TEDSalon London 2010
Michael Pawlyn: Using nature's genius in architecture
Majkl Polin (Michael Pawlyn): Korišćenje genija prirode u arhikteturi
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Kako arhitekte mogu izgraditi svet održive lepote? Putem učenja od prirode. Na TEDSalonu u Londonu, Majkl Polin opisuje tri navike prirode koje mogu preobraziti arhikteturu i društvo: koreniti učinak resursa, zatvorene petlje i korišćenje sunčeve energije.
Michael Pawlyn - Architect
Michael Pawlyn takes cues from nature to make new, sustainable architectural environments. Full bio
Michael Pawlyn takes cues from nature to make new, sustainable architectural environments. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I'd like to start with a couple of quick examples.
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Počeo bih parom brzih primera.
00:18
These are spinneret glands
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Ovo su bradavice žlezdi
00:20
on the abdomen of a spider.
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na stomaku pauka.
00:22
They produce six different types of silk, which is spun together into a fiber,
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One proizvode šest različitih tipova svile, koje su upredene zajedno u vlakno
00:25
tougher than any fiber humans have ever made.
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koje je jače od bilo kojeg vlakna koje su ljudi ikada napravili.
00:28
The nearest we've come is with aramid fiber.
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Najbliže što smo uspeli da stvorimo je aramidno vlakno.
00:31
And to make that, it involves extremes of temperature,
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Da bismo ga napravili, trebaju nam ekstremne temperature,
00:33
extremes of pressure and loads of pollution.
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ekstremni pritisak i mnogo zagađenja.
00:36
And yet the spider manages to do it at ambient temperature and pressure
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A ipak, pauku to polazi za rukom na ambijentalnoj temperaturi i pritisku
00:39
with raw materials of dead flies and water.
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sa sirovim materijalima mrtvih mušica i vode.
00:42
It does suggest we've still got a bit to learn.
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Ovo nam sugeriše da imamo još ponešto da naučimo.
00:44
This beetle can detect a forest fire at 80 kilometers away.
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Ovaj tvrdokrilac može da otkrije šumski požar na udaljenosti od 80 kilometara.
00:47
That's roughly 10,000 times the range
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To je 10.000 puta više od dometa
00:49
of man-made fire detectors.
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detektora dima koje je napravio čovek.
00:51
And what's more, this guy doesn't need a wire
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Što je još bolje, njemu ne treba žica
00:53
connected all the way back to a power station burning fossil fuels.
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koja je povezana na električnu centralu koja sagoreva fosilna goriva.
00:57
So these two examples give a sense of what biomimicry can deliver.
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Ova dva primera nam daju uvid u ono što nam biomimetika može pružiti.
01:00
If we could learn to make things and do things the way nature does,
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Ako bismo mogli da naučimo da stvaramo i radimo stvari onako kako to priroda radi
01:03
we could achieve factor 10, factor 100,
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mogli bismo da dostignemo faktor 10, faktor 100,
01:05
maybe even factor 1,000 savings
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možda čak i faktor 1 000 u uštedi
01:07
in resource and energy use.
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resursa i upotrebi energije.
01:10
And if we're to make progress with the sustainability revolution,
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Ako želimo da ostvarimo napredak u revoluciji održivosti,
01:13
I believe there are three really big changes
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verujem da postoje tri velike promene
01:15
we need to bring about.
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koje treba da primenimo.
01:17
Firstly, radical increases in resource efficiency.
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Prvo, korenito povećanje učinka resursa.
01:20
Secondly, shifting from a linear, wasteful,
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Drugo, promena od linijskog, rasipničkog,
01:22
polluting way of using resources
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zagađujućeg načina korišćenja resursa
01:24
to a closed-loop model.
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do modela zatvorene petlje.
01:26
And thirdly, changing from a fossil fuel economy
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I treće, promena od ekonomije zasnovane na fosilnim gorivima
01:28
to a solar economy.
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do solarne ekonomije.
01:30
And for all three of these, I believe,
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Verujem da za ove tri promene
01:32
biomimicry has a lot of the solutions that we're going to need.
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biomimetika ima mnogo rešenja koja će nam trebati.
01:34
You could look at nature as being like a catalog of products,
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Možete gledati na prirodu kao na katalog proizvoda
01:37
and all of those have benefited
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i svi oni su imali koristi
01:39
from a 3.8-billion-year research and development period.
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od perioda od 3.8 milijardi godina istraživanja i razvoja.
01:42
And given that level of investment, it makes sense to use it.
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S obzirom na nivo investicija, ima smisla iskoristiti ga.
