TED2015
Gary Haugen: The hidden reason for poverty the world needs to address now
侯嘉理: 現今世界必須正視之貧窮的隱藏成因
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民權律師侯嘉理指出，自1980年代以來，我們的同情心使得全球貧困人口整體下降了。然而，儘管有捐款資助，卻有一個隱藏而普遍的問題，造成貧窮問題持續存在。侯嘉理揭露這黑暗的成因，我們現在必須正視並採取行動。
Gary Haugen - Human rights attorney
As founder of International Justice Mission, Gary Haugen fights the chronically neglected global epidemic of violence against the poor. Full bio
As founder of International Justice Mission, Gary Haugen fights the chronically neglected global epidemic of violence against the poor. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
To be honest, by personality,
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老實說，依我的個性而言，
00:15
I'm just not much of a crier.
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我不是個愛哭泣嚷嚷的人，
00:19
But I think in my career
that's been a good thing.
that's been a good thing.
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但我想在我的工作上那是一件好事。
00:23
I'm a civil rights lawyer,
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我是一個民權律師，
00:24
and I've seen some
horrible things in the world.
horrible things in the world.
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而我見過世界上一些非常可怕的事情，
00:29
I began my career working
police abuse cases in the United States.
police abuse cases in the United States.
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我的職涯始於處理美國的警察濫權案件，
00:32
And then in 1994, I was sent to Rwanda
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然後1994年，我被派到盧安達
00:36
to be the director of the U.N.'s
genocide investigation.
genocide investigation.
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做聯合國的盧安達大屠殺調查團團長，
00:41
It turns out that tears
just aren't much help
just aren't much help
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結果發現當你試著調查一件大屠殺事件的時候
00:45
when you're trying
to investigate a genocide.
to investigate a genocide.
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眼淚沒什麼用。
00:49
The things I had to see,
and feel and touch
and feel and touch
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那些我必須看到、感覺和觸碰的東西，
00:54
were pretty unspeakable.
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都讓人難以言說。
00:57
What I can tell you is this:
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我能告訴你的是：
01:00
that the Rwandan genocide
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盧安達大屠殺
01:02
was one of the world's
greatest failures of simple compassion.
greatest failures of simple compassion.
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是人類世界同情心數一數二的大失敗。
01:09
That word, compassion, actually
comes from two Latin words:
comes from two Latin words:
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同情心（compassion）
這個字其實源自兩個拉丁語的字：
這個字其實源自兩個拉丁語的字：
01:13
cum passio, which simply mean
"to suffer with."
"to suffer with."
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「cum passio」，
直接的意思就是「和什麼人一起受苦」
直接的意思就是「和什麼人一起受苦」
01:18
And the things that I saw and experienced
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而那些我在盧安達看到和經歷的事物，
01:22
in Rwanda as I got up close
to human suffering,
to human suffering,
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讓我感受到人們承受的苦難，
01:24
it did, in moments, move me to tears.
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那些時候，讓我流淚了。
01:28
But I just wish that I,
and the rest of the world,
and the rest of the world,
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但我希望我自己，和整個世界。
01:30
had been moved earlier.
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能早一點對此有同情心，
01:33
And not just to tears,
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不只是流淚，
01:35
but to actually stop the genocide.
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而是阻止這場慘案。
01:38
Now by contrast, I've also been involved
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相對地
01:41
with one of the world's greatest
successes of compassion.
successes of compassion.
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我也經歷了同情心所帶來最好的成果，
01:47
And that's the fight against
global poverty.
global poverty.
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也就是全球性的對抗貧窮的運動。
01:50
It's a cause that probably
has involved all of us here.
has involved all of us here.
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這場運動可能跟我們所有人都有關係。
01:52
I don't know if your first introduction
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我不知道你們第一次了解到貧窮問題，
01:54
might have been choruses of
"We Are the World,"
"We Are the World,"
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是因為〈We Are the World〉這首合唱曲，
01:58
or maybe the picture of a sponsored child
on your refrigerator door,
on your refrigerator door,
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或是你家冰箱門上貼的資助兒童的照片，
02:02
or maybe the birthday you
donated for fresh water.
donated for fresh water.
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或是你生日時捐助了新鮮的飲用水。
02:06
I don't really remember what my first
introduction to poverty was
introduction to poverty was
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我不太記得什麼讓我第一次了解貧窮問題，
02:09
but I do remember the most jarring.
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不過我記得最難過的一次，
02:13
It was when I met Venus --
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那是我遇到維納斯的時候。
02:15
she's a mom from Zambia.
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她是來自尚比亞的母親，
02:18
She's got three kids and she's a widow.
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是一位有著三個孩子的寡婦，
02:21
When I met her, she had walked
about 12 miles
about 12 miles
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當我看到她，她走了19多公里的路
02:25
in the only garments she owned,
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她穿著她唯一一套衣服
02:27
to come to the capital city
and to share her story.
and to share her story.
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到首都來敘說她的故事。
02:31
She sat down with me for hours,
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她坐了好幾個小時
02:35
just ushered me in to
the world of poverty.
the world of poverty.
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引領我進入貧窮的世界。
02:40
She described what it was like
when the coals on the cooking fire
when the coals on the cooking fire
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她所描述貧窮的景況，
像是：燒爐火的煤炭
像是：燒爐火的煤炭
02:43
finally just went completely cold.
