TED Fellows Retreat 2013
Christopher Soghoian: Government surveillance — this is just the beginning
Christopher Soghoian: Christopher Soghoian – je to len začiatok
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Bádateľ Christopher Soghoian poukazuje na skutočnosť, že vládna špionáž sa nám vymyká spod kontroly, keďže priemysel, ktorý ju podporuje, rastie. Súkromné firmy predávajú vládam technológie, pomocou ktorých majú možnosť nabúrať sa do počítačov, ukradnúť dokumenty a monitorovať aktivitu ich používateľov, a to všetko bez odhalenia. Christopher Soghoian nám ukáže znepokojujúci pohľad na to, čo nás čaká.
Christopher Soghoian - Privacy researcher and activist
Christopher Soghoian researches and exposes the high-tech surveillance tools that governments use to spy on their own citizens, and he is a champion of digital privacy rights. Full bio
Christopher Soghoian researches and exposes the high-tech surveillance tools that governments use to spy on their own citizens, and he is a champion of digital privacy rights. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
The 2011 Arab Spring
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Arabská jar v roku 2011
00:14
captured the attention of the world.
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pritiahla pozornosť celého sveta.
00:16
It also captured the attention
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Okrem toho upútala tiež pozornosť
00:18
of authoritarian governments in other countries,
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autoritárských vlád v ďalších krajinách,
00:20
who were worried that revolution would spread.
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ktoré sa obávajú šírenia revolúcií.
00:23
To respond, they ramped up surveillance
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Tie nezaváhali a posilnili sledovanie
00:25
of activists, journalists and dissidents
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aktivistov, žurnalistov a odporcov režimu,
00:28
who they feared would inspire revolution
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ktorí by mohli vyvolať revolúciu
00:30
in their own countries.
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v ich vlastnej krajine.
00:32
One prominent Bahraini activist,
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Jeden význačný bahranský aktivista,
00:34
who was arrested and tortured by his government,
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ktorý bol zatknutý a mučený vlastnou vládou,
00:36
has said that the interrogators showed him
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povedal, že vyšetrovatelia mu ukázali
00:38
transcripts of his telephone calls
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prepis jeho telefonných hovorov
00:40
and text messages.
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a textových správ.
00:42
Of course, it's no secret
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Samozrejme, že nie je tajomstvom,
00:43
that governments are able to intercept
telephone calls and text messages.
telephone calls and text messages.
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že vlády sú schopné odpočúvať hovory či SMS.
00:46
It's for that reason that many activists
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Z toho dôvodu sa mnoho aktivistov
00:49
specifically avoid using the telephone.
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vyhýba používaniu telefónu.
00:51
Instead, they use tools like Skype,
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Namiesto toho používajú nástroje ako Skype,
00:53
which they think are immune to interception.
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o ktorých si myslia, že sú bezpečné.
00:56
They're wrong.
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Mýlia sa.
00:57
There have now been over the last few years
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Posledných niekoľko rokov existuje
01:00
an industry of companies
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odvetvie biznisu,
01:02
who provide surveillance technology to governments,
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ktoré poskytuje monitorovacie technológie vládam,
01:05
specifically technology that
allows those governments
allows those governments
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konkrétne technológie, ktoré umožnia týmto vládam
01:07
to hack into the computers
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nabúrať sa do počítačov
01:09
of surveillance targets.
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sledovaných cieľov.
01:11
Rather than intercepting the communications
as they go over the wire,
as they go over the wire,
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Než aby odpočúvali komunikáciu po sieti,
01:13
instead they now hack into your computer,
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radšej sa nabúrajú do vášho počítača,
01:16
enable your webcam, enable your microphone,
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zapnú webkameru, mikrofón
01:18
and steal documents from your computer.
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a ukradnú dáta z vašeho počítača.
01:20
When the government of Egypt fell in 2011,
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Keď v roku 2011 padla egyptská vláda,
01:23
activists raided the office of the secret police,
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aktivisti vtrhli do kancelárie tajnej polície,
01:26
and among the many documents they found
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kde medzi mnohými dokumentami našli
01:28
was this document by the Gamma Corporation,
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i tento dokument spoločnosti Gamma,
01:31
by Gamma International.
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jej medzinárodnej centrály.
