ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Michael Pawlyn - Architect
Michael Pawlyn takes cues from nature to make new, sustainable architectural environments.

Why you should listen

Michael Pawlyn established the architecture firm Exploration in 2007 to focus on environmentally sustainable projects that take their inspiration from nature.

Prior to setting up the company, Pawlyn worked with the firm Grimshaw for ten years and was central to the team that radically re-invented horticultural architecture for the Eden Project. He was responsible for leading the design of the Warm Temperate and Humid Tropics Biomes and the subsequent phases that included proposals for a third Biome for plants from dry tropical regions. In 1999 he was one of five winners in A Car-free London, an ideas competition for strategic solutions to the capital’s future transport needs and new possibilities for urban spaces. In September 2003 he joined an intensive course in nature-inspired design at Schumacher College, run by Amory Lovins and Janine Benyus. He has lectured widely on the subject of sustainable design in the UK and abroad.

His Sahara Forest Project, covered in this TEDTalk, recently won major funding >>

More profile about the speaker
Michael Pawlyn | Speaker | TED.com
TEDSalon London 2010

Michael Pawlyn: Using nature's genius in architecture

Michael Pawlyn:將大自然的智慧運用在建築上

Filmed:
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建築師如何才能建立一個永續的美麗新世界?向大自然學習。在倫敦TEDSalon中,Michael Pawlyn描述了三種大自然可能改變建築與社會的特性:提高基本資源使用效率、封閉式循環和太陽能源的使用。
- Architect
Michael Pawlyn takes cues from nature to make new, sustainable architectural environments. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
I'd like to start開始 with a couple一對 of quick examples例子.
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我想先講幾個簡單的例子
00:18
These are spinneret噴絲板 glands腺體
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這些是蜘蛛吐絲的腺體
00:20
on the abdomen腹部 of a spider蜘蛛.
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位在蜘蛛的上腹部
00:22
They produce生產 six different不同 types類型 of silk, which哪一個 is spun together一起 into a fiber纖維,
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他們可以分泌出六種不同的絲變成纖維
00:25
tougher強硬 than any fiber纖維 humans人類 have ever made製作.
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這比任何人類製作出的纖維還要強韌
00:28
The nearest最近的 we've我們已經 come is with aramid芳綸 fiber纖維.
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最接近這種特性的要算是芳綸纖維
00:31
And to make that, it involves涉及 extremes極端 of temperature溫度,
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要作出這樣的纖維需要極端的溫度
00:33
extremes極端 of pressure壓力 and loads負載 of pollution污染.
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極端的壓力和大量的污染
00:36
And yet然而 the spider蜘蛛 manages管理 to do it at ambient周圍 temperature溫度 and pressure壓力
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然而蜘蛛卻能在一般環境的溫度和壓力
00:39
with raw生的 materials物料 of dead flies蒼蠅 and water.
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運用死掉蒼蠅和水當作原料做出來這種纖維
00:42
It does suggest建議 we've我們已經 still got a bit to learn學習.
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它說明了我們還有需要學習的東西
00:44
This beetle甲蟲 can detect檢測 a forest森林 fire at 80 kilometers公里 away.
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這種甲蟲可以偵測到遠在80公里森林火災
00:47
That's roughly大致 10,000 times the range範圍
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這大約是 10,000倍
00:49
of man-made人造 fire detectors探測器.
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人造火災探測器所能偵測的範圍
00:51
And what's more, this guy doesn't need a wire
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更重要的是,這小昆蟲不需要電線
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connected連接的 all the way back to a power功率 station burning燃燒 fossil化石 fuels燃料.
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連接燃燒燃料的發電站
00:57
So these two examples例子 give a sense of what biomimicry仿生學 can deliver交付.
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這兩個例子說明了生物模擬是值得學習的
01:00
If we could learn學習 to make things and do things the way nature性質 does,
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如果我們能學會大自然的方式
01:03
we could achieve實現 factor因子 10, factor因子 100,
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我們可以達到10倍,100倍
01:05
maybe even factor因子 1,000 savings
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甚至是1,000倍的
01:07
in resource資源 and energy能源 use.