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最終熄滅冷卻了。
02:46
When that last drop
of cooking oil finally ran out.
of cooking oil finally ran out.
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烹調的油用盡最後一滴。
02:51
When the last of the food,
despite her best efforts,
despite her best efforts,
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盡最大的努力撙節
02:55
ran out.
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還是用盡了所有的食物。
02:58
She had to watch her youngest son, Peter,
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她不得不看著最小的兒子彼得
03:01
suffer from malnutrition,
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患上營養不良，
03:03
as his legs just slowly bowed
into uselessness.
into uselessness.
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他的腿慢慢蜷曲而無法行走，
03:07
As his eyes grew cloudy and dim.
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他的眼睛變得迷矇灰暗，
03:11
And then as Peter finally grew cold.
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最後他的身體變得冰冷。
03:18
For over 50 years, stories like this
have been moving us to compassion.
have been moving us to compassion.
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過去五十年，像這樣的故事
激起我們的同情心
激起我們的同情心
03:23
We whose kids have plenty to eat.
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餵飽了很多孩子，
03:26
And we're moved not only
to care about global poverty,
to care about global poverty,
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我們不只關心世界貧窮，
03:29
but to actually try to do our part
to stop the suffering.
to stop the suffering.
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也試著盡力阻止它，
03:34
Now there's plenty of room for critique
that we haven't done enough,
that we haven't done enough,
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現在有許多批判的空間，
顯示我們做得還不夠。
顯示我們做得還不夠。
03:37
and what it is that we've done
hasn't been effective enough,
hasn't been effective enough,
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而且我們做的事情不夠有效。
03:41
but the truth is this:
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不過事實是
03:44
The fight against global poverty
is probably the broadest,
is probably the broadest,
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對抗貧窮的活動大概是人們的同情心
03:48
longest running manifestation of the
human phenomenon of compassion
human phenomenon of compassion
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有史以來
03:53
in the history of our species.
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發揮影響最廣泛的活動。
03:56
And so I'd like to share
a pretty shattering insight
a pretty shattering insight
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我想分享一個驚人的觀察，
04:00
that might forever change the way
you think about that struggle.
you think about that struggle.
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可能會從此改變你對於對抗貧窮的想法。
04:04
But first, let me begin with what
you probably already know.
you probably already know.
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不過首先，
我還是從大家知道的一些事情開始。
我還是從大家知道的一些事情開始。
04:07
Thirty-five years ago, when I would have
been graduating from high school,
been graduating from high school,
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35年前，我將從高中畢業的時候
04:10
they told us that 40,000 kids every day
died because of poverty.
died because of poverty.
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每天有四萬個孩童死於貧窮。
04:17
That number, today, is now
down to 17,000.
down to 17,000.
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現在的數字已經降到一萬七千人。
04:21
Way too many, of course,
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當然這數字還是太多，
04:23
but it does mean that every year,
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不過確實代表著每一年
04:26
there's eight million kids who
don't have to die from poverty.
don't have to die from poverty.
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有八百萬個孩童不再死於貧窮。
04:31
Moreover, the number of
people in our world
people in our world
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還有，在這世界上
04:34
who are living in extreme poverty,
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每天生活費只有1.25美元
04:36
which is defined as living off
about a dollar and a quarter a day,
about a dollar and a quarter a day,
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被定義為赤貧的人們，
04:39
that has fallen from 50 percent,
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從50%
04:43
to only 15 percent.
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下降到只有15%，
04:47
This is massive progress,
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這是極大的進展，
04:48
and this exceeds everybody's
expectations about what is possible.
expectations about what is possible.
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超乎所有人的預期。
04:54
And I think you and I,
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而且說實話，我認為你我
04:57
I think, honestly, that we can
feel proud and encouraged
feel proud and encouraged
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都可以感到自豪且受到鼓勵。
05:01
to see the way that compassion
actually has the power
actually has the power
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看到惻隱之心發揮力量，
05:05
to succeed in stopping
the suffering of millions.
the suffering of millions.
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成功阻止數百萬人受苦。
05:10
But here's the part that you
might not hear very much about.
might not hear very much about.
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但是你大概不太知道，
05:14
If you move that poverty mark just
up to two dollars a day,
up to two dollars a day,
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如果把貧窮的標準上移到一天2美元，
05:19
it turns out that virtually
the same two billion people
the same two billion people
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世界上幾乎仍然有20億人
05:22
who were stuck in that harsh poverty
when I was in high school,
when I was in high school,
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處於極度貧窮的狀態，
05:26
are still stuck there,
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和我高中時一樣
05:28
35 years later.
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在35年之後。
05:30
So why, why are so many billions
still stuck in such harsh poverty?
still stuck in such harsh poverty?
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為什麼有這麼多的幾十億人仍深陷於極度貧窮？
05:36
Well, let's think about
Venus for a moment.
Venus for a moment.
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讓我們再回想一下維納斯，
05:39
Now for decades, my wife and I have been
moved by common compassion
moved by common compassion
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幾十年來，我妻子和我出於惻隱之心，
05:43
to sponsor kids, to fund microloans,
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資助孩童、借出微型貸款，
05:45
to support generous levels of foreign aid.
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慷慨地援助國外活動，
05:49
But until I had actually talked to Venus,
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不過若不是到我跟維納斯談過後，
05:52
I would have had no idea that
none of those approaches
none of those approaches
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我並不知道那些方式
05:55
actually addressed why she had
to watch her son die.
to watch her son die.
