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Juan Enriquez: Will our kids be a different species?
Juan Enriquez: A do te jene femijet tane qenie te ndryshme?
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Pergjate evoluimit njerezor, versione te ndryshme te njeriut kane bashke-ekzistuar. A jemi ne me te permirsuar tani? Tek TEDxSummit, Juan Enriquez udheton ne kohe dhe hapesire per te na sjelle ne nje moment aktual--dhe tregon se si teknologjia po demaskon evidencen qe supozon se nje evolucion i shpejte mund te jete prane.
Juan Enriquez - Futurist
Juan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society. Full bio
Juan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
All right. So, like all good stories,
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Ne rregull. Si te gjitha ngjarjet e mira,
00:18
this starts a long, long time ago
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kjo fillon qe prej shume kohesh,
00:20
when there was basically nothing.
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kur nuk gjindej asgje perreth.
00:22
So here is a complete picture of the universe
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Ja se si eshte imazhi i kompletuar i universit
00:24
about 14-odd billion years ago.
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para pothuajse 14 miliarde viteve.
00:28
All energy is concentrated into a single point of energy.
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E gjithe energjia ishte e permbledhur ne nje pike te vetme te energjise.
00:31
For some reason it explodes,
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Ajo shperthen per nje lloj arsyeje.
00:32
and you begin to get these things.
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dhe ti fillon te jesh pjese e ketyre gjerave.
00:35
So you're now about 14 billion years into this.
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Ja pra, je pjese e kesaj qe prej 14 miliarde viteve.
00:37
And these things expand and expand and expand
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Dhe keto gjera zmadhohen e zmadhohen e zmadhohen
00:39
into these giant galaxies,
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ne galaksi gjigante
00:41
and you get trillions of them.
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dhe formohen bilionat e tyre.
00:42
And within these galaxies
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Dhe brenda ketyre galaksive
00:44
you get these enormous dust clouds.
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verehen keto re te medha pluhuri.
00:47
And I want you to pay particular attention
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Dhe dua qe ju t'i kushtoni vemendje te vecante
00:48
to the three little prongs
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atyre tri degezimeve te vogla
00:50
in the center of this picture.
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ne qender te fotografise.
00:52
If you take a close-up of those,
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Nese i sheh me afer
00:53
they look like this.
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ato duken keshtu.
00:55
And what you're looking at is columns of dust
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Dhe tani ju jeni duke shikuar kolona pluhuri
00:58
where there's so much dust --
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ku ka me te vertete shume pluhur
01:00
by the way, the scale of this is a trillion vertical miles --
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meqenese ra fjala, ato jane te gjata nje bilion milje vertikalisht.
01:04
and what's happening is there's so much dust,
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dhe ajo cfare ndodh eshte se aty ka aq shume pluhur
01:07
it comes together and it fuses
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i cili grumbullohet dhe shperthen
01:09
and ignites a thermonuclear reaction.
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dhe nxit nje reaksion termonuklear.
01:12
And so what you're watching
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Ajo cfare ju po shikoni tani
01:13
is the birth of stars.
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eshte se si yjet lindin.
01:15
These are stars being born out of here.
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Keto jane yjet te cilat formohen nga ketu.
01:17
When enough stars come out,
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Kur ka yje te mjaftueshme qe dalin nga ketu,
01:19
they create a galaxy.
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ato me pas krijojne nje galaksi.
01:21
This one happens to be a particularly important galaxy,
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Kjo tani eshte nje galaksi shume e rendesishme
01:24
because you are here.
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sepse ju jeni ketu.
01:27
(Laughter)
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(Te qeshura)
01:28
And as you take a close-up of this galaxy,
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Dhe duke iu afruar kesaj galaksie,
01:30
you find a relatively normal,
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ju gjeni nje yll
01:32
not particularly interesting star.
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relativisht jo shume interesant.
01:34
By the way, you're now about two-thirds of the way into this story.
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Meqe ra fjala, ju jeni pothuajse 2/3-tat me afer kesaj storieje.
01:38
So this star doesn't even appear
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Pra, ky yll nuk paraqitet fare
01:40
until about two-thirds of the way into this story.
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deri tek 2/3-tat e ketij rrugetimi.
01:43
And then what happens
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Dhe ajo cfare ndodh me pas
01:44
is there's enough dust left over
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eshte se ka mjaft pluhur te mbetur
01:46
that it doesn't ignite into a star,
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sa qe nuk formon nje yll
01:48
it becomes a planet.
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por behet nje planet.
01:50
And this is about a little over four billion years ago.
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Dhe kjo ndodhi pak me shume se 4 miliarde vite me pare.
01:54
And soon thereafter
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Dhe pas nje kohe
01:56
there's enough material left over
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ka ende material te mbetur
01:58
that you get a primordial soup,
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qe mundeson te marresh nje "supe fillestare"
02:02
and that creates life.
