EG 2007
Mark Bittman: What's wrong with what we eat
Mark Bittman o tom, čo je zlé na tom, čo jeme
Filmed:
Readability: 4
4,713,450 views
V tejto horlivej a zábavnej prednáške sa prispievateľ o jedle pre New York Times, Mark Bittman, vkladá do toho, čo je zlé na tom, čo v súčasnosti jeme (priveľa mäsa, príliš málo rastlín; priveľa fast foodu, príliš málo domáceho jedla) a prečo to prináša celú planétu do rizika.
Mark Bittman - Food writer
Mark Bittman is a bestselling cookbook author, journalist and television personality. His friendly, informal approach to home cooking has shown millions that fancy execution is no substitute for flavor and soul. Full bio
Mark Bittman is a bestselling cookbook author, journalist and television personality. His friendly, informal approach to home cooking has shown millions that fancy execution is no substitute for flavor and soul. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I write about food. I write about cooking.
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Píšem o jedle. Píšem o varení.
00:18
I take it quite seriously,
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Beriem to vážne,
00:20
but I'm here to talk about something
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ale som tu, aby som hovoril o niečom,
00:22
that's become very important to me in the last year or two.
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čo sa pre mňa stalo veľmi dôležité v ostatnom roku či dvoch.
00:26
It is about food, but it's not about cooking, per se.
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Je to o jedle, ale nie o varení ako takom.
00:31
I'm going to start with this picture of a beautiful cow.
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Začnem týmto obrázkom krásnej kravy.
00:34
I'm not a vegetarian -- this is the old Nixon line, right?
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Nie som vegetarián - to je stará Nixonova veta, pravda?
00:37
But I still think that this --
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Ale aj tak si myslím, že toto -
00:39
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
00:40
-- may be this year's version of this.
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- môže byť tohtoročná verzia tohto.
00:43
Now, that is only a little bit hyperbolic.
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Je to len trochu prehnané.
00:47
And why do I say it?
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A prečo to vravím?
00:49
Because only once before has the fate of individual people
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Lebo iba raz v minulosti bol osud individuálneho človeka
00:53
and the fate of all of humanity
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a osud celého ľudstva
00:55
been so intertwined.
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tak prepojený.
00:57
There was the bomb, and there's now.
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Bomba bola a je.
01:00
And where we go from here is going to determine
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A to, kam odtiaľto ideme, rozhodne
01:02
not only the quality and the length of our individual lives,
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nielen kvalitu a dĺžku našich jednotlivých životov,
01:06
but whether, if we could see the Earth a century from now,
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ale či, ak by sme sa mohli pozrieť na Zem o storočie neskôr,
01:08
we'd recognize it.
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by sme ju spoznali.
01:10
It's a holocaust of a different kind,
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To je holokaust iného typu
01:12
and hiding under our desks isn't going to help.
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a schovávanie sa pod stolom nepomôže.
01:15
Start with the notion that global warming
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Začnite s ideou, že globálne otepľovanie
01:17
is not only real, but dangerous.
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je nielen reálne, ale aj nebezpečné.
01:19
Since every scientist in the world now believes this,
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Keďže každý vedec na svete tomu teraz verí
01:22
and even President Bush has seen the light, or pretends to,
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a dokonca prezident Bush uvidel svetlo, alebo to predstiera,
01:25
we can take this is a given.
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môžme to brať za dané.
01:28
Then hear this, please.
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Potom si vypočujte toto, prosím.
01:30
After energy production, livestock is the second-highest contributor
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Po produkcii energie je chov dobytka druhým najväčším prispievateľom
01:34
to atmosphere-altering gases.
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plynov, ktoré menia atmosféru.
01:36
Nearly one-fifth of all greenhouse gas
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Skoro jedna pätina všetkých skleníkových plynov
01:40
is generated by livestock production --
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je generovaná produkciou dobytka -
01:42
more than transportation.
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čo je viac ako dopravou.
01:44
Now, you can make all the jokes you want about cow farts,
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Teraz môžte všetci žartovať o kravských plynoch, koľko chcete,
01:48
but methane is 20 times more poisonous than CO2,
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ale metán je dvadsaťkrát jedovatejší ako CO2,
01:51
and it's not just methane.
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a nie je to len metán.
01:53
Livestock is also one of the biggest culprits in land degradation,
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Produkcia dobytka je tiež jedným z najväčších vinníkov znehodnocovania pôdy,
01:57
air and water pollution, water shortages and loss of biodiversity.
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znečistenia vzduchu a vody, nedostatku vody a straty biodiverzity.
02:02
There's more.
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A viac.
02:03
Like half the antibiotics in this country
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Okolo polovice antibiotík v tejto krajine
02:06
are not administered to people, but to animals.
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nie je predpisovaných ľuďom ale zvieratám.
02:09
But lists like this become kind of numbing, so let me just say this:
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Ale takéto zoznamy sa stávajú vcelku otupené, tak ma nechajte povedať len toto,
02:12
if you're a progressive,
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ak ste progresívni,
02:14
if you're driving a Prius, or you're shopping green,
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ak jazdíte na Priuse, alebo nakupujete zelené produkty,
02:17
or you're looking for organic,
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alebo hľadáte organické produkty,
02:19
you should probably be a semi-vegetarian.
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mali by ste pravdepodobne byť polovegetariáni.
02:23
Now, I'm no more anti-cattle than I am anti-atom,
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Teraz, ja nie som viac proti kravám, ako som proti jadru,
02:27
but it's all in the way we use these things.
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ale všetko je v spôsobe, ako veci používate.
02:29
There's another piece of the puzzle,
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Je aj ďalší kúsok hádanky,
02:31
which Ann Cooper talked about beautifully yesterday,
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o ktorom včera krásne hovorila Ann Cooper,
02:33
and one you already know.