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都沒辦法改變她看著她兒子死去。
06:01
"We were doing fine," Venus told me,
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「我們本來過得還好，」維納斯告訴我
06:06
"until Brutus started to cause trouble."
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「直到布魯圖斯開始找麻煩。」
06:10
Now, Brutus is Venus' neighbor
and "cause trouble"
and "cause trouble"
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布魯圖斯是維納斯的鄰居，
06:13
is what happened the day after
Venus' husband died,
Venus' husband died,
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找麻煩是指維納斯的丈夫死後第二天，
06:17
when Brutus just came and threw
Venus and the kids out of the house,
Venus and the kids out of the house,
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布魯圖斯就過來把維納斯和孩子趕出房子。
06:21
stole all their land, and robbed
their market stall.
their market stall.
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偷走他們的土地，搶走他們的市場攤位。
06:26
You see, Venus was thrown
into destitution by violence.
into destitution by violence.
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維納斯的貧困是暴力所招致的。
06:32
And then it occurred to me, of course,
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然後我突然意識到，
06:34
that none of my child sponsorships,
none of the microloans,
none of the microloans,
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我對兒童的資助、微型貸款，
06:38
none of the traditional
anti-poverty programs
anti-poverty programs
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傳統的反貧窮方案，
06:42
were going to stop Brutus,
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沒有一樣能夠阻止布魯圖斯這種人，
06:46
because they weren't meant to.
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沒有一樣是用來阻止暴力的。
06:49
This became even more clear
to me when I met Griselda.
to me when I met Griselda.
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事情在我遇到葛莉塞達變得更清楚
06:54
She's a marvelous young girl
living in a very poor community
living in a very poor community
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她是一個了不起的女孩，
06:59
in Guatemala.
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生活在瓜地馬拉一個貧窮社區裡。
07:00
And one of the things
we've learned over the years
we've learned over the years
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我們過去所了解到的，
07:03
is that perhaps the most powerful thing
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能夠使葛莉塞達和她的家人，
07:05
that Griselda and her family can do
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脫離貧窮
07:08
to get Griselda and her family
out of poverty
out of poverty
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最有效的方法之一
07:11
is to make sure that she goes to school.
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可能是讓她能夠去上學。
07:14
The experts call this the Girl Effect.
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專家們把這叫做「女孩效應」
07:19
But when we met Griselda,
she wasn't going to school.
she wasn't going to school.
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不過當我們遇到葛莉塞達，
她並沒有去上學，
她並沒有去上學，
07:23
In fact, she was rarely ever
leaving her home.
leaving her home.
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事實上，她幾乎沒離開家裡。
07:28
Days before we met her,
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在我們遇見她的幾天前，
07:30
while she was walking home
from church with her family,
from church with her family,
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當她和家人從教堂回家，
07:32
in broad daylight,
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在光天化日之下
07:35
men from her community
just snatched her off the street,
just snatched her off the street,
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她社區裡的男人將她從街道上拖走，
07:38
and violently raped her.
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而且強暴了她。
07:41
See, Griselda had every
opportunity to go to school,
opportunity to go to school,
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葛莉塞達是可以去上學的，
07:46
it just wasn't safe for her to get there.
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但到學校的路卻是如此的危險。
07:49
And Griselda's not the only one.
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葛莉塞達不是唯一一個。
07:52
Around the world, poor women and girls
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世界上，貧窮的女人和女孩，
07:55
between the ages of 15 and 44,
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在15到44歲之間，
08:00
they are -- when victims of
the everyday violence
the everyday violence
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她們是家庭暴力與性暴力等，
08:04
of domestic abuse and sexual violence --
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日常暴力的受害者。
08:07
those two forms of violence account
for more death and disability
for more death and disability
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而這兩種暴力所造成的死亡和殘疾人數，
08:12
than malaria, than car accidents,
than war combined.
than war combined.
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超過瘧疾、車禍和戰爭的總和。
08:23
The truth is, the poor of our world
are trapped in whole systems of violence.
are trapped in whole systems of violence.
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所以事實是，我們這世界的貧窮，
是由整個暴力系統所造成的牢籠。
是由整個暴力系統所造成的牢籠。
08:28
In South Asia, for instance,
I could drive past this rice mill
I could drive past this rice mill
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舉例而言，在南亞，
我開車經過碾米廠
我開車經過碾米廠
08:32
and see this man hoisting
these 100-pound sacks
these 100-pound sacks
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看到一個男人把100磅的袋子們，
08:35
of rice upon his thin back.
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背在瘦弱的背上。
08:37
But I would have no idea, until later,
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但我直到後來才知道
08:38
that he was actually a slave,
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他是個奴隸，
08:41
held by violence in that rice mill
since I was in high school.
since I was in high school.
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從我上高中的時候，
他就為碾米廠的暴力所控制。
他就為碾米廠的暴力所控制。
08:46
Decades of anti-poverty programs
right in his community
right in his community
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數十年來在他生活的社區，
許多對抗貧窮的方案，
許多對抗貧窮的方案，
08:50
were never able to rescue him
or any of the hundred other slaves
or any of the hundred other slaves
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都無法將幾百個奴隸中的一個，
08:54
from the beatings and the rapes
and the torture
and the torture
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從碾米廠的毒打、強姦和酷刑中，
08:57
of violence inside the rice mill.
