Mission Blue Voyage
Stephen Palumbi: Hidden toxins in the fish we eat
Stephen Palumbi:追蹤毒物蹤跡
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海洋生物學家Stephen Palumbi告訴我們，海洋的健康與人類的健康間，有著令人驚訝卻密不可分的關聯性。透過在日本魚市場發現的驚人真相，他告訴我們存在於海洋食物鏈底層的毒物，會由人體吸收進去。他的研究指出，拯救海洋健康，就是保障人類的健康。
Stephen Palumbi - Marine biologist
Stephen Palumbi studies the way humanity and ocean life interact and intertwine. His insights into our codependence offer ideas for protecting both the ocean and ourselves. Full bio
Stephen Palumbi studies the way humanity and ocean life interact and intertwine. His insights into our codependence offer ideas for protecting both the ocean and ourselves. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
It can be a very complicated thing, the ocean.
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海洋很複雜，
00:18
And it can be a very complicated thing, what human health is.
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人類的健康也很複雜，
00:21
And bringing those two together might seem a very daunting task,
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把這二者放在一起，就更複雜了。
00:24
but what I'm going to try to say is that
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但我要說的是，
00:26
even in that complexity,
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即便這麼複雜，
00:28
there's some simple themes that I think,
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我認為一定有簡單的方法，
00:30
if we understand, we can really move forward.
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可以讓我們深入瞭解。
00:33
And those simple themes aren't really
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這些簡單的方法並不是指
00:35
themes about the complex science of what's going on,
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那些複雜難懂的科學方法，
00:37
but things that we all pretty well know.
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而是我們已經熟知的事情。
00:39
And I'm going to start with this one:
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我想先從這件事講起：
00:41
If momma ain't happy, ain't nobody happy.
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如果媽媽不高興，大家都別想高興。
00:44
We know that, right? We've experienced that.
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我們都知道，對吧？小時候都有這種經驗。
00:47
And if we just take that
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如果我們以此為依據，
00:49
and we build from there,
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按照經驗法則，
00:51
then we can go to the next step,
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我們可以推論，
00:53
which is that if the ocean ain't happy,
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也就是如果海洋不高興，
00:56
ain't nobody happy.
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大家都別想高興。
00:58
That's the theme of my talk.
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這就是我要講的，
01:00
And we're making the ocean pretty unhappy in a lot of different ways.
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我們正在以許多不同的方式惹惱海洋。
01:03
This is a shot of Cannery Row in 1932.
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這是1932年罐頭工廠市街的照片，
01:06
Cannery Row, at the time,
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那時的罐頭工廠市街
01:08
had the biggest industrial
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是整個西岸
01:10
canning operation on the west coast.
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最繁榮的罐頭工業地區。
01:12
We piled enormous amounts of pollution
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我們把大量的污染物
01:15
into the air and into the water.
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排放到空氣裡、排放到海裡。
01:17
Rolf Bolin, who was a professor
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羅夫．波林教授，
01:19
at the Hopkin's Marine Station where I work,
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是我在霍布金斯海洋研究站的同事，
01:21
wrote in the 1940s that
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他在1940年代時寫道：
01:23
"The fumes from the scum floating on the inlets of the bay
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「漂浮在海灣入口處的垃圾，發出的臭味，
01:26
were so bad they turned
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惡臭難當，
01:28
lead-based paints black."
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含鉛油漆都變成黑色的了。」
01:30
People working in these canneries
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在罐頭工廠工作的人，
01:32
could barely stay there all day because of the smell,
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也因為惡臭而無法待上一整天。
01:35
but you know what they came out saying?
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但你知道他們後來說什麼嗎？
01:37
They say, "You know what you smell?
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他們說：「你知道這是什麼味道嗎？
01:39
You smell money."
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這是錢的味道。」
01:41
That pollution was money to that community,
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污染對於當地人而言，代表著錢。
01:44
and those people dealt with the pollution
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這些人和污染生活在一起，
01:46
and absorbed it into their skin and into their bodies
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把污染物吸收到皮膚裡、吸收到身體裡，
01:49
because they needed the money.
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因為他們要賺錢。
01:51
We made the ocean unhappy; we made people very unhappy,
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我們讓海洋不高興，也讓我們自己很不高興，
01:54
and we made them unhealthy.