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節約資源和能源
01:10
And if we're to make progress進展 with the sustainability可持續性 revolution革命,
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如果我們要有所進步達到永續發展
01:13
I believe there are three really big changes變化
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我認為有三個非常大的變化
01:15
we need to bring帶來 about.
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是我們需要的
01:17
Firstly首先, radical激進 increases增加 in resource資源 efficiency效率.
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第一,提高基本資源使用效率
01:20
Secondly其次, shifting from a linear線性, wasteful浪費,
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第二,把線性的,浪費的,
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polluting污染 way of using運用 resources資源
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污染的資源使用方式
01:24
to a closed-loop閉環 model模型.
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轉變成一個封閉的循環模式
01:26
And thirdly第三, changing改變 from a fossil化石 fuel汽油 economy經濟
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第三,從礦物燃料經濟
01:28
to a solar太陽能 economy經濟.
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轉變成太陽能經濟
01:30
And for all three of these, I believe,
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而對於這三點,我認為
01:32
biomimicry仿生學 has a lot of the solutions解決方案 that we're going to need.
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生物模擬提供很多的解決方法是我們需要的
01:34
You could look at nature性質 as being存在 like a catalog目錄 of products製品,
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你可以看一下大自然把它當作是樣本
01:37
and all of those have benefited受益
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所有的東西都來自於
01:39
from a 3.8-billion-year-billion年 research研究 and development發展 period.
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3.8億年的研究和發展的累積
01:42
And given特定 that level水平 of investment投資, it makes品牌 sense to use it.
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如果就投資來說,運用這樣的概念是可行的
01:45
So I'm going to talk about some projects項目 that have explored探討 these ideas思路.
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所以我要談談一些計畫,也探討這些想法
01:48
And let's start開始 with radical激進 increases增加
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我們從第一點開始談
01:50
in resource資源 efficiency效率.
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提高基本資源使用效率
01:52
When we were working加工 on the Eden伊甸園 Project項目,
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當我們開始執行伊甸園計劃時
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we had to create創建 a very large greenhouse溫室
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我們必須蓋一座非常大的溫室
01:56
in a site現場 that was not only irregular不規則,
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在一個不僅不規則
01:58
but it was continually不斷 changing改變 because it was still being存在 quarried開採.
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而且不斷變化的地方,因為這個地方仍在開採
02:01
It was a hell地獄 of a challenge挑戰,
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這是一個地獄般的挑戰
02:03
and it was actually其實 examples例子 from biology生物學
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不過它實際上是運用生物學的例子
02:05
that provided提供 a lot of the clues線索.
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這提供了很多線索
02:07
So for instance,
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例如
02:09
it was soap肥皂 bubbles泡泡 that helped幫助 us generate生成 a building建造 form形成
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這參考肥皂泡泡的樣子,規劃出建築物的外觀
02:11
that would work regardless而不管 of the final最後 ground地面 levels水平.
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不管最後地面高度多高都能做到
02:14
Studying研究 pollen花粉 grains穀物
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研究花粉
02:16
and radiolaria放射蟲 and carbon molecules分子
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和放射蟲類和碳分子
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helped幫助 us devise設計 the most efficient高效 structural結構 solution
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幫助我們做出最有效的結構設計
02:21
using運用 hexagons六邊形 and pentagons五邊形.
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運用六邊形和五邊形
02:24
The next下一個 move移動 was that we wanted
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下一步是我們想要
02:26
to try and maximize最大化 the size尺寸 of those hexagons六邊形.
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把六邊形做到最大
02:28
And to do that we had to find an alternative替代 to glass玻璃,
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要做到這點我們必須用可替代玻璃的材質
02:30
which哪一個 is really very limited有限 in terms條款 of its unit單元 sizes大小.
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不過這材質能夠用的單位面積也相當受限
02:33
And in nature性質 there are lots of examples例子
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在自然界中非常多的例子
02:36
of very efficient高效 structures結構 based基於 on pressurized加壓 membranes.
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都能有效用在結構設計上,像是加壓膜技術
02:39
So we started開始 exploring探索 this material材料 called ETFEETFE.
