ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Christopher Soghoian - Privacy researcher and activist
Christopher Soghoian researches and exposes the high-tech surveillance tools that governments use to spy on their own citizens, and he is a champion of digital privacy rights.

Why you should listen

TED Fellow Christopher Soghoian is a champion of digital privacy rights, with a focus on the role that third-party service providers play in enabling governments to monitor citizens. As the principal technologist at the American Civil Liberties Union, he explores the intersection of federal surveillance and citizen's rights.

Before joining the ACLU, he was the first-ever technologist for the Federal Trade Commision's Division of Privacy and Identity Protection, where he worked on investigations of Facebook, Twitter, MySpace and Netflix. Soghoian is also the creator of Do Not Track, an anti-tracking device that all major web browsers now use, and his work has been cited in court.

More profile about the speaker
Christopher Soghoian | Speaker | TED.com
TED Fellows Retreat 2013

Christopher Soghoian: Government surveillance — this is just the beginning

Christopher Soghoian: 政府監控呢個故仔至啱啱開始

Filmed:
893,397 views

私隱權學者 Christopher Soghoian 睇到政府監控嘅情況無聲無色噉改變梗,逐漸成為一件支援監管嘅工作。佢表示,政府透過私人企業購入可以喺唔觸動嘅情況下入侵電腦、偷取文件以及監控活動嘅技術。呢位 TED 研究生對於未來可能發生嘅嘢表示擔憂。
- Privacy researcher and activist
Christopher Soghoian researches and exposes the high-tech surveillance tools that governments use to spy on their own citizens, and he is a champion of digital privacy rights. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
The 2011 Arab阿拉伯 Spring春天
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2011 年阿拉伯之春引起世界嘅關注
00:14
captured捕獲 the attention注意 of the world世界.
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00:16
It also captured捕獲 the attention注意
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亦都引起其他國家獨裁政府嘅警覺性
00:18
of authoritarian威權 governments政府 in other countries國家,
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00:20
who were worried that revolution革命 would spread傳播.
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佢哋擔心運動會蔓延
為咗應對
00:23
To respond響應, they ramped加大 up surveillance監測
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佢哋加強對社會運動人士、
記者同異議分子嘅監控
00:25
of activists積極分子, journalists記者 and dissidents持不衕政見者
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00:28
who they feared would inspire激發 revolution革命
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佢哋驚呢班人會喺自己國家裏面
00:30
in their佢哋 own自己 countries國家.
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引發一場革命
00:32
One prominent突出 Bahraini巴林 activist活動傢,
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一個巴林出名嘅社運人士
00:34
who was arrested逮捕 and tortured折磨 by his government政府,
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被政府拘捕同虐待
00:36
has said that the interrogators審訊 showed表明 him
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佢話,問話嘅人俾佢睇
00:38
transcripts成績單 of his telephone電話 calls調用
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佢電話嘅通話內容同短訊內容
00:40
and text文本 messages消息.
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00:42
Of course課程, it's no secret秘密
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當然
政府能夠截聽電話同埋短訊
早已經唔係咩秘密
00:43
that governments政府 are able to intercept攔截
telephone電話 calls調用 and text文本 messages消息.
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00:46
It's for that reason原因 that many好多 activists積極分子
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正因為係咁
好多社運人士都避免用電話
00:49
specifically特別 avoid避免 using使用 the telephone電話.
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00:51
Instead相反, they use tools工具 like SkypeSkype,
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佢哋會用类似 Skype 嘅工具
00:53
which they think are immune免疫 to interception攔截.
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因為佢哋認為咁樣就唔會俾人截聽到
00:56
They're wrong.
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但佢哋錯啦
00:57
There have now been over the last few幾個 years
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从前幾年開始
已經有好多公司向政府提供監控技術
01:00
an industry行業 of companies公司
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01:02
who provide提供 surveillance監測 technology技術 to governments政府,
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01:05
specifically特別 technology技術 that
allows允許 those governments政府
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尤其係
俾政府可以入侵監察對象電腦嘅科技
01:07
to hack黑客 into the computers計數機