01:33
Gamma is a German company
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Gamma je nemecká firma,
01:34
that manufactures surveillance software
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ktorá vyrába špehovací software
01:36
and sells it only to governments.
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a následne ho predáva iba vládam.
01:38
It's important to note that most governments
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Dôležité je podotknúť, že väčšina vlád
01:40
don't really have the in-house capabilities
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si nie je schopná sama
01:42
to develop this software.
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tento software vyvinúť.
01:43
Smaller ones don't have the resources
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Tie malé na to nemajú prostriedky,
01:45
or the expertise,
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či znalosti,
01:47
and so there's this market of Western companies
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čoho sa chopili západné firmy,
01:50
who are happy to supply them with the tools
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ktoré sú rady, že im dané nástroje
01:52
and techniques for a price.
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a technologie môžu predať.
01:54
Gamma is just one of these companies.
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Gamma je jednou z tých firiem.
01:56
I should note also that Gamma never actually sold
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Mal by som tiež poznamenať, že Gamma nikdy nepredala
01:59
their software to the Egyptian government.
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ich software egyptskej vláde.
02:01
They'd sent them an invoice for a sale,
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Poslali jej faktúru za predaj,
02:04
but the Egyptians never bought it.
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ale Egypťania ho nikdy nekúpili.
02:05
Instead, apparently, the Egyptian government
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Namiesto toho egyptská vláda
02:07
used a free demo version of Gamma's software.
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využila neplatenú demo verziu tohto software.
02:10
(Laughter)
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(Smiech)
02:13
So this screenshot is from a sales video
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Toto je snímok z videa,
02:16
that Gamma produced.
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ktorý Gamma využíva pri predaji.
02:18
Really, they're just emphasizing
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Skutočne len zdôrazňujú
02:20
in a relatively slick presentation
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- v relatívne profesionálnej prezentácii -
02:21
the fact that the police can sort of sit
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skutočnosť, že polícii stačí len sedieť
02:23
in an air-conditioned office
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v klimatizovanej miestnosti
02:25
and remotely monitor someone
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a na ďialku monitorovať kohokoľvek
02:26
without them having any idea that it's going on.
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bez toho, aby o tom vedel.
02:28
You know, your webcam light won't turn on.
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To viete, svetlo vašej webkamery sa nezapne.
02:30
There's nothing to indicate that
the microphone is enabled.
the microphone is enabled.
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Nič neindikuje, že by bol mikrofón zapnutý.
02:34
This is the managing director
of Gamma International.
of Gamma International.
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Toto je riaditeľ Gamma International.
02:37
His name is Martin Muench.
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Volá sa Martin Muench.
02:39
There are many photos of Mr. Muench that exist.
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Existuje mnoho fotiek pana Muencha.
02:42
This is perhaps my favorite.
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Toto je snáď moja najobľúbenejšia.
02:44
I'm just going to zoom in a little bit onto his webcam.
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Poďme si to trošku približiť na jeho webkameru.
02:46
You can see there's a little sticker
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Môžete vidieť malú nálepku
02:48
that's placed over his camera.
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skrz jeho kameru.
02:50
He knows what kind of surveillance is possible,
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Vie aký druh špehovania je možný
02:52
and so clearly he doesn't want it to be used
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a zrejme nechce, aby bol používaný
02:54
against him.
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proti nemu.
02:55
Muench has said that he intends
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Muench povedal, že chce
02:57
for his software to be used
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aby bol jeho software používaný
02:59
to capture terrorists and locate pedophiles.
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na zachytávanie teroristov a lokalizáciu pedofilov.
03:02
Of course, he's also acknowledged that once
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Samozrejme tiež uznal,
03:04
the software has been sold to governments,
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že len tažko môže vedieť k akým účelom je použitý
03:06
he has no way of knowing how it can be used.
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po tom, čo ho predá vládam.
03:10
Gamma's software has been located on servers
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Software firmy Gamma bol najdený na serveroch
03:12
in countries around the world,
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v krajinách po celom svete,
03:13
many with really atrocious track records
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mnoho z nich je okrem iného
03:16
and human rights violations.
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známych z porušovania ľudských práv.
03:17
They really are selling their
software around the world.
software around the world.
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Predávajú ich software po celom svete.