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e cila krijon jete.
02:04
And life starts to expand and expand and expand,
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Dhe jeta fillon te zgjerohet e zgjerohet e zgjerohet
02:08
until it goes kaput.
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derisa eshte kaput.
02:10
(Laughter)
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(Te qeshura)
02:13
Now the really strange thing
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Ne fakt, gjeja me e cuditshme
02:15
is life goes kaput, not once, not twice,
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eshte se jeta behet kaput, jo nje here, as dy here,
02:18
but five times.
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por pese here.
02:20
So almost all life on Earth
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Kjo i bie qe pothuajse e gjithe jeta ne Toke
02:22
is wiped out about five times.
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fiket per pothuajse pese here.
02:24
And as you're thinking about that,
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Perderisa ju e mendoni kete,
02:26
what happens is you get more and more complexity,
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ajo cfare ndodh eshte se ju merrni me shume kompleksitet
02:28
more and more stuff
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shume e me shume gjera
02:30
to build new things with.
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per te ndertuar gjera te reja.
02:34
And we don't appear
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Ne nuk shfaqemi
02:35
until about 99.96 percent of the time into this story,
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deri pothuajse 99.96 perqind te kohes
02:41
just to put ourselves and our ancestors in perspective.
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vetem e vetem qe te veme veten dhe paraardhesit ne perspektive.
02:44
So within that context, there's two theories of the case
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Brenda ketij konteksti, jane dy teori
02:48
as to why we're all here.
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qe tregojne se pse jemi ne te gjithe ketu.
02:50
The first theory of the case
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Teoria e pare
02:51
is that's all she wrote.
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eshte qe kjo eshte e gjitha qe ajo shkroi.
02:55
Under that theory,
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Nen ate teori
02:56
we are the be-all and end-all
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ne jemi te jemi- te gjithe dhe te perfundojme-te gjithe
02:58
of all creation.
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te te gjithe krijimit.
03:00
And the reason for trillions of galaxies,
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Arsyeja per biliona galaksi,
03:02
sextillions of planets,
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dhe shume planeteve,
03:04
is to create something that looks like that
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eshte te krijohet dicka qe duket si kjo
03:09
and something that looks like that.
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dhe dicka qe duket si ajo.
03:13
And that's the purpose of the universe;
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Dhe ky eshte qellimi i universit;
03:14
and then it flat-lines,
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kurse me pas sheshohet
03:16
it doesn't get any better.
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nuk behet me mire.
03:17
(Laughter)
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(Te qeshura)
03:21
The only question you might want to ask yourself is,
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Pyetja e vetme qe mund ti beni vetes eshte qe
03:24
could that be just mildly arrogant?
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a mund te jete kjo shume arrogante?
03:29
And if it is --
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Dhe nese eshte
03:31
and particularly given the fact that we came very close to extinction.
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po ashtu duke e marrur parasysh edhe faktin qe ne kemi ardhur shume afer zhdukjes.
03:37
There were only about 2,000 of our species left.
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Aty kishin mbetur rreth 2,000 te specieve tona.
03:40
A few more weeks without rain,
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Disa jave me shume pa te reshura shiu,
03:42
we would have never seen any of these.
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ne nuk do t'i kishim pare kurre keto.
03:45
(Laughter)
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(Te qeshura)
03:52
(Applause)
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(Duartrokitje)
03:56
So maybe you have to think about a second theory
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Ndoshta duhet te mendohet per nje teori te dyte
03:59
if the first one isn't good enough.
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nese e para nuk eshte aq e mire.
04:02
Second theory is: Could we upgrade?
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Teoria e dyte eshte qe: A mundemi te permiresohemi?
04:04
(Laughter)
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(Te qeshura)
04:07
Well, why would one ask a question like that?
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Po per cfare arsye do ta bente dikush nje pyetje te ketille?
04:10
Because there have been at least 29 upgrades so far
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Sepse ne fakt vecse jane bere 29 permiresime deri tani
04:13
of humanoids.
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te njerezve.
04:15
So it turns out that we have upgraded.
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Si duket ne qenkemi permiresuar.
04:18
We've upgraded time and again and again.
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Ne jemi permiresuar pa ndalur.
04:20
And it turns out that we keep discovering upgrades.
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Dhe duket se ne ende vazhdojme te zbulojme permiresime.
04:22
We found this one last year.
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Ne kemi gjetur nje vitin e kaluar.
04:25
We found another one last month.
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Ne kemi gjetur nje tjeter muajin e kaluar.
04:27
And as you're thinking about this,
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Dhe gjate kohes qe e mendon kete
04:29
you might also ask the question:
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do te mund te pyesesh:
04:32
So why a single human species?
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Pse nje specie e vetme njerezore?
