TEDxSummit
Juan Enriquez: Will our kids be a different species?
Juan Enriquez: 我們的後代將會是不同的物種嗎？
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在人類的進化史中， 多個不同的人種曾經共同生存過。我們現在還處在不斷進化中嗎？ 在 TEDxSummit 這裏，Juan Enriquez 將帶我們穿越時空，從遠古到現代，向我們展示科技是如何找到證據來揭示：進化也許正在迅速進行中。
Juan Enriquez - Futurist
Juan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society. Full bio
Juan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
All right. So, like all good stories,
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好吧，就像那些童話故事一樣，
00:18
this starts a long, long time ago
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這個故事要從很久很久以前講起，
00:20
when there was basically nothing.
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當時宇宙基本上是一片空白
00:22
So here is a complete picture of the universe
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這張圖片展現的就是
00:24
about 14-odd billion years ago.
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140多億年前的整個宇宙
00:28
All energy is concentrated into a single point of energy.
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所有的能量都集中在一個能量點
00:31
For some reason it explodes,
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由於某種原因它爆炸了
00:32
and you begin to get these things.
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宇宙裏開始出現這些東西
00:35
So you're now about 14 billion years into this.
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它們已經存在了140多億年
00:37
And these things expand and expand and expand
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而且在不斷地擴大、擴大、擴大
00:39
into these giant galaxies,
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形成了這些巨大的星系
00:41
and you get trillions of them.
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數量達到幾萬億
00:42
And within these galaxies
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在這些星系裏
00:44
you get these enormous dust clouds.
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出現大量的塵埃雲
00:47
And I want you to pay particular attention
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請大家注意看
00:48
to the three little prongs
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圖片中心的
00:50
in the center of this picture.
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這三個小突起
00:52
If you take a close-up of those,
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如果給它們來個特寫的話
00:53
they look like this.
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它們看上去就是這個樣子
00:55
And what you're looking at is columns of dust
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大家所看到的是塵埃柱
00:58
where there's so much dust --
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其中滿是塵埃
01:00
by the way, the scale of this is a trillion vertical miles --
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順便提一句，它的規模有一萬億英里
01:04
and what's happening is there's so much dust,
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這些大量的塵埃
01:07
it comes together and it fuses
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相互聚集，熔合
01:09
and ignites a thermonuclear reaction.
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引發了熱核反應
01:12
And so what you're watching
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現在大家所看到的
01:13
is the birth of stars.
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便是恒星的誕生
01:15
These are stars being born out of here.
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恒星就是在這裏產生的
01:17
When enough stars come out,
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當恒星的數量足夠多時
01:19
they create a galaxy.
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它們形成了一個星系
01:21
This one happens to be a particularly important galaxy,
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而這個星系恰巧是至關重要的
01:24
because you are here.
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因為我們大家就生活在這裏
01:27
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:28
And as you take a close-up of this galaxy,
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仔細觀察這個星系
01:30
you find a relatively normal,
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我們會發現一個比較平凡
01:32
not particularly interesting star.
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並不引人注目的恒星
01:34
By the way, you're now about two-thirds of the way into this story.
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順便提一句，這個故事已經講了三分之二了
01:38
So this star doesn't even appear
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而這顆恒星
01:40
until about two-thirds of the way into this story.
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卻直到現在才出現
01:43
And then what happens
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現在的情況是
01:44
is there's enough dust left over
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由於剩餘的塵埃
01:46
that it doesn't ignite into a star,
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不足以引發熱核反應形成恒星
01:48
it becomes a planet.
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於是它成為了行星
01:50
And this is about a little over four billion years ago.
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這大約發生在40億年前
01:54
And soon thereafter
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不久之後
01:56
there's enough material left over
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由於擁有足夠的剩餘原料
01:58
that you get a primordial soup,
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便有了一鍋「原湯」
02:02
and that creates life.
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生命便從這裏起源
02:04
And life starts to expand and expand and expand,
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而且不斷地擴大、擴大、再擴大
02:08
until it goes kaput.
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直到它塵歸塵，土歸土
02:10
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
02:13
Now the really strange thing
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有件事情非常的奇怪
02:15
is life goes kaput, not once, not twice,
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生命滅絕了不止一次、兩次
02:18
but five times.
