TED2015
Gary Haugen: The hidden reason for poverty the world needs to address now
Gary Haugen: Skrytá príčina svetovej chudoby – je najvyšší čas konať
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Vďaka kolektívnemu súcitu sa od 80. rokov globálna chudoba stále znižuje, hovorí ľudsko-právny advokát Gary Haugen. Ale kvôli jednému skrytému problému sa napriek všetkej rozvojovej pomoci nedarí chudobu vykynožiť. Haugen odhaľuje túto temnú príčinu a zdôrazňuje, že je treba zakročiť hneď.
Gary Haugen - Human rights attorney
As founder of International Justice Mission, Gary Haugen fights the chronically neglected global epidemic of violence against the poor. Full bio
As founder of International Justice Mission, Gary Haugen fights the chronically neglected global epidemic of violence against the poor. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
To be honest, by personality,
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Úprimne povedané,
na veľké vykrikovanie nemám povahu.
00:15
I'm just not much of a crier.
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00:19
But I think in my career
that's been a good thing.
that's been a good thing.
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Ale pre moju profesiu
je to dobrá vlastnosť.
je to dobrá vlastnosť.
00:23
I'm a civil rights lawyer,
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Som ľudsko-právny advokát
00:24
and I've seen some
horrible things in the world.
horrible things in the world.
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a videl som na svete príšerné veci.
00:29
I began my career working
police abuse cases in the United States.
police abuse cases in the United States.
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Začínal som v USA
na prípadoch policajnej šikany.
na prípadoch policajnej šikany.
00:32
And then in 1994, I was sent to Rwanda
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A potom ma v roku 1994 vyslali do Rwandy,
00:36
to be the director of the U.N.'s
genocide investigation.
genocide investigation.
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aby som pod OSN
riadil vyšetrovanie genocídy.
riadil vyšetrovanie genocídy.
00:41
It turns out that tears
just aren't much help
just aren't much help
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Ukázalo sa, že slzy príliš nepomáhajú
00:45
when you're trying
to investigate a genocide.
to investigate a genocide.
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pri vyšetrovaní genocídy.
00:49
The things I had to see,
and feel and touch
and feel and touch
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To, čo som tam videl, cítil
a čoho som sa dotýkal,
a čoho som sa dotýkal,
00:54
were pretty unspeakable.
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sa nedá slovami vyjadriť.
00:57
What I can tell you is this:
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Ale môžem vám povedať jedno:
01:00
that the Rwandan genocide
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Pri genocíde v Rwande
01:02
was one of the world's
greatest failures of simple compassion.
greatest failures of simple compassion.
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svet obrovsky zlyhal v obyčajnom súcite.
01:09
That word, compassion, actually
comes from two Latin words:
comes from two Latin words:
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Slovo compassion (súcit)
pochádza z dvoch latinských slov:
pochádza z dvoch latinských slov:
01:13
cum passio, which simply mean
"to suffer with."
"to suffer with."
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cum passio, ktoré jednoducho
znamenajú „spolu trpieť“.
znamenajú „spolu trpieť“.
01:18
And the things that I saw and experienced
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Boli chvíle, keď ma veci,
ktoré som tam videl a zažil
ktoré som tam videl a zažil
01:22
in Rwanda as I got up close
to human suffering,
to human suffering,
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pri odkrývaní ľudského utrpenia,
01:24
it did, in moments, move me to tears.
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priviedli k slzám.
01:28
But I just wish that I,
and the rest of the world,
and the rest of the world,
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Vtedy som si len hovoril,
01:30
had been moved earlier.
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že súcit prišiel neskoro.
01:33
And not just to tears,
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Že ja a celý svet
01:35
but to actually stop the genocide.
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sme mali konať skôr a genocídu zastaviť.
01:38
Now by contrast, I've also been involved
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Ale v svojej kariére som bol tiež svedkom
01:41
with one of the world's greatest
successes of compassion.
successes of compassion.
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jedného z najväčších úspechov
celosvetového súcitu.
celosvetového súcitu.
01:47
And that's the fight against
global poverty.
global poverty.
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Boja proti globálnej chudobe.
01:50
It's a cause that probably
has involved all of us here.
has involved all of us here.
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Pravdepodobne sa doň
každý z nás nejako zapojil.
každý z nás nejako zapojil.
01:52
I don't know if your first introduction
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Na začiatku vás možno oslovili
01:54
might have been choruses of
"We Are the World,"
"We Are the World,"
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slová piesne „We Are the World“
01:58
or maybe the picture of a sponsored child
on your refrigerator door,
on your refrigerator door,
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alebo obrázok sponzorovaného dieťaťa
u vás na chladničke
u vás na chladničke
02:02
or maybe the birthday you
donated for fresh water.
donated for fresh water.
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a možno ste namiesto narodeninovej párty
poslali peniaze na pitnú vodu.
poslali peniaze na pitnú vodu.
02:06
I don't really remember what my first
introduction to poverty was
introduction to poverty was
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Už neviem, aké bolo moje prvé stretnutie
s problémom chudoby,
s problémom chudoby,
02:09
but I do remember the most jarring.
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ale pamätám si to najšokujúcejšie.
02:13
It was when I met Venus --
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Bolo ním stretnutie s Venus,
02:15
she's a mom from Zambia.
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matkou zo Zambie.
02:18
She's got three kids and she's a widow.
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Má tri deti a je vdova.
02:21
When I met her, she had walked
about 12 miles
about 12 miles
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Vo svojich jediných šatách
prišla do hlavného mesta –
20 kilometrov peši –,
20 kilometrov peši –,
02:25
in the only garments she owned,
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02:27
to come to the capital city
and to share her story.
and to share her story.
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aby nám vypovedala svoj príbeh.
02:31
She sat down with me for hours,
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Sedeli sme spolu celé hodiny
02:35
just ushered me in to
the world of poverty.
the world of poverty.
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a ona ma uviedla do sveta chudoby.
02:40
She described what it was like
when the coals on the cooking fire
when the coals on the cooking fire
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Opisovala, aké to je,
keď uhlíky kuchynského ohňa
keď uhlíky kuchynského ohňa
02:43
finally just went completely cold.
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definitívne vychladnú.
02:46
When that last drop
of cooking oil finally ran out.
of cooking oil finally ran out.