04:35
Wouldn't it be really odd
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A s'do te ishte shume cudi
04:36
if you went to Africa and Asia and Antarctica
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po te shkoje ne Afrike, Azi dhe Antarktike
04:40
and found exactly the same bird --
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dhe te gjeje zogun e njejte
04:43
particularly given that we co-existed at the same time
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meqenese ne kemi bashke-ekzistuar ne kohen e njejte
04:47
with at least eight other versions of humanoid
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me te pakten tete versione te tjera te njerezimit
04:49
at the same time on this planet?
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ne kohen e njejte ne kete planet?
04:52
So the normal state of affairs
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Gjendja normale e ketyre puneve
04:54
is not to have just a Homo sapiens;
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eshte qe jo vetem te kemi Homo sapiens;
04:56
the normal state of affairs
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gjendje normale
04:57
is to have various versions of humans walking around.
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eshte te kesh versione te ndryshme te njerezve qe ecin perreth.
05:01
And if that is the normal state of affairs,
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Dhe nese kjo gje eshte normale
05:04
then you might ask yourself,
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me pas ju mund ta pyesni veten
05:06
all right, so if we want to create something else,
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ne rregull pra, meqenese ne deshirojme te krijojme dicka ndryshe,
05:08
how big does a mutation have to be?
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sa i madh duhet te jete mutacioni?
05:11
Well Svante Paabo has the answer.
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Svante Paabo e ka pergjigjen,
05:14
The difference between humans and Neanderthal
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Ndryshimi ne mes te njerezve dhe Neandertaleve
05:17
is 0.004 percent of gene code.
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eshte 0.004 perqind te kodeve gjenetike.
05:20
That's how big the difference is
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Ja se sa eshte ndryshimi
05:22
one species to another.
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i nje qenieje prej nje tjetre.
05:24
This explains most contemporary political debates.
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Kjo shpjegon debatet me bashkekohore politike.
05:28
(Laughter)
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(Te qeshura)
05:30
But as you're thinking about this,
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Por perderisa po e mendoni kete,
05:33
one of the interesting things
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eshte interesante se sa
05:35
is how small these mutations are and where they take place.
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te vogla jane keto mutacione dhe ku ato ndodhin.
05:38
Difference human/Neanderthal
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Ndryshimi njerezor/Neandertal
05:40
is sperm and testis,
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eshte sperma dhe testis,
05:41
smell and skin.
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aroma dhe lekura.
05:43
And those are the specific genes
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Dhe keto jane gjenet e vecanta
05:44
that differ from one to the other.
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qe dallojne njera me tjetren.
05:47
So very small changes can have a big impact.
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Qe do te thote se ndryshime te vogla mund te kene nje impakt te madh.
05:50
And as you're thinking about this,
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Dhe per sa kohe e mendoni kete,
05:52
we're continuing to mutate.
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ne vazhdimisht ndryshojme.
05:54
So about 10,000 years ago by the Black Sea,
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Para 10,000 viteve ne Detin e Zi
05:57
we had one mutation in one gene
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ne kemi perjetuar nje ndryshim ne nje gjen
05:59
which led to blue eyes.
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qe solli syte e kalter.
06:02
And this is continuing and continuing and continuing.
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Dhe kjo vazhdon e vazhdon e vazhdon ende.
06:05
And as it continues,
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Duke vazhduar keshtu
06:07
one of the things that's going to happen this year
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nje nder gjerat qe do te ndodh sivjet
06:09
is we're going to discover the first 10,000 human genomes,
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eshte qe ne do t'i zbulojme 10,000 gjenet e para te njeriut
06:12
because it's gotten cheap enough to do the gene sequencing.
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sepse eshte bere me lire te ndash gjenet ne sekuenca.
06:15
And when we find these,
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Dhe kur ne t'i gjejme keto
06:17
we may find differences.
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ne do te hasim ne ndryshime.
06:19
And by the way, this is not a debate that we're ready for,
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Meqe ra fjala, ky nuk eshte nje debate qe ne jemi te gatshem t'a perballojme
06:22
because we have really misused the science in this.
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sepse ne e kemi shperdorur shkencen ne kete rast.
06:26
In the 1920s, we thought there were major differences between people.
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Ne vitet 1920, ne kemi menduar se jemi dallimet me kryesore ndermjet njerezve.
06:29
That was partly based on Francis Galton's work.
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Duke u bazuar kryesisht ne punen e Francis Galton.
06:33
He was Darwin's cousin.
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Ai ishte kusheriri i Darwin-it.
06:35
But the U.S., the Carnegie Institute,
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Por Shtetet e Bashkuara, Instituti i Carnegie,
06:38
Stanford, American Neurological Association
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Stanford, Shoqata Amerikane e Neurologjise
06:40
took this really far.
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e lartesoi edhe me shume.
06:42
That got exported and was really misused.