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而是五次
02:20
So almost all life on Earth
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幾乎地球上的所有生命
02:22
is wiped out about five times.
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都被消滅了五次
02:24
And as you're thinking about that,
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正如大家所想的一樣
02:26
what happens is you get more and more complexity,
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新生命變得越來越複雜
02:28
more and more stuff
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越來越多的材質
02:30
to build new things with.
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包含在裏面
02:34
And we don't appear
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而我們人類
02:35
until about 99.96 percent of the time into this story,
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直到這個故事的99.96%才出現
02:41
just to put ourselves and our ancestors in perspective.
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以便我們正確看待自己和我們的祖先
02:44
So within that context, there's two theories of the case
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在這個背景下有兩種理論
02:48
as to why we're all here.
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來解釋人類為什麼存在
02:50
The first theory of the case
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第一種理論
02:51
is that's all she wrote.
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這都是她寫下來的
02:55
Under that theory,
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按照這種理論
02:56
we are the be-all and end-all
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人類是造物主
02:58
of all creation.
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最重要的創造
03:00
And the reason for trillions of galaxies,
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所以數萬億的星系
03:02
sextillions of planets,
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以及數量眾多的行星存在的原因
03:04
is to create something that looks like that
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是為了創造這樣…
03:09
and something that looks like that.
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和那樣的生命體
03:13
And that's the purpose of the universe;
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這就是宇宙存在的目的
03:14
and then it flat-lines,
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然後它就開始走平穩路線
03:16
it doesn't get any better.
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沒有再進一步提高水準
03:17
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
03:21
The only question you might want to ask yourself is,
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大家可能想問自己
03:24
could that be just mildly arrogant?
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這樣的解釋是不是有些妄自尊大呢？
03:29
And if it is --
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如果是這樣的話
03:31
and particularly given the fact that we came very close to extinction.
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特別是鑒於人類曾經接近滅絕的事實
03:37
There were only about 2,000 of our species left.
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當時只剩下大約二千人
03:40
A few more weeks without rain,
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要是再有幾個星期不下雨
03:42
we would have never seen any of these.
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我們就再也見不到這些名人了
03:45
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
03:52
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
03:56
So maybe you have to think about a second theory
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因此我們也許不得不考慮另一種理論
03:59
if the first one isn't good enough.
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如果第一種解釋不通的話
04:02
Second theory is: Could we upgrade?
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第二種理論是：我們能不能「升級」?
04:04
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
04:07
Well, why would one ask a question like that?
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怎麼會有人問出這樣的問題呢？
04:10
Because there have been at least 29 upgrades so far
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因為目前為止一經發現
04:13
of humanoids.
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人類已至少「升級」了29次
04:15
So it turns out that we have upgraded.
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結果表明我們確實「升級」了
04:18
We've upgraded time and again and again.
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人類一次一次地「升級」
04:20
And it turns out that we keep discovering upgrades.
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而且我們還在不斷地發現新的「升級」的證據
04:22
We found this one last year.
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這是去年發現的
04:25
We found another one last month.
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我們上個月還發現了一個
04:27
And as you're thinking about this,
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現在大家都在思考這個理論
04:29
you might also ask the question:
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可能會產生這個疑問
04:32
So why a single human species?
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為什麼僅僅是人類呢？
04:35
Wouldn't it be really odd
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如果我們在非洲、亞洲、南極洲
04:36
if you went to Africa and Asia and Antarctica
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發現同一種鳥類
04:40
and found exactly the same bird --
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會不會是件很稀奇的事情？
04:43
particularly given that we co-existed at the same time
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特別是考慮到我們曾經
04:47
with at least eight other versions of humanoid
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和至少其他八類人種
04:49
at the same time on this planet?
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在這個星球上共同存在過
04:52
So the normal state of affairs
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智人是唯一存在的人種這種說法
04:54
is not to have just a Homo sapiens;
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不是自然界的普遍法則
04:56
the normal state of affairs
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自然界的普遍法則是
04:57
is to have various versions of humans walking around.
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各種不同種類的人
05:01
And if that is the normal state of affairs,
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如果自然界的法則是這樣
05:04
then you might ask yourself,
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那麼你可能要問自己
05:06
all right, so if we want to create something else,
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如果我們想創造出其他的人種
05:08
how big does a mutation have to be?