03:21
Gamma is not the only company in the business.
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Gamma nie jediným hráčom na trhu.
03:23
As I said, it's a $5 billion industry.
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Ako som povedal, je to 5-miliardový trh.
03:26
One of the other big guys in the industry
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Ďalšou firmou na trhu v danom obore
03:29
is an Italian company called Hacking Team.
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je talianská firma nazývaná Hacking Team.
03:31
Now, Hacking Team has what is probably
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Tá má snáď jednu
03:33
the slickest presentation.
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z najbrilantnejších prezentácií.
03:35
The video they've produced is very sexy,
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Ich video je sexy
03:38
and so I'm going to play you a clip
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a preto vám klip radšej prehrám
03:39
just so you can get a feel
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nech získate predstavu
03:41
both for the capabilities of the software
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o možnostiach ich softvéru
03:42
but also how it's marketed
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a tiež spôsobe, akým ho ponúkajú
03:44
to their government clients.
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ich vládnym klientom.
03:46
(Video) Narrator: You want to look
through your target's eyes.
through your target's eyes.
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(Video) Chcete sa pozerať očami vášho cieľa.
03:50
(Music)
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(Hudba)
03:52
You have to hack your target.
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Musíte sa k nemu nabúrať.
03:55
["While your target is browsing the web, exchanging documents, receiving SMS, crossing the borders"]
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[Zatiaľ čo váš cieľ surfuje na nete, zdieľa dokumenty, príjma SMS, prekračuje hranice]
04:01
You have to hit many different platforms.
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Musíte si poradiť s mnohými platformami.
04:04
["Windows, OS X, iOS, Android,
Blackberry, Symbian, Linux"]
Blackberry, Symbian, Linux"]
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[Windows, OS X, iOS, Android, Blackberry, Symbian, Linux]
04:08
You have to overcome encryption
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Musíte prelomiť šifrovanie
04:10
and capture relevant data.
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a zachytiť významné dáta.
04:13
[Skype & encrypted calls, target location,
messaging, relationships,
messaging, relationships,
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[Skype & šifrované hovory, lokalizácia cieľa, SMS, vzťahy,
04:18
web browsing, audio & video"]
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navštevované stránky, audio & video]
04:21
Being stealth and untraceable.
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A to všetko nenápadne a bez zanechania stopy.
04:25
["Immune to any protection system
Hidden collection infrastructure"]
Hidden collection infrastructure"]
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[Odolný proti akémukoľvek ochrannému systému. Skrytý systému počítača]
04:28
Deployed all over your country.
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S možnosťou nasadenia kdekoľvek vo vašej krajine.
04:32
["Up to hundreds of thousands of targets
Managed from a single spot"]
Managed from a single spot"]
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[Možnosť sledovať viac než stovky tisíc subjektov z jedného miesta]
04:37
Exactly what we do.
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To je presne to, čím sa zaoberáme.
04:40
Christopher Soghoian: So, it
would be funny if it wasn't true,
would be funny if it wasn't true,
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Christopher Soghoian: Bola by to sranda, kebyže to nie je pravda.
04:42
but, in fact, Hacking Team's software
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Ale pravdou je, že softvér firmy Hacking Team
04:44
is being sold to governments around the world.
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je predávaný vládam po celom svete.
04:47
Last year we learned, for example,
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Minulý rok sme sa napríklad dozvedeli,
04:49
that it's been used to target Moroccan
journalists by the Moroccan government.
journalists by the Moroccan government.
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že bol využitý marockou vládou, aby lokalizoval marockého novinára.
04:53
Many, many countries it's been found in.
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Software bol najdený v mnohých krajinách.
04:56
So, Hacking Team has also been actively courting
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Hacking Team je tiež aktívny
04:59
the U.S. law enforcement market.
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na americkom trhu.
05:01
In the last year or so, the company
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Posledný rok táto firma
05:03
has opened a sales office in Maryland.
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otvorila pobočku v štáte Maryland.
05:08
The company has also hired a spokesperson.
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Taktiež zamestnala hovorcu.
05:10
They've been attending
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Zúčastňujú sa
05:12
surveillance industry conferences
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veľtrhov so špionážnou technikou,
05:13
where law enforcement officials show up.
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ktoré navštevujú i štátni úradníci.