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解救出來。
09:01
In fact, half a century of
anti-poverty programs
anti-poverty programs
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事實上，半個世紀以來的脫貧方案，
09:06
have left more poor people in slavery
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讓更多窮人淪為奴隸的數量，
09:09
than in any other time in human history.
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比人類有史以來其他時候的數量還要多。
09:13
Experts tell us that there's about
35 million people in slavery today.
35 million people in slavery today.
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專家說現在大約有三千五百萬人是奴隸
09:19
That's about the population
of the entire nation of Canada,
of the entire nation of Canada,
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相當於加拿大整個國家的人口，
09:22
where we're sitting today.
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也是我們今天所在之地。
09:26
This is why, over time, I have come
to call this epidemic of violence
to call this epidemic of violence
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這就是為什麼，我開始
稱這種傳染病一樣的暴力行為，
稱這種傳染病一樣的暴力行為，
09:29
the Locust Effect.
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蝗蟲效應。
09:31
Because in the lives of the poor,
it just descends like a plague
it just descends like a plague
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因為在窮人的生活裡，
它就像瘟疫一樣降臨，
它就像瘟疫一樣降臨，
09:34
and it destroys everything.
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摧毀了一切。
09:37
In fact, now when you survey
very, very poor communities,
very, very poor communities,
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事實上，當你調查非常、
非常貧窮的社區時，
非常貧窮的社區時，
09:41
residents will tell you that their
greatest fear is violence.
greatest fear is violence.
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居民會告訴你，
他們最大的恐懼就是暴力。
他們最大的恐懼就是暴力。
09:46
But notice the violence that they fear
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注意，他們害怕的暴力
09:48
is not the violence of
genocide or the wars,
genocide or the wars,
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並不是戰爭那種滅族大屠殺，
09:51
it's everyday violence.
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而是日常暴力。
09:54
So for me, as a lawyer, of course,
my first reaction was to think,
my first reaction was to think,
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所以，身為律師，我第一個反應是想
09:57
well, of course we've
got to change all the laws.
got to change all the laws.
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我們必須要改變法律
09:59
We've got to make all this violence
against the poor illegal.
against the poor illegal.
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我們必須把這些欺負窮人的暴力視為非法
10:03
But then I found out, it already is.
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但我隨即發現，
我們已經有這樣的法律了。
我們已經有這樣的法律了。
10:06
The problem is not that
the poor don't get laws,
the poor don't get laws,
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問題不是那些窮人沒有法條可用，
10:09
it's that they don't get law enforcement.
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問題是沒有執法。
10:14
In the developing world,
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在那些開發中國家，
10:16
basic law enforcement systems
are so broken
are so broken
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執法系統如此腐敗，
10:19
that recently the U.N. issued
a report that found
a report that found
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最近聯合國發表報告，
10:22
that "most poor people live
outside the protection of the law."
outside the protection of the law."
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稱「最貧窮的人們生活在法律保護傘之外」。
10:28
Now honestly, you and I have
just about no idea
just about no idea
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說實話，你我無法想見，
10:30
of what that would mean
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這代表什麼意思，
10:32
because we have no
first-hand experience of it.
first-hand experience of it.
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因為我們沒有第一手的經歷。
10:35
Functioning law enforcement for us
is just a total assumption.
is just a total assumption.
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正常執法只是我們理所當然的假設。
10:38
In fact, nothing expresses that assumption
more clearly than three simple numbers:
more clearly than three simple numbers:
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事實上，三個簡單的數字
最能傳達我們的想當然，
最能傳達我們的想當然，
10:43
9-1-1,
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「911」
10:45
which, of course, is the number
for the emergency police operator
for the emergency police operator
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代表在加拿大和美國，
10:48
here in Canada and in the United States,
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緊急聯絡警方的號碼，
10:52
where the average response time
to a police 911 emergency call
to a police 911 emergency call
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911緊急電話的平均回應時間
10:56
is about 10 minutes.
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大約是10分鐘。
10:57
So we take this just
completely for granted.
completely for granted.
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所以我們視為理所當然。
11:00
But what if there was no
law enforcement to protect you?
law enforcement to protect you?
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但是如果沒有執法單位來保護你呢？
11:06
A woman in Oregon recently
experienced what this would be like.
experienced what this would be like.
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一名在奧勒崗的女子經歷了類似的事情。
11:11
She was home alone in her
dark house on a Saturday night,
dark house on a Saturday night,
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週六晚上她一個人在她昏暗的房子裡，
11:15
when a man started to tear
his way into her home.
his way into her home.
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一名男子試圖撬門而入，
11:18
This was her worst nightmare,
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這是她最可怕的夢魘。
11:20
because this man had actually put her
in the hospital from an assault
in the hospital from an assault
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4608
因為兩個禮拜前，
11:25
just two weeks before.
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這名男子才襲擊她，讓她住了院。
11:27
So terrified, she picks up that phone
and does what any of us would do:
and does what any of us would do:
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驚慌失措下，她做了我們都會做的事：
11:30
She calls 911 --
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打給911。
11:33
but only to learn that because
of budget cuts in her county,
of budget cuts in her county,
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4832
但卻發現她的所在郡，因為預算撙節
11:38
law enforcement wasn't available
on the weekends.
on the weekends.
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3369
週末沒有執法單位。
11:41
Listen.
191
689397
790
「聽著，」
11:42
Dispatcher: I don't have anybody
to send out there.
to send out there.