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要產生多大的變異才可以？
05:11
Well Svante Paabo has the answer.
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Svante Paabo 給出了答案
05:14
The difference between humans and Neanderthal
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人類和尼安德塔人(遠古的人種)
05:17
is 0.004 percent of gene code.
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基因上只有0.004%的差別
05:20
That's how big the difference is
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一個人種和另一個人種
05:22
one species to another.
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就是這麼一點差別
05:24
This explains most contemporary political debates.
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這就解釋了現在多數的政治糾紛
05:28
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
05:30
But as you're thinking about this,
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大家仔細想一想
05:33
one of the interesting things
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一件非常有意思的事情
05:35
is how small these mutations are and where they take place.
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這些變異有多麼微妙？又是在哪發生的？
05:38
Difference human/Neanderthal
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人類和尼安德塔人的不同在於
05:40
is sperm and testis,
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精子與睪丸
05:41
smell and skin.
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氣味與皮膚
05:43
And those are the specific genes
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這些特殊的基因
05:44
that differ from one to the other.
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產生了人與人的區別
05:47
So very small changes can have a big impact.
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因此一點小小的變化就能產生很大的影響
05:50
And as you're thinking about this,
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大家想想
05:52
we're continuing to mutate.
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我們一直在變異
05:54
So about 10,000 years ago by the Black Sea,
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在大約一萬年前的黑海
05:57
we had one mutation in one gene
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人類的一個基因產生了變異
05:59
which led to blue eyes.
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因此出現了藍色的眼睛
06:02
And this is continuing and continuing and continuing.
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這樣的變異一直持續著、持續著
06:05
And as it continues,
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與此同時
06:07
one of the things that's going to happen this year
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一件大事將在今年發生
06:09
is we're going to discover the first 10,000 human genomes,
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我們將發現前一萬個人類基因組
06:12
because it's gotten cheap enough to do the gene sequencing.
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這得益於基因序列研究已經不那麼昂貴了
06:15
And when we find these,
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當我們發現這些基因之後
06:17
we may find differences.
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我們會找到一些不同以往的理論
06:19
And by the way, this is not a debate that we're ready for,
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順便說一句，我們沒有準備好爭論這個問題
06:22
because we have really misused the science in this.
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因為我們在這個問題上誤用了科學
06:26
In the 1920s, we thought there were major differences between people.
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在1920年代，我們曾認為不同人之間的基因有很大差別
06:29
That was partly based on Francis Galton's work.
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這是部分基於法蘭西斯•高爾頓的研究
06:33
He was Darwin's cousin.
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他是達爾文的表弟
06:35
But the U.S., the Carnegie Institute,
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在美國，卡內基研究所
06:38
Stanford, American Neurological Association
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史丹佛，美國神經病學協會
06:40
took this really far.
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把這種研究進一步深入
06:42
That got exported and was really misused.
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進而傳播到其他地方被錯誤地使用
06:46
In fact, it led to some absolutely horrendous
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事實上它對人類平等待遇
06:48
treatment of human beings.
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造成了非常可怕的後果
06:50
So since the 1940s, we've been saying there are no differences,
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所以自1940年代，我們一直在說我們沒有差別
06:53
we're all identical.
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大家都是一樣的
06:54
We're going to know at year end if that is true.
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今年年底我們將知道這是不是真的
06:58
And as we think about that,
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現在大家想想
06:59
we're actually beginning to find things
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事實上，我們開始發現一些東西
07:01
like, do you have an ACE gene?
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比如，你有ACE基因嗎？
07:04
Why would that matter?
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它有什麼重要的呢？
07:06
Because nobody's ever climbed an 8,000-meter peak without oxygen
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因為沒有一個不帶氧氣能爬上8000米高的山峰的人
07:10
that doesn't have an ACE gene.
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是不攜帶ACE基因的
07:13
And if you want to get more specific,
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如果你想瞭解得更具體
07:15
how about a 577R genotype?
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來看看577R基因型怎麼樣？
07:18
Well it turns out that every male Olympic power athelete ever tested
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結果表明每個接受檢測的奧運男運動員
07:23
carries at least one of these variants.
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都攜帶這種基因型的至少一種變體
07:26
If that is true,
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如果這是真的
07:28
it leads to some very complicated questions
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那麼就有一些很複雜的問題
07:30
for the London Olympics.