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Keď sa minie posledná kvapka oleja.
02:51
When the last of the food,
despite her best efforts,
despite her best efforts,
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Keď sa, napriek všetkej snahe,
minie posledné jedlo.
02:55
ran out.
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02:58
She had to watch her youngest son, Peter,
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Musela sa pozerať, ako Peter,
03:01
suffer from malnutrition,
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jej najmladší syn, trpí podvýživou.
03:03
as his legs just slowly bowed
into uselessness.
into uselessness.
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Ako sa mu nohy pomaly ohýbajú
a nedokážu ho ďalej niesť.
a nedokážu ho ďalej niesť.
03:07
As his eyes grew cloudy and dim.
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Ako sa mu kalí zrak.
03:11
And then as Peter finally grew cold.
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A nakoniec, ako jeho telo chladne.
03:18
For over 50 years, stories like this
have been moving us to compassion.
have been moving us to compassion.
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Takéto príbehy nás už 50 rokov
privádzajú k súcitu.
privádzajú k súcitu.
03:23
We whose kids have plenty to eat.
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Nás, ktorých deti majú jedla nadostač.
03:26
And we're moved not only
to care about global poverty,
to care about global poverty,
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Svetová chudoba nám
nielenže nie je ľahostajná,
nielenže nie je ľahostajná,
03:29
but to actually try to do our part
to stop the suffering.
to stop the suffering.
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snažíme sa aj konať a utrpenie zastaviť.
03:34
Now there's plenty of room for critique
that we haven't done enough,
that we haven't done enough,
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Vždy sa dá namietnuť, že nerobíme dosť
03:37
and what it is that we've done
hasn't been effective enough,
hasn't been effective enough,
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alebo že naša pomoc nie je dosť účinná,
03:41
but the truth is this:
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ale pravda je takáto:
03:44
The fight against global poverty
is probably the broadest,
is probably the broadest,
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Boj proti svetovej chudobe
je zrejme najširší,
je zrejme najširší,
03:48
longest running manifestation of the
human phenomenon of compassion
human phenomenon of compassion
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najdlhšie trvajúci prejav ľudského súcitu
03:53
in the history of our species.
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v ľudskej histórii.
03:56
And so I'd like to share
a pretty shattering insight
a pretty shattering insight
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Ale dovolím si vyjadriť
jednu znepokojivú skutočnosť,
jednu znepokojivú skutočnosť,
04:00
that might forever change the way
you think about that struggle.
you think about that struggle.
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ktorá možno navždy zmení
váš pohľad na tento boj.
váš pohľad na tento boj.
04:04
But first, let me begin with what
you probably already know.
you probably already know.
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Rád by som začal tým, čo už zrejme viete.
04:07
Thirty-five years ago, when I would have
been graduating from high school,
been graduating from high school,
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Pred 35 rokmi,
v čase, keď som maturoval,
v čase, keď som maturoval,
04:10
they told us that 40,000 kids every day
died because of poverty.
died because of poverty.
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nám vraveli, že denne
kvôli chudobe umiera 40-tisíc detí.
kvôli chudobe umiera 40-tisíc detí.
04:17
That number, today, is now
down to 17,000.
down to 17,000.
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Dnes to číslo kleslo na 17-tisíc.
04:21
Way too many, of course,
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Samozrejme je to stále príliš veľa,
04:23
but it does mean that every year,
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ale znamená to, že 8 miliónov detí ročne
04:26
there's eight million kids who
don't have to die from poverty.
don't have to die from poverty.
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nemusí umrieť kvôli chudobe.
04:31
Moreover, the number of
people in our world
people in our world
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Navyše počet ľudí
04:34
who are living in extreme poverty,
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žijúcich v extrémnej chudobe –
04:36
which is defined as living off
about a dollar and a quarter a day,
about a dollar and a quarter a day,
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teda tých, čo musia vyžiť
z jedného a štvrť dolára denne –
z jedného a štvrť dolára denne –
04:39
that has fallen from 50 percent,
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klesol z 50 % svetovej populácie
04:43
to only 15 percent.
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na 15 %.
04:47
This is massive progress,
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To je veľký pokrok,
04:48
and this exceeds everybody's
expectations about what is possible.
expectations about what is possible.
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ktorý predstihol všeobecné očakávanie.
04:54
And I think you and I,
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Pre vás, rovnako ako pre mňa,
04:57
I think, honestly, that we can
feel proud and encouraged
feel proud and encouraged
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je isto povzbudivé vidieť,
05:01
to see the way that compassion
actually has the power
actually has the power
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že náš súcit má tú moc
05:05
to succeed in stopping
the suffering of millions.
the suffering of millions.
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zastaviť utrpenie miliónov ľudí.
05:10
But here's the part that you
might not hear very much about.
might not hear very much about.
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Ale je jedna vec,
ktorá sa často nespomína.
ktorá sa často nespomína.
05:14
If you move that poverty mark just
up to two dollars a day,
up to two dollars a day,
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Ak ako limit chudoby
stanovíme 2 doláre denne,
stanovíme 2 doláre denne,
05:19
it turns out that virtually
the same two billion people
the same two billion people
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ukáže sa, že v extrémnej biede
05:22
who were stuck in that harsh poverty
when I was in high school,
when I was in high school,
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žije prakticky rovnaké množstvo ľudí,
ako keď som chodil na strednú –
05:26
are still stuck there,
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05:28
35 years later.
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pred 35 rokmi.
05:30
So why, why are so many billions
still stuck in such harsh poverty?
still stuck in such harsh poverty?
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Prečo teda toľko miliárd
uviazlo v extrémnej chudobe?
uviazlo v extrémnej chudobe?
05:36
Well, let's think about
Venus for a moment.
Venus for a moment.
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Vráťme sa na chvíľu k Venus.
05:39
Now for decades, my wife and I have been
moved by common compassion
moved by common compassion
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Po celé desaťročia nás s manželkou
viedol obyčajný súcit
viedol obyčajný súcit
05:43
to sponsor kids, to fund microloans,
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k sponzorovaniu detí,
k financovaniu mikroúverov,
k financovaniu mikroúverov,
05:45
to support generous levels of foreign aid.
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k podpore štedrej rozvojovej pomoci.