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接線人員說：「我沒辦法派人員過去」
11:45
Woman: OK
193
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1017
女子說：「OK」
11:46
Dispatcher: Um, obviously if he comes
inside the residence and assaults you,
inside the residence and assaults you,
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4103
接線人員說，「如果他要進到你家襲擊你，」
11:50
can you ask him to go away?
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1673
「可以請他離開嗎？」
11:51
Or do you know if
he is intoxicated or anything?
he is intoxicated or anything?
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2243
「或者，你知道他是否醉了？」
11:54
Woman: I've already asked him.
I've already told him I was calling you.
I've already told him I was calling you.
197
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女子：「我已經請他離開了，
而且告訴他我打了911」
而且告訴他我打了911」
11:57
He's broken in before,
busted down my door, assaulted me.
busted down my door, assaulted me.
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2673
「以前他闖入過我家，攻擊了我」
12:00
Dispatcher: Uh-huh.
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945
接線人員：「呃…」
12:01
Woman: Um, yeah, so ...
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女子：「呃，那…」
12:02
Dispatcher: Is there any way you could
safely leave the residence?
safely leave the residence?
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接線人員：
「你有沒有什麼方法可以離開那房子？」
「你有沒有什麼方法可以離開那房子？」
12:05
Woman: No, I can't, because he's blocking
pretty much my only way out.
pretty much my only way out.
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女子：「不，我沒辦法，
他堵住唯一的出路」
他堵住唯一的出路」
12:08
Dispatcher: Well, the only thing I can do
is give you some advice,
is give you some advice,
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3146
接線人員：「好吧，
我唯一能做的是給你一些建議。」
我唯一能做的是給你一些建議。」
12:11
and call the sheriff's office tomorrow.
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2716
「明天我會通知警長辦公室。」
12:14
Obviously, if he comes in and
unfortunately has a weapon
unfortunately has a weapon
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4812
「當然，如果他闖入而且有武器，」
12:19
or is trying to cause you physical harm,
that's a different story.
that's a different story.
206
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3326
「還試圖造成你的身體傷害，
那就是另一回事了。」
那就是另一回事了。」
12:22
You know, the sheriff's office
doesn't work up there.
doesn't work up there.
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2667
「你知道，今天警長辦公室休息，」
12:25
I don't have anybody to send."
208
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2656
「我無法派出任何人。」
12:29
Gary Haugen: Tragically, the woman
inside that house
inside that house
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2653
不幸地，這名女子就在自己房子裡
12:32
was violently assaulted, choked and raped
210
740388
5939
被暴力攻擊、緊扼，及強暴。
12:38
because this is what it means to live
outside the rule of law.
outside the rule of law.
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6044
這是生活在法律保護之外的情形，
12:45
And this is where billions
of our poorest live.
of our poorest live.
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4014
也是那數十億窮人生活的環境。
12:52
What does that look like?
213
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2428
那種生活是什麼樣子呢？
12:54
In Bolivia, for example, if a man
sexually assaults a poor child,
sexually assaults a poor child,
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4428
在玻利維亞，
如果一個男人強暴一個窮小孩，
如果一個男人強暴一個窮小孩，
12:58
statistically, he's at greater risk
of slipping in the shower and dying
of slipping in the shower and dying
215
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4673
以統計數字來看，
他被送進監獄的機率，
他被送進監獄的機率，
13:03
than he is of ever going
to jail for that crime.
to jail for that crime.
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771544
3398
比洗澡滑倒死掉還低。
13:08
In South Asia, if you
enslave a poor person,
enslave a poor person,
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4685
在南亞奴役一個人，
13:12
you're at greater risk of being
struck by lightning
struck by lightning
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780687
2923
被送到監獄的機率
13:15
than ever being sent
to jail for that crime.
to jail for that crime.
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783610
3050
比被雷打到還低。
13:18
And so the epidemic of everyday
violence, it just rages on.
violence, it just rages on.
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4979
這些瘟疫般的日常暴力仍然肆虐，
13:23
And it devastates our efforts to try
to help billions of people
to help billions of people
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摧毀我們努力去幫助的數十億人
13:27
out of their two-dollar-a-day hell.
222
795738
3577
脫離一天2美元地獄的嘗試。
13:31
Because the data just doesn't lie.
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2502
因為資料不會說謊。
13:33
It turns out that you can give
all manner of goods and services
all manner of goods and services
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3059
結果你可以提供窮人
13:36
to the poor,
225
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1153
好的食物和服務，
13:38
but if you don't restrain the hands
of the violent bullies
of the violent bullies
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3126
但是，如果你無法抑止
把東西從他們手中奪走的
把東西從他們手中奪走的
13:41
from taking it all away,
227
809155
1835
暴力霸凌，
13:42
you're going to be very disappointed
in the long-term impact of your efforts.
in the long-term impact of your efforts.
228
810990
4359
你將會對長久以來努力的影響非常失望。
13:47
So you would think that the disintegration
of basic law enforcement
of basic law enforcement
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815889
3771
所以你會想，在開發中國家
13:51
in the developing world
would be a huge priority
would be a huge priority
230
819660
3015
基本執法的崩解是對抗貧窮，
13:54
for the global fight against poverty.
231
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3240
首要解決的問題，
13:57
But it's not.