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E perhapi dhe nuk e perdori ashtu sic duhej.
06:46
In fact, it led to some absolutely horrendous
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Ne fakt, beri qe njerezit te
06:48
treatment of human beings.
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trajtoheshin si te tmerrshem.
06:50
So since the 1940s, we've been saying there are no differences,
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Qe nga vitet 1940, ne kemi thene vazhdimisht qe nuk ka dallime
06:53
we're all identical.
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qe ne jemi identike.
06:54
We're going to know at year end if that is true.
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Kete do ta kuptojme ne fund te vitit nese eshte e vertete.
06:58
And as we think about that,
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Gjate kohes qe e mendojme kete,
06:59
we're actually beginning to find things
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ne jemi ne zbulim te gjerave te reja,
07:01
like, do you have an ACE gene?
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si p.sh, a ke ti nje gjen ACE?
07:04
Why would that matter?
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Por c'rendesi ka?
07:06
Because nobody's ever climbed an 8,000-meter peak without oxygen
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Sepse asnjehere askush nuk eshte ngjitur ne 8,000 lartesi pa oksigjen
07:10
that doesn't have an ACE gene.
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qe nuk e ka nje gjen ACE.
07:13
And if you want to get more specific,
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Po te behemi edhe me specifike,
07:15
how about a 577R genotype?
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po tipi gjenetik i quajtur 577R?
07:18
Well it turns out that every male Olympic power athelete ever tested
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Sic duket, cdo sportist Olimpik i testuar
07:23
carries at least one of these variants.
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posedon nje prej ketyre varianteve.
07:26
If that is true,
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Nese kjo eshte e vertete,
07:28
it leads to some very complicated questions
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na ben te kemi pyetje te komplikuara
07:30
for the London Olympics.
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per Olimpiaden e Londres.
07:32
Three options:
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Tri opsione:
07:33
Do you want the Olympics to be a showcase
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A deshironi qe Olimpiada te jete nje vitrine
07:36
for really hardworking mutants?
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per mutante punetore?
07:39
(Laughter)
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(Te qeshura)
07:40
Option number two:
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Opsioni i dyte:
07:43
Why don't we play it like golf or sailing?
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Pse nuk luajme sikur ne golf apo lundrim?
07:47
Because you have one and you don't have one,
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Sepse ti e ke dhe nuk e ke ate
07:49
I'll give you a tenth of a second head start.
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Do te te jap te dhjetat e sekondit per te filluar.
07:53
Version number three:
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Versioni i trete:
07:54
Because this is a naturally occurring gene
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Meqenese ky eshte nje gjen qe zhvillohet natyrshem
07:56
and you've got it and you didn't pick the right parents,
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ti e ke dhe nuk ke zgjedhur prinderit e duhur,
07:59
you get the right to upgrade.
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ti fiton te drejten per tu permiresuar.
08:03
Three different options.
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Tri opsione te ndryshme.
08:05
If these differences are the difference
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Nese te gjitha keto dallime jane ndryshim
08:06
between an Olympic medal and a non-Olympic medal.
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ne mes te nje medalje Olimpike dhe nje medalje jo-Olimpike.
08:10
And it turns out that as we discover these things,
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Verehet se perderisa ne zbulojme gjera te reja
08:12
we human beings really like to change
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3335
neve si qenie njerezore na pelqen shume te ndryshojme
08:16
how we look, how we act,
188
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1694
menyren se si dukemi, si sillemi
08:17
what our bodies do.
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1594
dhe cfare trupat tane bejne.
08:19
And we had about 10.2 million plastic surgeries in the United States,
190
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4374
Ne kemi pasur 10.2 milion intervenime plastike ne Shtetet e Bashkuara
08:23
except that with the technologies that are coming online today,
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3317
vetem se me teknologjine e sotme online,
08:27
today's corrections, deletions,
192
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2701
korrigjimet e sotme, fshirjet,
08:29
augmentations and enhancements
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1919
arsyetimet dhe zhvillimi
08:31
are going to seem like child's play.
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2913
do te duken sikur nje loje femijesh.
08:34
You already saw the work by Tony Atala on TED,
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3701
Ju vec e keni pare punen e Tony Atala ne TED,
08:38
but this ability to start filling
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3567
por kjo aftesi per ti mbushur gjerat
08:42
things like inkjet cartridges with cells
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me qeliza sikur te ishin bobina bojerash
08:45
are allowing us to print skin, organs
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na lejon neve te printojme lekure, organe
08:49
and a whole series of other body parts.
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2750
dhe nje seri te kompletuar te pjeseve te tjera trupore.
08:52
And as these technologies go forward,
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1884
Perderisa keto teknologji perparojne,
08:54
you keep seeing this, you keep seeing this, you keep seeing things --
201
518409
3784
ti sheh kete, ti sheh kete, ti vazhdon te shohesh gjera
08:58
2000, human genome sequence --
202
522193
2774
2000, sekuenca gjenetike njerezore
09:00
and it seems like nothing's happening,
203
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3782
dhe na duket sikur asgje s'eshte duke ndodhur.