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留給倫敦奧運會
07:32
Three options:
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三個問題
07:33
Do you want the Olympics to be a showcase
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我們希望奧運會成為
07:36
for really hardworking mutants?
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刻苦訓練的、擁有突變基因的運動員展示的舞臺嗎？
07:39
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
07:40
Option number two:
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第二
07:43
Why don't we play it like golf or sailing?
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為什麼我們不像高爾夫球或者帆船運動那樣比賽呢？
07:47
Because you have one and you don't have one,
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因為你有這個基因、而你沒有
07:49
I'll give you a tenth of a second head start.
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我會讓你搶佔十分之一秒的優勢
07:53
Version number three:
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第三
07:54
Because this is a naturally occurring gene
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因為這是自然形成的基因
07:56
and you've got it and you didn't pick the right parents,
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你有幸的到了這個基因、而你卻投錯了胎
07:59
you get the right to upgrade.
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所以你可以晉級
08:03
Three different options.
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三種不同的選擇
08:05
If these differences are the difference
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如果這些差別就是
08:06
between an Olympic medal and a non-Olympic medal.
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奧運獎牌和非奧運獎牌的差別
08:10
And it turns out that as we discover these things,
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就像我們所發現的一樣
08:12
we human beings really like to change
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人類非常願意改變
08:16
how we look, how we act,
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自己的容貌、 行為方式
08:17
what our bodies do.
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以及身體狀況
08:19
And we had about 10.2 million plastic surgeries in the United States,
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在美國有過大約1020萬例整形外科手術
08:23
except that with the technologies that are coming online today,
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除了那些即將上線的新技術
08:27
today's corrections, deletions,
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現如今修復、去除
08:29
augmentations and enhancements
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豐胸、美容
08:31
are going to seem like child's play.
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看起來如同兒戲一般
08:34
You already saw the work by Tony Atala on TED,
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我們在TED上看過 Tony Atala 的研究
08:38
but this ability to start filling
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這種填充東西的技術
08:42
things like inkjet cartridges with cells
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就像是裝滿細胞的噴墨水匣一樣
08:45
are allowing us to print skin, organs
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讓我們能隨心所欲的 “列印” 皮膚、器官
08:49
and a whole series of other body parts.
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以及一系列身體部位
08:52
And as these technologies go forward,
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隨著這些技術的進步
08:54
you keep seeing this, you keep seeing this, you keep seeing things --
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我們會不斷看到這個，我們會不斷看到這個，我們會不斷看到新東西
08:58
2000, human genome sequence --
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2000年，人類基因組序列
09:00
and it seems like nothing's happening,
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事情就好像是直到該發生的時候
09:04
until it does.
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才會發生
09:07
And we may just be in some of these weeks.
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我們也許就處在發生重大變革的這幾個星期內
09:11
And as you're thinking about
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我們知道
09:12
these two guys sequencing a human genome in 2000
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這兩位在2000年研究人類基因序列
09:16
and the Public Project sequencing the human genome in 2000,
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還有2000年的人類基因序列公開專案
09:19
then you don't hear a lot,
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3164
然後就沒有太多這方面的消息了
09:23
until you hear about an experiment last year in China,
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直到大家聽說在中國的一次實驗
09:27
where they take skin cells from this mouse,
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他們從老鼠身上取出皮膚細胞
09:31
put four chemicals on it,
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在上面注入四種化學藥劑
09:32
turn those skin cells into stem cells,
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把皮膚細胞轉變成幹細胞
09:36
let the stem cells grow
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讓這些幹細胞生長
09:37
and create a full copy of that mouse.
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然後完全“複製”了那只老鼠
09:40
That's a big deal.
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這是很了不起的
09:44
Because in essence
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因為從本質上講
09:45
what it means is you can take a cell,
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這就意味著我們可以拿一個
09:47
which is a pluripotent stem cell,
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2286
多能幹細胞
09:49
which is like a skier at the top of a mountain,
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2684
它們就像山頂上的滑雪者
09:52
and those two skiers become two pluripotent stem cells,
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兩個滑雪者就是兩個多功能幹細胞
09:56
four, eight, 16,
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分裂成四個、八個、十六個
09:57
and then it gets so crowded
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然後就變得越來越擁擠
09:59
after 16 divisions
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1800
十六次分裂之後
10:01
that those cells have to differentiate.