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2133
不過，事實上並沒有
14:01
Auditors of international assistance
recently couldn't find
recently couldn't find
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3797
國際援助的審計員最近發現，
14:04
even one percent of aid going
to protect the poor
to protect the poor
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832825
3834
對於保護窮人
免於無法無天的日常暴力的援助
免於無法無天的日常暴力的援助
14:08
from the lawless chaos
of everyday violence.
of everyday violence.
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836659
4331
連百分之一都沒有。
14:12
And honestly, when we do talk about
violence against the poor,
violence against the poor,
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3306
說實話，當我們談論對付窮人的暴力行為，
14:16
sometimes it's in the weirdest of ways.
237
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3509
用的方式有時候頗為怪異。
14:19
A fresh water organization tells
a heart-wrenching story
a heart-wrenching story
238
847805
3083
提供新鮮水資源的組織，
說了一個令人痛心的故事：
說了一個令人痛心的故事：
14:22
of girls who are raped on the way
to fetching water,
to fetching water,
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3592
一個女孩在取水的路上被強暴，
14:26
and then celebrates
the solution of a new well
the solution of a new well
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3810
然後還是慶祝新井的落成，
14:30
that drastically shortens their walk.
241
858290
3455
大大縮短了取水的路程。
14:33
End of story.
242
861745
2208
故事到這裡就結束了。
14:36
But not a word about the rapists who
are still right there in the community.
are still right there in the community.
243
864863
5490
但是完全沒有提及，
那些強暴者，還待在那個社區裡。
那些強暴者，還待在那個社區裡。
14:43
If a young woman on one
of our college campuses
of our college campuses
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2314
如果一位我們大學校園裡的年輕女性，
14:46
was raped on her walk to the library,
245
874127
3146
在去圖書館的路上被強暴，
14:49
we would never celebrate the solution
of moving the library closer to the dorm.
of moving the library closer to the dorm.
246
877273
5848
我們絕不會為了將圖書館
遷至離宿舍較近的地方而慶祝。
遷至離宿舍較近的地方而慶祝。
14:55
And yet, for some reason,
this is okay for poor people.
this is okay for poor people.
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3991
但是，為什麼這種事，
卻可以發生在窮人身上？
卻可以發生在窮人身上？
15:00
Now the truth is, the traditional experts
248
888915
2554
事實是，
在經濟發展和消除貧窮領域，
在經濟發展和消除貧窮領域，
15:03
in economic development
and poverty alleviation,
and poverty alleviation,
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2306
傳統的專家們，
15:05
they don't know how to fix this problem.
250
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2260
不知道如何解決這個問題。
15:08
And so what happens?
251
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1821
所以怎麼著？
15:09
They don't talk about it.
252
897856
2091
他們就不提了。
15:13
But the more fundamental reason
253
901237
4171
不過更根本的原因是，
15:17
that law enforcement for the poor
in the developing world
in the developing world
254
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2780
能保護窮人的執法
15:20
is so neglected,
255
908188
1884
在開發中世界是如此被忽視，
15:22
is because the people inside
the developing world, with money,
the developing world, with money,
256
910072
3885
因為開發中世界裡的有錢人，
15:25
don't need it.
257
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2118
不需要這些。
15:29
I was at the World Economic
Forum not long ago
Forum not long ago
258
917165
2580
不久前我在世界經濟論壇
15:31
talking to corporate executives who have
massive businesses in the developing world
massive businesses in the developing world
259
919745
3944
對開發中國家的大規模企業主管演講。
15:35
and I was just asking them,
260
923689
2082
我問他們：
15:37
"How do you guys protect all your people
and property from all the violence?"
and property from all the violence?"
261
925771
5554
「你們如何保護所有人和財產免於暴力？」
15:43
And they looked at each other,
and they said, practically in unison,
and they said, practically in unison,
262
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4822
他們看著彼此，幾乎異口同聲地說：
15:48
"We buy it."
263
936147
2027
「我們用買的。」
15:51
Indeed, private security forces
in the developing world
in the developing world
264
939474
3862
的確，開發中國家裡的私人保全，
15:55
are now, four, five and seven times
larger than the public police force.
larger than the public police force.
265
943336
6810
現在大約是公共警力的四、五或七倍，
16:02
In Africa, the largest employer
on the continent now is private security.
on the continent now is private security.
266
950146
7462
在非洲，現在最大的公司
就是一家做私人保全的。
就是一家做私人保全的。
16:10
But see, the rich can pay for safety
and can keep getting richer,
and can keep getting richer,
267
958884
3818
你看，富人可以付錢給保全，
而且愈來愈有錢，
而且愈來愈有錢，
16:14
but the poor can't pay for it
and they're left totally unprotected
and they're left totally unprotected
268
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3802
但窮人卻無法付錢，就完全沒有保障。
16:18
and they keep getting thrown
to the ground.
to the ground.
269
966504
2570
他們持續被重重摔在地上，
16:22
This is a massive and scandalous outrage.
270
970464
4432
這真是巨大而醜惡的暴行。
16:26
And it doesn't have to be this way.
271
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2953
但它可以不要是這樣的。
16:29
Broken law enforcement can be fixed.
272
977849
2567
破敗的執法可以被修復，
16:32
Violence can be stopped.
273
980416
2080
暴力可以被阻止，
16:34
Almost all criminal justice systems,
274
982496
2392
幾乎所有的犯罪司法系統，
16:36
they start out broken and corrupt,
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都是從破漏腐敗中開始，
16:39
but they can be transformed
by fierce effort and commitment.
by fierce effort and commitment.