09:04
until it does.
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3112
derisa ndodh pastaj.
09:07
And we may just be in some of these weeks.
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Dhe ne ka shanse qe te jemi ne disa prej ketyre javeve.
09:11
And as you're thinking about
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1599
Gjersa e mendoni
09:12
these two guys sequencing a human genome in 2000
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3451
keta dy persona qe ndane nje gjen te njeriut ne vitin 2000
09:16
and the Public Project sequencing the human genome in 2000,
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3553
dhe Projekti Publik qe ndau nje gjen ne vitin 2000
09:19
then you don't hear a lot,
209
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3164
ateher s'ke degjuar mjaft
09:23
until you hear about an experiment last year in China,
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3984
derisa degjon per nje eksperiment qe u be vitin e kaluar ne Kine,
09:27
where they take skin cells from this mouse,
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4017
ata marrin qeliza trupore te nje miu,
09:31
put four chemicals on it,
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1733
vene 4 kemikale mbi to,
09:32
turn those skin cells into stem cells,
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3566
i shnderrojne ato qeliza trupore ne qeliza trungu,
09:36
let the stem cells grow
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1465
i lene qelizat te rriten
09:37
and create a full copy of that mouse.
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3087
dhe krijojne nje kopje te plote te atij miu.
09:40
That's a big deal.
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Kjo do te thote shume.
09:44
Because in essence
217
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1016
Esencialisht
09:45
what it means is you can take a cell,
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2148
merret nje qelize
09:47
which is a pluripotent stem cell,
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2286
qe eshte nje qelize qe ndryshon
09:49
which is like a skier at the top of a mountain,
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2684
qe duket si nje skiator ne maje te malit,
09:52
and those two skiers become two pluripotent stem cells,
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3817
dhe keta dy skiatore behen qeliza trungu
09:56
four, eight, 16,
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580202
1782
4,8,16
09:57
and then it gets so crowded
223
581984
1668
dhe behen aq shume sa qe
09:59
after 16 divisions
224
583652
1800
pas 16 percarjeve
10:01
that those cells have to differentiate.
225
585452
2502
ato qeliza duhet te ndryshojne.
10:03
So they go down one side of the mountain,
226
587954
1433
Keshtu, ata shkojne poshte nje ane te malit,
10:05
they go down another.
227
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1233
ato shkojne poshte ne nje ane tjeter.
10:06
And as they pick that,
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1534
Derisa ata jane aty
10:08
these become bone,
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2250
keto behen eshtra,
10:10
and then they pick another road and these become platelets,
230
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2932
pastaj ata zgjedhin nje rruge tjeter dhe keto behen pllakeza
10:13
and these become macrophages,
231
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2117
keto behen makrofage
10:15
and these become T cells.
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dhe keto behen qeliza T me pas.
10:16
But it's really hard, once you ski down,
233
600720
1952
Por eshte shume veshtire, qe gjersa je duke skijuar poshte
10:18
to get back up.
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1523
te ngjitesh prape larte.
10:20
Unless, of course, if you have a ski lift.
235
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5412
Vetem nese, natyrisht, ke nje teleferik.
10:25
And what those four chemicals do
236
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2449
Ajo cfare bejne ato 4 kemikale eshte qe
10:27
is they take any cell
237
612056
2069
marrin cfaredolloj qelize
10:30
and take it way back up the mountain
238
614125
1932
dhe e vendosin prape larte ne mal
10:31
so it can become any body part.
239
616057
2033
qe te mund te behet nje pjese trupore.
10:33
And as you think of that,
240
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1728
Gjersa e mendoni kete,
10:35
what it means is potentially
241
619818
1980
ajo cfare kjo do te thote eshte se
10:37
you can rebuild a full copy
242
621798
2175
ti mund te rikrijosh nje kopje te plote
10:39
of any organism
243
623973
1867
te cfaredolloj organizmi
10:41
out of any one of its cells.
244
625840
2586
nga cfaredolloj qeliza qe gjinden aty.
10:44
That turns out to be a big deal
245
628426
2531
Kjo do te thote shume
10:46
because now you can take, not just mouse cells,
246
630957
2566
sepse tani ti mund te marresh, jo vetem qeliza miu,
10:49
but you can human skin cells
247
633523
2318
por poashtu edhe qeliza njeriu
10:51
and turn them into human stem cells.
248
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3650
dhe ti besh qeliza njerezore trungu.
10:55
And then what they did in October
249
639491
3198
Pastaj, ne tetor,
10:58
is they took skin cells, turned them into stem cells
250
642689
3400
ata morren qeliza te lekures, i shnderruan ne qeliza trungu
11:01
and began to turn them into liver cells.