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a ktorý už poznáte.
02:36
There's no question, none, that so-called lifestyle diseases --
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Nie je žiadnou otázkou -- žiadnou -- že takzvané choroby životného štýlu --
02:40
diabetes, heart disease, stroke, some cancers --
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cukrovka, srdcové ochorenia, infarkt, niektoré rakoviny --
02:44
are diseases that are far more prevalent here
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sú choroby omnoho častejšie vyskytujúce sa tu,
02:47
than anywhere in the rest of the world.
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ako kdekoľvek inde na svete.
02:49
And that's the direct result of eating a Western diet.
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A to je priamy dôsledok stravovania sa Západnou diétou.
02:53
Our demand for meat, dairy and refined carbohydrates --
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Náš dopyt po mäse, mliečnych výrobkoch a rafinovaných karbohydrátoch --
02:57
the world consumes one billion cans or bottles of Coke a day --
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svet spotrebuje jednu miliardu plechoviek či fliaš Coca Coly denne --
03:02
our demand for these things, not our need, our want,
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náš dopyt po týchto veciach, nie naša potreba, ale naše chcenie --
03:06
drives us to consume way more calories than are good for us.
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nás vedie ku konzumácii omnoho viac kalórií, ako je pre nás dobré.
03:10
And those calories are in foods that cause, not prevent, disease.
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A tie kalórie v jedle sú príčinou, nie prevenciou chorôb.
03:15
Now global warming was unforeseen.
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Globálne otepľovanie bolo nepredvídané.
03:17
We didn't know that pollution did more than cause bad visibility.
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Nevedeli sme, že znečistenie spôsobuje viac ako len zlú viditeľnosť.
03:21
Maybe a few lung diseases here and there,
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Možno zopár pľúcnych ochorení tu či tam.
03:23
but, you know, that's not such a big deal.
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ale viete, to nie je veľký problém.
03:26
The current health crisis, however,
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Súčasná kríza zdravia je však
03:28
is a little more the work of the evil empire.
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trochu viac prácou zlého impéria.
03:31
We were told, we were assured,
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Bolo nám povedané, boli sme uistení,
03:34
that the more meat and dairy and poultry we ate,
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že čím viac mäsa a mliečnych výrobkov by sme zjedli,
03:36
the healthier we'd be.
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tým zdravší by sme boli.
03:38
No. Overconsumption of animals, and of course, junk food,
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Nie. Nadkomzumácia zvierat a samozrejme junk foodu (nezdravého jedla),
03:41
is the problem, along with our paltry consumption of plants.
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je problém, spolu s našou minimálnou konzumáciou rastlín.
03:45
Now, there's no time to get into the benefits of eating plants here,
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Teraz tu však nie je čas rozprávať o výhodách jedenia zvierat,
03:48
but the evidence is that plants -- and I want to make this clear --
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ale dôkazy vravia, že rastliny -- a toto chcem vyjasniť --
03:51
it's not the ingredients in plants, it's the plants.
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nie sú to ingrediencie v rastlinách, ale sú to priamo rastliny.
03:55
It's not the beta-carotene, it's the carrot.
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Nie je to beta-karotén, je to mrkva.
03:58
The evidence is very clear that plants promote health.
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Dôkazy hovoria veľmi jasne, že rastliny zlepšujú zdravie.
04:02
This evidence is overwhelming at this point.
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Dôkazy sú v tomto bode prevládajúce.
04:04
You eat more plants, you eat less other stuff, you live longer.
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Jete viac rastlín, jete menej ostatného jedla, žijete dlhšie.
04:08
Not bad.
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Nie je to zlé.
04:10
But back to animals and junk food.
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Ale späť k zvieratám a junk foodu.
04:12
What do they have in common?
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Čo majú spoločné?
04:14
One: we don't need either of them for health.
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Za prvé: ani jedno ku zdraviu nepotrebujeme.
04:17
We don't need animal products,
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Nepotrebujeme živočíšne produkty
04:19
and we certainly don't need white bread or Coke.
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a istotne nepotrebujeme biely chlieb či Coca Colu.
04:22
Two: both have been marketed heavily,
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Za druhé: oboje boli a sú mimoriadne reklamované,
04:24
creating unnatural demand.
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čo vytvára nezvyčajný dopyt.
04:26
We're not born craving Whoppers or Skittles.
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Nerodíme sa s túžbou po hamburgeroch či cukríkoch.
04:31
Three: their production has been supported by government agencies
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Za tretie: ich produkcia bola a je podporovaná vládnymi agentúrami
04:34
at the expense of a more health- and Earth-friendly diet.
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na úkor zdravia a diéty nepoškodzujúcej Zem.
04:37
Now, let's imagine a parallel.
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Teraz si predstavme paralelu.
04:41
Let's pretend that our government supported an oil-based economy,
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Predstierajme, že naša vláda podporila ekonomiku založenú na rope,
04:44
while discouraging more sustainable forms of energy,
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zatiaľ čo odhovára od lepšie udržateľnejších zdrojov energie
04:48
knowing all the while that the result would be
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po celý čas vediac, že výsledkom bude
04:50
pollution, war and rising costs.
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znečistenie, vojna a zvyšovanie nákladov.
04:52
Incredible, isn't it?
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Neuveriteľné, však?
04:54
Yet they do that.
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A aj tak to robí.
04:56
And they do this here. It's the same deal.
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A robia to aj tu. Je to to isté.
04:58
The sad thing is, when it comes to diet,
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Smutné je, že keď príde na diétu,
05:00
is that even when well-intentioned Feds
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aj keď sa dokonca dobromyseľní federáli
05:02
try to do right by us, they fail.