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還讓人類變得不健康。
01:57
The connection between ocean health and human health
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人類健康與海洋健康之間的關聯性，
01:59
is actually based upon another couple simple adages,
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其實可以用幾句簡單的諺語來解釋，
02:02
and I want to call that
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最貼切的是：
02:04
"pinch a minnow, hurt a whale."
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「抓了小魚，害死鯨魚。」
02:06
The pyramid of ocean life ...
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海洋生態的食物鏈...
02:08
Now, when an ecologist looks at the ocean -- I have to tell you --
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當生態學家觀察海洋時，我必須說，
02:11
we look at the ocean in a very different way,
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我們是以非常不同的角度來觀察海洋，
02:13
and we see different things than when a regular person looks at the ocean
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我們看到的東西和一般人不同。
02:16
because when an ecologist looks at the ocean,
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當生態學家觀察海洋時，
02:18
we see all those interconnections.
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我們看到的是生物之間的互動，
02:20
We see the base of the food chain,
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我們看的是食物鏈的最下層，
02:22
the plankton, the small things,
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浮游生物和其他小生物，
02:24
and we see how those animals
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我們知道這些小生物
02:26
are food to animals in the middle of the pyramid,
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是食物鏈中層生物的食物，
02:29
and on so up this diagram.
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然後就這樣一直堆疊上去。
02:33
And that flow, that flow of life,
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這種食物鏈，
02:35
from the very base up to the very top,
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從最底層到最高層，
02:37
is the flow that ecologists see.
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就是我們生態學家所重視的。
02:39
And that's what we're trying to preserve
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所以當我們說：「拯救海洋，復育海洋」時，
02:41
when we say, "Save the ocean. Heal the ocean."
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我們其實是要保育
02:44
It's that pyramid.
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這個食物鏈。
02:46
Now why does that matter for human health?
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那這個和人類的健康有什麼關係？
02:49
Because when we jam things in the bottom
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當我們把垃圾丟進海洋
02:51
of that pyramid that shouldn't be there,
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干擾食物鏈最底層的生物時，
02:53
some very frightening things happen.
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可怕的事情就會發生。
02:56
Pollutants, some pollutants have been created by us:
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有些污染源是人類所創造出來的，
02:59
molecules like PCBs
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像是多氯聯苯，
03:01
that can't be broken down by our bodies.
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人類的身體無法吸收，
03:03
And they go in the base of that pyramid,
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於是多氯聯苯就進到了海洋食物鏈的最底層，
03:05
and they drift up; they're passed up that way,
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然後來到食物鏈的中層、
03:08
on to predators and on to the top predators,
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上層，最後到達頂端，
03:10
and in so doing,
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多氯聯苯
03:12
they accumulate.
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不斷地累積。
03:14
Now, to bring that home, I thought I'd invent a little game.
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為了讓你們記住，我發明了一個小遊戲，
03:16
We don't really have to play it; we can just think about it here.
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我們不一定要玩，可以只用想的就好，
03:18
It's the Styrofoam and chocolate game.
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我叫它「保麗龍與巧克力」。
03:20
Imagine that when we got on this boat,
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想像一下我們坐在船上，
03:23
we were all given
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我們手上有
03:25
two Styrofoam peanuts.
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二顆保麗龍花生，
03:27
Can't do much with them: Put them in your pocket.
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沒什麼用，但還是放進口袋裡。
03:29
Suppose the rules are: every time you offer somebody a drink,
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遊戲規則是：每次你請別人喝酒，
03:32
you give them the drink,
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除了給他們酒之外，
03:34
and you give them your Styrofoam peanuts too.
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也要給他們保麗龍花生。
03:36
What'll happen is that the Styrofoam peanuts
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接下來，保麗龍花生
03:38
will start moving through our society here,
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就會在人群裡流通，
03:40
and they will accumulate in
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最後，最小氣而且
03:42
the drunkest, stingiest people.
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喝醉酒的人拿到最多。
03:44
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
03:49
There's no mechanism in this game
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這個遊戲的設計，
03:51
for them to go anywhere but into
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會讓不能食用的
03:53
a bigger and bigger pile
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保麗龍花生，
03:55
of indigestible Styrofoam peanuts.