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不過它們可以透過激烈的努力和決心轉化。
16:43
The path forward is really pretty clear.
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前方的路的非常清晰。
16:45
Number one: We have to start making
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第一：我們必須要開始
16:49
stopping violence indispensable
to the fight against poverty.
to the fight against poverty.
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讓終止暴力成為對抗貧窮問題不可或缺的一環。
16:53
In fact, any conversation
about global poverty
about global poverty
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事實上，所有攸關全球貧窮的對談，
16:55
that doesn't include the problem
of violence must be deemed not serious.
of violence must be deemed not serious.
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如果沒有討論暴力問題，
就不算認真討論。
就不算認真討論。
17:01
And secondly, we have to begin
to seriously invest resources
to seriously invest resources
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第二，我們必須認真投入資源和專業知識，
17:05
and share expertise to support
the developing world
the developing world
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支持開發中國家
17:09
as they fashion new,
public systems of justice,
public systems of justice,
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來建立新的司法系統，
17:13
not private security,
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而非私人保全。
17:14
that give everybody a chance to be safe.
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提供每個人安全的機會，
17:18
These transformations
are actually possible
are actually possible
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這些轉變真的是可行的，
17:21
and they're happening today.
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而且現在正在發生。
17:23
Recently, the Gates Foundation
funded a project
funded a project
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最近，蓋茲基金會資助了
17:26
in the second largest city
of the Philippines,
of the Philippines,
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在菲律賓第二大城的一個計畫，
17:29
where local advocates
and local law enforcement
and local law enforcement
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讓當地的倡導者和執法單位
17:32
were able to transform corrupt police
and broken courts so drastically,
and broken courts so drastically,
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得以大力地改變腐敗的警察和法庭。
17:39
that in just four short years,
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在短短四年內
17:41
they were able to measurably reduce
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對於貧窮兒童的商業性暴力
17:44
the commercial sexual violence
against poor kids by 79 percent.
against poor kids by 79 percent.
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估計有效減少79%。
17:51
You know, from the hindsight of history,
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事後從歷史看來
17:55
what's always most inexplicable
and inexcusable
and inexcusable
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最令人費解且最不可原諒的，
18:00
are the simple failures of compassion.
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往往是失去了惻隱之心。
18:05
Because I think history convenes
a tribunal of our grandchildren
a tribunal of our grandchildren
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因為我認為歷史會讓我們的孫子評斷
18:10
and they just ask us,
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而且他們會問我們：
18:11
"Grandma, Grandpa, where were you?
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「爺爺、奶奶，您當時在哪裡？」
18:16
Where were you, Grandpa, when
the Jews were fleeing Nazi Germany
the Jews were fleeing Nazi Germany
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「爺爺，當猶太人逃離德國，」
18:19
and were being rejected from our shores?
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「被拒絕疪護的時候，」
18:21
Where were you?
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「你當時在哪裡？」
18:23
And Grandma, where were you
when they were marching
when they were marching
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「奶奶，當他們將我們的日裔美籍鄰居，」
18:26
our Japanese-American neighbors
off to internment camps?
off to internment camps?
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「強制送往集中營的時候，您在哪裡？」
18:30
And Grandpa, where were you
when they were beating
when they were beating
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「爺爺，當我們的非裔美國人鄰居，」
18:32
our African-American neighbors
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「因為想投票而被毆打的時候，」
18:34
just because they were trying
to register to vote?"
to register to vote?"
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「您在哪裡？」
18:38
Likewise, when our grandchildren ask us,
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就像這樣，我們的孫子也會問：
18:42
"Grandma, Grandpa, where were you
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「奶奶、爺爺，當數十億最貧困的人們，」
18:45
when two billion of the world's poorest
were drowning in a lawless chaos
were drowning in a lawless chaos
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「因為缺乏法律保障而遭受日常暴力的時候，」
18:49
of everyday violence?"
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「您在哪裡？」
18:53
I hope we can say that we had compassion,
that we raised our voice,
that we raised our voice,
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我希望我們可以說，
我們發揮了同情心，登高一呼
我們發揮了同情心，登高一呼
18:59
and as a generation, we were moved
to make the violence stop.
to make the violence stop.
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作為這個世代，我們終止了暴力。
19:07
Thank you very much.
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謝謝大家。
19:10
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
19:25
Chris Anderson: Really powerfully argued.
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Chris Anderson: 非常有力的演說，
19:28
Talk to us a bit about
some of the things
some of the things
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告訴我們一些正在拓展的行動吧，
19:31
that have actually been happening to,
for example, boost police training.
for example, boost police training.
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例如加強警察的訓練，
19:37
How hard a process is that?
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這過程有多困難？
19:39
GH: Well, one of the glorious
things that's starting to happen now
things that's starting to happen now
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講者：現在最樂觀的事情是
19:43
is that the collapse of these systems
and the consequences are becoming obvious.
and the consequences are becoming obvious.
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這些系統的腐敗已經浮上檯面了。
19:47
There's actually, now,
political will to do that.
political will to do that.
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政治力量可以解決，
19:50
But it just requires now an investment
of resources and transfer of expertise.
of resources and transfer of expertise.
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但需要資源和專業知識轉化的投入，
19:55
There's a political will struggle
that's going to take place as well,
that's going to take place as well,
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政治上也會發生一些奮戰，
19:58
but those are winnable fights,
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不過是可以打贏的戰爭。
20:00
because we've done some examples
around the world
around the world
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因為我們在世界上已經有一些案例，
20:02
at International Justice Mission
that are very encouraging.
that are very encouraging.