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snažia robiť správnu vec, zlyhajú.
05:07
Either they're outvoted by puppets of agribusiness,
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Buď sú prehlasovaní bábkami potravinového biznisu,
05:10
or they are puppets of agribusiness.
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alebo sú bábkami potravinového biznisu.
05:12
So, when the USDA finally acknowledged
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Takže keď USDA konečne priznala,
05:16
that it was plants, rather than animals, that made people healthy,
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že sú to skôr rastliny ako zvieratá, čo robia ľudí zdravých,
05:20
they encouraged us, via their overly simplistic food pyramid,
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povzbudzovali nás prostredníctvom ich príliš zjednodušenej potravinovej pyramídy,
05:24
to eat five servings of fruits and vegetables a day,
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aby sme jedli päť porcií ovocia a zeleniny denne
05:27
along with more carbs.
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spolu s viac karbohydrátmi.
05:29
What they didn't tell us is that some carbs are better than others,
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Čo nám nepovedali, je, že niektoré karbohydráty sú lepšie ako ostatné
05:32
and that plants and whole grains
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a že rastliny a celé zrná
05:34
should be supplanting eating junk food.
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by mali nahrádzať junk food.
05:36
But industry lobbyists would never let that happen.
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Ale to by priemyselní lobysti nikdy nedovolili.
05:39
And guess what?
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A hádajte čo?
05:41
Half the people who developed the food pyramid
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Polovica ľudí, čo vyvinuli potravinovú pyramídu,
05:43
have ties to agribusiness.
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majú väzby na potravinový biznis.
05:45
So, instead of substituting plants for animals,
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Takže namiesto nahradenia rastlín za zvieratá
05:48
our swollen appetites simply became larger,
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sa naše nafúknuté apetíty jednoducho zväčšili
05:51
and the most dangerous aspects of them remained unchanged.
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a ich najnebezpečnejšie aspekty zostali nezmenené.
05:55
So-called low-fat diets, so-called low-carb diets --
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Takzvané s nízkym prísunom tukov či karbohydrátov --
05:59
these are not solutions.
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to nie sú riešenia.
06:01
But with lots of intelligent people
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Ale aj cez množstvo inteligentných ľudí
06:03
focusing on whether food is organic or local,
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sústrediacich sa na to, či jedlo je organické alebo lokálne,
06:06
or whether we're being nice to animals,
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alebo či sme dobrí na zvieratá,
06:08
the most important issues just aren't being addressed.
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tým najdôležitejším problémom sa stále nevenuje pozornosť.
06:11
Now, don't get me wrong.
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Nechápte ma zle.
06:13
I like animals,
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Mám rád zvieratá
06:15
and I don't think it's just fine to industrialize their production
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a nemyslím si, že je správne industrializovať ich produkciu
06:18
and to churn them out like they were wrenches.
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a chŕliť ich, akoby boli francúzske kľúče.
06:21
But there's no way to treat animals well,
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Ale nie je spôsob ako dobre zaobchádzať so zvieratami,
06:24
when you're killing 10 billion of them a year.
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ak ich zabíjate 10 miliárd ročne.
06:27
That's our number. 10 billion.
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To je naše číslo. 10 miliárd.
06:29
If you strung all of them --
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Ak ich vystrelíte všetky --
06:31
chickens, cows, pigs and lambs -- to the moon,
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kurence, kravy, prasatá a jahňatá -- na mesiac,
06:35
they'd go there and back five times, there and back.
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pôjdu tam a späť päťkrát -- tam a späť.
06:37
Now, my math's a little shaky, but this is pretty good,
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Moja matematika je trochu kostrbatá, ale toto je vcelku dobré,
06:40
and it depends whether a pig is four feet long or five feet long,
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a záleží to na tom, či je prasa dlhé 4 či 5 stôp,
06:43
but you get the idea.
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ale máte predstavu.
06:45
That's just the United States.
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A to sú iba Spojené štáty.
06:48
And with our hyper-consumption of those animals
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A s našou hyperkonzumáciou týchto zvierat
06:50
producing greenhouse gases and heart disease,
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produkujúcou skleníkové plyny a srdcové ochorenia,
06:53
kindness might just be a bit of a red herring.
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dobré správanie k nim môže byť trošičku zavádzajúce.
06:56
Let's get the numbers of the animals we're killing for eating down,
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Stiahnime dolu počty zvierať, ktoré zabíjame kvôli jedlu
07:00
and then we'll worry about being nice to the ones that are left.
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a potom sa starajme o to byť dobrí na tie, čo ostali.
07:04
Another red herring might be exemplified by the word "locavore,"
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Ďalšie zavádzanie môže byť ukázané napríklad na slove "miestnožravec",
07:08
which was just named word of the year by the New Oxford American Dictionary.
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čo bolo práve vymenované za Slovo roka Novým Oxfordským Americkým Slovníkom (New Oxford American Dictionary).
07:11
Seriously.
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Vážne.
07:13
And locavore, for those of you who don't know,
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A miestnožravec, pre tých z vás, čo neviete,
07:15
is someone who eats only locally grown food --
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je niekto, kto je iba miestne produkované jedlá.
07:17
which is fine if you live in California,
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Čo je skvelé, ak žijete v Kalifornii,
07:20
but for the rest of us it's a bit of a sad joke.
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ale pre nás ostatných je to len smutný vtip.
07:23
Between the official story -- the food pyramid --
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Medzi oficiálnym príbehom -- potravinovou pyramídou --
07:26
and the hip locavore vision,
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a populárnou víziou miestnožravcov
07:28
you have two versions of how to improve our eating.
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máte dve verzie, ako zlepšiť naše stravovanie.
07:30
(Laughter).
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(smiech)
07:32
They both get it wrong, though.