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因此我們開始探索ETFE這種材料
02:42
It's a high-strength高強度 polymer聚合物.
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這是一種高強度聚合物
02:44
And what you do is you put it together一起 in three layers,
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而我們把它做成三層
02:46
you weld焊接 it around the edge邊緣, and then you inflate膨脹 it.
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把它周圍邊緣焊接起來,然後充氣
02:49
And the great thing about this stuff東東
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這東西最了不起的地方是
02:51
is you can make it in units單位
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它的每一個單位
02:53
of roughly大致 seven times the size尺寸 of glass玻璃,
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可以大約是玻璃的七倍大
02:55
and it was only one percent百分 of the weight重量 of double-glazing雙層玻璃.
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重量卻只有雙層玻璃的百分之一
02:57
So that was a factor-因子-100 saving保存.
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所以這算是100倍的節約資源
02:59
And what we found發現 is that we got into a positive cycle週期
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我們也發現到這帶動起良性循環
03:02
in which哪一個 one breakthrough突破 facilitated促進 another另一個.
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新發現又會帶來另一個新發現
03:04
So with such這樣 large, lightweight輕量級 pillows枕頭,
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在這樣大又輕的支撐下
03:07
we had much less steel.
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我們也能減少鋼材的使用
03:09
With less steel we were getting得到 more sunlight陽光 in,
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少一點鋼材,陽光就能多一點進來
03:11
which哪一個 meant意味著 we didn't have to put as much extra額外 heat in winter冬季.
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換句話說,在冬天我們不用儲備太多的熱能
03:14
And with less overall總體 weight重量 in the superstructure上層建築,
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加上在建築上層的整體重量也減少
03:16
there were big savings in the foundations基金會.
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所以地基的建材也能節省許多
03:18
And at the end結束 of the project項目 we worked工作 out
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在這項計畫完成的時候,我們發現
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that the weight重量 of that superstructure上層建築
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上層建築的重量
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was actually其實 less than the weight重量 of the air空氣 inside the building建造.
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實際上低於建築物內空氣的重量
03:25
So I think the Eden伊甸園 Project項目 is a fairly相當 good example
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我認為伊甸園計劃是個相當好的例子
03:28
of how ideas思路 from biology生物學
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說明從生物學學到的想法
03:30
can lead to radical激進 increases增加 in resource資源 efficiency效率 --
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可以做到提高基本資源使用效率
03:33
delivering交付 the same相同 function功能,
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在提供相同的功能
03:35
but with a fraction分數 of the resource資源 input輸入.
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達到事半功倍的效果
03:37
And actually其實 there are loads負載 of examples例子 in nature性質
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實際上大自然中有非常多這樣的例子
03:39
that you could turn to for similar類似 solutions解決方案.
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是我們可以找到類似的解決方法
03:42
So for instance, you could develop發展 super-efficient超高效 roof屋頂 structures結構
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例如我們能蓋出高效能的屋頂結構
03:45
based基於 on giant巨人 Amazon亞馬遜 water lilies百合,
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參考亞馬遜巨頭睡蓮的樣子
03:48
whole整個 buildings房屋 inspired啟發 by abalone鮑魚 shells砲彈,
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整個建築靈感來自鮑魚殼
03:50
super-lightweight超輕 bridges橋樑 inspired啟發 by plant cells細胞.
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超輕量橋樑設計靈感來自於植物細胞
03:53
There's a world世界 of beauty美女 and efficiency效率 to explore探索 here
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這個既美麗又有效率的世界值得探索
03:56
using運用 nature性質 as a design設計 tool工具.
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運用大自然當作設計的工具
03:59
So now I want to go onto talking about the linear-to-closed-loop直線到閉環 idea理念.
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現在我要說明的如何從線性轉變成封閉式循環
04:02
The way we tend趨向 to use resources資源
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我們使用資源的方式
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is we extract提取 them,
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是我們開採資源
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we turn them into short-life短壽命 products製品 and then dispose部署 of them.
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把資源做成生命週期短的產品,然後用完即丟
04:08
Nature性質 works作品 very differently不同.