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01:09
of surveillance監測 targets目標.
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由佢哋以前喺線路中間一半截聽通訊
01:11
Rather than intercepting攔截 the communications通信
as they go over the wire,
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01:13
instead相反 they now hack黑客 into your computer計數機,
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改為宜家直接入侵你嘅電腦
01:16
enable使 your webcam攝像頭, enable使 your microphone,
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启动你嘅網絡攝錄機、麥克風
01:18
and steal documents文件 from your computer計數機.
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盜取你電腦裡邊嘅文件
01:20
When the government政府 of Egypt埃及 fell下跌 in 2011,
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當埃及政府喺 2011 年倒台時
01:23
activists積極分子 raided搜查 the office辦公室 of the secret秘密 police警方,
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社運人士搜查咗秘密警察嘅辦公室
01:26
and among之間 the many好多 documents文件 they found發現
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喺好多文件裏面
發現一份嚟自 Gamma International
01:28
was this document快勞 by the Gamma伽瑪 Corporation公司,
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01:31
by Gamma伽瑪 International國際.
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旗下子公司 Gamma Corporation 嘅文件
01:33
Gamma伽瑪 is a German德文 company公司
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Gamma International 係一間德國公司
01:34
that manufactures製造 surveillance監測 software軟件
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佢研發監控軟件同埋剩係向政府售卖
01:36
and sells銷售 it only to governments政府.
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01:38
It's important重要 to note注意 that most governments政府
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值得注意嘅係
大部分政府本身係冇能力開發呢啲軟件
01:40
don't really have the in-house內部 capabilities能力
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01:42
to develop發展 this software軟件.
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更細規模嘅政府更加冇
01:43
Smaller ones don't have the resources資源
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咁樣嘅資源同人才
01:45
or the expertise專業知識,
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01:47
and so there's this market市場 of Western西方 companies公司
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因此
西方企業好樂意提供呢啲工具同技術
01:50
who are happy快樂 to supply供應 them with the tools工具
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01:52
and techniques技術 for a price價格.
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以換取收入
01:54
Gamma伽瑪 is just one of these companies公司.
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Gamma 只係其中一間咁樣嘅公司
01:56
I should note注意 also that Gamma伽瑪 never actually講真 sold出售
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我亦都要強調事實上 Gamma
從來冇賣軟件俾埃及政府
01:59
their佢哋 software軟件 to the Egyptian埃及 government政府.
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02:01
They'd佢地會 sent them an invoice發票 for a sale銷售,
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佢哋有寄過報價嘅發票
02:04
but the Egyptians埃及 never bought it.
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但係埃及從來冇買過
02:05
Instead相反, apparently顯然, the Egyptian埃及 government政府
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好明顯
埃及政府係用紧 Gamma 嘅免費試用版
02:07
used a free自由 demo演示 version版本 of Gamma's伽瑪嘅 software軟件.
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02:10
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
02:13
So this screenshot截图 is from a sales銷售 video視頻
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呢個截圖係嚟自 Gamma 銷售推廣嘅片
02:16
that Gamma伽瑪 produced產生.
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佢哋喺呢個比較簡潔流暢嘅影片裏面強調
02:18
Really, they're just emphasizing強調
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02:20
in a relatively相對 slick光滑 presentation表示
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02:21
the fact事實 that the police警方 can sort排序 of sit
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其實警察坐喺冷氣辦公室
02:23
in an air-conditioned冷氣 office辦公室
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就能夠遙控地監控著某人
02:25
and remotely遠程 monitor睇實 someone有人
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02:26
without them having any idea想法 that it's going on.
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而被監聽嘅人係唔知情嘅
02:28
You know, your webcam攝像頭 light won't唔會 turn on.
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你知嗎?
網絡攝錄機嘅燈唔會著
02:30
There's nothing to indicate表明 that
the microphone is enabled啟用.
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唔會有嘢話你知個麥克風被人開咗
02:34
This is the managing管理 director導演