01:45
So I'm going to talk about some projects that have explored these ideas.
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Govoriću o nekim projektima koji su istraživali ove ideje.
01:48
And let's start with radical increases
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Počnimo sa korenitim povećanjem
01:50
in resource efficiency.
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učinka resursa.
01:52
When we were working on the Eden Project,
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Kada smo radili na Edenskom projektu,
01:54
we had to create a very large greenhouse
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morali smo da napravimo jako veliki staklenik
01:56
in a site that was not only irregular,
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na gradilištu koje ne samo da je bilo nepravilno,
01:58
but it was continually changing because it was still being quarried.
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već se i stalno menjalo zbog vađenja kamena iz kamenoloma.
02:01
It was a hell of a challenge,
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To je bio veoma veliki izazov
02:03
and it was actually examples from biology
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i zapravo su nam primeri iz biologije
02:05
that provided a lot of the clues.
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dali puno smernica.
02:07
So for instance,
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Tako su nam, na primer,
02:09
it was soap bubbles that helped us generate a building form
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mehurići sapunice pomogli da damo oblik građevini
02:11
that would work regardless of the final ground levels.
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koji bi radio bez obzira na nivelaciju zemljišta.
02:14
Studying pollen grains
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Proučavanje čestica polena,
02:16
and radiolaria and carbon molecules
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radiolarije i molekula ugljenika
02:18
helped us devise the most efficient structural solution
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nam je pomoglo da osmislimo najefikasnije rešenje konstrukcije
02:21
using hexagons and pentagons.
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korišćenjem šestouglova i petouglova.
02:24
The next move was that we wanted
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Sledeći korak je bio naša želja
02:26
to try and maximize the size of those hexagons.
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da povećamo do maksimuma veličinu ovih šestouglova.
02:28
And to do that we had to find an alternative to glass,
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Da bismo to uradili, morali smo pronaći zamenu za staklo,
02:30
which is really very limited in terms of its unit sizes.
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koje je veoma ograničeno u pogledu veličine svojih delova.
02:33
And in nature there are lots of examples
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U prirodi imamo mnogo primera
02:36
of very efficient structures based on pressurized membranes.
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veoma efikasnih struktura baziranih na membranama koje su pod pritiskom.
02:39
So we started exploring this material called ETFE.
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Počeli smo da istražujemo materijal nazvan ETFE.
02:42
It's a high-strength polymer.
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Ovo je veoma jak polimer.
02:44
And what you do is you put it together in three layers,
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Ono što radite sa njim jeste da ga sastavite u tri sloja,
02:46
you weld it around the edge, and then you inflate it.
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zavarite ga oko ivica, a onda naduvate.
02:49
And the great thing about this stuff
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Ono što je odlično u vezi sa ovom stvari
02:51
is you can make it in units
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je što možete da napravite komade
02:53
of roughly seven times the size of glass,
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otprilike sedam puta veće od staklenih,
02:55
and it was only one percent of the weight of double-glazing.
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a činio je samo jedan procenat težine dvostrukog zastakljivanja.
02:57
So that was a factor-100 saving.
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Dakle to je faktor 100 uštede.
02:59
And what we found is that we got into a positive cycle
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Ono što smo otkrili jeste da smo ušli u pozitivan ciklus
03:02
in which one breakthrough facilitated another.
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u kome je jedan proboj olakšavao drugi.
03:04
So with such large, lightweight pillows,
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Dakle, sa tako velikim, laganim jastucima,
03:07
we had much less steel.
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imali smo mnogo manje čelika.
03:09
With less steel we were getting more sunlight in,
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Uz manje čelika, imali smo više sunčeve svetlosti koja je prodirala unutra
03:11
which meant we didn't have to put as much extra heat in winter.
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što je značilo da nismo morali mnogo da dogrevamo tokom zime.
03:14
And with less overall weight in the superstructure,
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A sa manjom ukupnom težinom superstrukture,
03:16
there were big savings in the foundations.
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imali smo i velike uštede u temeljima.
03:18
And at the end of the project we worked out
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Na kraju projekta smo izračunali
03:20
that the weight of that superstructure
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da je težina te superstrukture
03:22
was actually less than the weight of the air inside the building.
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zapravo bila manja od težine vazduha koji je u unutrašnjosti zgrade.
03:25
So I think the Eden Project is a fairly good example
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Mislim da je Edenski projekar sasvim dobar primer
03:28
of how ideas from biology
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kako ideje iz biologije
03:30
can lead to radical increases in resource efficiency --
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mogu voditi u korenito povećanje učinka resursa --
03:33
delivering the same function,
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pružajući istu funkciju,
03:35
but with a fraction of the resource input.