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這些細胞不得不變異
10:03
So they go down one side of the mountain,
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1433
所以他們從山的一面走下來
10:05
they go down another.
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他們從另一面走下來
10:06
And as they pick that,
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當他們選擇了這條路
10:08
these become bone,
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就變成了骨骼
10:10
and then they pick another road and these become platelets,
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那些選擇另一條路的變成了血小板
10:13
and these become macrophages,
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這些變成了巨噬細胞
10:15
and these become T cells.
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這些變成了T細胞
10:16
But it's really hard, once you ski down,
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1952
可是一旦你滑下去
10:18
to get back up.
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就很難再回頭了
10:20
Unless, of course, if you have a ski lift.
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5412
當然啦，除非你有滑雪纜車
10:25
And what those four chemicals do
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那四種化學藥劑的作用
10:27
is they take any cell
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就是載著細胞
10:30
and take it way back up the mountain
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回到山頂上
10:31
so it can become any body part.
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2033
讓它們具有變成身體任何部分的能力
10:33
And as you think of that,
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正如大家所想的
10:35
what it means is potentially
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1980
這就意味著
10:37
you can rebuild a full copy
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我們很有可能
10:39
of any organism
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1867
只用一個細胞
10:41
out of any one of its cells.
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2586
複製任何器官
10:44
That turns out to be a big deal
245
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這是一個重大突破
10:46
because now you can take, not just mouse cells,
246
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因為現在不僅是老鼠細胞
10:49
but you can human skin cells
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我們可以把人類的皮膚細胞
10:51
and turn them into human stem cells.
248
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變成幹細胞
10:55
And then what they did in October
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就在10月份
10:58
is they took skin cells, turned them into stem cells
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3400
他們把皮膚細胞變成了幹細胞
11:01
and began to turn them into liver cells.
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3673
然後開始把它們變成肝臟細胞
11:05
So in theory,
252
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所以理論上講
11:06
you could grow any organ from any one of your cells.
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我們的任何一個細胞可以被培養成任何一個器官
11:11
Here's a second experiment:
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1718
這是第二個實驗
11:13
If you could photocopy your body,
255
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3133
如果我們能給身體做個影印件
11:16
maybe you also want to take your mind.
256
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3052
或許也想給思想做一個
11:19
And one of the things you saw at TED
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大約一年半之前
11:21
about a year and a half ago
258
665458
1250
大家在TED
11:22
was this guy.
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1435
見過這個傢伙
11:24
And he gave a wonderful technical talk.
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2600
他做了很精彩的技術演講
11:26
He's a professor at MIT.
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1599
他是MIT的教授
11:28
But in essence what he said
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1916
但本質上，他說的是
11:30
is you can take retroviruses,
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1700
利用逆轉錄病毒
11:31
which get inside brain cells of mice.
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2800
讓它們進入老鼠的腦細胞
11:34
You can tag them with proteins
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2440
並用蛋白質標記它們
11:37
that light up when you light them.
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2094
這種蛋白質在被照亮時會發光
11:39
And you can map the exact pathways
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3716
當老鼠看到、感覺到、觸摸到東西
11:42
when a mouse sees, feels, touches,
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3483
回憶、戀愛的時候
11:46
remembers, loves.
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2183
我們能夠準確描繪出腦部活動路徑
11:48
And then you can take a fiber optic cable
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我們可以用光纖電纜
11:50
and light up some of the same things.
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3819
點亮這些相同的東西
11:54
And by the way, as you do this,
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1832
我們在做這件事情的時候
11:56
you can image it in two colors,
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2017
可以把它們製成兩種顏色
11:58
which means you can download this information
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這意味著我們可以把這些資訊
12:01
as binary code directly into a computer.
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4740
像二進位碼一樣下載到電腦上
12:05
So what's the bottom line on that?
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2473
這件事情本質上是什麼呢？
12:08
Well it's not completely inconceivable
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不難想像
12:10
that someday you'll be able to download your own memories,
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也許有一天我們可以把自己的記憶
12:14
maybe into a new body.
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下載到一個新的軀體裏
12:17
And maybe you can upload other people's memories as well.