05:49
But until I had actually talked to Venus,
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Ale kým som nestretol Venus,
05:52
I would have had no idea that
none of those approaches
none of those approaches
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netušil som, že žiadna z týchto vecí
05:55
actually addressed why she had
to watch her son die.
to watch her son die.
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nemohla zabrániť tomu,
aby ona videla svojho syna umierať.
aby ona videla svojho syna umierať.
06:01
"We were doing fine," Venus told me,
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„Mali sme sa dobre,“ rozprávala Venus,
06:06
"until Brutus started to cause trouble."
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„kým Brutus nezačal robiť problémy.“
06:10
Now, Brutus is Venus' neighbor
and "cause trouble"
and "cause trouble"
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Brutus je Venusin sused
a „robiť problémy“ začal
a „robiť problémy“ začal
06:13
is what happened the day after
Venus' husband died,
Venus' husband died,
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v deň po smrti jej manžela.
06:17
when Brutus just came and threw
Venus and the kids out of the house,
Venus and the kids out of the house,
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Jednoducho vošiel
a vyhodil ju aj deti z domu,
a vyhodil ju aj deti z domu,
06:21
stole all their land, and robbed
their market stall.
their market stall.
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prisvojil si ich pozemky
a vykradol ich trhový stánok.
a vykradol ich trhový stánok.
06:26
You see, Venus was thrown
into destitution by violence.
into destitution by violence.
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Vidíte, Venus uvrhlo v biedu násilie.
06:32
And then it occurred to me, of course,
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Vtedy som si uvedomil,
06:34
that none of my child sponsorships,
none of the microloans,
none of the microloans,
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že moja podpora chudobných detí
ani žiaden mikroúver
či klasický program proti chudobe
či klasický program proti chudobe
06:38
none of the traditional
anti-poverty programs
anti-poverty programs
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06:42
were going to stop Brutus,
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takého Brutusa nezastaví.
06:46
because they weren't meant to.
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Lebo to ani nie je ich cieľ.
06:49
This became even more clear
to me when I met Griselda.
to me when I met Griselda.
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Ešte jasnejšie som si to uvedomil
pri stretnutí s Griseldou.
pri stretnutí s Griseldou.
06:54
She's a marvelous young girl
living in a very poor community
living in a very poor community
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Je to jedno úžasné dievča
z chudobnej guatemalskej obce.
06:59
in Guatemala.
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07:00
And one of the things
we've learned over the years
we've learned over the years
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Za tie roky sme sa naučili,
07:03
is that perhaps the most powerful thing
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že zrejme to najlepšie,
07:05
that Griselda and her family can do
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čo môžeme urobiť pre to,
aby sa Griselda a jej rodina
vyhrabali z chudoby,
vyhrabali z chudoby,
07:08
to get Griselda and her family
out of poverty
out of poverty
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07:11
is to make sure that she goes to school.
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je poslať ju do školy.
07:14
The experts call this the Girl Effect.
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Odborníci to volajú „dievčenský efekt“.
07:19
But when we met Griselda,
she wasn't going to school.
she wasn't going to school.
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Keď som ale stretol Griseldu,
do školy nechodila.
do školy nechodila.
07:23
In fact, she was rarely ever
leaving her home.
leaving her home.
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V podstate skoro nevychádzala z domu.
07:28
Days before we met her,
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Pár dní predtým,
07:30
while she was walking home
from church with her family,
from church with her family,
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keď sa so svojou rodinou
vracala z kostola –
vracala z kostola –
07:32
in broad daylight,
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za bieleho dňa –
07:35
men from her community
just snatched her off the street,
just snatched her off the street,
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vrhli sa na ňu chlapi z obce
07:38
and violently raped her.
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a brutálne ju znásilnili.
07:41
See, Griselda had every
opportunity to go to school,
opportunity to go to school,
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Vidíte, Griselda mohla chodiť do školy,
07:46
it just wasn't safe for her to get there.
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len to pre ňu nebolo bezpečné.
07:49
And Griselda's not the only one.
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A nie je jediná.
07:52
Around the world, poor women and girls
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Celosvetovo sú chudobné ženy a dievčatá
07:55
between the ages of 15 and 44,
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vo veku 15 až 44 rokov
08:00
they are -- when victims of
the everyday violence
the everyday violence
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skupinou najohrozenejšou
domácim a sexuálnym násilím.
domácim a sexuálnym násilím.
08:04
of domestic abuse and sexual violence --
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08:07
those two forms of violence account
for more death and disability
for more death and disability
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Tieto dve formy násilia
spôsobujú viac úmrtí a ujm na zdraví
spôsobujú viac úmrtí a ujm na zdraví
08:12
than malaria, than car accidents,
than war combined.
than war combined.
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než malária, autonehody a vojny dokopy.
08:23
The truth is, the poor of our world
are trapped in whole systems of violence.
are trapped in whole systems of violence.
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Pravdou je, že chudobní tohto sveta
sú uväznení v celých systémoch násilia.
sú uväznení v celých systémoch násilia.
08:28
In South Asia, for instance,
I could drive past this rice mill
I could drive past this rice mill
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V Južnej Ázii som napríklad
prechádzal okolo mlyna na ryžu
prechádzal okolo mlyna na ryžu
08:32
and see this man hoisting
these 100-pound sacks
these 100-pound sacks
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a videl muža vláčiaceho na chrbte
08:35
of rice upon his thin back.
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50-kilové vrecia ryže.
08:37
But I would have no idea, until later,
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Ale vtedy som netušil,
08:38
that he was actually a slave,
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že to bol otrok,
08:41
held by violence in that rice mill
since I was in high school.
since I was in high school.
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ktorého na mlyne držali od čias,
čo som ja chodil na strednú.
čo som ja chodil na strednú.
08:46
Decades of anti-poverty programs
right in his community
right in his community
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Ani desaťročia rozvojovej pomoci
priamo v danej obci
priamo v danej obci
08:50
were never able to rescue him
or any of the hundred other slaves
or any of the hundred other slaves
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nezachránili jeho
ani stovky ďalších otrokov;
ani stovky ďalších otrokov;
08:54
from the beatings and the rapes
and the torture
and the torture
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nezabránili bitkám, znásilneniam
08:57
of violence inside the rice mill.
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a mučeniu na tomto mlyne.