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ali sa delićem korišćenih resursa.
03:37
And actually there are loads of examples in nature
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Zapravo postoji mnoštvo pimera u prirodi
03:39
that you could turn to for similar solutions.
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koje bi mogli iskoristiti za slična rešenja.
03:42
So for instance, you could develop super-efficient roof structures
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Na primer, mogli biste da razvijete superefikasne krovne strukture
03:45
based on giant Amazon water lilies,
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zasnovane na džinovskim amazonskim lotusima,
03:48
whole buildings inspired by abalone shells,
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cele zgrade inspirisane abalon školjkom,
03:50
super-lightweight bridges inspired by plant cells.
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superlake mostove inspirisane biljnim ćelijama.
03:53
There's a world of beauty and efficiency to explore here
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Postoji ceo svet lepote i efikasnosti koji treba istražiti
03:56
using nature as a design tool.
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koristeći prirodu kao alatku za dizajniranje.
03:59
So now I want to go onto talking about the linear-to-closed-loop idea.
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Sada želim da govorim o ideji promene od linijskog do modela zatvorene petlje.
04:02
The way we tend to use resources
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Način kome naginjemo prilikom korišćenja resursa
04:04
is we extract them,
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je da ih izvadimo,
04:06
we turn them into short-life products and then dispose of them.
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pretvorimo u proizvode sa kratkim vekom trajanja i onda ih bacimo.
04:08
Nature works very differently.
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Priroda funkcioniše mnogo drugačije.
04:10
In ecosystems, the waste from one organism
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U ekosistemima, otpad jednog organizma
04:12
becomes the nutrient for something else in that system.
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postaje hrana za nešto drugo u tom sistemu.
04:14
And there are some examples of projects
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Postoje primeri projekata
04:16
that have deliberately tried to mimic ecosystems.
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koji su namerno pokušali da imitiraju ekosisteme.
04:19
And one of my favorites
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Jedan od mojih omiljenih
04:21
is called the Cardboard to Caviar Project
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je nazvan "Od kartona do kavijara" projekat
04:23
by Graham Wiles.
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sačinjen od strane Grejema Vajlsa.
04:25
And in their area they had a lot of shops and restaurants
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U njihovom kraju su imali puno prodavnica i restorana
04:28
that were producing lots of food, cardboard and plastic waste.
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koji su proizvodili puno otpadaka hrane, kartona i plastike.
04:31
It was ending up in landfills.
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To je završavalo na deponijama.
04:33
Now the really clever bit is what they did with the cardboard waste.
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Zaista je pametno šta su uradili sa kartonskim otpadom.
04:35
And I'm just going to talk through this animation.
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Sada ću da vam objasnim ovu animaciju.
04:38
So they were paid to collect it from the restaurants.
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Bilo im je plaćeno da ga sakupljaju od restorana.
04:40
They then shredded the cardboard
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Onda su seckali karton
04:42
and sold it to equestrian centers as horse bedding.
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i prodavali ga jahačkim centrima kao prostirku za podloge.
04:45
When that was soiled, they were paid again to collect it.
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Kada bi se ona zaprljala, ponovo su bili plaćeni da bi je sakupili.
04:47
They put it into worm recomposting systems,
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Stavljali bi je u crvlje sisteme za rekompostiranje,
04:49
which produced a lot of worms, which they fed to Siberian sturgeon,
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koji bi proizveli puno crva, kojima su hranili sibirske jesetre
04:52
which produced caviar, which they sold back to the restaurants.
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koje su proizvodile kavijar, koji su prodavali restoranima.
04:55
So it transformed a linear process
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Tako je linijski proces preobražen
04:57
into a closed-loop model,
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u kružni model
04:59
and it created more value in the process.
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i tokom procesa je stvorio veću korist.
05:02
Graham Wiles has continued to add more and more elements to this,
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Grejem Vajls je nastavio da ovome pridodaje još i još elemenata,
05:04
turning waste streams into schemes that create value.
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pretvarajući tokove otpada u šeme koje stvaraju korist.
05:07
And just as natural systems
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I baš kao što prirodni sistemi
05:09
tend to increase in diversity and resilience over time,
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teže da povećaju raznovrsnost i otpornost tokom vremena,
05:12
there's a real sense with this project
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postoji velika izvesnost vezana za ovaj projekat
05:14
that the number of possibilities
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da će broj mogućnosti
05:17
just continue increasing.
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nastaviti da se povećava.