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或許也可以把別人的記憶載入到自己身上
12:22
And this might have just one or two
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2514
估計這只會引起一兩個
12:24
small ethical, political, moral implications.
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小小的政治上、道德上的問題
12:28
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
12:29
Just a thought.
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隨便想想而已
12:32
Here's the kind of questions
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1528
有一些問題
12:34
that are becoming interesting questions
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738578
1980
正在逐漸引起
12:36
for philosophers, for governing people,
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2484
哲學家、管理者
12:38
for economists, for scientists.
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3366
經濟學家、科學家的興趣
12:42
Because these technologies are moving really quickly.
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3284
因為這些技術傳播的非常快
12:45
And as you think about it,
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大家意猶未盡
12:47
let me close with an example of the brain.
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讓我舉個關於大腦的例子來結束今天的演講
12:50
The first place where you would expect
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1683
如果我們最先期待
12:51
to see enormous evolutionary pressure today,
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看到一個器官的顯著進化
12:54
both because of the inputs,
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2265
不僅因為
12:57
which are becoming massive,
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1552
在這方面越來越多的研究投入
12:58
and because of the plasticity of the organ,
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1782
而且由於其具有可塑性
13:00
is the brain.
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2534
那麼這個器官就是大腦
13:03
Do we have any evidence that that is happening?
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有證據證明這種進化正在發生嗎？
13:06
Well let's take a look at something like autism incidence per thousand.
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4731
讓我們來看看每千人中自閉症發生概率
13:11
Here's what it looks like in 2000.
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2502
這是2000年的狀況
13:13
Here's what it looks like in 2002,
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2082
這是2002年的狀況
13:15
2006, 2008.
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2006，2008
13:20
Here's the increase in less than a decade.
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這是不到10年的時間裏所增加的數量
13:24
And we still don't know why this is happening.
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我們直到現在也不知道為什麼是這樣
13:28
What we do know is, potentially,
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2485
我們所知道的是，
13:31
the brain is reacting in
306
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2032
大腦潛在的以一種
13:33
a hyperactive, hyper-plastic way,
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2134
極度活躍的方式在反應
13:35
and creating individuals that are like this.
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並創造出同樣活躍的個體
13:38
And this is only one of the conditions that's out there.
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這僅僅是其中存在的一種情況
13:41
You've also got people with who are extraordinarily smart,
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我們還見過非常聰明的人
13:44
people who can remember everything they've seen in their lives,
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過目不忘的人
13:47
people who've got synesthesia,
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1385
能產生牽連感覺的人
13:48
people who've got schizophrenia.
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1331
精神分裂的人
13:49
You've got all kinds of stuff going on out there,
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我們見過各種各樣的情況
13:52
and we still don't understand
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1218
但現在依舊不明白
13:53
how and why this is happening.
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為什麼這一切發會生，是又如何發生的
13:55
But one question you might want to ask is,
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大家可能要問
13:58
are we seeing a rapid evolution of the brain
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大腦是在高速進化嗎？
14:01
and of how we process data?
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我們是怎樣處理資料的?
14:02
Because when you think of how much data's coming into our brains,
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當涉及到有多少資料進入大腦時
14:05
we're trying to take in as much data in a day
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3484
我們現在一天內要接收的資訊
14:09
as people used to take in in a lifetime.
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2551
相當於過去人們一輩子所接收到的資訊
14:12
And as you're thinking about this,
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現在大家考慮一下這個問題
14:14
there's four theories as to why this might be going on,
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這裏有四種理論來解釋這種現象
14:16
plus a whole series of others.
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1327
以及一系列其他的理論
14:18
I don't have a good answer.
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1649
我給不出一個漂亮的答案
14:19
There really needs to be more research on this.
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3616
在這方面確實還需要更多的研究
14:23
One option is the fast food fetish.
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2235
一個選擇是速食迷戀
14:25
There's beginning to be some evidence
329
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開始有證據表明
14:28
that obesity and diet
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2251
肥胖和飲食
14:30
have something to do
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1631
與基因改造
14:32
with gene modifications,
332
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1768
有關
14:33
which may or may not have an impact
333
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2350
但不能確定
14:36
on how the brain of an infant works.
334
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3517
它對嬰兒大腦運作的影響
14:39
A second option is the sexy geek option.