05:15
They've spoken at the conferences.
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Rozprávali na konferenciach.
05:17
What I thought was most fascinating was
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Čo bolo pre mňa najviac udivujúce je,
05:19
they've actually paid for the coffee break
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že dokonca zaplatili prestávku na kávu
05:21
at one of the law enforcement conferences
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na jednej z týchto konferencií
05:23
earlier this year.
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začiatkom tohto roku.
05:24
I can't tell you for sure that Hacking Team
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S istotou nemôžem tvrdiť, že Hacking Team
05:26
has sold their technology in the United States,
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predáva ich technológiu USA,
05:29
but what I can tell you that if they haven't sold it,
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ale môžem vam povedať jedno, ak ju ešte nepredali,
05:31
it isn't because they haven't been trying hard.
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tak nie preto, že by sa veľmi nesnažili.
05:34
So as I said before,
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Ako som už povedal,
05:36
governments that don't really have the resources
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vlády bez patričných prostriedkov
05:38
to build their own tools will buy
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na výrobu ich vlastných nástrojov,
05:40
off-the-shelf surveillance software,
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si tieto sériovo navrhované programy kúpia
05:41
and so for that reason,
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a z toho dôvodu
05:43
you see that the government of, say, Tunisia,
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vidíte vládu, povedzme Tuniska,
05:45
might use the same software
as the government of Germany.
as the government of Germany.
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využívajúcu rovnaký program ako tú nemeckú.
05:47
They're all buying off-the-shelf stuff.
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Všetci nakupujú tento softvér.
05:50
The Federal Bureau of
Investigation in the United States
Investigation in the United States
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Americká FBI má možnosti
05:52
does have the budget to build
their own surveillance technology,
their own surveillance technology,
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vyrobiť si tieto technológie svojpomocne,
05:55
and so for several years, I've been trying
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a preto sa už niekoľko rokov snažím zistiť,
05:57
to figure out if and how the FBI
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či a ako sa FBI
05:59
is hacking into the computers of surveillance targets.
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nabúrava do počítačov ich cieľov.
06:02
My friends at an organization called
the Electronic Frontier Foundation --
the Electronic Frontier Foundation --
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Moji priatelia z organizácie Electronic Frontier Foundation –
06:05
they're a civil society group —
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občianskeho združenia –
06:07
obtained hundreds of documents from the FBI
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získali stovky dokumentov z FBI
06:10
detailing their next generation
of surveillance technologies.
of surveillance technologies.
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podrobne opisujúcich ich ďalšiu generáciu špionážnych technológií.
06:13
Most of these documents were heavily redacted,
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Väčšina z týchto dokumentov bola zredigované,
06:15
but what you can see from the slides,
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ale ak si moje slajdy priblížim,
06:18
if I zoom in, is this term:
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môžete vidieť tento termín:
06:20
Remote Operations Unit.
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Jednotka ďiaľkovo riadených operácií.
06:22
Now, when I first looked into this,
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Keď som to začal prvykrát zisťovať,
06:24
I'd never heard of this unit before.
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tak som o tejto jednotke nič nevedel.
06:26
I've been studying surveillance
for more than six years.
for more than six years.
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Špionážou sa zaoberám už viac ako 6 rokov,
06:28
I'd never heard of it.
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ale nikdy som o nej nepočul.
06:30
And so I went online and I did some research,
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Tak som trošku zasurfoval na internete
06:32
and ultimately I hit the mother lode
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a nakoniec narazil na zlatú žilu,
06:34
when I went to LinkedIn,
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pri návšteve Linkedlnu,
06:35
the social networking site for job seekers.
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profesnej sociálnej siete.
06:38
There were lots of former
U.S. government contractors
U.S. government contractors
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Našiel som bývalých dodávateľov americkej vlády,
06:41
who had at one point worked
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ktorí jednu dobu pracovali
06:42
for the Remote Operating Unit,
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pre Jednotku ďiaľkovo riadených operácií
06:44
and were describing in surprising detail on their CVs
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a prekvapivo podrobne opisovali v ich životopise,
06:47
what they had done in their former job.
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čím sa zaoberali.