05:19
And I know it's a quirky example,
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Znam da je ovo pomalo čudan primer,
05:21
but I think the implications of this are quite radical,
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ali mislim da su njegove implikacije zaista korenite,
05:23
because it suggests that we could actually
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zato što upućuje da bismo zapravo mogli
05:25
transform a big problem -- waste -- into a massive opportunity.
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da preobratimo jedan veliki problem -- otpad -- u veliku priliku.
05:28
And particularly in cities --
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Naročito u gradovima --
05:30
we could look at the whole metabolism of cities,
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mogli bismo da se fokusiramo na ceo metabolizam gradova,
05:32
and look at those as opportunities.
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i na njih gledamo kao na prilike.
05:34
And that's what we're doing on the next project I'm going to talk about,
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To i radimo u sledećem projektu o kome ću da govorim,
05:36
the Mobius Project,
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U Mobijus projektu,
05:38
where we're trying to bring together a number of activities,
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gde pokušavamo da spojimo brojne aktivnosti,
05:40
all within one building,
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sve u okviru jedne zgrade,
05:42
so that the waste from one can be the nutrient for another.
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tako da otpad jedne postaje hrana za drugu aktivnost.
05:45
And the kind of elements I'm talking about
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Vrste elemenata o kojima govorim
05:47
are, firstly, we have a restaurant inside a productive greenhouse,
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su, prvo, imamo restoran u okviru produktivnog staklenika,
05:50
a bit like this one in Amsterdam called De Kas.
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pomalo nalik onom u Amsterdamu nazvanom "De Kas".
05:52
Then we would have an anaerobic digester,
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Potom imamo anaerobnu jedinicu za varenje,
05:54
which could deal with all the biodegradable waste from the local area,
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koja bi mogla da se izbori sa svim biorazgradivim otpadom u oblasti,
05:57
turn that into heat for the greenhouse
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pretvori ga u toplotu za staklenu baštu
05:59
and electricity to feed back into the grid.
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i struju koja se može vratiti u mrežu.
06:01
We'd have a water treatment system
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Imali bismo sistem za prečišćavanje vode,
06:03
treating wastewater, turning that into fresh water
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koji bi tretirao otpadne vode, pretvarajući ih u svežu vodu,
06:05
and generating energy from the solids
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i stvarajući energiju iz čvrstih materijala
06:07
using just plants and micro-organisms.
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koristeći samo biljke i mikro-organizme.
06:10
We'd have a fish farm fed with vegetable waste from the kitchen
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Imali bi ribnjak u kome bi kao hranu koristili otpadno povrće iz kuhinje
06:12
and worms from the compost
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i crve iz komposta,
06:14
and supplying fish back to the restaurant.
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obezbeđujući ribu za restoran.
06:16
And we'd also have a coffee shop, and the waste grains from that
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Takođe bi imali i kafić, a otpadno zrnevlje iz njega
06:19
could be used as a substrate for growing mushrooms.
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bi moglo biti iskorišćeno za uzgoj pečuraka.
06:21
So you can see that we're bringing together
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Možete videti da spajamo
06:23
cycles of food, energy and water and waste
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cikluse hrane, energije, vode i otpada
06:25
all within one building.
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sve u okviru jedne zgrade.
06:27
And just for fun, we've proposed this for a roundabout in central London,
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Čisto zbog zabave smo ovo predložili za kružni tok u centralnom delu Londona
06:30
which at the moment is a complete eyesore.
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koji je trenutno pravo ruglo.
06:32
Some of you may recognize this.
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Neki od vas možda prepoznaju ovo.
06:34
And with just a little bit of planning,
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Uz samo malo planiranja,
06:36
we could transform a space dominated by traffic
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mogli bismo da preobrazimo ovaj prostor u kome dominira saobraćaj
06:39
into one that provides open space for people,
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u onaj koji pruža ljudima otvoren prostor,
06:42
reconnects people with food
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ponovo povezuje ljude sa hranom
06:44
and transforms waste into closed loop opportunities.
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i koji preobražava otpad u zatvorenu petlju prilika.
06:47
So the final project I want to talk about
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Krajnji projekat o kome želim da govorim
06:49
is the Sahara Forest Project, which we're working on at the moment.
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jeste Projekat šume Sahare, na kome trenutno radimo.
06:52
It may come as a surprise to some of you
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Za neke od vas može biti pravo iznenađenje
06:54
to hear that quite large areas of what are currently desert
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da čuju da su prilično velike oblasti onoga što je trenutno pustinja
06:56
were actually forested a fairly short time ago.
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zapravo bile pod šumom pre jako malo vremena.