09:01
In fact, half a century of
anti-poverty programs
anti-poverty programs
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V skutočnosti po pol storočí
boja proti chudobe
boja proti chudobe
09:06
have left more poor people in slavery
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je na svete viac zotročených ľudí
09:09
than in any other time in human history.
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než kedykoľvek v ľudskej histórii.
09:13
Experts tell us that there's about
35 million people in slavery today.
35 million people in slavery today.
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Podľa odborníkov je dnes
asi 35 miliónov ľudí držaných v otroctve.
To je celá populácia Kanady,
09:19
That's about the population
of the entire nation of Canada,
of the entire nation of Canada,
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09:22
where we're sitting today.
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krajiny, kde sa práve nachádzame.
09:26
This is why, over time, I have come
to call this epidemic of violence
to call this epidemic of violence
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Preto som túto epidémiu násilia
09:29
the Locust Effect.
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začal časom volať „efekt kobylky“.
09:31
Because in the lives of the poor,
it just descends like a plague
it just descends like a plague
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Pretože na život chudobných
dopadne ako mor
dopadne ako mor
09:34
and it destroys everything.
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a zničí všetko.
09:37
In fact, now when you survey
very, very poor communities,
very, very poor communities,
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Naozaj, keď sa v prieskume pýtame
tých najchudobnejších,
tých najchudobnejších,
09:41
residents will tell you that their
greatest fear is violence.
greatest fear is violence.
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povedia nám, že najviac sa boja násilia.
09:46
But notice the violence that they fear
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A to násilie, ktorého sa boja,
09:48
is not the violence of
genocide or the wars,
genocide or the wars,
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nie sú genocídy alebo vojny;
09:51
it's everyday violence.
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je to násilie bežného dňa.
09:54
So for me, as a lawyer, of course,
my first reaction was to think,
my first reaction was to think,
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3213
Keďže som právnik, hneď mi napadlo,
09:57
well, of course we've
got to change all the laws.
got to change all the laws.
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2314
že treba zmeniť zákony.
09:59
We've got to make all this violence
against the poor illegal.
against the poor illegal.
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Všetko toto násilie na chudobných
bude protizákonné.
bude protizákonné.
10:03
But then I found out, it already is.
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Ale potom som zistil, že to už dávno je.
10:06
The problem is not that
the poor don't get laws,
the poor don't get laws,
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Nejde o to, že by sa na chudobných
zákony nevzťahovali;
zákony nevzťahovali;
10:09
it's that they don't get law enforcement.
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jednoducho sa nedodržujú.
10:14
In the developing world,
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V rozvojovom svete
10:16
basic law enforcement systems
are so broken
are so broken
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bývajú orgány činné v trestnom konaní
také nefunkčné,
také nefunkčné,
10:19
that recently the U.N. issued
a report that found
a report that found
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že podľa nedávnej správy OSN
10:22
that "most poor people live
outside the protection of the law."
outside the protection of the law."
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5604
„väčšina chudobných
žije bez právnej ochrany.“
žije bez právnej ochrany.“
10:28
Now honestly, you and I have
just about no idea
just about no idea
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Úprimne, vy ani ja
si poriadne nevieme predstaviť,
si poriadne nevieme predstaviť,
10:30
of what that would mean
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1597
čo to znamená,
10:32
because we have no
first-hand experience of it.
first-hand experience of it.
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pretože sme sa s tým naživo nestretli.
10:35
Functioning law enforcement for us
is just a total assumption.
is just a total assumption.
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Policajnú ochranu
považujeme za samozrejmú.
považujeme za samozrejmú.
10:38
In fact, nothing expresses that assumption
more clearly than three simple numbers:
more clearly than three simple numbers:
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Nič túto samozrejmosť
nevyjadruje lepšie ako tri čísla:
nevyjadruje lepšie ako tri čísla:
10:43
9-1-1,
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2461
9 – 1 – 1,
10:45
which, of course, is the number
for the emergency police operator
for the emergency police operator
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3167
číslo tiesňového volania na políciu
10:48
here in Canada and in the United States,
176
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3301
v USA a v Kanade.
10:52
where the average response time
to a police 911 emergency call
to a police 911 emergency call
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Priemerný čas, za ktorý po volaní
dorazí policajná hliadka,
dorazí policajná hliadka,
10:56
is about 10 minutes.
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je asi 10 minút.
10:57
So we take this just
completely for granted.
completely for granted.
179
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Berieme to ako úplnú samozrejmosť.
11:00
But what if there was no
law enforcement to protect you?
law enforcement to protect you?
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4517
Ale čo keby nebolo žiadnej polície,
ktorá by vám prišla na pomoc?
ktorá by vám prišla na pomoc?
11:06
A woman in Oregon recently
experienced what this would be like.
experienced what this would be like.
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Jedna žena z Oregonu
nedávno zakúsila, aké to je.
nedávno zakúsila, aké to je.
11:11
She was home alone in her
dark house on a Saturday night,
dark house on a Saturday night,
182
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4341
Bola sobotná noc
a ona bola sama doma,
a ona bola sama doma,
11:15
when a man started to tear
his way into her home.
his way into her home.
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2965
keď sa k nej začal dobíjať istý muž.
11:18
This was her worst nightmare,
184
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1957
To bola jej najhoršia nočná mora,
11:20
because this man had actually put her
in the hospital from an assault
in the hospital from an assault
185
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4608
lebo len pred dvoma týždňami
skončila po útoku toho muža v nemocnici.
11:25
just two weeks before.
186
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2118
11:27
So terrified, she picks up that phone
and does what any of us would do:
and does what any of us would do:
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3358
Vydesená vzala telefón
a spravila to, čo by spravil každý:
a spravila to, čo by spravil každý:
11:30
She calls 911 --
188
678551
2645
vytočila 911 –
11:33
but only to learn that because
of budget cuts in her county,
of budget cuts in her county,
189
681196
4832
a zistila, že kvôli nízkemu rozpočtu
zrušili v jej okrese
policajné hliadky cez víkend.
policajné hliadky cez víkend.
11:38
law enforcement wasn't available
on the weekends.
on the weekends.
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686028
3369
Počúvajte.
11:41
Listen.
191
689397
790
11:42
Dispatcher: I don't have anybody
to send out there.
to send out there.