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愈堆愈高。
03:57
And that's exactly what happens with PDBs
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就像在海洋食物鏈裡的
03:59
in this food pyramid:
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多氯聯苯一樣，
04:01
They accumulate into the top of it.
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全都堆在食物鏈的頂端。
04:04
Now suppose, instead of Styrofoam peanuts,
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現在想像一下，我們不用保麗龍花生了，
04:06
we take these lovely little chocolates that we get
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我們用巧克力來取代
04:08
and we had those instead.
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保麗龍花生。
04:10
Well, some of us would be eating those chocolates
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嗯，有些人會把巧克力吃掉，
04:12
instead of passing them around,
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而不會給別人，
04:14
and instead of accumulating,
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也不會囤積在某人身上，
04:16
they will just pass into our group here
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巧克力在人群裡流通後，
04:19
and not accumulate in any one group
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不會堆積在人群裡，
04:21
because they're absorbed by us.
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因為被我們吃掉了。
04:23
And that's the difference between a PCB
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這和多氯聯苯不同，
04:25
and, say, something natural like an omega-3,
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有些天然的東西，像是omega-3(多元不飽和脂肪酸)，
04:27
something we want out of the marine food chain.
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是我們想從海洋食物鏈裡攝取的，
04:31
PCBs accumulate.
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但多氯聯苯卻會累積起來。
04:33
We have great examples of that, unfortunately.
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很不幸的，有太多這種例子，
04:35
PCBs accumulate in dolphins
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多氯聯苯累積在薩拉索塔灣、
04:37
in Sarasota Bay, in Texas, in North Carolina.
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德州、北卡羅萊納州的海豚身上，
04:40
They get into the food chain.
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累積在食物鏈裡。
04:42
The dolphins eat the fish
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海豚吃魚，
04:44
that have PCBs from the plankton,
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魚吃含有多氯聯苯的浮游生物，
04:46
and those PCBs, being fat-soluble,
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而這些脂溶性的多氯聯苯
04:49
accumulate in these dolphins.
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就累積在海豚身體裡。
04:51
Now, a dolphin,
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海豚，
04:53
mother dolphin, any dolphin --
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不管是母海豚還是任何海豚，
04:55
there's only one way
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只有一種方法可以
04:57
that a PCB can get out of a dolphin.
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讓多氯聯苯離開海豚的身體，
04:59
And what's that?
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是什麼方法？
05:01
In mother's milk.
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透過母海豚的乳汁。
05:03
Here's a diagram of the PCB load
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這裡有一張薩拉索塔海灣
05:05
of dolphins in Sarasota Bay.
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海豚體內的多氯聯苯含量圖，
05:07
Adult males: a huge load.
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成年公海豚，含量很高；
05:09
Juveniles: a huge load.
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少年海豚，含量很高；
05:11
Females after their first calf is already weaned:
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生過一胎且斷奶的母海豚，
05:13
a lower load.
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含量較低。
05:15
Those females, they're not trying to.
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這些母海豚並非刻意這麼做，
05:17
Those females are passing the PCBs
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他們透過自己乳汁裡所含的脂肪，
05:19
in the fat of their own mother's milk
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將多氯聯苯
05:22
into their offspring,
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傳給了下一代，
05:24
and their offspring don't survive.
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這些新生兒無法存活。
05:27
The death rate in these dolphins,
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這些海豚的死亡率，
05:29
for the first calf born of every female dolphin,
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也就是母海豚第一胎的死亡率，
05:31
is 60 to 80 percent.
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高達百分之60到80。
05:33
These mothers pump their first offspring
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母海豚將全部的污染物
05:36
full of this pollutant,
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傳給了第一個寶寶，
05:38
and most of them die.
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而大部分都死了。
05:40
Now, the mother then can go and reproduce,
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當然，母海豚可以再生，
05:42
but what a terrible price to pay
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但是這代價何其高啊！
05:44
for the accumulation of this pollutant
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就因為污染物囤積在
05:46
in these animals --
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這些動物體內，
05:48
the death of the first-born calf.
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第一胎就都死了。
05:51
There's another top predator in the ocean, it turns out.
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在海洋食物鏈裡，當然還有最頂端的掠食者，
05:54
That top predator, of course, is us.
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也就是人類，
05:56
And we also are eating meat
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我們當然也吃
05:58
that comes from some of these same places.