06:59
So for instance, when Julius Caesar arrived in North Africa,
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Tako na primer, kada je Julije Cezar došao u severnu Afriku
07:02
huge areas of North Africa
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velike oblasti severne Afrike
07:04
were covered in cedar and cypress forests.
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su bile pokrivene šumama kedra i čempresa.
07:07
And during the evolution of life on the Earth,
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Tokom evolucije života na Zemlji
07:09
it was the colonization
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nastanjivanje kopna
07:11
of the land by plants
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od strane biljaka
07:13
that helped create the benign climate we currently enjoy.
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je pomoglo stvaranju dobroćudne klime u kojoj trenutno uživamo.
07:15
The converse is also true.
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Obrnuta situacija je takođe tačna.
07:17
The more vegetation we lose,
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Što više vegetacije izgubimo,
07:19
the more that's likely to exacerbate climate change
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veće su mogućnosti da će se klimatske promene pogoršati
07:21
and lead to further desertification.
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i odvesti do dalje dezertifikacije.
07:24
And this animation,
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Ova animacija,
07:26
this shows photosynthetic activity over the course of a number of years,
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ovo nam pokazuje fotosintetičku aktivnost tokom perioda od nekoliko godina,
07:29
and what you can see is that the boundaries of those deserts
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a ono što možete videti je da se granice ovih pustinja
07:32
shift quite a lot,
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dosta pomeraju,
07:34
and that raises the question
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a to postavlja pitanje
07:36
of whether we can intervene at the boundary conditions
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da li se možemo umešati u granične uslove
07:39
to halt, or maybe even reverse, desertification.
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da bi zaustavili ili možda čak i obrnuli, dezertifikaciju.
07:42
And if you look at some of the organisms
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Ako pogledate neke organizme
07:44
that have evolved to live in deserts,
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koji su evoluirali da bi preživeli u pustinji,
07:46
there are some amazing examples of adaptations to water scarcity.
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videćete neke neverovatne primere adaptacije na oskudnost vode.
07:49
This is the Namibian fog-basking beetle,
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Ovo je namibijski tvrdokrilac koji se izležava u magli
07:51
and it's evolved a way of harvesting its own fresh water in a desert.
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i razvio je način za prikupljanje sveže vode u pustinji.
07:54
The way it does this is it comes out at night,
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Način na koji ovo radi je da izađe u toku noći,
07:56
crawls to the top of a sand dune,
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uspuže se do vrha brda,
07:58
and because it's got a matte black shell,
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a zato što ima matirani crni oklop
08:00
is able to radiate heat out to the night sky
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može da oslobodi toplotu put noćnog neba
08:02
and become slightly cooler than its surroundings.
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i postane malo hladniji od svog okruženja.
08:04
So when the moist breeze blows in off the sea,
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Kada vlažan povetarac duva iz pravca mora,
08:06
you get these droplets of water forming on the beetle's shell.
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dobijete ove kapljice vode koje se formiraju na oklopu ovog tvrdokrilca.
08:09
Just before sunrise, he tips his shell up, the water runs down into his mouth,
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Pre izlaska sunca, on nagne svoj oklop, voda se slije u njegova usta,
08:12
has a good drink, goes off and hides for the rest of the day.
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on je popije, ode i krije se tokom ostatka dana.
08:14
And the ingenuity, if you could call it that,
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Genijalnost, ako bismo je mogli nazvati tako,
08:16
goes even further.
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ide čak i dalje.
08:18
Because if you look closely at the beetle's shell,
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Zato što ako pogledate izbliza njegov oklop,
08:20
there are lots of little bumps on that shell.
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videćete mnogo malih izbočina na njemu.
08:22
And those bumps are hydrophilic; they attract water.
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Sve te izbočine su hidrofilne, one privlače vodu.
08:25
Between them there's a waxy finish which repels water.
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Između njih je voskirana površina koja odbija vodu.
08:28
And the effect of this is that
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Efekat koji ovo ima je taj
08:30
as the droplets start to form on the bumps,
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da kada kaplice počnu da se formiraju na izbočinama,
08:32
they stay in tight, spherical beads,
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one ostaju u tesnim, sferičnim perlama
08:34
which means they're much more mobile
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što znači da su one mnogo mobilnije
08:36
than they would be if it was just a film of water over the whole beetle's shell.
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nego da su samo film vode preko celog tvrdokrilčevog oklopa.
08:39
So even when there's only a small amount of moisture in the air,
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Čak i kada ima samo malu količinu vlage u vazduhu,
08:42
it's able to harvest that very effectively and channel it down to its mouth.
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on može da je sakupi veoma efikasno i kanališe je u svoja usta.