251
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3673
dhe filluan ti kthejne ne qeliza te melcise.
11:05
So in theory,
252
649762
1044
Ne teori,
11:06
you could grow any organ from any one of your cells.
253
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5184
ti mund te rrisesh cfaredo organi nga cfaredolloj qelize te trupit tend.
11:11
Here's a second experiment:
254
655990
1718
Ja edhe nje eksperiment tjeter:
11:13
If you could photocopy your body,
255
657708
3133
Nese do te ishte e mundur te fotokopjoje trupin tend
11:16
maybe you also want to take your mind.
256
660841
3052
ndoshta do te kishe deshire ta merrje edhe mendjen tende.
11:19
And one of the things you saw at TED
257
663893
1565
Dhe nje nder gjerat qe ju pate ne TED
11:21
about a year and a half ago
258
665458
1250
nje vite e gjysme me pare,
11:22
was this guy.
259
666708
1435
ishte ky njeri.
11:24
And he gave a wonderful technical talk.
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2600
I cili dha nje fjalim teknik te mrekullueshem.
11:26
He's a professor at MIT.
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1599
Ai eshte profesor ne MIT.
11:28
But in essence what he said
262
672342
1916
Ajo cfare ai tha
11:30
is you can take retroviruses,
263
674258
1700
eshte qe mund te marresh retroviruset,
11:31
which get inside brain cells of mice.
264
675958
2800
te cilat hyjne brenda qeliza te trurit te minjve.
11:34
You can tag them with proteins
265
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2440
Mund ti dallosh ne baze te proteinave
11:37
that light up when you light them.
266
681198
2094
qe ndizen kur ti i ndez ato.
11:39
And you can map the exact pathways
267
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3716
Ti mund te krijosh skema te rrugeve te sakta
11:42
when a mouse sees, feels, touches,
268
687008
3483
ne baze te te cilave nje mi sheh, ndjen, prek
11:46
remembers, loves.
269
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2183
kujton, dashuron.
11:48
And then you can take a fiber optic cable
270
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2373
Me pas ti e merr nje kabllo optike si fiber
11:50
and light up some of the same things.
271
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3819
dhe ndez disa prej atyre gjerave.
11:54
And by the way, as you do this,
272
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1832
Gjersa ti je duke e bere kete,
11:56
you can image it in two colors,
273
700698
2017
mund ta perfytyrosh ne dy ngjyra
11:58
which means you can download this information
274
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2399
qe nenkupton se mund ta shkarkosh kete informacion
12:01
as binary code directly into a computer.
275
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4740
si kod dyjor ne nje kompjuter.
12:05
So what's the bottom line on that?
276
709854
2473
Por, c'do te thote e gjitha kjo?
12:08
Well it's not completely inconceivable
277
712327
2200
Nuk eshte totalisht e paperfytyrueshme
12:10
that someday you'll be able to download your own memories,
278
714527
4495
qe nje dite ti do te mundesh te shkarkosh kujtimet e tua personale
12:14
maybe into a new body.
279
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2387
ne nje trup te ri.
12:17
And maybe you can upload other people's memories as well.
280
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5085
dhe ndoshta mund te shkarkosh edhe kujtimet e njerezve te tjere poashtu.
12:22
And this might have just one or two
281
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2514
Kjo mund te kete vetem nje apo dy
12:24
small ethical, political, moral implications.
282
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3520
nderlikime te vogla etike, politike e morale.
12:28
(Laughter)
283
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1531
(Te qeshura)
12:29
Just a thought.
284
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2991
Ishte vetem nje mendim.
12:32
Here's the kind of questions
285
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1528
Keto jane llojet e pyetjeve
12:34
that are becoming interesting questions
286
738578
1980
qe po behen pyetje me interesante
12:36
for philosophers, for governing people,
287
740558
2484
per filozofet, njerez te pushtetshem,
12:38
for economists, for scientists.
288
743042
3366
per ekonomiste, dhe per shkencetare.
12:42
Because these technologies are moving really quickly.
289
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3284
Sepse keto teknologji jane duke levizur shume shpejte.
12:45
And as you think about it,
290
749692
1500
Perderisa e mendon kete,
12:47
let me close with an example of the brain.
291
751192
3082
me lejoni ta perfundoj me nje shembull per trurin.
12:50
The first place where you would expect
292
754274
1683
Vendi i pare ku ju do te
12:51
to see enormous evolutionary pressure today,
293
755957
3051
shihnit nje presion te madh evolucionar sot,
12:54
both because of the inputs,
294
759008
2265
edhe per shkak te te dhenave
12:57
which are becoming massive,
295
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1552
te cilat po behen masive,
12:58
and because of the plasticity of the organ,
296
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1782
por edhe per shkak te plasticitetit te organit
13:00
is the brain.