of Gamma伽瑪 International國際.
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呢位係 Gamma International 嘅董事總經理
02:37
His name名字 is Martin馬丁 Muench明奇.
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Martin Muench
02:39
There are many好多 photos of Mr先生. Muench明奇 that exist存在.
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佢出現過喺好多相裏邊
02:42
This is perhaps或者 my favorite中意.
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呢張係我最鍾意嘅
我哋放大佢嘅網絡攝錄機
02:44
I'm just going to zoom縮放 in a little bit onto his webcam攝像頭.
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02:46
You can see there's a little sticker貼紙
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可以見到有一張細黐紙
02:48
that's placed放置 over his camera相機.
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黐咗喺攝錄機度
02:50
He knows what kind一種 of surveillance監測 is possible可能,
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佢知道有咩監控係可能發生嘅
02:52
and so clearly清楚 he doesn't want it to be used
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所以好明顯佢唔希望咁樣嘅嘢
02:54
against him.
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發生喺佢自己身上
02:55
Muench明奇 has said that he intends
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Martin 話
佢希望佢嘅軟件
02:57
for his software軟件 to be used
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02:59
to capture捕獲 terrorists恐怖分子 and locate搵到 pedophiles戀童癖者.
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可以用嚟捉恐怖分子
或者搵出戀童癖嘅藏身之處
03:02
Of course課程, he's also acknowledged承認 that once一旦
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當然
佢都承認呢個軟件賣咗俾政府之後
03:04
the software軟件 has been sold出售 to governments政府,
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03:06
he has no way of knowing how it can be used.
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佢哋點樣用就唔知啦
03:10
Gamma's伽瑪嘅 software軟件 has been located位於 on servers服務器
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全世界好多伺服器都裝咗 Gamma 個軟件
03:12
in countries國家 around the world世界,
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03:13
many好多 with really atrocious殘暴 track吊住 records記錄
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好多伺服器都有驚人嘅追蹤紀錄
03:16
and human人類 rights權利 violations違反.
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同埋好多都違反人權
03:17
They really are selling銷售 their佢哋
software軟件 around the world世界.
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佢哋真係做到銷售全球化
03:21
Gamma伽瑪 is not the only company公司 in the business業務.
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Gamma 唔係唯一一個咁嘅公司
好似我話齋
03:23
As I said, it's a $5 billion industry行業.
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呢個係一個價值五十億美元嘅行業
03:26
One of the other big guys in the industry行業
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呢行嘅另一間大公司係
03:29
is an Italian意大利文 company公司 called Hacking黑客 Team團隊.
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義大利嘅 Hacking Team
今日嚟講
03:31
Now, Hacking黑客 Team團隊 has what is probably可能
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呢家公司做嘅匯報可能係最簡潔流暢
03:33
the slickest靈巧 presentation表示.
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03:35
The video視頻 they've佢地已經 produced產生 is very sexy性感,
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佢哋整嘅宣傳片非常有吸引力
03:38
and so I'm going to play you a clip剪輯
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我一陣間會播出嚟
03:39
just so you can get a feel
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令你哋感受下呢間公司嘅軟件有幾勁
03:41
both for the capabilities能力 of the software軟件
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03:42
but also how it's marketed銷售
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以及係佢哋係點樣向政府推銷呢件產品
03:44
to their佢哋 government政府 clients客戶.
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03:46
(Video視頻) Narrator旁白: You want to look
through透過 your target's目標的 eyes眼睛.
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(影片嘅聲音)
錄音︰你想睇你監控對象睇梗啲乜
03:50
(Music音樂)
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(音樂)
03:52
You have to hack黑客 your target目標.
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你要攻擊你個對象
03:55
["While your target目標 is browsing瀏覽 the webWeb, exchanging交換 documents文件, receiving接收 SMS短信, crossing穿越 the borders邊界"]
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[「當你監控對象喺度上網、
交換文件、收短訊、過境」]
04:01
You have to hit many好多 different不同 platforms平台.
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你必須要攻入好多唔同嘅平台
04:04
["Windows, OS操作系統 X, iOSIos, AndroidAndroid,
Blackberry黑莓, Symbian塞班, LinuxLinux"]