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Avšak obe to chápu zle.
07:34
The first at least is populist, and the second is elitist.
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Prvá je minimálne populistická a druhá je elitárska.
07:38
How we got to this place is the history of food in the United States.
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Ako sme sa se mdostali, možno vidieť v histórii Spojených štátov.
07:42
And I'm going to go through that,
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A ja cez to pôjdem,
07:44
at least the last hundred years or so, very quickly right now.
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aspoň posledných 100 rokov, veľmi rýchlo práve teraz.
07:47
A hundred years ago, guess what?
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Sto rokov dozadu, hádajte čo?
07:49
Everyone was a locavore: even New York had pig farms nearby,
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Všetci boli miestnožravci, dokonca aj New York mal prasačie farmy nablízku
07:53
and shipping food all over the place was a ridiculous notion.
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a transportovať jedlo po celom štáte bola smiešna idea.
07:57
Every family had a cook, usually a mom.
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Každá rodina mala kuchára, zvyčajne matku.
08:00
And those moms bought and prepared food.
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A tieto mamy kupovali a pripravovali jedlo.
08:03
It was like your romantic vision of Europe.
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Bolo to ako romantická vízia o Európe.
08:05
Margarine didn't exist.
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Margarín neexistoval.
08:07
In fact, when margarine was invented,
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V skutočnosti, keď bol vynájdený margarín,
08:10
several states passed laws declaring that it had to be dyed pink,
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niekoľko štátov prijalo zákony požadujúce, aby bol margarín nafarbený na ružovo,
08:14
so we'd all know that it was a fake.
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takže by sme vedeli, že je to nepravé.
08:17
There was no snack food, and until the '20s,
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Snacky neexistovali až do dvadsiatych rokov,
08:19
until Clarence Birdseye came along, there was no frozen food.
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dokým Clarence Birdseye neprišiel, nebolo ani mrazené jedlo.
08:22
There were no restaurant chains.
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Neexistovali ani siete reštaurácií.
08:25
There were neighborhood restaurants run by local people,
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Boli reštaurácie v susedstvách prevádzkované miestnymi obyvateľmi,
08:27
but none of them would think to open another one.
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ale žiadny z nich by neuvažoval o otvorení ďalšej.
08:29
Eating ethnic was unheard of unless you were ethnic.
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Etnické stravovanie bolo neslýchané, ak ste neboli príslušníkov etnika.
08:32
And fancy food was entirely French.
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Drahé jedlá boli výlučne francúzske.
08:35
As an aside, those of you who remember
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Len tak bokom, pre tých z vás ktorí si pamätáte
08:38
Dan Aykroyd in the 1970s doing Julia Child imitations
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Dana Aykroyda v sedemdesiatych rokoch ako imitoval Juliu Child,
08:42
can see where he got the idea of stabbing himself from this fabulous slide.
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môžte vidieť, kde vzal ten nápad dobodať sa z tohto skvelého obrázku.
08:47
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
08:48
Back in those days, before even Julia,
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V tých časoch, dokonca pred Juliou,
08:52
back in those days, there was no philosophy of food.
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späť v tých časoch nebola filozofia jedla.
08:54
You just ate.
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Proste ste jedli.
08:56
You didn't claim to be anything.
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Nevyhlasovali ste, že niečo ste.
08:58
There was no marketing. There were no national brands.
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Nebol marketing. Neboli národné značky.
09:01
Vitamins had not been invented.
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Vitamíny neboli vynájdené.
09:04
There were no health claims, at least not federally sanctioned ones.
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Neboli požiadavky na zdravie, aspoň nie federálne vynútiteľné.
09:07
Fats, carbs, proteins -- they weren't bad or good, they were food.
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Tuky, karbohydráty, bielkoviny -- neboli zlé alebo dobré, boli jedlo.
09:11
You ate food.
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Jedli ste jedlo.
09:14
Hardly anything contained more than one ingredient,
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Máločo obsahovali viac ako jednu ingredienciu,
09:16
because it was an ingredient.
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lebo to bolo ingredienciou.
09:18
The cornflake hadn't been invented.
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Kukuričné vločky neboli vynájdené.
09:20
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
09:21
The Pop-Tart, the Pringle, Cheez Whiz, none of that stuff.
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Pop-Tart, Pringle, Cheez Whiz, nič z toho.
09:24
Goldfish swam.
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Chrumky Goldfish.
09:26
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
09:28
It's hard to imagine. People grew food, and they ate food.
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Je to ťažké si predstaviť. Ľudia jedlo pestovali a jedli.
09:31
And again, everyone ate local.
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A znovu, všetci jedli lokálne.
09:34
In New York, an orange was a common Christmas present,
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V New Yorku pomaranč bol zvyčajný vianočný darček,
09:37
because it came all the way from Florida.
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ale prešiel celú cestu až z Floridy.
09:41
From the '30s on, road systems expanded,
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Počínajúc tridsiatymi rokmi cestné systémy expandovali,
09:43
trucks took the place of railroads,
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nákladiaky nahradili železnice,
09:45
fresh food began to travel more.
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čerstvé jedlo začalo viac cestovať.
09:47
Oranges became common in New York.
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Pomaranče sa stali v New Yorku bežné.
09:49
The South and West became agricultural hubs,
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Juh a Západ sa stali potravinové centrá
09:52
and in other parts of the country, suburbs took over farmland.
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a v ostatných častiach krajiny predmestia prevzali ornú pôdu.
09:55
The effects of this are well known. They are everywhere.
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Dôsledky tohto sú veľmi dobre známe, sú všade.
09:58
And the death of family farms is part of this puzzle,
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Koniec rodinných fariem je časťou tohto rébusu,
10:01
as is almost everything
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ako je aj všetko
10:03
from the demise of the real community
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od konca reálnej komunity
10:05
to the challenge of finding a good tomato, even in summer.