06:49
(Laughter)
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(Smiech)
06:51
So I took this information
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Tak som túto informáciu použil
06:53
and I gave it to a journalist that I know
and trust at the Wall Street Journal,
and trust at the Wall Street Journal,
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a dal ju novinárke z Wall Street Journal, ktorú poznám a verím jej.
06:57
and she was able to contact several other
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Podarilo sa jej kontaktovať niekoľko
06:59
former law enforcement officials
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bývalych úradnikov, ktorí mali na starosti vykonávanie spravodlivosti,
07:01
who spoke on background and confirmed
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ktorí inkognito existenciu danej jednotky potvrdili.
07:02
that yes, in fact, the FBI has a dedicated team
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Takže áno, FBI ma vskutku špecializovaný tím,
07:06
that does nothing but hack into the computers
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ktorý nerobí nič iné, len sa nabúrava do počítačov
07:08
of surveillance targets.
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sledovaných cieľov.
07:09
Like Gamma and Hacking Team,
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Podobne ako Gamma a Hacking Team,
07:11
the FBI also has the capability
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FBI je tiež schopná
07:13
to remotely activate webcams, microphones,
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ďiaľkovo aktivovať webkamery, mikrofóny,
07:17
steal documents, get web browsing information,
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ukradnúť dokumenty, zistiť históriu surfovania,
07:19
the works.
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proste všetko možné.
07:21
There's sort of a big problem
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Je to nemalý problém,
07:23
with governments going into hacking,
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keď sa vláda uchyľuje k špehovaniu.
07:24
and that's that terrorists, pedophiles,
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Teroristi, pedofili, drogoví díleri,
07:27
drug dealers, journalists and human rights activists
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novinári a aktivisti za ľudské práva,
07:30
all use the same kinds of computers.
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tí všetci používajú rovnaké počítače.
07:32
There's no drug dealer phone
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Neexistuje nič také ako telefón drogového dílera,
07:34
and there's no journalist laptop.
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či počítač novinára.
07:36
We all use the same technology,
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Všetci používame rovnakú technológiu
07:38
and what that means then is that for governments
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z čoho v podstate pre vlády vyplýva,
07:40
to have the capability to hack into the computers
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že ak sú schopné nabúrať sa do počítačov
07:42
of the real bad guys,
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tých skutočne zlých,
07:44
they also have to have the capability
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taktiež musia byť schopné
07:46
to hack into our devices too.
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nabúrať sa tiež do našich prístrojov.
07:48
So governments around the world
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Takže vlády po celom svete
07:50
have been embracing this technology.
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túto technológiu prebrali.
07:51
They've been embracing hacking
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Osvojujú si hacking ako jednu z metód
07:53
as a law enforcement technique,
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na zaistenie dodržiavania zákona,
07:55
but without any real debate.
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ale bez akejkoľvek verejnej diskusie.
07:57
In the United States, where I live,
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V USA, kde žijem,
07:58
there have been no congressional hearings.
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žiadna parlamentná debata nebola.
08:00
There's no law that's been passed
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Žiadny zákon, ktorý by autorizoval
08:02
specifically authorizing this technique,
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tieto metódy nebol prijatý.
08:04
and because of its power and potential for abuse,
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A vzhľadom na ich silu a potenciál zneužitia,
08:07
it's vital that we have an informed public debate.
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je nevyhnutné, aby sme o nich mali patričnú verejnú diskusiu.
08:10
Thank you very much.
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Ďakujem veľmi pekne.
08:12
(Applause)
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(Potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Christopher Soghoian - Privacy researcher and activistChristopher Soghoian researches and exposes the high-tech surveillance tools that governments use to spy on their own citizens, and he is a champion of digital privacy rights.
Why you should listen
TED Fellow Christopher Soghoian is a champion of digital privacy rights, with a focus on the role that third-party service providers play in enabling governments to monitor citizens. As the principal technologist at the American Civil Liberties Union, he explores the intersection of federal surveillance and citizen's rights.
Before joining the ACLU, he was the first-ever technologist for the Federal Trade Commision's Division of Privacy and Identity Protection, where he worked on investigations of Facebook, Twitter, MySpace and Netflix. Soghoian is also the creator of Do Not Track, an anti-tracking device that all major web browsers now use, and his work has been cited in court.
Christopher Soghoian | Speaker | TED.com