192
690187
2819
Operátorka: Nemám k vám koho poslať.
11:45
Woman: OK
193
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1017
Žena: Aha.
11:46
Dispatcher: Um, obviously if he comes
inside the residence and assaults you,
inside the residence and assaults you,
194
694023
4103
Operátorka: Keď sa k vám vláme
a zaútočí na vás,
a zaútočí na vás,
11:50
can you ask him to go away?
195
698126
1673
asi nepomôže, keď ho pošlete preč.
11:51
Or do you know if
he is intoxicated or anything?
he is intoxicated or anything?
196
699799
2243
Nie je náhodou opitý alebo niečo?
11:54
Woman: I've already asked him.
I've already told him I was calling you.
I've already told him I was calling you.
197
702042
3373
Žena: Už som ho posielala preč.
Vie, že volám políciu.
Vie, že volám políciu.
Už sa raz dovnútra dobil,
vyrazil dvere a zaútočil na mňa.
vyrazil dvere a zaútočil na mňa.
11:57
He's broken in before,
busted down my door, assaulted me.
busted down my door, assaulted me.
198
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2673
12:00
Dispatcher: Uh-huh.
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708088
945
Operátorka: Mhm.
12:01
Woman: Um, yeah, so ...
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709033
1153
Žena: No, takže …
12:02
Dispatcher: Is there any way you could
safely leave the residence?
safely leave the residence?
201
710186
3219
Operátorka: Máte ako odísť z domu?
12:05
Woman: No, I can't, because he's blocking
pretty much my only way out.
pretty much my only way out.
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3417
Žena: Nemám, on blokuje jediný východ.
12:08
Dispatcher: Well, the only thing I can do
is give you some advice,
is give you some advice,
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716822
3146
Operátorka: Viete, ja vám môžem len radiť
12:11
and call the sheriff's office tomorrow.
204
719968
2716
a zajtra to nahlásiť polícii.
12:14
Obviously, if he comes in and
unfortunately has a weapon
unfortunately has a weapon
205
722684
4812
Ale ak sa mu podarí vlámať
a bude mať nedajbože zbraň
a bude mať nedajbože zbraň
12:19
or is trying to cause you physical harm,
that's a different story.
that's a different story.
206
727496
3326
alebo vám skúsi ublížiť,
tak to príliš nepomôže.
tak to príliš nepomôže.
12:22
You know, the sheriff's office
doesn't work up there.
doesn't work up there.
207
730822
2667
Polícia vo vašom okrese dnes nepracuje.
Nemám tam koho poslať.
12:25
I don't have anybody to send."
208
733489
2656
12:29
Gary Haugen: Tragically, the woman
inside that house
inside that house
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737735
2653
Gary Haugen: Je tragické, že tú ženu
12:32
was violently assaulted, choked and raped
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740388
5939
našli dobitú, uškrtenú a znásilnenú.
12:38
because this is what it means to live
outside the rule of law.
outside the rule of law.
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746327
6044
Lebo tak vyzerá svet,
kde chýba ruka zákona.
kde chýba ruka zákona.
12:45
And this is where billions
of our poorest live.
of our poorest live.
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4014
To je svet miliárd najchudobnejších.
12:52
What does that look like?
213
760015
2428
Ako to vyzerá?
12:54
In Bolivia, for example, if a man
sexually assaults a poor child,
sexually assaults a poor child,
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762443
4428
Ak napríklad v Bolívii
znásilní muž chudobné dieťa,
znásilní muž chudobné dieťa,
12:58
statistically, he's at greater risk
of slipping in the shower and dying
of slipping in the shower and dying
215
766871
4673
má väčšiu šancu, že umrie
následkom pošmyknutia v sprche,
následkom pošmyknutia v sprche,
13:03
than he is of ever going
to jail for that crime.
to jail for that crime.
216
771544
3398
než že ho niekedy za ten zločin odsúdia.
13:08
In South Asia, if you
enslave a poor person,
enslave a poor person,
217
776002
4685
Alebo ak v Južnej Ázii
zotročíte chudobného,
zotročíte chudobného,
13:12
you're at greater risk of being
struck by lightning
struck by lightning
218
780687
2923
štatisticky vám viac hrozí úder blesku
13:15
than ever being sent
to jail for that crime.
to jail for that crime.
219
783610
3050
než väzenie.
13:18
And so the epidemic of everyday
violence, it just rages on.
violence, it just rages on.
220
786660
4979
A tak epidémia každodenného násilia
môže besnieť ďalej.
môže besnieť ďalej.
13:23
And it devastates our efforts to try
to help billions of people
to help billions of people
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791639
4099
A ničí našu snahu pomôcť miliardám ľudí
dostať sa z pekla dvoch dolárov denne.
13:27
out of their two-dollar-a-day hell.
222
795738
3577
[Každodenné násilie besnie ďalej]
13:31
Because the data just doesn't lie.
223
799315
2502
Pretože dáta neklamú.
13:33
It turns out that you can give
all manner of goods and services
all manner of goods and services
224
801817
3059
Ukazuje sa, že čokoľvek by ste
chudobným poskytli,
13:36
to the poor,
225
804876
1153
13:38
but if you don't restrain the hands
of the violent bullies
of the violent bullies
226
806029
3126
ak nezabránite tomu,
aby im to vzal nejaký násilník,
13:41
from taking it all away,
227
809155
1835
13:42
you're going to be very disappointed
in the long-term impact of your efforts.
in the long-term impact of your efforts.
228
810990
4359
budete dlhodobo sklamaní
neúspechom vášho úsilia.
neúspechom vášho úsilia.
13:47
So you would think that the disintegration
of basic law enforcement
of basic law enforcement
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815889
3771
Človek by si myslel, že zefektívnenie
základnej policajnej ochrany
základnej policajnej ochrany
v rozvojovom svete
13:51
in the developing world
would be a huge priority
would be a huge priority
230
819660
3015
bude v svetovom boji proti chudobe
prioritou číslo jedna.
prioritou číslo jedna.
13:54
for the global fight against poverty.
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822675
3240
13:57
But it's not.
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825915
2133
Nie je to tak.