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[「Windows, OS X, iOS, Android,
Blackberry, Symbian, Linux」]
04:08
You have to overcome克服 encryption加密
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你必須要克服加密嘅問題以獲取相關資料
04:10
and capture捕獲 relevant相關 data數據.
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[「Skype 以及已加密嘅通話
目標位置、短訊、 關係、
04:13
[SkypeSkype & encrypted加密 calls調用, target目標 location位置,
messaging消息, relationships關係,
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網頁瀏覽、錄音及影片」]
04:18
webWeb browsing瀏覽, audio音頻 & video視頻"]
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04:21
Being stealth隱身 and untraceable追蹤.
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隱形而冇被偵測到
[「對任何保護系統都有抗禦能力」]
04:25
["Immune免疫 to any protection保護 system系統
Hidden隱藏 collection收集 infrastructure基礎設施"]
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[「隱藏嘅資料收集設施」]
04:28
Deployed部署 all over your country國家.
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遍佈全國
[「一個設施可以監控數以千計嘅目標」]
04:32
["Up to hundreds數以百計 of thousands數以千計 of targets目標
Managed管理 from a single spotD"]
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04:37
Exactly完全 what we do.
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正係我哋做嘅嘢
講者:如果頭先講嘅嘢係虛構
04:40
Christopher克里斯托弗 SoghoianSoghoian: So, it
would be funny有趣 if it wasn't唔係 true真係,
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噉就幾搞笑啦
04:42
but, in fact事實, Hacking黑客 Team's隊嘅 software軟件
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但事實上
駭客團隊嘅軟件係賣俾全世界嘅政府
04:44
is being sold出售 to governments政府 around the world世界.
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04:47
Last year we learned, for example例子,
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舉個例
舊年我哋至知摩洛哥政府
04:49
that it's been used to target目標 Moroccan摩洛哥
journalists記者 by the Moroccan摩洛哥 government政府.
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一直用呢個科技監控記者
好多國家都有類似嘅情況
04:53
Many好多, many好多 countries國家 it's been found發現 in.
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04:56
So, Hacking黑客 Team團隊 has also been actively積極 courting追求
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所以
駭客團隊都留意
04:59
the U.S. law法律 enforcement執法 market市場.
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美國司法管轄地方嘅市場
05:01
In the last year or so, the company公司
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舊年左右呢間公司
05:03
has opened打開 a sales銷售 office辦公室 in Maryland馬裏蘭.
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喺維珍妮亞州或者馬里蘭州
開設銷售辦公室
05:08
The company公司 has also hired a spokesperson發言人.
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仲請咗一名發言人
05:10
They've佢地已經 been attending參加
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佢哋有參與監控業界嘅研討會
05:12
surveillance監測 industry行業 conferences
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05:13
where law法律 enforcement執法 officials官員 show顯示 up.
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執法官員都有出席
05:15
They've佢地已經 spoken發言 at the conferences.
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佢哋有喺研討會度發言
05:17
What I thought was most fascinating迷人 was
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我覺得最得意嘅係
05:19
they've佢地已經 actually講真 paid支付 for the coffee咖啡 break打破
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佢哋今年初喺其中一個
05:21
at one of the law法律 enforcement執法 conferences
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有關執法嘅會議裏面贊助咗休息時間
05:23
earlier較早時 this year.
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05:24
I can't tell you for sure that Hacking黑客 Team團隊
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我唔可以好肯定咁話你知駭客團隊
05:26
has sold出售 their佢哋 technology技術 in the United聯合 States國家,
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有冇賣咗佢哋嘅科技俾美國政府
05:29
but what I can tell you that if they haven't sold出售 it,
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但我可以話俾你聽
如果佢哋冇賣到
05:31
it isn't because they haven't been trying試圖 hard努力.
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唔係因為佢哋冇努力推銷
05:34
So as I said before,
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正如我之前所講
05:36
governments政府 that don't really have the resources資源
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冇資源開發軟件嘅政府
05:38
to build建立 their佢哋 own自己 tools工具 will buy
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會買呢啲上咗架嘅監控軟件
05:40
off-the-shelf現成 surveillance監測 software軟件,
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05:41
and so for that reason原因,
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正因為咁
05:43
you see that the government政府 of, say, Tunisia突尼斯,