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但大自然的法則不是這樣的
04:10
In ecosystems生態系統, the waste浪費 from one organism生物
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在生態系統裡每一種生物的廢棄物
04:12
becomes the nutrient養分 for something else其他 in that system系統.
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會轉變成另一種生物的營養來源
04:14
And there are some examples例子 of projects項目
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還有其他例子
04:16
that have deliberately故意 tried試著 to mimic模仿者 ecosystems生態系統.
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是刻意模仿生態系統
04:19
And one of my favorites最愛
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其中一項我最喜歡的是
04:21
is called the Cardboard紙板 to Caviar魚子醬 Project項目
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"從紙板到魚子醬"的計畫
04:23
by Graham格雷厄姆 Wiles懷爾斯.
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由Graham Wiles所做的
04:25
And in their area they had a lot of shops商店 and restaurants餐館
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在他們那個地區有非常多商店和餐廳
04:28
that were producing生產 lots of food餐飲, cardboard紙板 and plastic塑料 waste浪費.
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造成許多食物、紙板和塑膠的廢棄物
04:31
It was ending結尾 up in landfills垃圾填埋場.
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這些廢棄物最終都會到垃圾掩埋場
04:33
Now the really clever聰明 bit is what they did with the cardboard紙板 waste浪費.
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但現在他們比較聰明會另外處理廢紙板
04:35
And I'm just going to talk through通過 this animation動畫.
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我利用這個動畫跟你們解釋
04:38
So they were paid支付 to collect蒐集 it from the restaurants餐館.
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他們負責從餐廳回收這些紙板
04:40
They then shredded切絲 the cardboard紙板
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然後把紙板碾碎
04:42
and sold出售 it to equestrian騎馬的 centers中心 as horse bedding寢具.
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賣給了馬術中心用作馬匹休息的墊草
04:45
When that was soiled, they were paid支付 again to collect蒐集 it.
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等到這些墊草髒了,他們再負責去回收
04:47
They put it into worm recompostingrecomposting systems系統,
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接著把這些髒的墊草用來培育蠕蟲
04:49
which哪一個 produced生成 a lot of worms蠕蟲, which哪一個 they fed美聯儲 to Siberian西伯利亞 sturgeon,
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這樣可以繁殖出許多的蠕蟲,這些蠕蟲就拿來餵食西伯利亞鱘魚
04:52
which哪一個 produced生成 caviar魚子醬, which哪一個 they sold出售 back to the restaurants餐館.
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鱘魚生產出魚子醬,魚子醬再賣回去給餐廳
04:55
So it transformed改造 a linear線性 process處理
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這樣的過程就是從線性
04:57
into a closed-loop閉環 model模型,
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轉變成一個封閉式的循環
04:59
and it created創建 more value in the process處理.
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每一個過程都創造出更多的價值
05:02
Graham格雷厄姆 Wiles懷爾斯 has continued繼續 to add more and more elements分子 to this,
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Graham Wiles不斷加入更多的元素到這個循環
05:04
turning車削 waste浪費 streams into schemes方案 that create創建 value.
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讓廢棄物在這個計劃中創造出價值
05:07
And just as natural自然 systems系統
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就像是自然生態一樣
05:09
tend趨向 to increase增加 in diversity多樣 and resilience彈性 over time,
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長期下來能增加多樣性和適應性
05:12
there's a real真實 sense with this project項目
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這是計劃真正的目的
05:14
that the number of possibilities可能性
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也就是創造出更多的可能性
05:17
just continue繼續 increasing增加.
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而且不斷地增加價值
05:19
And I know it's a quirky詭詐的 example,
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我知道這是一個奇特的例子
05:21
but I think the implications啟示 of this are quite相當 radical激進,
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但我認為這是相當有效的影響
05:23
because it suggests提示 that we could actually其實
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因為這實際上
05:25
transform轉變 a big problem問題 -- waste浪費 -- into a massive大規模的 opportunity機會.
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可以讓我們把大的問題變成大的機會
05:28
And particularly尤其 in cities城市 --
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特別在某些城市
05:30
we could look at the whole整個 metabolism代謝 of cities城市,
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要處理垃圾問題
05:32
and look at those as opportunities機會.
