自然的食物链
09:13
in order to solve this problem.
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目的就是解决这个问题。
09:16
That's a good thing for this particular acute problem,
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对于这个特别尖锐的问题，这是个好办法，
09:18
but it does nothing to solve the pyramid problem.
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但它对解决金字塔食物链问题没什么帮助。
09:20
There's other ways of breaking the pyramid.
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还有另一种方法打破金字塔食物链。
09:23
The pyramid, if we jam things in the bottom,
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如果我们在金字塔食物链底部塞入一些东西，
09:26
can get backed up like a sewer line that's clogged.
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食物链可以像下水道那样回堵上来。
09:29
And if we jam nutrients, sewage, fertilizer
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如果我们在食物链底部加入
09:32
in the base of that food pyramid,
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营养物质、污水和化肥，
09:34
it can back up all through it.
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那将影响整个食物链。
09:36
We end up with things we've heard about before:
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下面用我们之前听过的例子结束这件事：
09:38
red tides, for example,
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赤潮，
09:40
which are blooms of toxic algae
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赤潮里有大量有毒藻类，
09:42
floating through the oceans
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漂浮在海洋之上的赤潮
09:44
causing neurological damage.
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能造成精神受损。
09:46
We can also see blooms of bacteria,
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我们也可能会让海洋里的细菌，
09:48
blooms of viruses in the ocean.
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和病毒大量繁殖。
09:50
These are two shots of a red tide coming on shore here
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这里的两张照片都是红潮的
09:53
and a bacteria
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这里面有
09:55
in the genus vibrio,
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一种弧菌，
09:57
which includes the genus that has cholera in it.
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带有霍乱细菌。
10:00
How many people have seen a "beach closed" sign?
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有多少人见过“海岸禁入”的标志呢？
10:05
Why does that happen?
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为什么会这样呢？
10:07
It happens because we have jammed so much
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因为我们把太多垃圾
10:09
into the base of the natural ocean pyramid
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扔到了海洋食物链的底部
10:11
that these bacteria clog it up
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这些细菌大量繁殖，
10:13
and overfill onto our beaches.
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并回溢到我们的海滩上。
10:15
Often what jams us up is sewage.
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一般困扰我们的都是污水。
10:18
Now how many of you have ever gone to a state park or a national park
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那么有多少人曾经去过州立公园或是国家公园呢？
10:21
where you had a big sign at the front saying,
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在那的门口曾经看到一块大标志上这样写着吗？
10:23
"Closed because human sewage
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“因垃圾太多
10:25
is so far over this park
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充斥公园
10:27
that you can't use it"?
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而关闭”
10:29
Not very often. We wouldn't tolerate that.
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不常见吧？我们不能容忍这种事情。
10:32
We wouldn't tolerate our parks
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我们不能容忍公园
10:34
being swamped by human sewage,
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被垃圾堆满。
10:37
but beaches are closed a lot in our country.
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但是在我们国家海岸却关闭了很多。
10:39
They're closed more and more and more all around the world for the same reason,
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世界各地越来越多，越来越多的海岸关闭都是因为同样的原因。
10:42
and I believe we shouldn't tolerate that either.
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我相信这些我们也不应该容忍。
10:45
It's not just a question of cleanliness;
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这不只是清洁的问题。
10:47
it's also a question of
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同时也是
10:49
how those organisms
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海洋有机物如何
10:51
then turn into human disease.
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进入到人类疾病中的问题。
10:53
These vibrios, these bacteria, can actually infect people.
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那些弧菌和细菌确实可以感染人类。
10:56
They can go into your skin and create skin infections.
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它们可以进入皮肤并造成皮肤感染。
10:59
This is a graph from NOAA's ocean and human health initiative,
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这张图是来自美国国家气象局提议的海与人类健康法案，
11:02
showing the rise of the infections
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说明过去几年中，
11:05
by vibrio in people
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越来越多的人
11:08
over the last few years.
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受到弧菌感染。
11:10
Surfers, for example, know this incredibly.
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举例来说，冲浪的人十分了解这一情况。
11:13
And if you can see on some surfing sites,
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如果你登录一些冲浪网站，
11:16
in fact, not only do you see
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实际上不光能看到
11:18
what the waves are like or what the weather's like,
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海浪和天气如何，
11:20
but on some surf rider sites,
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有一些冲浪者网站，
11:22
you see a little flashing poo alert.
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还会有一些闪烁的警示。
11:25
That means that the beach might have great waves,
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这表示海边可能有大浪，
11:28
but it's a dangerous place for surfers to be
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但这对冲浪者来说是危险的
11:30
because they can carry with them,
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因为他们会一直携带海洋中的细菌，
11:32
even after a great day of surfing,
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即使是在冲浪之后的很多天，
11:34
this legacy of an infection that might take a very long time to solve.