08:45
So amazing example of an adaptation
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Ovo je neverovatan primer prilagođavanja
08:47
to a very resource-constrained environment --
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na okruženje sa veoma oskudnim resursima --
08:49
and in that sense, very relevant
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i u tom smislu, veoma relevantan
08:51
to the kind of challenges we're going to be facing
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za vrste izazova sa kojima ćemo se mi suočavati
08:53
over the next few years, next few decades.
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tokom nekoliko sledećih godina, nekoliko sledećih decenija.
08:55
We're working with the guy who invented the Seawater Greenhouse.
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Radimo sa čovekom koji je izumeo Staklenik morske vode.
08:57
This is a greenhouse designed for arid coastal regions,
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Ovo je staklenik koji je dizajniran za suve priobalne predele,
09:00
and the way it works is that you have this whole wall of evaporator grills,
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a princip na kome radi je da imate ovaj ceo zid rešetki isparivača,
09:04
and you trickle seawater over that
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i kada morska voda curi preko njih,
09:06
so that wind blows through, it picks up a lot of moisture
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a vetar duva kroz njih, on sakuplja mnogo vlage
09:08
and is cooled in the process.
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i biva rashlađen tokom ovog procesa.
09:10
So inside it's cool and humid,
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Unutra je sveže i vlažno,
09:12
which means the plants need less water to grow.
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što znači da biljkama treba manje vode da bi rasle.
09:14
And then at the back of the greenhouse,
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Potom, na kraju staklenika
09:16
it condenses a lot of that humidity as freshwater
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veliki deo te vlage biva kondenzovan kao sveža voda
09:19
in a process that is effectively identical to the beetle.
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u procesu koji je efektivno istovetan onom kod tvrdokrilca.
09:22
And what they found with the first Seawater Greenhouse that was built
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Ono što su otkrili sa prvim Staklenikom morske vode
09:25
was it was producing slightly more freshwater
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je da proizvodi malo više sveže vode
09:27
than it needed for the plants inside.
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nego što je neophodno za biljke unutra.
09:30
So they just started spreading this on the land around,
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Počeli su da je prolivaju po okolnom zemljištu
09:33
and the combination of that and the elevated humidity
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i mešavina toga i povišene vlažnosti
09:35
had quite a dramatic effect on the local area.
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imala je dramatičan efekat na okolnu regiju.
09:38
This photograph was taken on completion day,
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Ova fotografija je snimljena na dan završetka,
09:40
and just one year later, it looked like that.
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a samo godinu dana kasnije, izgledalo je ovako.
09:42
So it was like a green inkblot spreading out from the building
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Bilo je poput mrlje od mastila koja se širila iz zgrade
09:45
turning barren land back into biologically productive land --
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pretvarajući jalovo zemljište u biološki produktivno --
09:48
and in that sense, going beyond sustainable design
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i u tom smislu, odlazeći iznad održivog dizajna
09:50
to achieve restorative design.
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da bi dostiglo povratni dizajn.
09:52
So we were keen to scale this up
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Bili smo željni da proporcionalno uvećamo ovo
09:54
and apply biomimicry ideas to maximize the benefits.
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i primenimo ideju biomimetike da bismo povećali koristi.
09:57
And when you think about nature,
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Kada mislite o prirodi
09:59
often you think about it as being all about competition.
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često mislite da se u prirodi radi samo o takmičenju.
10:01
But actually in mature ecosystems,
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Ali zapravo, u zrelim ekosistemima
10:03
you're just as likely to find examples
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isti su vam izgledi da nađete primere
10:05
of symbiotic relationships.
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simbiotičkih odnosa.
10:07
So an important biomimicry principle
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Jedan od bitnih biomimetičkih principa
10:09
is to find ways of bringing technologies together
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je pronaći načine za spajanje tehnologija
10:11
in symbiotic clusters.
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u simbiotičke grupe.
10:13
And the technology that we settled on
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Tehnologija za koju smo se složili
10:15
as an ideal partner for the Seawater Greenhouse
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da će biti idealan partner Stakleniku morske vode
10:17
is concentrated solar power,
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je koncentrisana solarna energija,
10:19
which uses solar-tracking mirrors to focus the sun's heat
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koja koristi ogledala koja prate sunce da bi fokusirala toplotu
10:21
to create electricity.
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zarad stvaranja energije.
10:23
And just to give you some sense of the potential of CSP,
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Da bih vam dao uvid u potencijal koncentrisane solarne energije,
10:26
consider that we receive
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razmotrite da mi svake godine
10:28
10,000 times as much energy from the sun every year
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primimo 10.000 puta više energije od Sunca
10:31
as we use in energy from all forms --
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nego što potrošimo energije u bilo kom obliku --
10:33
10,000 times.