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就能運用這樣的概念
05:34
And that's what we're doing on the next下一個 project項目 I'm going to talk about,
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這也是我接下來要談的另一個計畫
05:36
the Mobius莫比烏斯 Project項目,
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莫比烏斯(Mobius)計畫
05:38
where we're trying to bring帶來 together一起 a number of activities活動,
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也就是許多的活動
05:40
all within one building建造,
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都能在同一棟建築物裡完成
05:42
so that the waste浪費 from one can be the nutrient養分 for another另一個.
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所以每一種廢棄物都能變成原料
05:45
And the kind of elements分子 I'm talking about
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我要講的概念是
05:47
are, firstly首先, we have a restaurant餐廳 inside a productive生產的 greenhouse溫室,
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首先,我們在溫室裡有一間餐廳
05:50
a bit like this one in Amsterdam阿姆斯特丹 called De Kas卡斯.
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這有點像在阿姆斯特丹的De Kas溫室餐廳
05:52
Then we would have an anaerobic厭氧 digester沼氣池,
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然後我們在裡面設了一座無氧消化器
05:54
which哪一個 could deal合同 with all the biodegradable可生物降解 waste浪費 from the local本地 area,
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能處理當地所有可生物分解的廢棄物
05:57
turn that into heat for the greenhouse溫室
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再轉變成溫室的熱能
05:59
and electricity電力 to feed飼料 back into the grid.
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和電力回饋到輸電網
06:01
We'd星期三 have a water treatment治療 system系統
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我們有汙水處理系統
06:03
treating治療 wastewater廢水, turning車削 that into fresh新鮮 water
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把廢水變成乾淨的水
06:05
and generating發電 energy能源 from the solids固體
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從固體產生能量
06:07
using運用 just plants植物 and micro-organisms微生物.
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只利用一些植物和微生物
06:10
We'd星期三 have a fish farm農場 fed美聯儲 with vegetable蔬菜 waste浪費 from the kitchen廚房
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我們有一個養魚池,用廚房的廚餘當作飼料
06:12
and worms蠕蟲 from the compost堆肥
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還有堆肥裡的蠕蟲
06:14
and supplying供應 fish back to the restaurant餐廳.
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拿這些拿來餵魚,魚再供應給餐廳
06:16
And we'd星期三 also have a coffee咖啡 shop, and the waste浪費 grains穀物 from that
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還會有一個咖啡廳,不要的咖啡渣
06:19
could be used as a substrate基質 for growing生長 mushrooms蘑菇.
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可以做成種植蘑菇的培養土
06:21
So you can see that we're bringing使 together一起
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我們把這些想法結合在一起
06:23
cycles週期 of food餐飲, energy能源 and water and waste浪費
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成為一個食物、能源、水和廢棄物的循環
06:25
all within one building建造.
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這通通發生在同一棟建築物裡
06:27
And just for fun開玩笑, we've我們已經 proposed建議 this for a roundabout迂迴 in central中央 London倫敦,
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這挺有趣的,我們也針對倫敦市中心一個圓環提出這項計畫
06:30
which哪一個 at the moment時刻 is a complete完成 eyesore醜陋.
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因為這個圓環目前要算是政府的眼中釘
06:32
Some of you may可能 recognize認識 this.
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你們有些人可能認得這個地方
06:34
And with just a little bit of planning規劃,
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運用一點點的規劃
06:36
we could transform轉變 a space空間 dominated佔主導地位 by traffic交通
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我們可以把一個以交通為主的空間
06:39
into one that provides提供 open打開 space空間 for people,
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轉變成可以提供給民眾的開放空間
06:42
reconnects重新連接 people with food餐飲
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讓人與食物重新有交集
06:44
and transforms變換 waste浪費 into closed關閉 loop循環 opportunities機會.
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讓廢棄物可以在封閉式循環中得到不同的處置
06:47
So the final最後 project項目 I want to talk about
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我要談的最後一項計畫是
06:49
is the Sahara撒哈拉 Forest森林 Project項目, which哪一個 we're working加工 on at the moment時刻.