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po problém nájsť dobrú paradajku, dokonca aj v lete.
10:09
Eventually, California produced too much food to ship fresh,
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Kalifornia produkovala priveľa jedla, aby sa dalo transportovať čerstvé,
10:13
so it became critical to market canned and frozen foods.
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tak sa stalo rozhodujúce predávať plechovkové a mrazené jedlá.
10:16
Thus arrived convenience.
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A tak prišla pohodlnosť.
10:18
It was sold to proto-feminist housewives
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Bola daná prvým feministickým ženám v domácnosti
10:20
as a way to cut down on housework.
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ako cesta na zníženie domácich prác.
10:22
Now, I know everybody over the age of, like 45 --
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Teraz, viem, že každý starší ako, povedzme, 45 --
10:25
their mouths are watering at this point.
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teraz im vlhnú ústa.
10:27
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
10:28
(Applause)
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(potlesk)
10:29
If we had a slide of Salisbury steak, even more so, right?
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Ak by sme mali obrázok Salisbury steaku, ešte viac, však?
10:33
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
10:35
But this may have cut down on housework,
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Ale toto mohlo znížiť domáce práce,
10:37
but it cut down on the variety of food we ate as well.
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ale znížilo aj rozmanitosť jedál, ktoré jeme.
10:40
Many of us grew up never eating a fresh vegetable
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Mnoho z nás vyrástlo nejediac čerstvú zeleninu
10:44
except the occasional raw carrot or maybe an odd lettuce salad.
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s výnimkou občasnej surovej mrkvy či možno zeleného šalátu.
10:48
I, for one -- and I'm not kidding --
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Ja som -- nežartujem --
10:50
didn't eat real spinach or broccoli till I was 19.
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nejedol ozajstný špenát či brokolicu, kým som mal 19 rokov.
10:54
Who needed it though? Meat was everywhere.
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Kto to však potreboval? Mäso bolo všade.
10:56
What could be easier, more filling or healthier for your family
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Čo mohlo byť jednoduchšie, sýtejšie a zdravšie pre vašu rodinu
10:59
than broiling a steak?
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ako pečený steak?
11:01
But by then cattle were already raised unnaturally.
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Ale už vtedy bol dobytok chovaný neprirodzene.
11:05
Rather than spending their lives eating grass,
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Skôr ako tráviac životy spásaním trávy,
11:07
for which their stomachs were designed,
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pre ktorú bol ich žalúdok uspôsobený,
11:10
they were forced to eat soy and corn.
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sú nútené jesť sóju a kukuricu.
11:12
They have trouble digesting those grains, of course,
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Majú problémy tieto zrná tráviť, samozrejme,
11:15
but that wasn't a problem for producers.
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ale to nebol problém pre producentov.
11:18
New drugs kept them healthy.
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Nové lieky ich udržiavali zdravé.
11:21
Well, they kept them alive.
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Dobre, držali ich nažive.
11:23
Healthy was another story.
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Zdravé je iný príbeh.
11:25
Thanks to farm subsidies,
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Vďaka podporám pre farmárov,
11:27
the fine collaboration between agribusiness and Congress,
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špeciálnej spolupráci medzi potravinovým biznisom a Kongresom,
11:30
soy, corn and cattle became king.
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sója, kukurica a dobytok sa stali kráľmi.
11:32
And chicken soon joined them on the throne.
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A čoskoro sa pridalo kura.
11:35
It was during this period that the cycle of
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Bolo to v tomto čase, keď
11:38
dietary and planetary destruction began,
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začal cyklus deštrukcie diéty a planéty,
11:40
the thing we're only realizing just now.
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niečo, čo si uvedomujeme až teraz.
11:42
Listen to this,
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Počúvajte toto,
11:44
between 1950 and 2000, the world's population doubled.
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medzi rokmi 1950 a 2000 sa populácia sveta zdvojnásobila.
11:49
Meat consumption increased five-fold.
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Spotreba mäsa sa späťnásobila.
11:52
Now, someone had to eat all that stuff, so we got fast food.
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Niekto to však musel všetko zjesť, takže máme fast food (rýchle občerstvenie).
11:59
And this took care of the situation resoundingly.
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A to sa rozhodne postaralo o situáciu.
12:02
Home cooking remained the norm, but its quality was down the tubes.
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Domáce varenie ostalo štandardom, ale kvalita šla dolu vodou.
12:06
There were fewer meals with home-cooked breads, desserts and soups,
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Bolo menej jedál s domácim chlebom, dezertami a polievkami,
12:10
because all of them could be bought at any store.
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pretože sa všetky dali kúpiť v hocijakom obchode.
12:12
Not that they were any good, but they were there.
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Niežeby boli nejak dobré, ale boli.
12:15
Most moms cooked like mine:
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Väčšina mám varila ako moja --
12:17
a piece of broiled meat, a quickly made salad with bottled dressing,
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kus pečeného mäsa, na rýchlo spravený šalát s dressingom z flaše,
12:21
canned soup, canned fruit salad.
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plechovková polievka, plechovkový šalát.
12:23
Maybe baked or mashed potatoes,
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Možno pečené zemiaky alebo pyré
12:26
or perhaps the stupidest food ever, Minute Rice.
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alebo možno najstupídnejšie jedlo vôbec -- minútková ryža.
12:29
For dessert, store-bought ice cream or cookies.
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Ako dezert zmrzlina alebo sušienky kúpené v obchode.
12:33
My mom is not here, so I can say this now.
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Moja mama tu teraz nie je, takže to môžem povedať.
12:37
This kind of cooking drove me to learn how to cook for myself.