297
764607
2534
eshte truri.
13:03
Do we have any evidence that that is happening?
298
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3318
A kemi ne evidence se kjo aktualisht ndodhe?
13:06
Well let's take a look at something like autism incidence per thousand.
299
770459
4731
Le te shohim se si zhvillohet autizmi per nje mijevjecar.
13:11
Here's what it looks like in 2000.
300
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2502
Ja se si duket ne vitin 2000.
13:13
Here's what it looks like in 2002,
301
777692
2082
Ja se si duket ne vitin 2002.
13:15
2006, 2008.
302
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4618
2006,2008.
13:20
Here's the increase in less than a decade.
303
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4082
Kjo eshte rritja e autizmit ne me pak se nje dekade.
13:24
And we still don't know why this is happening.
304
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4417
Dhe ne ende nuk e dime se perse po ndodhe.
13:28
What we do know is, potentially,
305
792891
2485
Ajo se cfare ne dime eshte se
13:31
the brain is reacting in
306
795376
2032
truri po reagon
13:33
a hyperactive, hyper-plastic way,
307
797408
2134
ne nje menyre hiperaktive, hiper-plastike
13:35
and creating individuals that are like this.
308
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2950
dhe po krijon njerez te ketille.
13:38
And this is only one of the conditions that's out there.
309
802492
2757
Dhe kjo eshte vetem nje nder kushtet qe dihet.
13:41
You've also got people with who are extraordinarily smart,
310
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3540
Ekzistojne edhe njerez te cilet jane jashtezakonisht te mencur,
13:44
people who can remember everything they've seen in their lives,
311
808789
2397
njerez te cilet mbajne ne mend gjithcka qe kane pare ne jeten e tyre,
13:47
people who've got synesthesia,
312
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1385
njerez te cilet kane sinestezi,
13:48
people who've got schizophrenia.
313
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1331
njerez qe kane shizofreni.
13:49
You've got all kinds of stuff going on out there,
314
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2534
Aq shume gjera ndodhin perreth nesh,
13:52
and we still don't understand
315
816436
1218
dhe ne ende nuk kuptojme
13:53
how and why this is happening.
316
817654
2233
se si dhe pse kjo ndodh.
13:55
But one question you might want to ask is,
317
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2682
Nje pyetje qe mund ta benit eshte kjo qe
13:58
are we seeing a rapid evolution of the brain
318
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2628
a jemi ne duke pare nje evoluim te shpejte te trurit
14:01
and of how we process data?
319
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1825
dhe se si ne procesojme te dhenat?
14:02
Because when you think of how much data's coming into our brains,
320
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3063
Sepse kur e mendon se sa te dhena vijne ne tru,
14:05
we're trying to take in as much data in a day
321
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3484
dhe se sa mundohemi ne qe te kemi edhe me shume
14:09
as people used to take in in a lifetime.
322
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2551
ne krahasim me te dhenat qe te tjeret marrin ne interval jetesor.
14:12
And as you're thinking about this,
323
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2632
Dhe perderisa ju e mendoni kete,
14:14
there's four theories as to why this might be going on,
324
838752
2342
ekzistojne 4 teori qe shpjegojne se si mund te ndodh kjo,
14:16
plus a whole series of others.
325
841094
1327
plus plot seri te tjera.
14:18
I don't have a good answer.
326
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1649
Nuk kam nje pergjigje te duhur.
14:19
There really needs to be more research on this.
327
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3616
Duhet te kete edhe me shume hulumtim rreth kesaj.
14:23
One option is the fast food fetish.
328
847686
2235
Nje opsion mund te ishte admirimi i ushqimit te shpejte.
14:25
There's beginning to be some evidence
329
849921
2449
Verehet se ka fakte qe tregojne se
14:28
that obesity and diet
330
852370
2251
dhjamosja dhe dieta
14:30
have something to do
331
854621
1631
kane te bejne
14:32
with gene modifications,
332
856252
1768
me modifikime gjenetike
14:33
which may or may not have an impact
333
858020
2350
te cilat mund te kene ose jo, nje impakt
14:36
on how the brain of an infant works.
334
860370
3517
ne menyren se si truri i nje femije funksionon.
14:39
A second option is the sexy geek option.
335
863887
3955
Opsioni i dyte eshte nje opsion seksi i nje eksperti.
14:43
These conditions are highly rare.
336
867842
4243
Keto kushte jane te rralla.