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撒哈拉造林工程計畫,這是我們現階段正在努力做的
06:52
It may可能 come as a surprise to some of you
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這可能對在座的某些人來說
06:54
to hear that quite相當 large areas of what are currently目前 desert沙漠
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聽到這消息有點驚訝,因為這一大片地方目前是沙漠
06:56
were actually其實 forested森林 a fairly相當 short time ago.
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但事實上這地方在不久之前其實有座森林
06:59
So for instance, when Julius朱利葉斯 Caesar凱撒 arrived到達 in North Africa非洲,
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例如當凱撒抵達北非的時候
07:02
huge巨大 areas of North Africa非洲
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在北非有一大片區域
07:04
were covered覆蓋 in cedar雪松 and cypress forests森林.
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被雪松和柏樹森林給覆蓋
07:07
And during the evolution演化 of life on the Earth地球,
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在地球開始繁衍出生命的時候
07:09
it was the colonization定植
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土地都被占據
07:11
of the land土地 by plants植物
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被植物給佔據
07:13
that helped幫助 create創建 the benign良性 climate氣候 we currently目前 enjoy請享用.
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這有助於發展出適合居住的良好氣候
07:15
The converse交談 is also true真正.
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反過來也是如此
07:17
The more vegetation植被 we lose失去,
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我們失去越多土地上的植被
07:19
the more that's likely容易 to exacerbate加劇 climate氣候 change更改
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越可能加劇氣候變遷
07:21
and lead to further進一步 desertification荒漠化.
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導致進一步的沙漠化
07:24
And this animation動畫,
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這個動畫顯示了
07:26
this shows節目 photosynthetic光合 activity活動 over the course課程 of a number of years年份,
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數年來的光合作用的活動
07:29
and what you can see is that the boundaries邊界 of those deserts沙漠
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我們可以看到這些沙漠的範圍
07:32
shift轉移 quite相當 a lot,
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他們變化很大
07:34
and that raises加薪 the question
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這引發了一個問題
07:36
of whether是否 we can intervene干預 at the boundary邊界 conditions條件
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我們是否能干預沙漠的界線
07:39
to halt, or maybe even reverse相反, desertification荒漠化.
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去限制或是讓沙漠化的土地回復原本的樣子
07:42
And if you look at some of the organisms生物
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你看一些生物
07:44
that have evolved進化 to live生活 in deserts沙漠,
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可以適應在沙漠生活
07:46
there are some amazing驚人 examples例子 of adaptations改編 to water scarcity缺乏.
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在適應缺水問題時也有一些令人驚訝的例子
07:49
This is the Namibian納米比亞 fog-basking霧姥 beetle甲蟲,
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這是納米比亞的沐霧甲蟲
07:51
and it's evolved進化 a way of harvesting收穫 its own擁有 fresh新鮮 water in a desert沙漠.
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牠自己演化出可以在沙漠收集淡水的方法
07:54
The way it does this is it comes out at night,
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牠的方式是牠在夜間出來活動
07:56
crawls爬行 to the top最佳 of a sand dune沙丘,
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爬到沙丘上頭
07:58
and because it's got a matte磨砂 black黑色 shell貝殼,
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因為他的粗糙黑色外殼
08:00
is able能夠 to radiate輻射 heat out to the night sky天空
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能夠在夜晚散發熱能
08:02
and become成為 slightly cooler冷卻器 than its surroundings環境.
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又能比其周圍環境低溫
08:04
So when the moist breeze微風 blows打擊 in off the sea,
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因此,當海上吹起了潮濕的微風
08:06
you get these droplets液滴 of water forming成型 on the beetle's甲蟲的 shell貝殼.
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甲蟲的殼就能讓水滴凝結在上面
08:09
Just before sunrise日出, he tips提示 his shell貝殼 up, the water runs運行 down into his mouth,
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在日出前,牠把身體抬高,水就能流進嘴裡
08:12
has a good drink, goes off and hides for the rest休息 of the day.
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喝一口水,然後躲起來好好休息的一天
08:14
And the ingenuity創造力, if you could call it that,
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如果要說,這是大自然的智慧
08:16
goes even further進一步.
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更進一步看
08:18
Because if you look closely密切 at the beetle's甲蟲的 shell貝殼,
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如果仔細觀察甲蟲的外殼
08:20
there are lots of little bumps顛簸 on that shell貝殼.