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这些遗留物造成的感染也许要花很长时间去治疗。
11:37
Some of these infections are actually carrying
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现在其中的一些细菌确实携带了
11:39
antibiotic resistance genes now,
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抗生素抗体遗传因子。
11:41
and that makes them even more difficult.
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这就使得治疗更加困难。
11:43
These same infections
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这些传染源
11:45
create harmful algal blooms.
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使得有害藻类大量繁殖。
11:47
Those blooms are generating other kinds of chemicals.
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繁殖会产生其他的化学物质。
11:50
This is just a simple list of some of the types of poisons
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这是几种有毒物质的清单
11:53
that come out of these harmful algal blooms:
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说明了这些有毒海藻的危害：
11:55
shellfish poisoning,fish ciguatera,
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贝毒、甲藻鱼毒、
11:58
diarrheic shellfish poisoning -- you don't want to know about that --
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痢疾性贝毒——你不会想了解这种毒的——
12:01
neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, paralytic shellfish poisoning.
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神经性贝毒、麻痹性贝毒。
12:04
These are things that are getting into our food chain
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这些有害物质因为海藻大量繁殖
12:06
because of these blooms.
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而进入到我们的食物链中。
12:08
Rita Calwell very famously
306
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丽塔·卡威尔成功的
12:10
traced a very interesting story
307
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追寻到一个有趣的故事
12:12
of cholera into human communities,
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是关于人类感染霍乱的，
12:15
brought there, not by
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他们不是被
12:17
a normal human vector,
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正常人传染
12:19
but by a marine vector, this copepod.
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而是被海上的一种桡足动物传染的。
12:22
Copepods are small crustaceans.
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桡足动物是小甲壳动物。
12:24
They're a tiny fraction of an inch long,
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只有几分之一英寸长。
12:26
and they can carry on their little legs
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弧菌会依附在
12:28
some of the cholera bacteria
315
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它们细小的腿上
12:30
that then leads to human disease.
316
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然后使人类得病。
12:33
That has sparked cholera epidemics
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这引发了霍乱病
12:35
in ports along the world
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沿着港口传向整个世界
12:37
and has led to increased concentration
319
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并迫使人们注意到
12:40
on trying to make sure shipping
320
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要努力不让船只
12:42
doesn't move these
321
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成为向世界传播
12:44
vectors of cholera around the world.
322
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霍乱病的传染源。
12:46
So what do you do?
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我们该做点什么呢？
12:48
We have major problems in disrupted ecosystem flow
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我们主要的问题是生态系统运转遭到破坏
12:51
that the pyramid may not be working so well,
325
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金字塔食物链也运转不畅，
12:53
that the flow from the base up into it
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食物链从底部开始
12:55
is being blocked and clogged.
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就处于阻塞状态。
12:57
What do you do when you have this sort of disrupted flow?
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该怎么处理这种流通不畅的问题呢？
13:00
Well, there's a bunch of things you could do.
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其实有很多能做的事。
13:03
You could call Joe the Plumber, for example.
330
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例如，可以叫水管工来修理。
13:05
And he could come in
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他就会进来
13:07
and fix the flow.
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并疏通管道。
13:09
But in fact, if you look around the world,
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但实际上，如果放眼世界
13:12
not only are there hope spots
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就不光是希望解决
13:14
for where we may be able to fix problems,
335
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我们能解决的问题，
13:16
there have been places where problems have been fixed,
336
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有些地方的问题已经解决了，
13:18
where people have come to grips with these issues
337
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有些地方的人们已经了解了这些问题
13:20
and begun to turn them around.
338
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并开始寻求解决办法。
13:22
Monterey is one of those.
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蒙特雷就是其中之一。
13:24
I started out showing how much
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在开始的时候我展示了
13:26
we had distressed the Monterey Bay ecosystem
341
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蒙特雷海岸生态系统已经被破坏的程度
13:29
with pollution and the canning industry
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这是因为污染和罐头工厂
13:31
and all of the attendant problems.
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还有随之而来的各种问题。
13:33
In 1932, that's the picture.
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这是1932年的照片。
13:35
In 2009, the picture is dramatically different.
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2009年的照片中已经有明显不同。
13:39
The canneries are gone. The pollution has abated.
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罐头工厂迁走了，污染也减轻了。
13:42
But there's a greater sense here
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但更有意义的是
13:44
that what the individual communities need
348
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社区居民所需的
13:46
is working ecosystems.
349
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是一个健全的生态系统。
13:48
They need a functioning pyramid from the base all the way to the top.
350
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他们需要从下到上功能良好的金字塔食物链。
13:51
And that pyramid
351
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目前在蒙特雷
13:53
in Monterey, right now,
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这条食物链，
13:55
because of the efforts of a lot of different people,
353
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在各方人士的努力之下，
13:57
is functioning better than it's ever functioned
354
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功能前所未有的健全
13:59
for the last 150 years.