14:47
(Laughter)
337
872085
3038
(Te qeshura)
14:51
(Applause)
338
875123
5300
(Duartrokitje)
14:56
But what's beginning to happen
339
880423
1633
Ajo cfare po ndodhe momentalisht
14:57
is because these geeks are all getting together,
340
882056
2534
eshte qe te gjithe ekspertet po behen bashke,
15:00
because they are highly qualified for computer programming
341
884590
2897
meqenese jane te kualifikuar per programime kompjuterike
15:03
and it is highly remunerated,
342
887487
2318
eshte shperblehet mjaft mire,
15:05
as well as other very detail-oriented tasks,
343
889805
3150
ashtu si cdo detyre e orientuar nga detajet me se shumti,
15:08
that they are concentrating geographically
344
892955
2449
qe ata jane duke u fokusuar shume gjeografikisht
15:11
and finding like-minded mates.
345
895404
2967
dhe po gjejne njerez me mendje te ngjashme.
15:14
So this is the assortative mating hypothesis
346
898371
3568
Kjo eshte nje teori per ngjajshmeri
15:17
of these genes reinforcing one another
347
901939
2700
te gjeneve qe perforcojne njera tjetren
15:20
in these structures.
348
904639
2117
ne keto struktura.
15:22
The third, is this too much information?
349
906756
2950
E treta, a jane keto teper shume informacione?
15:25
We're trying to process so much stuff
350
909706
1497
Ne jemi duke u munduar te procesojme aq shume
15:27
that some people get synesthetic
351
911203
2352
sa qe disa njerez behen sinestetik
15:29
and just have huge pipes that remember everything.
352
913555
2600
dhe kane vrima te medha qe ua mundesojne te mbajne ne mend gjithcka.
15:32
Other people get hyper-sensitive to the amount of information.
353
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2669
Disa njerez te tjere behen sensitive per gjithe kete sasi informimi.
15:34
Other people react with various psychological conditions
354
918824
3982
Disa te tjere reagojne me kushte te ndryshime psikologjike
15:38
or reactions to this information.
355
922806
1632
ose reagime kunddrejt ketij informimi.
15:40
Or maybe it's chemicals.
356
924438
2702
Ose ndoshta eshte per shkak te kemikaleve.
15:43
But when you see an increase
357
927140
1765
Por kur veren nje rritje
15:44
of that order of magnitude in a condition,
358
928905
2351
te kesaj rendesie
15:47
either you're not measuring it right
359
931256
1565
edhepse ndoshta nuk je duke e matur mire,
15:48
or there's something going on very quickly,
360
932821
2518
ose ndoshta dicka ndodhe per shume shpejte,
15:51
and it may be evolution in real time.
361
935339
4032
dhe mund te behet nje evolucion ne kohe reale.
15:55
Here's the bottom line.
362
939371
2503
Ja edhe dicka.
15:57
What I think we are doing
363
941874
2181
Ajo cfare mendoj une qe ne po bejme
15:59
is we're transitioning as a species.
364
944055
1716
eshte qe po zhvillohemi shume si qenie.
16:01
And I didn't think this when Steve Gullans and I started writing together.
365
945771
5484
Dhe kete nuk e kam menduar kur une dhe Steve Gullans filluam te shkruanim se bashku.
16:07
I think we're transitioning into Homo evolutis
366
951255
2451
Une mendoj se po parakalojme afer Homo evolutis
16:09
that, for better or worse,
367
953706
1399
qe, per mire ose per keq,
16:11
is not just a hominid that's conscious of his or her environment,
368
955105
4182
nuk eshte vetem nje hominid i vetedijshem per ambientin e tij/saj
16:15
it's a hominid that's beginning to directly and deliberately
369
959287
3219
eshte nje hominid qe po fillon te
16:18
control the evolution of its own species,
370
962506
3198
kontrolloj evolucionin e qenieve te tij drejtpersedrejti apo qellimisht
16:21
of bacteria, of plants, of animals.
371
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te bakterieve, bimeve dhe kafsheve.
16:25
And I think that's such an order of magnitude change
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Dhe une mendoj se ky eshte nje ndryshim kaq i madh
16:28
that your grandkids or your great-grandkids
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sa qe gjeneratat e ardhshme
16:31
may be a species very different from you.
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mund te jene qenie shume te ndryshme.
16:34
Thank you very much.
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Ju faleminderit shume.
16:36
(Applause)
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(Duartrokitje)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Juan Enriquez - FuturistJuan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society.
Why you should listen
A broad thinker who studies the intersections of these fields, Enriquez has a talent for bridging disciplines to build a coherent look ahead. He is the managing director of Excel Venture Management, a life sciences VC firm. He recently published (with Steve Gullans) Evolving Ourselves: How Unnatural Selection and Nonrandom Mutation Are Shaping Life on Earth. The book describes a world where humans increasingly shape their environment, themselves and other species.
Enriquez is a member of the board of Synthetic Genomics, which recently introduced the smallest synthetic living cell. Called “JCVI-syn 3.0,” it has 473 genes (about half the previous smallest cell). The organism would die if one of the genes is removed. In other words, this is the minimum genetic instruction set for a living organism.
Juan Enriquez | Speaker | TED.com