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Tento typ varenia ma dohnal k tomu, aby som sa naučil variť pre seba.
12:41
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
12:42
It wasn't all bad.
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Nebolo to všetko zlé.
12:44
By the '70s, forward-thinking people
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V sedemdesiatych rokoch progresívni ľudia
12:46
began to recognize the value of local ingredients.
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začali rozpoznávať hodnotu miestnych surovín.
12:49
We tended gardens, we became interested in organic food,
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Starali sme sa o záhrady, začali sme sa zaujímať o organické jedlo,
12:52
we knew or we were vegetarians.
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poznali sme alebo sme boli vegetariáni.
12:54
We weren't all hippies, either.
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Ale tiež sme všetci neboli hippies.
12:56
Some of us were eating in good restaurants and learning how to cook well.
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Niektorí z nás jedávali v dobrých reštauráciách a učili sa, ako dobre variť.
12:59
Meanwhile, food production had become industrial. Industrial.
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Zatiaľ sa produkcia jedla stala priemyslom. Priemyslom.
13:04
Perhaps because it was being produced rationally,
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Zrejme lebo sa jedlo produkovalo racionálne,
13:07
as if it were plastic,
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akoby to bol plast,
13:09
food gained magical or poisonous powers, or both.
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jedlo získalo magickú alebo jedovatú moc, alebo oboje.
13:13
Many people became fat-phobic.
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Mnoho ľudí sa začalo báť tuku.
13:15
Others worshiped broccoli, as if it were God-like.
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Ďalší vzývali brokolicu, akoby bola božská.
13:19
But mostly they didn't eat broccoli.
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Ale zväčša brokolicu nejedli.
13:21
Instead they were sold on yogurt,
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Namiesto toho im bol predávaný jogurt,
13:23
yogurt being almost as good as broccoli.
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jogurt temer tak dobrý ako brokolica.
13:25
Except, in reality, the way the industry sold yogurt
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Avšak v skutočnosti spôsob ako priemysel predával jogurt
13:28
was to convert it to something much more akin to ice cream.
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bol, že ho zmenili na niečo veľmi podobné zmrzline.
13:31
Similarly, let's look at a granola bar.
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Podobne sa pozrime na muesli tyčinku.
13:34
You think that that might be healthy food,
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Myslíte si, že je to zdravé jedlo,
13:36
but in fact, if you look at the ingredient list,
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ale v skutočnosti, ak sa pozriete na zoznam zložiek,
13:38
it's closer in form to a Snickers than it is to oatmeal.
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je to bližšie Snickers ako ovseným vločkám.
13:43
Sadly, it was at this time that the family dinner was put in a coma,
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Naneštastie vtedy boli rodinné večere uložené do kómy,
13:46
if not actually killed --
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ak nie rovno zabité.
13:49
the beginning of the heyday of value-added food,
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Začiatok zlatých časov jedál s pridanou hodnotou,
13:52
which contained as many soy and corn products
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ktoré obsahovali toľko sójových a kukuričných produktov,
13:54
as could be crammed into it.
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koľko sa do nich dalo napchať.
13:56
Think of the frozen chicken nugget.
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Predstavte si mrazené kuracie nugety.
13:58
The chicken is fed corn, and then its meat is ground up,
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Kura je kŕmené kukuricou a potom je jeho mäso pomleté
14:01
and mixed with more corn products to add bulk and binder,
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a zmiešané s ďalšími kukuričnými produktami na pridanie hmoty a tmelu
14:05
and then it's fried in corn oil.
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a potom je smažené v kukuričnom oleji.
14:09
All you do is nuke it. What could be better?
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Len to ohrejete v mikrovlnke. Čo môže byť lepšie?
14:12
And zapped horribly, pathetically.
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A je to hrozne zahriate, patetické.
14:15
By the '70s, home cooking was in such a sad state
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V sedemdesiatych rokoch bolo domáce varenie v tak smutnom stave,
14:19
that the high fat and spice contents of foods
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že vysoký obsah tuku a korenín v jedlách
14:22
like McNuggets and Hot Pockets --
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ako McNuggets a horúce taštičky --
14:24
and we all have our favorites, actually --
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všetci máme svoje obľúbené --
14:27
made this stuff more appealing than the bland things
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spravil tieto jedlá príťažlivejšie ako nechutné veci,
14:29
that people were serving at home.
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čo ľudia jedli doma.
14:31
At the same time, masses of women were entering the workforce,
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V rovnakom čase sa masy žien stávali pracovnou silou
14:35
and cooking simply wasn't important enough
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a varenie už proste nebolo také dôležité,
14:37
for men to share the burden.
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aby muži zdieľali toto bremeno.
14:39
So now, you've got your pizza nights, you've got your microwave nights,
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Takže teraz máte svoje pizzové noci, máte mikrovlnkové noci,
14:42
you've got your grazing nights,
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máte noci pasenia,
14:44
you've got your fend-for-yourself nights and so on.
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máte svoje "staraj sa o seba" noci a tak.
14:47
Leading the way -- what's leading the way?
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Čo vedie cestu?
14:50
Meat, junk food, cheese:
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Mäso, junk food, syr.
14:52
the very stuff that will kill you.
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Presne to, čo vás zabije.
14:54
So, now we clamor for organic food.
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Takže teraz túžime po organickom bio jedle.
14:56
That's good.
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To je dobré.
14:58
And as evidence that things can actually change,
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A ako dôkaz, že veci sa vlastne môžu zmeniť,
15:00
you can now find organic food in supermarkets,
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môžte teraz vidieť organické bio jedlá v supermarketoch,
15:02
and even in fast-food outlets.
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a dokonca aj v rýchlych občerstveniach.