14:01
Auditors of international assistance
recently couldn't find
recently couldn't find
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829028
3797
Nedávny audit medzinárodnej pomoci
nenapočítal ani jedno percento zdrojov
14:04
even one percent of aid going
to protect the poor
to protect the poor
234
832825
3834
určených na ochranu chudobných
pred každodenným násilím.
pred každodenným násilím.
14:08
from the lawless chaos
of everyday violence.
of everyday violence.
235
836659
4331
14:12
And honestly, when we do talk about
violence against the poor,
violence against the poor,
236
840990
3306
A keď už sa o násilí na chudobných hovorí,
14:16
sometimes it's in the weirdest of ways.
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3509
je to často v dosť čudnom kontexte.
14:19
A fresh water organization tells
a heart-wrenching story
a heart-wrenching story
238
847805
3083
Organizácia za pitnú vodu
rozpráva srdcervúci príbeh
rozpráva srdcervúci príbeh
14:22
of girls who are raped on the way
to fetching water,
to fetching water,
239
850888
3592
o dievčatách znásilnených cestou k studni
14:26
and then celebrates
the solution of a new well
the solution of a new well
240
854480
3810
a riešenie vidí v novej studni,
14:30
that drastically shortens their walk.
241
858290
3455
ktorá im cestu výrazne skráti.
14:33
End of story.
242
861745
2208
Koniec príbehu.
14:36
But not a word about the rapists who
are still right there in the community.
are still right there in the community.
243
864863
5490
Ani slovo o násilníkoch,
ktorí si v danej komunite ďalej žijú.
ktorí si v danej komunite ďalej žijú.
14:43
If a young woman on one
of our college campuses
of our college campuses
244
871813
2314
Ak by u nás na niektorom internáte
14:46
was raped on her walk to the library,
245
874127
3146
znásilnili študentku na ceste do knižnice,
14:49
we would never celebrate the solution
of moving the library closer to the dorm.
of moving the library closer to the dorm.
246
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5848
nikdy by sme riešenie nevideli
v presťahovaní knižnice bližšie k izbám.
14:55
And yet, for some reason,
this is okay for poor people.
this is okay for poor people.
247
883121
3991
Ale zo záhadných dôvodov
nám to pri chudobných nevadí.
nám to pri chudobných nevadí.
Faktom je, že tradiční odborníci
15:00
Now the truth is, the traditional experts
248
888915
2554
na hospodársky rozvoj
a zmierňovanie chudoby
a zmierňovanie chudoby
15:03
in economic development
and poverty alleviation,
and poverty alleviation,
249
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2306
15:05
they don't know how to fix this problem.
250
893775
2260
nevedia, čo si s týmto problémom počať.
15:08
And so what happens?
251
896035
1821
Takže robia čo?
15:09
They don't talk about it.
252
897856
2091
Mlčia o tom.
15:13
But the more fundamental reason
253
901237
4171
Ale hlbšou príčinou
zanedbanej policajnej ochrany
15:17
that law enforcement for the poor
in the developing world
in the developing world
254
905408
2780
chudobných v rozvojovom svete
15:20
is so neglected,
255
908188
1884
15:22
is because the people inside
the developing world, with money,
the developing world, with money,
256
910072
3885
je fakt, že miestni bohatí ju nepotrebujú.
15:25
don't need it.
257
913957
2118
15:29
I was at the World Economic
Forum not long ago
Forum not long ago
258
917165
2580
Nedávno som bol
na Svetovom ekonomickom fóre
na Svetovom ekonomickom fóre
15:31
talking to corporate executives who have
massive businesses in the developing world
massive businesses in the developing world
259
919745
3944
a riaditeľom veľkých korporácií
podnikajúcich v rozvojovom svete
podnikajúcich v rozvojovom svete
15:35
and I was just asking them,
260
923689
2082
som položil túto otázku:
15:37
"How do you guys protect all your people
and property from all the violence?"
and property from all the violence?"
261
925771
5554
„Ako chránite svojich ľudí a majetok
pred všetkým tým násilím?“
pred všetkým tým násilím?“
15:43
And they looked at each other,
and they said, practically in unison,
and they said, practically in unison,
262
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4822
Pozrú sa jeden na druhého
a prakticky jednohlasne vravia:
a prakticky jednohlasne vravia:
15:48
"We buy it."
263
936147
2027
„Platíme za to.“
15:51
Indeed, private security forces
in the developing world
in the developing world
264
939474
3862
Je to tak, súkromné bezpečnostné zložky
sú v rozvojovom svete
sú v rozvojovom svete
15:55
are now, four, five and seven times
larger than the public police force.
larger than the public police force.
265
943336
6810
štyri-, päť-, sedemkrát
silnejšie než polícia.
silnejšie než polícia.
16:02
In Africa, the largest employer
on the continent now is private security.
on the continent now is private security.
266
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7462
V Afrike
sú najväčším zamestnávateľom
na kontinente bezpečnostné firmy.
na kontinente bezpečnostné firmy.
16:10
But see, the rich can pay for safety
and can keep getting richer,
and can keep getting richer,
267
958884
3818
Bohatí si môžu dovoliť za svoju bezpečnosť
platiť a bohatnú ďalej,
platiť a bohatnú ďalej,
16:14
but the poor can't pay for it
and they're left totally unprotected
and they're left totally unprotected
268
962702
3802
ale chudobní platiť nemôžu,
a tak zostávajú úplne bez ochrany
a tak zostávajú úplne bez ochrany
16:18
and they keep getting thrown
to the ground.
to the ground.
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2570
a klesajú až na dno.
16:22
This is a massive and scandalous outrage.
270
970464
4432
To je obrovská krivda a škandál.
16:26
And it doesn't have to be this way.
271
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A nemusí to tak byť.
16:29
Broken law enforcement can be fixed.
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Príslušné orgány sa dajú napraviť.
16:32
Violence can be stopped.
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To násilie sa dá zastaviť.
16:34
Almost all criminal justice systems,
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Takmer všetky trestnoprávne systémy
16:36
they start out broken and corrupt,
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sú na začiatku náchylné ku korupcii,
16:39
but they can be transformed
by fierce effort and commitment.
by fierce effort and commitment.
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ale to sa dá snahou a odhodlaním zmeniť.
16:43
The path forward is really pretty clear.
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Cesta vpred je úplne jasná.