355
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150年来从未如此。
14:02
It didn't happen accidentally.
356
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这不是突然发生的。
14:04
It happened because many people put their time and effort
357
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这是因为许多人付出了时间和精力
14:07
and their pioneering spirit into this.
358
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并投入了先驱者的精神。
14:09
On the left there, Julia Platt,
359
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左边这位，朱丽娅·普拉特
14:11
the mayor of my little hometown in Pacific Grove.
360
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是我家乡小镇葛洛芙洋的镇长
14:13
At 74 years old, became mayor
361
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2000
她在74岁的时候当选镇长
14:15
because something had to be done
362
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因为她做了一些
14:17
to protect the ocean.
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保护海洋的事情。
14:19
In 1931, she produced California's first
364
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2000
1931年，她设计了加州第一个
14:21
community-based marine protected area,
365
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3000
基于社区的海洋保护区，
14:24
right next to the biggest polluting cannery,
366
849000
3000
紧挨着污染最重的罐头厂
14:27
because Julia knew
367
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因为朱丽娅知道
14:29
that when the canneries eventually were gone,
368
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当罐头厂最终迁走之后，
14:31
the ocean needed a place to grow from,
369
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3000
海洋需要一块地方来复原，
14:34
that the ocean needed a place to spark a seed,
370
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3000
换句话说海洋需要一块地方抛砖引玉。
14:37
and she wanted to provide that seed.
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她想要成为这先驱者。
14:39
Other people, like David Packard and Julie Packard,
372
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3000
其他人像大卫·帕卡德和朱莉·帕卡德，
14:42
who were instrumental in producing the Monterey Bay aquarium
373
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3000
他们帮助筹建了蒙特雷湾水族馆
14:45
to lock into people's notion
374
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以此让人们了解
14:47
that the ocean
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这片海洋
14:49
and the health of the ocean ecosystem
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和海洋生态系统的健康
14:52
were just as important to the economy of this area
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和当地的经济发展一样重要
14:55
as eating the ecosystem would be.
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但经济发展却侵害了海洋生态。
14:57
That change in thinking has led to a dramatic shift,
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这种思想上的转变已经导致了巨大的变化，
15:00
not only in the fortunes of Monterey Bay,
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不仅改变了蒙特雷湾的命运
15:03
but other places around the world.
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还影响了世界上的其他地方。
15:05
Well, I want to leave you with the thought that
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接下来，我希望让你们知道，
15:07
what we're really trying to do here
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我们正在尝试去做的事情
15:09
is protect this ocean pyramid,
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是保护海洋金字塔食物链。
15:11
and that ocean pyramid
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而海洋食物链
15:13
connects to our own pyramid of life.
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和我们的食物链紧密相连。
15:15
It's an ocean planet,
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这是个海洋星球，
15:17
and we think of ourselves as a terrestrial species,
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虽然我们认为自己是陆地生物。
15:21
but the pyramid of life in the ocean
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但是海洋生物的食物链
15:24
and our own lives on land
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和我们陆地生物
15:26
are intricately connected.
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有着紧密的联系。
15:28
And it's only through having the ocean being healthy
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只有让海洋健康
15:30
that we can remain healthy ourselves.
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我们才能确保自身的健康。
15:32
Thank you very much.
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十分感谢。
15:34
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Stephen Palumbi - Marine biologistStephen Palumbi studies the way humanity and ocean life interact and intertwine. His insights into our codependence offer ideas for protecting both the ocean and ourselves.
Why you should listen
Stephen Palumbi teaches and does research in evolution and marine biology at Stanford University, and has long been fascinated by how quickly the world around us changes. His work on the genetics of marine organisms tries to focus on basic evolutionary questions but also on practical solutions to questions about how to preserve and protect the diverse life in the sea. DNA data on the genetics of marine populations like corals helps in the design and implementation of marine protected areas for conservation and fisheries enhancement. A second focus is on the use of molecular genetic techniques for the elucidation of past population sizes and dynamics of baleen whales, with the notion of recreating a better sense of the ecology of the virgin ocean.
Palumbi has lectured extensively on human-induced evolutionary change, has used genetic detective work to identify whales for sale in retail markets, and is working on new methods to help design marine parks for conservation. His first book for non-scientists, The Evolution Explosion, documents the impact of humans on evolution. His latest is an unusual environmental success story called The Death and Life of Monterey Bay. He also helped write and research and appears in the BBC series The Future Is Wild and the History Channel's World Without People. Other recent films appearances include The End of the Line and an upcoming Canadian Broadcasting series One Ocean.
Palumbi's other passion: microdocumentaries. His Short Attention Span Science Theater site received a million hits last year. And his band Sustainable Soul has several songs out, including "Crab Love" and "The Last Fish Left."
Stephen Palumbi | Speaker | TED.com