15:04
But organic food isn't the answer either,
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Ale organické bio jedlá tiež nie sú vždy odpoveďou,
15:06
at least not the way it's currently defined.
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aspoň nie spôsobom, ako sú momentálne definované.
15:09
Let me pose you a question.
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Dovoľte mi položiť vám otázku.
15:11
Can farm-raised salmon be organic,
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Môže byť losos chovaný na farme organický (bio),
15:13
when its feed has nothing to do with its natural diet,
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ak jeho krmivo nemá nič spoločné s prírodnou stravou,
15:18
even if the feed itself is supposedly organic, and the fish themselves
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dokonca aj keď strava je údajne organická, a ryby samotné
15:22
are packed tightly in pens, swimming in their own filth?
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sú na tesno stlačené v akváriách plávajúc vo vlastných výkaloch?
15:27
And if that salmon's from Chile, and it's killed down there
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A ak je ten losos z Čile a je zabitý tam dolu
15:31
and then flown 5,000 miles, whatever,
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a potom dopravený na 5000 mil, alebo koľko,
15:34
dumping how much carbon into the atmosphere?
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vypustiac koľko uhlíka do atmosféry?
15:37
I don't know.
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Neviem.
15:39
Packed in Styrofoam, of course,
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Zabalený v polystyréne, samozrejme,
15:41
before landing somewhere in the United States,
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pred pristátím kdesi v USA
15:44
and then being trucked a few hundred more miles.
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a potom prepravený ďalších pár sto míľ.
15:46
This may be organic in letter, but it's surely not organic in spirit.
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Toto môže byť organické na papieri, ale isto nie duchom.
15:52
Now here is where we all meet.
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Teraz sa tu všetci stretávame.
15:54
The locavores, the organivores, the vegetarians,
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Miestnožravci, biožrúti, vegetariáni,
15:57
the vegans, the gourmets
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vegáni, pôžitkári
15:59
and those of us who are just plain interested in good food.
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a tí z nás, ktorí sa proste zaujímame o dobré jedlo.
16:03
Even though we've come to this from different points,
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Aj keď sme k tomu prišli z rôznych bodov,
16:06
we all have to act on our knowledge
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všetci musíme konať na základe našich vedomostí,
16:08
to change the way that everyone thinks about food.
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aby sme zmenili spôsob, akým o jedle všetci zmýšľajú.
16:12
We need to start acting.
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Musíme začať konať.
16:14
And this is not only an issue of social justice, as Ann Cooper said --
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A toto nie je len problém sociálnej spravodlivosti, ako povedala Ann Cooper --
16:18
and, of course, she's completely right --
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a samozrejme má úplnú pravdu --
16:20
but it's also one of global survival.
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ale je to aj problém globálneho prežitia.
16:22
Which bring me full circle and points directly to the core issue,
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Čo ma privádza okruhom a smeruje priamo do centra tohto problému,
16:27
the overproduction and overconsumption of meat and junk food.
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nadprodukcia a nadkonzumácia mäsa a junk foodu (rýchleho nezdravého jedla).
16:31
As I said, 18 percent of greenhouse gases
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Ako som povedal, 18 percent skleníkových plynov
16:34
are attributed to livestock production.
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sa pripisuje chovu a produkcii dobytka.
16:37
How much livestock do you need to produce this?
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Koľko dobytka na vyprodukovanie tohto potrebujete?
16:40
70 percent of the agricultural land on Earth,
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70 percent poľnohospodárskej pôdy na zemi.
16:43
30 percent of the Earth's land surface is directly or indirectly devoted
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30 percent pevného povrchu Zeme je priamo alebo nepriamo venovaných
16:49
to raising the animals we'll eat.
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chovu zvierat, ktoré zjeme.
16:52
And this amount is predicted to double in the next 40 years or so.
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A predpokladá sa, že sa táto suma zdvojnásobí v ďalších 40 rokoch.
16:55
And if the numbers coming in from China
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A ak sú čísla prichádzajúce z Číny
16:57
are anything like what they look like now,
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niečo také, ako teraz vyzerajú,
17:00
it's not going to be 40 years.
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nebude to 40 rokov.
17:02
There is no good reason for eating as much meat as we do.
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Nie je žiadny dobrý dôvod, aby sme jedli tak veľa mäsa, ako jeme.
17:06
And I say this as a man who has eaten a fair share of corned beef in his life.
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A to vravím, ako človek, čo zjedol slušný kus soleného hovädzieho v jeho živote.
17:11
The most common argument is that we need nutrients --
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Najčastejším argumentom je, že potrebujeme výživu --
17:14
even though we eat, on average, twice as much protein
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aj keď jeme v priemere dvakrát toľko bielkovín,
17:17
as even the industry-obsessed USDA recommends.
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ako aj dokonca priemyslom posadnutá USDA odporúča.
17:22
But listen: experts who are serious about disease reduction
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Ale počúvajte -- experti, ktorí vážne hovoria o redukcii chorôb,
17:26
recommend that adults eat just over half a pound of meat per week.
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odporúčajú, aby dospelí jedli len nad pol libry (ca 220 g) mäsa týždenne.
17:32
What do you think we eat per day? Half a pound.
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Koľko si myslíte, že jeme denne? Pol libry.
17:36
But don't we need meat to be big and strong?
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Ale nepotrebujeme mäso, aby sme boli veľkí a silní?
17:39
Isn't meat eating essential to health?
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Nie je jedenie mäsa základom zdravia?
17:42
Won't a diet heavy in fruit and vegetables
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Nepremení nás ťažká ovocná a zeleninová diéta
17:44
turn us into godless, sissy, liberals?
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na bezbožných, zženštilých, liberálov?
17:47
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
17:48
Some of us might think that would be a good thing.