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10.000 puta.
10:35
So our energy problems are not intractable.
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Dakle, naši energetski problemi nisu nerešivi.
10:37
It's a challenge to our ingenuity.
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To je izazov za našu genijalnost.
10:39
And the kind of synergies I'm talking about
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Oblik sinergija o kojima govorim
10:41
are, firstly, both these technologies work very well in hot, sunny deserts.
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su, prvo, obe ove tehnologije rade jako dobro u vrelim, sunčanim pustinjama.
10:45
CSP needs a supply of demineralized freshwater.
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Koncentrisanoj solarnoj energiji treba zaliha demineralizovane sveže vode.
10:48
That's exactly what the Seawater Greenhouse produces.
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A to je upravo ono što Staklenik morske vode proizvodi.
10:50
CSP produces a lot of waste heat.
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KSE proizvodi mnogo otpadne toplote.
10:52
We'll be able to make use of all that to evaporate more seawater
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Moći ćemo da je iskoristimo da isparimo više morske vode
10:55
and enhance the restorative benefits.
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i unapredimo povratne koristi.
10:57
And finally, in the shade under the mirrors,
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I na kraju, u senci ispod ogledala
10:59
it's possible to grow all sorts of crops
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moguće je uzgajati razne vrste useva
11:01
that would not grow in direct sunlight.
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koji ne bi rasli na direktnom suncu.
11:03
So this is how this scheme would look.
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Evo kako bi ova šema izgledala.
11:05
The idea is we create this long hedge of greenhouses facing the wind.
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Ideja je da napravimo ovaj veliki niz staklenika koji bi bili upravljeni ka vetru.
11:08
We'd have concentrated solar power plants
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Imali bi elektrane koncentrovane sunčeve energije
11:10
at intervals along the way.
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na intervalima duž ovog niza.
11:12
Some of you might be wondering what we would do with all the salts.
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Možda se pitate šta bi uradili sa svim solima.
11:15
And with biomimicry, if you've got an underutilized resource,
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U biomimetici, kada imate resurs koji ne koristite,
11:18
you don't think, "How am I going to dispose of this?"
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ne mislite: "Kako da se rešim ovoga?"
11:20
You think, "What can I add to the system to create more value?"
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Mislite: "Šta mogu da dodam u sistem da bih dobio još koristi?"
11:23
And it turns out
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Ispostavilo se
11:25
that different things crystallize out at different stages.
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da se različite stvari kristališu u različitim fazama.
11:27
When you evaporate seawater, the first thing to crystallize out
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Kada isparavate morsku vodu, prva stvar koja se kristališe
11:29
is calcium carbonate.
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je kalcijum karbonat.
11:31
And that builds up on the evaporators --
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To se kristališe na isparivačima --
11:33
and that's what that image on the left is --
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i to je ono što je na levoj slici --
11:35
gradually getting encrusted with the calcium carbonate.
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postepeno se formira korica od kalcijum karbonata.
11:37
So after a while, we could take that out,
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Posle nekog vremena, mogli bismo to da izvadimo
11:39
use it as a lightweight building block.
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i upotrebimo kao gradivni blok.
11:41
And if you think about the carbon in that,
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Mislite o ugljeniku koji je unutra,
11:43
that would have come out of the atmosphere, into the sea
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koji je izdvojen iz atmosfere u more,
11:45
and then locked away in a building product.
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a onda zaključan u gradivnom proizvodu.
11:47
The next thing is sodium chloride.
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Sledeća stvar je kuhinjska so.
11:49
You can also compress that into a building block,
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Nju takođe možete kompresovati u gradivni blok,
11:51
as they did here.
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kao što je urađeno ovde.
11:53
This is a hotel in Bolivia.
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Ovo je hotel u Boliviji.
11:55
And then after that, there are all sorts
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Nakon toga, postoji mnoštvo
11:57
of compounds and elements that we can extract,
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jedinjenja i elemenata koje možemo izvaditi,
11:59
like phosphates, that we need to get back into the desert soils to fertilize them.
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kao što su fosfati, koje trebamo vratiti u pustinjska tla da bi ih nađubrili.
12:02
And there's just about every element of the periodic table
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U morskoj vodi postoji
12:04
in seawater.
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gotovo svaki elemenat iz periodnog sistema.
12:06
So it should be possible to extract valuable elements
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Bilo bi, dakle, moguće izvaditi vredne elemente,
12:08
like lithium for high-performance batteries.
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poput litijuma za baterije visokih performansi.