335
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3955
第二個選擇是“性感的書呆子”
14:43
These conditions are highly rare.
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4243
這種情況確實很少見
14:47
(Laughter)
337
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3038
（笑聲）
14:51
(Applause)
338
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5300
（掌聲）
14:56
But what's beginning to happen
339
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1633
現在的情況是
14:57
is because these geeks are all getting together,
340
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2534
這些書呆子們聚在一起
15:00
because they are highly qualified for computer programming
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2897
他們有很高的電腦編程技能
15:03
and it is highly remunerated,
342
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2318
酬勞很高
15:05
as well as other very detail-oriented tasks,
343
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3150
還有從事其他注重細節的工作
15:08
that they are concentrating geographically
344
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2449
他們集中到一起
15:11
and finding like-minded mates.
345
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2967
尋找志同道合的人
15:14
So this is the assortative mating hypothesis
346
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3568
所以這就是選擇性交配假設
15:17
of these genes reinforcing one another
347
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2700
這些基因在體系中
15:20
in these structures.
348
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2117
互相增援
15:22
The third, is this too much information?
349
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2950
第三，資訊是不是太多了？
15:25
We're trying to process so much stuff
350
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1497
我們的大腦試圖處理太多的資訊
15:27
that some people get synesthetic
351
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2352
以至於有些人產生了牽連感覺
15:29
and just have huge pipes that remember everything.
352
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2600
他們擁有巨大的管道來記住所有事情
15:32
Other people get hyper-sensitive to the amount of information.
353
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2669
有一些人對大量資訊過分敏感
15:34
Other people react with various psychological conditions
354
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3982
有一些人對資訊做出反應時
15:38
or reactions to this information.
355
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1632
伴隨著各種各樣心理上的狀況和反應
15:40
Or maybe it's chemicals.
356
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2702
也許是化學反應
15:43
But when you see an increase
357
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1765
如果發現
15:44
of that order of magnitude in a condition,
358
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2351
某種情況的數量大幅度提升
15:47
either you're not measuring it right
359
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1565
不是測量不準確
15:48
or there's something going on very quickly,
360
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2518
就是有什麼事情正在迅速發展
15:51
and it may be evolution in real time.
361
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4032
說不定就是在進化
15:55
Here's the bottom line.
362
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2503
歸根結底
15:57
What I think we are doing
363
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2181
我認為作為一個物種
15:59
is we're transitioning as a species.
364
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1716
我們正在轉化
16:01
And I didn't think this when Steve Gullans and I started writing together.
365
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5484
當Steve Gullans和我一起寫作的時候我並不這樣認為
16:07
I think we're transitioning into Homo evolutis
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2451
我覺得我們正在向演化人轉化
16:09
that, for better or worse,
367
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1399
無論是好是壞
16:11
is not just a hominid that's conscious of his or her environment,
368
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4182
這都不僅僅是一個只對周圍環境有意識的人種
16:15
it's a hominid that's beginning to directly and deliberately
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3219
而是一个直接的、有意的
16:18
control the evolution of its own species,
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想要控制
16:21
of bacteria, of plants, of animals.
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自己的种族、細菌、植物、乃至動物进化的人种
16:25
And I think that's such an order of magnitude change
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我認為，如果我們的孫輩或重孫輩
16:28
that your grandkids or your great-grandkids
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與我們是完全不同的物種
16:31
may be a species very different from you.
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將是一個翻天覆地的改變
16:34
Thank you very much.
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謝謝大家
16:36
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Juan Enriquez - FuturistJuan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society.
Why you should listen
A broad thinker who studies the intersections of these fields, Enriquez has a talent for bridging disciplines to build a coherent look ahead. He is the managing director of Excel Venture Management, a life sciences VC firm. He recently published (with Steve Gullans) Evolving Ourselves: How Unnatural Selection and Nonrandom Mutation Are Shaping Life on Earth. The book describes a world where humans increasingly shape their environment, themselves and other species.
Enriquez is a member of the board of Synthetic Genomics, which recently introduced the smallest synthetic living cell. Called “JCVI-syn 3.0,” it has 473 genes (about half the previous smallest cell). The organism would die if one of the genes is removed. In other words, this is the minimum genetic instruction set for a living organism.
Juan Enriquez | Speaker | TED.com