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你會見到,譬如,突尼斯政府
05:45
might可能 use the same相同 software軟件
as the government政府 of Germany德國.
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可能會同德國政府一樣用同一款軟件
05:47
They're all buying off-the-shelf現成 stuff啲嘢.
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佢哋都係買貨架上嘅軟件
05:50
The Federal聯邦 Bureau of
Investigation調查 in the United聯合 States國家
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美國聯邦調查局 FBI
05:52
does have the budget預算 to build建立
their佢哋 own自己 surveillance監測 technology技術,
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有筆預算去研發佢哋
自己一套嘅監控技術
05:55
and so for several幾個 years, I've been trying試圖
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於是呢幾年嚟
我嘗試搵出
05:57
to figure out if and how the FBIFbi
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FBI 有冇真係入侵
05:59
is hacking黑客 into the computers計數機 of surveillance監測 targets目標.
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同埋點樣入侵監控對象嘅電腦
06:02
My friends朋友 at an organization組織 called
the Electronic電子 Frontier前沿 Foundation基礎 --
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我有個朋友喺電子領域基金會度做
06:05
they're a civil民事 society社會 group
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呢個基金會一個民間組織
06:07
obtained獲得 hundreds數以百計 of documents文件 from the FBIFbi
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佢哋攞咗好多 FBI 嘅文件
06:10
detailing詳細 their佢哋 next generation生成
of surveillance監測 technologies技術.
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裏邊寫低 FBI 下一代嘅監聽科技會係點
06:13
Most of these documents文件 were heavily嚴重 redacted編輯,
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呢啲文件大多數內容都俾人大執過
06:15
but what you can see from the slides幻燈片,
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但若果我放大熒幕上面嘅嘢
06:18
if I zoom縮放 in, is this term術語:
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你會見到呢行字:
遠端營運單位
06:20
Remote遠程 Operations操作 Unit單位.
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06:22
Now, when I first looked into this,
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當我第一次見到呢樣嘢
06:24
I'd never heard聽到 of this unit單位 before.
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2070
我從來未聽過呢個單位
06:26
I've been studying研究 surveillance監測
for more than six years.
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我已經研究咗監控呢樣嘢超過六年啦
06:28
I'd never heard聽到 of it.
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但我由未聽過呢個單位
06:30
And so I went online在線 and I did some research研究,
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於是我上網搵
最後我搵到答案
06:32
and ultimately最終 I hit the mother母親 lode矿脉
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2125
06:34
when I went to LinkedInLinkedin,
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就係我上 Linkedin
06:35
the social社會 networking網絡 site網站 for job工作 seekers.
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一個求職者嘅社交網站嗰時
06:38
There were lots of former
U.S. government政府 contractors承包商
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嗰度有好多美國政府嘅前合約僱員
06:41
who had at one pointD worked工作
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佢哋都曾經都喺
呢個遠端營運單位裏面做
06:42
for the Remote遠程 Operating經營 Unit單位,
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1309
06:44
and were describing描述 in surprising令人驚訝 detail詳細 on their佢哋 CVsCvs
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佢哋仲係履歷上面詳細描述
06:47
what they had done in their佢哋 former job工作.
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佢哋做呢份工嗰陣做過啲乜
06:49
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
06:51
So I took this information信息
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我將呢啲資料
06:53
and I gave it to a journalist記者 that I know
and trust信任 at the Wall Street Journal雜誌,
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3744
交俾一個我識得同信得過嘅
華爾街日報記者
06:57
and she was able to contact聯繫 several幾個 other
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1801
佢聯絡咗一啲前執法人員
06:59
former law法律 enforcement執法 officials官員
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07:01
who spoke講嘢 on background背景 and confirmed證實
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佢哋喺背後承認同證實
07:02
that yes, in fact事實, the FBIFbi has a dedicated專用 team團隊
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FBI 的確有一個專責單位
07:06
that does nothing but hack黑客 into the computers計數機
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入侵監控對象嘅電腦
07:08
of surveillance監測 targets目標.
178
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1526
07:09
Like Gamma伽瑪 and Hacking黑客 Team團隊,