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來自剛才所提到的地點的魚肉。
06:00
This is whale meat
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這是我在東京
06:02
that I photographed in a grocery store in Tokyo --
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雜貨店裡所拍攝到的鯨魚肉，
06:04
or is it?
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還是別的肉？
06:06
In fact, what we did a few years ago
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我們從幾年前開始，
06:08
was learn how to smuggle
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就偷偷把分子生物實驗室
06:10
a molecular biology lab into Tokyo
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帶進東京，
06:12
and use it to genetically test the DNA
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然後對這些鯨魚肉
06:15
out of whale meat samples
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進行DNA測試，
06:17
and identify what they really were.
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以瞭解到底這是什麼肉。
06:19
And some of those whale meat samples were whale meat.
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有些鯨魚肉的樣本確實是鯨魚肉，
06:21
Some of them were illegal whale meat, by the way.
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只不過有些是非法捕撈的鯨魚肉，
06:23
That's another story.
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這是另一回事；
06:25
But some of them were not whale meat at all.
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但有些則完全不是鯨魚肉，
06:27
Even though they were labeled whale meat, they were dolphin meat.
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雖然貼上了鯨魚肉的標籤，但實際上卻是海豚肉。
06:30
Some of them were dolphin liver. Some of them were dolphin blubber.
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有些是海豚肝臟，有些是海豚脂肪，
06:33
And those dolphin parts
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這些海豚肉及內臟
06:35
had a huge load of PCBs,
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都含有高量的多氯聯苯、
06:37
dioxins and heavy metals.
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戴奧辛和重金屬，
06:40
And that huge load was passing into the people
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只要吃了海豚肉，就會吸收到
06:42
that ate this meat.
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這些高量毒物。
06:44
It turns out that a lot of dolphins
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我們發現，很多海豚
06:46
are being sold as meat
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都被送到
06:48
in the whale meat market around the world.
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世界各地的市場上當鯨魚肉販賣。
06:50
That's a tragedy for those populations,
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海豚已經夠可憐了，
06:52
but it's also a tragedy
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但是吃下海豚肉的人
06:54
for the people eating them
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更可憐，
06:56
because they don't know that that's toxic meat.
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因為他們不知道自己吃了有毒的肉。
06:59
We had these data a few years ago.
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我們從幾年前開始掌握了這些數據，
07:02
I remember sitting at my desk
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我記得我坐在書桌前，
07:04
being about the only person in the world
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覺得世界上只有我一個人知道，
07:06
who knew that whale meat being sold in these markets
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在這些魚市裡所販賣的鯨魚肉，
07:09
was really dolphin meat, and it was toxic.
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其實是海豚肉，而且還有毒，
07:12
It had two-to-three-to-400 times the toxic loads
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毒物的含量是環保署所允許的二倍、
07:15
ever allowed by the EPA.
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三倍、甚至高達四百倍。
07:17
And I remember there sitting at my desk thinking,
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我還記得，我坐在書桌前想著：
07:20
"Well, I know this. This is a great scientific discovery,"
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「嗯，我知道這件事，這可是了不起的科學發現哪！」
07:23
but it was so awful.
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但這糟透了！
07:25
And for the very first time in my scientific career,
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這是我從事科學生涯以來，
07:27
I broke scientific protocol,
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首次違反科學協議，
07:29
which is that you take the data and publish them in scientific journals
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協議要求我們在把資料公布於科學期刊之前，
07:32
and then begin to talk about them.
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不得對外談論資料內容。
07:34
We sent a very polite letter
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我們寄了一封措辭委婉的信
07:36
to the Minister of Health in Japan
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給日本的厚生省大臣，
07:39
and simply pointed out that
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信中開門見山的指出
07:42
this is an intolerable situation, not for us,
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這種情況令人無法容忍，不是為了我們，
07:44
but for the people of Japan
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而是為了日本的國民。
07:46
because mothers who may be breastfeeding,
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因為母親會哺乳，
07:49
who may have young children,
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她們有小孩要養，
07:51
would be buying something that they thought was healthy,
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她們會買到自己以為是有益的食物，
07:54
but it was really toxic.