12:12
And in parts of the Arabian Gulf,
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A u delovima Persijskog zaliva
12:15
the seawater, the salinity is increasing steadily
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morska voda, salinitet stabilno raste
12:18
due to the discharge of waste brine
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zbog otpuštanja otpadnih voda
12:20
from desalination plants.
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iz postrojenja za desalinizaciju.
12:22
And it's pushing the ecosystem close to collapse.
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Ovo gura ekosistem ka kolapsu.
12:25
Now we would be able to make use of all that waste brine.
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Sada bi mogli da iskoristimo sve te otpadne vode.
12:27
We could evaporate it
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Mogli bismo da ih isparimo
12:29
to enhance the restorative benefits
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da bismo povećali povratne koristi
12:31
and capture the salts,
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i zarobimo soli,
12:33
transforming an urgent waste problem into a big opportunity.
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preobražavajući hitan problem otpada u jednu veliku priliku.
12:36
Really the Sahara Forest Project is a model
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Zaista, Projekat šume Sahare je model
12:38
for how we could create zero-carbon food,
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prema kome bismo mogli da stvaramo ugljenički neutralnu hranu,
12:41
abundant renewable energy in some of the most water-stressed parts of the planet
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obilnu obnovljivu energiju u nekima od najsuvljih predela planete
12:44
as well as reversing desertification in certain areas.
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kao i da preokrenemo dezertifikaciju u nekim oblastima.
12:48
So returning to those big challenges that I mentioned at the beginning:
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Vratimo se na velike izazove koje sam spomenuo na početku:
12:51
radical increases in resource efficiency,
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radikalno povećanje učinka resursa,
12:53
closing loops and a solar economy.
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modeli zatvorene petlje i solarna ekonomija.
12:55
They're not just possible; they're critical.
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Oni nisu samo mogući; oni su od velike važnosti.
12:58
And I firmly believe that studying the way nature solves problems
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Čvrsto verujem da će nam izučavanje načina na koji priroda rešava probleme
13:01
will provide a lot of the solutions.
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dati mnogo rešenja.
13:04
But perhaps more than anything, what this thinking provides
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Ali ako ništa drugo, ono što nam ovo razmišljanje pruža
13:07
is a really positive way of talking about sustainable design.
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je jedan veoma pozitivan način govora o održivom dizajnu.
13:09
Far too much of the talk about the environment
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Preveliki deo razgovora o životnoj sredini
13:11
uses very negative language.
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koristi veoma negativan jezik.
13:13
But here it's about synergies and abundance and optimizing.
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Ali ovde se radi o sinergijama i izobilju i optimizaciji.
13:16
And this is an important point.
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Ovo je jedna jako bitna tačka.
13:18
Antoine de Saint-Exupery once said,
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Antoan de Sent-Egziperi je jednom rekao:
13:20
"If you want to build a flotilla of ships,
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"Ako želiš da sagradiš flotu brodova,
13:22
you don't sit around talking about carpentry.
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ne sediš i pričajuči o stolariji.
13:24
No, you need to set people's souls ablaze
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Ne, trebate rasplamsati duše ljudi
13:27
with visions of exploring distant shores."
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vizijama o istraživanju dalekih obala."
13:29
And that's what we need to do, so let's be positive,
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I to je ono što mi treba da uradimo, zato budimo pozitivni,
13:32
and let's make progress with what could be
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i hajde da stvaramo napredak sa nečim što bi moglo da bude
13:34
the most exciting period of innovation we've ever seen.
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najuzbudljiviji period u inovacijama koji smo ikada videli.
13:36
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
13:38
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Michael Pawlyn - ArchitectMichael Pawlyn takes cues from nature to make new, sustainable architectural environments.
Why you should listen
Michael Pawlyn established the architecture firm Exploration in 2007 to focus on environmentally sustainable projects that take their inspiration from nature.
Prior to setting up the company, Pawlyn worked with the firm Grimshaw for ten years and was central to the team that radically re-invented horticultural architecture for the Eden Project. He was responsible for leading the design of the Warm Temperate and Humid Tropics Biomes and the subsequent phases that included proposals for a third Biome for plants from dry tropical regions. In 1999 he was one of five winners in A Car-free London, an ideas competition for strategic solutions to the capital’s future transport needs and new possibilities for urban spaces. In September 2003 he joined an intensive course in nature-inspired design at Schumacher College, run by Amory Lovins and Janine Benyus. He has lectured widely on the subject of sustainable design in the UK and abroad.
His Sahara Forest Project, covered in this TEDTalk, recently won major funding >>
Michael Pawlyn | Speaker | TED.com