16:45
Number one: We have to start making
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Po prvé: Zastavenie násilia
16:49
stopping violence indispensable
to the fight against poverty.
to the fight against poverty.
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sa musí stať základom boja proti chudobe.
16:53
In fact, any conversation
about global poverty
about global poverty
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Žiadnu debatu o svetovej chudobe,
ktorá sa vyhýba téme násilia,
16:55
that doesn't include the problem
of violence must be deemed not serious.
of violence must be deemed not serious.
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nemôžeme považovať za serióznu.
17:01
And secondly, we have to begin
to seriously invest resources
to seriously invest resources
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Po druhé, musíme začať solídne
finančne a odborne podporovať
finančne a odborne podporovať
17:05
and share expertise to support
the developing world
the developing world
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rozvojové krajiny pri transformácii
17:09
as they fashion new,
public systems of justice,
public systems of justice,
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orgánov činných v trestnom konaní –
nie súkromných agentúr –,
17:13
not private security,
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17:14
that give everybody a chance to be safe.
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ktoré budú chrániť všetkých bez rozdielu.
17:18
These transformations
are actually possible
are actually possible
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Takáto transformácia je možná
17:21
and they're happening today.
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a v skutočnosti už prebieha.
17:23
Recently, the Gates Foundation
funded a project
funded a project
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Nedávno podporila Gatesova nadácia projekt
17:26
in the second largest city
of the Philippines,
of the Philippines,
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v druhom najväčšom filipínskom meste,
17:29
where local advocates
and local law enforcement
and local law enforcement
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kde miestni právnici
spolu s miestnymi úradmi
spolu s miestnymi úradmi
17:32
were able to transform corrupt police
and broken courts so drastically,
and broken courts so drastically,
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6858
dokázali tak zatočiť
s korupciou v polícii a na súdoch,
s korupciou v polícii a na súdoch,
17:39
that in just four short years,
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že už v priebehu štyroch rokov
17:41
they were able to measurably reduce
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sa nútená prostitúcia chudobných detí
17:44
the commercial sexual violence
against poor kids by 79 percent.
against poor kids by 79 percent.
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merateľne znížila o 79 %.
17:51
You know, from the hindsight of history,
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Viete, keď sa obzrieme do histórie,
17:55
what's always most inexplicable
and inexcusable
and inexcusable
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to, čo najviac nevieme pochopiť,
18:00
are the simple failures of compassion.
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je zlyhanie ľudského súcitu.
18:05
Because I think history convenes
a tribunal of our grandchildren
a tribunal of our grandchildren
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Keď nás raz budú súdiť naši vnuci,
spýtajú sa:
18:10
and they just ask us,
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18:11
"Grandma, Grandpa, where were you?
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„Babka, dedko, kde ste boli?
18:16
Where were you, Grandpa, when
the Jews were fleeing Nazi Germany
the Jews were fleeing Nazi Germany
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3555
Kde si bol, dedko, keď Židov
utekajúcich z nacistického Nemecka
utekajúcich z nacistického Nemecka
18:19
and were being rejected from our shores?
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odmietali na našich hraniciach?
18:21
Where were you?
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Kde si bol?
18:23
And Grandma, where were you
when they were marching
when they were marching
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A babka, kde si bola,
18:26
our Japanese-American neighbors
off to internment camps?
off to internment camps?
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keď našich americko-japonských susedov
posielali do táborov?
posielali do táborov?
18:30
And Grandpa, where were you
when they were beating
when they were beating
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A dedko, kde si bol, keď bili
18:32
our African-American neighbors
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našich afroamerických susedov
18:34
just because they were trying
to register to vote?"
to register to vote?"
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len preto, že sa chceli
zaregistrovať k voľbám?“
zaregistrovať k voľbám?“
18:38
Likewise, when our grandchildren ask us,
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A keď sa nás rovnako spýtajú:
18:42
"Grandma, Grandpa, where were you
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„Babka, dedko, kde ste boli,
18:45
when two billion of the world's poorest
were drowning in a lawless chaos
were drowning in a lawless chaos
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keď sa dve miliardy najchudobnejších
18:49
of everyday violence?"
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prepadali do bezvládia
každodenného násilia?“
každodenného násilia?“
18:53
I hope we can say that we had compassion,
that we raised our voice,
that we raised our voice,
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Dúfam, že budeme môcť prehlásiť,
že sme mali súcit a ozvali sme sa,
že sme mali súcit a ozvali sme sa,
18:59
and as a generation, we were moved
to make the violence stop.
to make the violence stop.
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že sme ako generácia mali silu
to násilie zastaviť.
to násilie zastaviť.
19:07
Thank you very much.
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Ďakujem pekne.
19:10
(Applause)
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(potlesk)
19:25
Chris Anderson: Really powerfully argued.
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Chris Anderson: To bolo presvedčivé.
19:28
Talk to us a bit about
some of the things
some of the things
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Ešte nám porozprávaj,
ako sa vám napríklad darí
ako sa vám napríklad darí
19:31
that have actually been happening to,
for example, boost police training.
for example, boost police training.
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zlepšovať výcvik policajtov.
19:37
How hard a process is that?
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Je to náročný proces?
19:39
GH: Well, one of the glorious
things that's starting to happen now
things that's starting to happen now
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3582
Gary Haugen:
Konečne začína byť zreteľne vidieť,
Konečne začína byť zreteľne vidieť,
19:43
is that the collapse of these systems
and the consequences are becoming obvious.
and the consequences are becoming obvious.
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že tieto systémy kolabujú
a aké to má dôsledky.
a aké to má dôsledky.
V súčasnosti k zmene
nechýba politická vôľa.
nechýba politická vôľa.
19:47
There's actually, now,
political will to do that.
political will to do that.
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19:50
But it just requires now an investment
of resources and transfer of expertise.
of resources and transfer of expertise.
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Chce to len väčšiu finančnú podporu
a prenos skúseností.
a prenos skúseností.
19:55
There's a political will struggle
that's going to take place as well,
that's going to take place as well,
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Samozrejme budú aj politickí oponenti,
19:58
but those are winnable fights,
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ale ten boj sa dá vyhrať;
20:00
because we've done some examples
around the world
around the world
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projekty, ktoré sme už po svete rozbehli
20:02
at International Justice Mission
that are very encouraging.
that are very encouraging.