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事實上卻是有毒的。
07:56
That led to a whole series of other campaigns in Japan,
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這件事在日本引起了軒然大波，
07:59
and I'm really proud to say that at this point,
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我可以很驕傲地說，
08:02
it's very difficult to buy anything in Japan
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現在在日本已經很難買到
08:05
that's labeled incorrectly,
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標示不正確的食物了，
08:07
even though they're still selling whale meat,
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雖然他們還在賣鯨魚肉，
08:09
which I believe they shouldn't.
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我個人並不贊同，
08:11
But at least it's labeled correctly,
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但至少標示是正確的了，
08:13
and you're no longer going to be buying
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你再也不會買到
08:15
toxic dolphin meat instead.
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有毒的海豚肉了。
08:18
It isn't just there that this happens,
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這種事不只發生在日本，
08:21
but in a natural diet of some communities
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有些地方的天然食材也發生相同狀況，
08:23
in the Canadian arctic and in the United States
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像是在加拿大、美國
08:25
and in the European arctic,
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和歐洲的極地圈附近，
08:27
a natural diet of seals and whales
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那裡的人們長期食用海豹和鯨魚，
08:30
leads to an accumulation of PCBs
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導致體內囤積多氯聯苯，
08:32
that have gathered up from all parts of the world
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這些多氯聯苯是海洋動物從世界各地吸收來的，
08:35
and ended up in these women.
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最後留在這些女性的體內。
08:37
These women have toxic breast milk.
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她們的乳汁有毒，
08:40
They cannot feed their offspring, their children,
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所以不能為嬰兒
08:43
their breast milk
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或小孩哺乳，
08:45
because of the accumulation of these toxins
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因為這些毒物囤積在
08:47
in their food chain,
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食物鏈中，
08:49
in their part of the world's
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囤積在當地海洋的
08:51
ocean pyramid.
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食物鏈中。
08:53
That means their immune systems are compromised.
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這表示她們的免疫系統已經投降了，
08:56
It means that their children's development
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她們的小孩未來的成長發展
08:58
can be compromised.
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也將受影響，
09:00
And the world's attention on this over the last decade
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而我們過去十年對這個問題的關注，
09:03
has reduced the problem
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減輕了這些女性
09:05
for these women,
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所受的折磨，
09:07
not by changing the pyramid,
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我們無法改變食物鏈，
09:09
but by changing what they particularly eat out of it.
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但我們可以讓她們改變吃進身體的食物。
09:11
We've taken them out of their natural pyramid
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要她們不要再涉入這天然的食物鏈裡，
09:13
in order to solve this problem.
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以改善這個問題。
09:16
That's a good thing for this particular acute problem,
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這個問題是改善了，
09:18
but it does nothing to solve the pyramid problem.
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但是整個食物鏈的問題並沒有改善，
09:20
There's other ways of breaking the pyramid.
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還有其他方式在破壞這個食物鏈。
09:23
The pyramid, if we jam things in the bottom,
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如果我們阻塞了食物鏈的底層，
09:26
can get backed up like a sewer line that's clogged.
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就像下水道阻塞一樣，會一路回堵上來；
09:29
And if we jam nutrients, sewage, fertilizer
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但如果我們把養份、肥料等，
09:32
in the base of that food pyramid,
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澆入食物鏈的底層，
09:34
it can back up all through it.
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一樣也會滋養整個食物鏈。
09:36
We end up with things we've heard about before:
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最後，我們可能會看到歷史重演，
09:38
red tides, for example,
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像是紅潮這類的事情，
09:40
which are blooms of toxic algae
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那時有毒的海藻大量繁殖，
09:42
floating through the oceans
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漂浮在海洋上，
09:44
causing neurological damage.
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導致人類神經系統受損。
09:46
We can also see blooms of bacteria,
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我們也有可能讓海裡的
09:48
blooms of viruses in the ocean.
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細菌或病毒大量繁殖，
09:50
These are two shots of a red tide coming on shore here
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這裡有二張照片，都是紅潮上岸的照片，
09:53
and a bacteria
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這裡面
09:55
in the genus vibrio,
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有一種弧菌，
09:57
which includes the genus that has cholera in it.
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帶有霍亂弧菌。
10:00
How many people have seen a "beach closed" sign?
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有誰看過「海灘關閉」的牌子？
10:05
Why does that happen?