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Niektorí z nás si môžu myslieť, že by to bolo dobré.
17:51
But, no, even if we were all steroid-filled football players,
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Ale nie, dokonca aj keby sme všetci boli steroidmi naplnení futbaloví hráči,
17:56
the answer is no.
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odpoveď je nie.
17:58
In fact, there's no diet on Earth that meets
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V skutočnosti na Zemi neexistuje strava, ktorá spĺňa
18:02
basic nutritional needs that won't promote growth,
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základné výživové potreby, ktorá nepodporuje rast
18:06
and many will make you much healthier than ours does.
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a mnohé z nich vás spravia zdravšími ako tie naše.
18:09
We don't eat animal products for sufficient nutrition,
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Nejeme živočíšne produkty pre dostatok výživy,
18:12
we eat them to have an odd form of malnutrition, and it's killing us.
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jeme ich, aby sme mali zvláštnu formu zlej výživy, ktorá nás zabíja.
18:18
To suggest that in the interests of personal and human health
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Navrhnúť, aby v záujme osobného a ľudského zdravia
18:21
Americans eat 50 percent less meat --
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jedli Američania o 50 percent menej mäsa --
18:24
it's not enough of a cut, but it's a start.
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nie je to dostatočné, ale je to začiatok.
18:27
It would seem absurd, but that's exactly what should happen,
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Môže sa to zdať absurdné, ale to je presne to, čo by sa malo stať
18:32
and what progressive people, forward-thinking people
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a čo progresívni, dopredu mysliaci ľudia
18:35
should be doing and advocating,
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mali robiť a propagovať
18:38
along with the corresponding increase in the consumption of plants.
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spolu so zodpovedajúcim nárastom konzumácie rastlín.
18:42
I've been writing about food more or less omnivorously --
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Píšem o jedle viac menej všežravo --
18:45
one might say indiscriminately -- for about 30 years.
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jeden by mohol povedať nediskriminačne -- už okolo 30 rokov.
18:48
During that time, I've eaten
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Počas tohto času som jedol
18:50
and recommended eating just about everything.
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a odporúčal jesť temer všetko.
18:54
I'll never stop eating animals, I'm sure,
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Nikdy neprestanem jesť zvieratá, to som si istý,
18:57
but I do think that for the benefit of everyone,
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ale myslím, že pre dobro všetkých
18:59
the time has come to stop raising them industrially
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prišiel čas, aby sme ich prestali chovať priemyselne
19:02
and stop eating them thoughtlessly.
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a prestali jesť nezmyselne.
19:04
Ann Cooper's right.
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Ann Cooper má pravdu.
19:06
The USDA is not our ally here.
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USDA v tomto nie je náš spojenec.
19:11
We have to take matters into our own hands,
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Musíme vziať veci do vlastných rúk,
19:13
not only by advocating for a better diet for everyone --
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nielen obhajovaním lepšieho stravovania pre všetkých --
19:16
and that's the hard part -- but by improving our own.
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a to je tá najťažšia časť -- ale aj zlepšením toho vlastného.
19:20
And that happens to be quite easy.
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A to sa deje vcelku jednoducho.
19:22
Less meat, less junk, more plants.
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Menej mäsa, menej odpadu, viac rastlín.
19:25
It's a simple formula: eat food.
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Je to jednoduchý recept -- jedzte jedlo.
19:27
Eat real food.
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Jedzte skutočné jedlo.
19:29
We can continue to enjoy our food, and we continue to eat well,
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Môžme pokračovať vo vychutnávaní si nášho jedla a pokračujeme v dobrom jedení
19:33
and we can eat even better.
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a môžme jesť dokonca ešte lepšie.
19:35
We can continue the search for the ingredients we love,
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Môžme pokračovať v hľadaní surovín, ktoré milujeme,
19:38
and we can continue to spin yarns about our favorite meals.
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a môžme pokračovať v rozprávaní o našich obľúbených jedlách.
19:43
We'll reduce not only calories, but our carbon footprint.
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Neznížime len kalórie, ale aj naše uhlíkové stopy.
19:47
We can make food more important, not less,
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Môžme spraviť jedlo dôležitejšie, nie menej,
19:50
and save ourselves by doing so.
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a zachrániť tým samých seba.
19:52
We have to choose that path.
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Musíme si vybrať cestu.
19:55
Thank you.
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Ďakujem.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mark Bittman - Food writerMark Bittman is a bestselling cookbook author, journalist and television personality. His friendly, informal approach to home cooking has shown millions that fancy execution is no substitute for flavor and soul.
Why you should listen
Although Mark Bittman never formally trained as a chef, his pursuits as a curious and tenacious foodie have made him a casual culinary master. His weekly New York Times food column, The Minimalist, meshes accessible and inexpensive ingredients with "anyone-can" cooking techniques to produce exceedingly delicious dishes. Bittman's funny, friendly attitude and trademark informal approach to food-craft extend to his blockbuster TV programs (which retain delays and mishaps that other producers would edit out), his blog, Bitten, and ambitious cookbooks, like How to Cook Everything and The Best Recipes in the World.
After a decade as the "Minimalist," Bittman has emerged a respected spokesperson on all things edible: He's concerned about the ecological and health impacts of our modern diet, which he characterizes as overwhelmingly meat-centered and hooked on fast food. His criticism has the world listening: His revolutionary How to Cook Everything Vegetarian (sequel to How to Cook Everything), is a bestseller, and his memorable talk at the 2007 EG Conference (available now on TED.com) delivered a stinging condemnation of the way we eat now. A subsequent New York Times article pursued the same argument.
Bittman's newest book, Food Matters, explores the link between our eating habits and the environment, offering an accessible plan for a planet-friendly diet.
Mark Bittman | Speaker | TED.com