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好似 Gamma 同駭客團隊噉
FBI 都有能力
07:11
the FBIFbi also has the capability能力
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2117
07:13
to remotely遠程 activate激活 webcams攝像頭, microphones,
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3394
遙控啟動網絡攝錄機、麥克風
07:17
steal documents文件, get webWeb browsing瀏覽 information信息,
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去偷文件、攞上網紀錄、電腦檔案
07:19
the works工程.
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1684
07:21
There's sort排序 of a big problem個問題
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政府入侵電腦係一個大問題
07:23
with governments政府 going into hacking黑客,
185
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1600
07:24
and that's that terrorists恐怖分子, pedophiles戀童癖者,
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恐怖分子、戀童癖嘅人
07:27
drug藥物 dealers經銷商, journalists記者 and human人類 rights權利 activists積極分子
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毒販、記者同埋從事人權運動嘅人
07:30
all use the same相同 kinds of computers計數機.
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2271
全部都用同一款電腦
07:32
There's no drug藥物 dealer經銷商 phone電話
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嗰度冇專為毒販而設嘅電話
07:34
and there's no journalist記者 laptop筆記本電腦.
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1966
冇專為記者而設嘅手提電腦
07:36
We all use the same相同 technology技術,
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2234
我哋都係梗用同一種科技
07:38
and what that means意味着 then is that for governments政府
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1894
咁代表咗
政府有能力入侵真正壞人嘅電腦
07:40
to have the capability能力 to hack黑客 into the computers計數機
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2117
07:42
of the real真正 bad guys,
194
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1699
07:44
they also have to have the capability能力
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1976
同時政府都有能力入侵我哋嘅電腦
07:46
to hack黑客 into our devices設備 too.
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2185
07:48
So governments政府 around the world世界
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1752
所以全世界嘅政府都好鍾意用呢種技術
07:50
have been embracing擁抱 this technology技術.
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1461
07:51
They've佢地已經 been embracing擁抱 hacking黑客
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佢哋鍾意將監控當係一種執法工具
07:53
as a law法律 enforcement執法 technique技術,
200
461248
1820
07:55
but without any real真正 debate辯論.
201
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1950
但啲人從來冇辯論過呢樣嘢
07:57
In the United聯合 States國家, where I live,
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喺美國,我生活嘅國家
07:58
there have been no congressional國會 hearings聽證會.
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1825
國會從來冇聽證過
08:00
There's no law法律 that's been passed透過
204
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1961
或者冇通過任何嘅法律
明確授權政府使用呢種技術
08:02
specifically特別 authorizing授權 this technique技術,
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2073
08:04
and because of its power權力 and potential for abuse濫用,
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鑒於監控力量之大同埋有可能被濫用
08:07
it's vital重要 that we have an informed通知 public公眾 debate辯論.
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我哋必須要有一場公開辯論
等公眾知道呢回事
08:10
Thank you very much.
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1946
多謝晒
(掌聲)
08:12
(Applause掌聲)
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Translated by Chak Lam Wan
Reviewed by 潘 可儿

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Christopher Soghoian - Privacy researcher and activist
Christopher Soghoian researches and exposes the high-tech surveillance tools that governments use to spy on their own citizens, and he is a champion of digital privacy rights.

Why you should listen

TED Fellow Christopher Soghoian is a champion of digital privacy rights, with a focus on the role that third-party service providers play in enabling governments to monitor citizens. As the principal technologist at the American Civil Liberties Union, he explores the intersection of federal surveillance and citizen's rights.

Before joining the ACLU, he was the first-ever technologist for the Federal Trade Commision's Division of Privacy and Identity Protection, where he worked on investigations of Facebook, Twitter, MySpace and Netflix. Soghoian is also the creator of Do Not Track, an anti-tracking device that all major web browsers now use, and his work has been cited in court.

More profile about the speaker
Christopher Soghoian | Speaker | TED.com