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為什麼要關閉？
10:07
It happens because we have jammed so much
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因為我們丟了太多垃圾
10:09
into the base of the natural ocean pyramid
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到海洋食物鏈的底層，
10:11
that these bacteria clog it up
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這些細菌大量繁殖，
10:13
and overfill onto our beaches.
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回堵到了我們的海灘上，
10:15
Often what jams us up is sewage.
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大部分都是污染物。
10:18
Now how many of you have ever gone to a state park or a national park
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有誰曾去到州立公園或是國家公園，
10:21
where you had a big sign at the front saying,
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看到門口豎了一個牌子：
10:23
"Closed because human sewage
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「由於垃圾過量，
10:25
is so far over this park
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充斥園區，
10:27
that you can't use it"?
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目前關閉中」？
10:29
Not very often. We wouldn't tolerate that.
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沒有吧？我們不可能容忍這種事情發生，
10:32
We wouldn't tolerate our parks
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我們不可能容忍
10:34
being swamped by human sewage,
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垃圾堆滿整個公園，
10:37
but beaches are closed a lot in our country.
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但是我們國家裡的海灘卻經常關閉耶...
10:39
They're closed more and more and more all around the world for the same reason,
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世界各地的海灘也因為同樣的原因，愈來愈常關閉，
10:42
and I believe we shouldn't tolerate that either.
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我認為我們不應該再容忍，
10:45
It's not just a question of cleanliness;
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這不只是清潔的問題，
10:47
it's also a question of
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這同時也是
10:49
how those organisms
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海洋生物
10:51
then turn into human disease.
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轉變為人類疾病的問題。
10:53
These vibrios, these bacteria, can actually infect people.
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這些弧菌、細菌，都會讓人生病，
10:56
They can go into your skin and create skin infections.
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他們會鑽進你的皮膚裡，讓你得皮膚病。
10:59
This is a graph from NOAA's ocean and human health initiative,
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這張圖是來自國家海洋暨大氣總署(NOAA)所提議的海洋與人類健康法案，
11:02
showing the rise of the infections
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顯示人類過去幾年，
11:05
by vibrio in people
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受弧菌感染的案例
11:08
over the last few years.
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有上升的趨勢。
11:10
Surfers, for example, know this incredibly.
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舉例來說，衝浪的人就很瞭解這個狀況。
11:13
And if you can see on some surfing sites,
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如果你上一些衝浪網站，
11:16
in fact, not only do you see
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你不只會看到
11:18
what the waves are like or what the weather's like,
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海浪或天氣的訊息，
11:20
but on some surf rider sites,
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有些衝浪網站
11:22
you see a little flashing poo alert.
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還會出現一些閃亮的警示燈號，
11:25
That means that the beach might have great waves,
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表示海灘可能有大浪，
11:28
but it's a dangerous place for surfers to be
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警告衝浪的人要小心，
11:30
because they can carry with them,
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病菌會吸附在人體上，
11:32
even after a great day of surfing,
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在享受一天很棒地的衝浪後，
11:34
this legacy of an infection that might take a very long time to solve.
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所得到的細菌感染，可能得花上很長時間醫治。
11:37
Some of these infections are actually carrying
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有些病菌還對抗生素
11:39
antibiotic resistance genes now,
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產生抗體，
11:41
and that makes them even more difficult.
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這些細菌就更難醫治了。
11:43
These same infections
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這些病菌
11:45
create harmful algal blooms.
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會讓有毒海藻大量繁殖，
11:47
Those blooms are generating other kinds of chemicals.
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同時會產生其他化學物質。
11:50
This is just a simple list of some of the types of poisons
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這裡有一張清單，說明這些有毒的海藻
11:53
that come out of these harmful algal blooms:
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所會產生的毒性：
11:55
shellfish poisoning,fish ciguatera,
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貝毒、甲藻魚毒、
11:58
diarrheic shellfish poisoning -- you don't want to know about that --
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痢疾性貝毒--你不會想知道這種毒的--
12:01
neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, paralytic shellfish poisoning.
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神經性貝毒、痲痺性貝毒，
12:04
These are things that are getting into our food chain
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這些毒物都因為海藻大量繁殖，
12:06
because of these blooms.