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s Medzinárodnou misiou spravodlivosti,
sú veľmi povzbudivé.
sú veľmi povzbudivé.
20:05
CA: So just tell us in one country,
how much it costs
how much it costs
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CA: Ešte nám povedz, na koľko asi vyjde
20:09
to make a material difference
to police, for example --
to police, for example --
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materiálna podpora polície
v jednej krajine
v jednej krajine
20:12
I know that's only one piece of it.
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– viem, že to je len časť problému.
20:14
GH: In Guatemala, for instance,
we've started a project there
we've started a project there
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GH: Napríklad v Guatemale máme projekt,
20:17
with the local police
and court system, prosecutors,
and court system, prosecutors,
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v rámci ktorého školíme
miestnu políciu, súdy, prokurátorov,
miestnu políciu, súdy, prokurátorov,
20:21
to retrain them so that they can
actually effectively bring these cases.
actually effectively bring these cases.
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aby dokázali takéto zločiny
účinne postihovať.
účinne postihovať.
20:24
And we've seen prosecutions against
perpetrators of sexual violence
perpetrators of sexual violence
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Počet obvinených páchateľov
sexuálneho násilia
sexuálneho násilia
20:29
increase by more than 1,000 percent.
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vzrástol o vyše 1 000 %.
20:31
This project has been very modestly funded
at about a million dollars a year,
at about a million dollars a year,
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Projekt bol veľmi skromne financovaný,
asi milión dolárov ročne.
asi milión dolárov ročne.
20:36
and the kind of bang
you can get for your buck
you can get for your buck
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Za tie peniaze je to fakt terno,
20:38
in terms of leveraging
a criminal justice system
a criminal justice system
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investícia do trestnoprávneho systému,
ktorý bude fungovať,
ktorý bude fungovať,
20:42
that could function if it were properly
trained and motivated and led,
trained and motivated and led,
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ak má dobre vyškolených,
motivovaných a vedených zamestnancov.
motivovaných a vedených zamestnancov.
20:47
and these countries,
especially a middle class
especially a middle class
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A v týchto krajinách,
kde ani stredná trieda
kde ani stredná trieda
20:50
that is seeing that there's
really no future
really no future
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nevidí žiadnu budúcnosť
20:53
with this total instability and
total privatization of security
total privatization of security
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kvôli totálnej nestabilite
a privatizácii bezpečnostných služieb,
a privatizácii bezpečnostných služieb,
20:57
I think there's an opportunity,
a window for change.
a window for change.
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predstavujú takéto projekty
nádej na zmenu.
nádej na zmenu.
21:00
CA: But to make this happen, you have
to look at each part in the chain --
to look at each part in the chain --
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CA: Ale aby sa tá zmena udiala,
treba podchytiť všetky časti reťazca
treba podchytiť všetky časti reťazca
21:05
the police, who else?
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– okrem polície je to ešte čo?
21:07
GH: So that's the thing
about law enforcement,
about law enforcement,
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2281
GH: Orgány činné v trestnom konaní –
21:09
it starts out with the police,
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na začiatku reťazca je polícia,
21:11
they're the front end
of the pipeline of justice,
of the pipeline of justice,
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tam začína výkon spravodlivosti,
21:14
but they hand if off to the prosecutors,
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ale potom sa vec predá prokurátorovi
21:16
and the prosecutors
hand it off to the courts,
hand it off to the courts,
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a ten to posunie na súd.
21:18
and the survivors of violence
have to be supported by social services
have to be supported by social services
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3292
Obete násilia tiež potrebujú
podporu sociálnych služieb
podporu sociálnych služieb
21:21
all the way through that.
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počas celého procesu.
21:22
So you have to do an approach
that pulls that all together.
that pulls that all together.
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2812
Takže treba stratégiu,
ktorá myslí na to všetko.
ktorá myslí na to všetko.
21:25
In the past, there's been a little bit
of training of the courts,
of training of the courts,
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3051
V minulosti boli isté pokroky v súdnictve,
21:28
but they get crappy evidence
from the police,
from the police,
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ale chýbal dôkazový materiál od polície.
21:30
or a little police intervention
that has to do with narcotics or terrorism
that has to do with narcotics or terrorism
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3637
Polícia zasahovala, keď išlo
o drogy alebo terorizmus,
o drogy alebo terorizmus,
21:34
but nothing to do with treating
the common poor person
the common poor person
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ale obyčajného chudobného
nevedela profesionálne ochrániť.
21:37
with excellent law enforcement,
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21:38
so it's about pulling that all together,
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Ak sa to podarí všetko podchytiť,
21:40
and you can actually have people
in very poor communities
in very poor communities
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aj chudobným sa môže dostať ochrany,
21:44
experience law enforcement like us,
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na akú sme zvyknutí my
21:46
which is imperfect in our
own experience, for sure,
own experience, for sure,
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– hoci sa nám nemusí zdať dokonalá.
21:49
but boy, is it a great thing to sense
that you can call 911
that you can call 911
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Každopádne lepšie sa žije s pocitom,
že môžete vytočiť 911
že môžete vytočiť 911
21:52
and maybe someone will protect you.
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a niekto vám príde pomôcť.
21:55
CA: Gary, I think you've done
a spectacular job
a spectacular job
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CA: Gary, myslím, že sa ti tu dnes –
a tiež prostredníctvom tvojej knihy –
21:57
of bringing this to the world's attention
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podarilo upozorniť svetovú verejnosť
na tento problém.
na tento problém.
21:59
in your book and right here today.
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22:01
Thanks so much.
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Ďakujeme.
22:02
Gary Haugen.
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Gary Haugen.
22:03
(Applause)
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(potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Gary Haugen - Human rights attorneyAs founder of International Justice Mission, Gary Haugen fights the chronically neglected global epidemic of violence against the poor.
Why you should listen
While a member of the 1994 United Nations team investigating war crimes in Rwanda, Gary Haugen’s eyes were opened to the appalling extent of violence in the developing world. Upon his return to the US, he founded International Justice Mission, an organization devoted to rescuing victims of global violence including trafficking and slavery.
In The Locust Effect, Haugen outlines the catastrophic effect of everyday violence on the lives of the impoverished, and shows how rampant violence is undermining efforts to alleviate poverty.
Gary Haugen | Speaker | TED.com