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像「國際公義使命團（IJM）」就很振奮人心。
20:05
CA: So just tell us in one country,
how much it costs
how much it costs
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CA：告訴我們，一個國家要花多少成本，
20:09
to make a material difference
to police, for example --
to police, for example --
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才能在警察系統做到有形的改變，
20:12
I know that's only one piece of it.
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雖然我知道這只是一小部分。
20:14
GH: In Guatemala, for instance,
we've started a project there
we've started a project there
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講者：舉例來說，在瓜地馬拉，
我們開展了一項計畫，
我們開展了一項計畫，
20:17
with the local police
and court system, prosecutors,
and court system, prosecutors,
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訓練當地的警察、司法系統、檢察官，
20:21
to retrain them so that they can
actually effectively bring these cases.
actually effectively bring these cases.
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提升他們處理這些事情的有效執行能力，
20:24
And we've seen prosecutions against
perpetrators of sexual violence
perpetrators of sexual violence
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我們看到針對性暴力的起訴，
20:29
increase by more than 1,000 percent.
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增加了十倍之多，
20:31
This project has been very modestly funded
at about a million dollars a year,
at about a million dollars a year,
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這項計畫的資金算是很節制，
一年大概需要一百萬美金，
一年大概需要一百萬美金，
20:36
and the kind of bang
you can get for your buck
you can get for your buck
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但這類投資非常值得。
20:38
in terms of leveraging
a criminal justice system
a criminal justice system
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若有適當地訓練、激勵和領導，
20:42
that could function if it were properly
trained and motivated and led,
trained and motivated and led,
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能將犯罪司法系統建立起來，發揮功能。
20:47
and these countries,
especially a middle class
especially a middle class
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而且這些國家，尤其是中產階級，
20:50
that is seeing that there's
really no future
really no future
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因為不安穩的情勢和完全私人化的保全
20:53
with this total instability and
total privatization of security
total privatization of security
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而看不到未來的那些地方，
20:57
I think there's an opportunity,
a window for change.
a window for change.
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現在有了一個轉變的機會。
21:00
CA: But to make this happen, you have
to look at each part in the chain --
to look at each part in the chain --
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CA：但要落實這些，你需要注意每個環節
21:05
the police, who else?
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警察、……還有呢？
21:07
GH: So that's the thing
about law enforcement,
about law enforcement,
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講者：執法
21:09
it starts out with the police,
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從警方開始，
21:11
they're the front end
of the pipeline of justice,
of the pipeline of justice,
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他們在司法的最前線，
21:14
but they hand if off to the prosecutors,
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將罪犯送交至檢察官手中，
21:16
and the prosecutors
hand it off to the courts,
hand it off to the courts,
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檢察官把他們交給法庭，
21:18
and the survivors of violence
have to be supported by social services
have to be supported by social services
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而暴力倖存者
21:21
all the way through that.
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需要社會服務的支持，
21:22
So you have to do an approach
that pulls that all together.
that pulls that all together.
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所以你必須有個方法把這些事情串在一起。
21:25
In the past, there's been a little bit
of training of the courts,
of training of the courts,
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過去，法庭的訓練很少，
21:28
but they get crappy evidence
from the police,
from the police,
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他們又從警察那邊拿到爛證據，
21:30
or a little police intervention
that has to do with narcotics or terrorism
that has to do with narcotics or terrorism
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或是有優良的執法系統，
21:34
but nothing to do with treating
the common poor person
the common poor person
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有一些警力介入毒品或恐怖主義，
21:37
with excellent law enforcement,
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但是卻對普通的窮人無所作為。
21:38
so it's about pulling that all together,
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所以重點是一切結合在一起，
21:40
and you can actually have people
in very poor communities
in very poor communities
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然後讓極度貧窮的社區的人們
21:44
experience law enforcement like us,
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也像我們一樣有執法單位的保護。
21:46
which is imperfect in our
own experience, for sure,
own experience, for sure,
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雖然在我們的經驗裡，他們並不完美。
21:49
but boy, is it a great thing to sense
that you can call 911
that you can call 911
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但是，你可以試著體會，
打911，就有人來保護你，
打911，就有人來保護你，
21:52
and maybe someone will protect you.
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是一件很棒的事。
21:55
CA: Gary, I think you've done
a spectacular job
a spectacular job
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CA：嘉理，我覺得你在書上和在這裡
21:57
of bringing this to the world's attention
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喚起了全世界的注意，
21:59
in your book and right here today.
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你做了一件了不起的工作，
22:01
Thanks so much.
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非常謝謝你。
22:02
Gary Haugen.
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侯嘉理。
22:03
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Gary Haugen - Human rights attorneyAs founder of International Justice Mission, Gary Haugen fights the chronically neglected global epidemic of violence against the poor.
Why you should listen
While a member of the 1994 United Nations team investigating war crimes in Rwanda, Gary Haugen’s eyes were opened to the appalling extent of violence in the developing world. Upon his return to the US, he founded International Justice Mission, an organization devoted to rescuing victims of global violence including trafficking and slavery.
In The Locust Effect, Haugen outlines the catastrophic effect of everyday violence on the lives of the impoverished, and shows how rampant violence is undermining efforts to alleviate poverty.
Gary Haugen | Speaker | TED.com