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而進到我們的食物鏈中。
12:08
Rita Calwell very famously
306
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麗塔．卡維爾成功地
12:10
traced a very interesting story
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追蹤到一個關於人類
12:12
of cholera into human communities,
308
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感染到霍亂的有趣故事，
12:15
brought there, not by
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他們不是被
12:17
a normal human vector,
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人類互相傳染，
12:19
but by a marine vector, this copepod.
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而是被海洋裡的橈腳類動物所傳染。
12:22
Copepods are small crustaceans.
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橈腳類動物是很小的甲殼類動物，
12:24
They're a tiny fraction of an inch long,
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小到只有幾分之一英吋而已，
12:26
and they can carry on their little legs
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霍亂弧菌會附著在
12:28
some of the cholera bacteria
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他們細小的足肢上，
12:30
that then leads to human disease.
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因此傳染給人類。
12:33
That has sparked cholera epidemics
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霍亂疫情會因此爆發開來，
12:35
in ports along the world
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沿著港口傳出去，
12:37
and has led to increased concentration
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這迫使世人注意，
12:40
on trying to make sure shipping
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不要讓船運業
12:42
doesn't move these
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成為媒介，
12:44
vectors of cholera around the world.
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把霍亂病菌傳播到全世界。
12:46
So what do you do?
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那麼我們該怎麼做？
12:48
We have major problems in disrupted ecosystem flow
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我們的整個生態體系已瀕臨瓦解，
12:51
that the pyramid may not be working so well,
325
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食物鏈的運作不像以往順暢，
12:53
that the flow from the base up into it
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從底層往上
12:55
is being blocked and clogged.
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都阻塞了，
12:57
What do you do when you have this sort of disrupted flow?
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我們該怎麼處理這種問題？
13:00
Well, there's a bunch of things you could do.
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嗯，可以做的事情有很多，
13:03
You could call Joe the Plumber, for example.
330
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舉例來說，你可以叫水管工來修，
13:05
And he could come in
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然後水管工人就會來
13:07
and fix the flow.
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幫你修理。
13:09
But in fact, if you look around the world,
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但是實際上，如果我們看看全世界，
13:12
not only are there hope spots
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有些地方是有機會可以修復的，
13:14
for where we may be able to fix problems,
335
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我們也有能力修復，
13:16
there have been places where problems have been fixed,
336
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有些地方的問題已經成功的解決了，
13:18
where people have come to grips with these issues
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那些人已經集眾人之力，
13:20
and begun to turn them around.
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試圖扭轉這個劣勢。
13:22
Monterey is one of those.
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蒙特利就是其中之一。
13:24
I started out showing how much
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我一開始有提到，
13:26
we had distressed the Monterey Bay ecosystem
341
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蒙特利灣的生態系統已經被打亂，
13:29
with pollution and the canning industry
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因為罐頭工業產生大量污染，
13:31
and all of the attendant problems.
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出現許多問題。
13:33
In 1932, that's the picture.
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這是1932年當地的照片，
13:35
In 2009, the picture is dramatically different.
345
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2009年已經有劇烈改變。
13:39
The canneries are gone. The pollution has abated.
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罐頭工廠已經遷走，污染物也消失了，
13:42
But there's a greater sense here
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但最重要的是，
13:44
that what the individual communities need
348
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當地居民已經瞭解，
13:46
is working ecosystems.
349
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健全生態體系的重要性。
13:48
They need a functioning pyramid from the base all the way to the top.
350
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他們需要的是一個從下到上都運作良好的食物鏈，
13:51
And that pyramid
351
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而目前在蒙特利的
13:53
in Monterey, right now,
352
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食物鏈，
13:55
because of the efforts of a lot of different people,
353
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在眾人的努力下，
13:57
is functioning better than it's ever functioned
354
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已達到過去150年來從未有過的
13:59
for the last 150 years.
355
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最佳狀態。
14:02
It didn't happen accidentally.
356
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這不是憑空發生的，
14:04
It happened because many people put their time and effort
357
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這是眾人花費了時間與精力，
14:07
and their pioneering spirit into this.
358
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憑著先驅的精神建立起來的。
14:09
On the left there, Julia Platt,
359
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照片左邊的那位，
14:11
the mayor of my little hometown in Pacific Grove.
360
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是我家鄉小鎮葛洛芙洋的鎮長，茱莉亞．普拉特，
14:13
At 74 years old, became mayor
361
838000
2000
她在74歲高齡當選鎮長，
14:15
because something had to be done
362
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因為她認為必須為保護海洋
14:17
to protect the ocean.
363
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盡一份心力。
14:19
In 1931, she produced California's first
364
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2000
1931年，她創設了加州第一個
14:21
community-based marine protected area,
365
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社區型的海洋保護區，
14:24
right next to the biggest polluting cannery,
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就設在污染最嚴重的罐頭工廠隔壁，
14:27
because Julia knew
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因為茱莉亞知道，
14:29
that when the canneries eventually were gone,
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在罐頭工廠遷走之後，
14:31
the ocean needed a place to grow from,
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海洋會需要一個地方來復育，
14:34
that the ocean needed a place to spark a seed,
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海洋會需要一個地方來灑下第一顆種子，
14:37
and she wanted to provide that seed.
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而她要當那第一顆種子。
14:39
Other people, like David Packard and Julie Packard,
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其他人像大衛．派克及茱莉．派克，
14:42
who were instrumental in producing the Monterey Bay aquarium
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他們幫忙籌建了蒙特利灣海洋世界，
14:45
to lock into people's notion
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讓人們瞭解，
14:47
that the ocean
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海洋
14:49
and the health of the ocean ecosystem
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及海洋生態的健康，
14:52
were just as important to the economy of this area
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和當地的經濟發展一樣重要，
14:55
as eating the ecosystem would be.
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但經濟發展卻傷害了這個生態體系。
14:57
That change in thinking has led to a dramatic shift,
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想法的改變促成了劇烈的轉變，
15:00
not only in the fortunes of Monterey Bay,
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不只改變了蒙特利灣的命運，
15:03
but other places around the world.
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也改變了世界上其他地方的命運，
15:05
Well, I want to leave you with the thought that
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嗯，我希望讓你們知道，
15:07
what we're really trying to do here
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我們正嘗試在做的事，
15:09
is protect this ocean pyramid,
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是保護海洋的食物鏈，
15:11
and that ocean pyramid
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而海洋的食物鏈，
15:13
connects to our own pyramid of life.
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是與人類的食物鏈緊密相連的。
15:15
It's an ocean planet,
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我們活在一個海洋星球，
15:17
and we think of ourselves as a terrestrial species,
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我們自認為是陸生物種，
15:21
but the pyramid of life in the ocean
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但是海洋食物鏈
15:24
and our own lives on land
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和我們這種陸生物種的生命，
15:26
are intricately connected.
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卻是盤根錯結地交織在一起，
15:28
And it's only through having the ocean being healthy
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只有海洋健康，
15:30
that we can remain healthy ourselves.
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我們才能保有健康。
15:32
Thank you very much.
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謝謝！
15:34
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Stephen Palumbi - Marine biologistStephen Palumbi studies the way humanity and ocean life interact and intertwine. His insights into our codependence offer ideas for protecting both the ocean and ourselves.
Why you should listen
Stephen Palumbi teaches and does research in evolution and marine biology at Stanford University, and has long been fascinated by how quickly the world around us changes. His work on the genetics of marine organisms tries to focus on basic evolutionary questions but also on practical solutions to questions about how to preserve and protect the diverse life in the sea. DNA data on the genetics of marine populations like corals helps in the design and implementation of marine protected areas for conservation and fisheries enhancement. A second focus is on the use of molecular genetic techniques for the elucidation of past population sizes and dynamics of baleen whales, with the notion of recreating a better sense of the ecology of the virgin ocean.
Palumbi has lectured extensively on human-induced evolutionary change, has used genetic detective work to identify whales for sale in retail markets, and is working on new methods to help design marine parks for conservation. His first book for non-scientists, The Evolution Explosion, documents the impact of humans on evolution. His latest is an unusual environmental success story called The Death and Life of Monterey Bay. He also helped write and research and appears in the BBC series The Future Is Wild and the History Channel's World Without People. Other recent films appearances include The End of the Line and an upcoming Canadian Broadcasting series One Ocean.
Palumbi's other passion: microdocumentaries. His Short Attention Span Science Theater site received a million hits last year. And his band Sustainable Soul has several songs out, including "Crab Love" and "The Last Fish Left."
Stephen Palumbi | Speaker | TED.com