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外殼上有許多小的突起物
08:22
And those bumps顛簸 are hydrophilic親水; they attract吸引 water.
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而那些突起物具有親水性,能吸引水
08:25
Between之間 them there's a waxy finish which哪一個 repels阻止再 water.
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在每個突起物間有像臘一樣的溝槽可以排水
08:28
And the effect影響 of this is that
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這個作用是
08:30
as the droplets液滴 start開始 to form形成 on the bumps顛簸,
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水滴在這些突起物上形成時
08:32
they stay in tight, spherical球形 beads,
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水分會緊密而且呈現水珠狀
08:34
which哪一個 means手段 they're much more mobile移動
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所以更具流動性
08:36
than they would be if it was just a film電影 of water over the whole整個 beetle's甲蟲的 shell貝殼.
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比起甲蟲殼上有一整片的水來的更容易移動
08:39
So even when there's only a small amount of moisture濕氣 in the air空氣,
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因此即使當空氣中只有少量的水分
08:42
it's able能夠 to harvest收成 that very effectively有效 and channel渠道 it down to its mouth.
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它仍然能夠非常有效的獲取水分讓水流到口裡
08:45
So amazing驚人 example of an adaptation適應
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這是一個在適應上非常驚人的例子
08:47
to a very resource-constrained資源約束 environment環境 --
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一個資源相當有限的環境
08:49
and in that sense, very relevant相應
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這和我們是非常類似的
08:51
to the kind of challenges挑戰 we're going to be facing面對
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我們要面對的挑戰
08:53
over the next下一個 few少數 years年份, next下一個 few少數 decades幾十年.
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在未來幾年,或幾十年
08:55
We're working加工 with the guy who invented發明 the Seawater海水 Greenhouse溫室.
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我們正與一位發明了海水溫室的人合作
08:57
This is a greenhouse溫室 designed設計 for arid乾旱 coastal沿海 regions地區,
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這是一種在乾旱沿海地區做的溫室設計
09:00
and the way it works作品 is that you have this whole整個 wall of evaporator蒸發器 grills烤架,
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這運作的方式是裡頭有整座蒸發器架
09:04
and you trickle seawater海水 over that
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讓海水滴流過這裡
09:06
so that wind blows打擊 through通過, it picks精選 up a lot of moisture濕氣
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讓風吹過收集很多的水分
09:08
and is cooled冷卻 in the process處理.
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然後在過程中冷卻
09:10
So inside it's cool and humid,
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所以裡面是涼爽和潮濕的
09:12
which哪一個 means手段 the plants植物 need less water to grow增長.
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適合不太需要水的植物生長
09:14
And then at the back of the greenhouse溫室,
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在溫室後方
09:16
it condenses冷凝 a lot of that humidity濕度 as freshwater淡水
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能凝結大量的濕氣轉變為淡水
09:19
in a process處理 that is effectively有效 identical相同 to the beetle甲蟲.
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這個過程實際上是和甲蟲是相同的
09:22
And what they found發現 with the first Seawater海水 Greenhouse溫室 that was built內置
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而他們蓋的第一座海水溫室
09:25
was it was producing生產 slightly more freshwater淡水
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能生產很多的淡水
09:27
than it needed需要 for the plants植物 inside.
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而且多過裡頭植物所需要的
09:30
So they just started開始 spreading傳播 this on the land土地 around,
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因此他們開始推廣到附近的土地
09:33
and the combination組合 of that and the elevated提高的 humidity濕度
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結合這一點和濕度升高這兩種條件
09:35
had quite相當 a dramatic戲劇性 effect影響 on the local本地 area.
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讓這個地區有非常大的改變
09:38
This photograph照片 was taken採取 on completion完成 day,
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這張照片是在完工日那天拍的
09:40
and just one year later後來, it looked看著 like that.
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一年後看起來像這樣
09:42
So it was like a green綠色 inkblot墨跡 spreading傳播 out from the building建造
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它就像一個綠色的墨漬從建築物擴散出去
09:45
turning車削 barren荒蕪 land土地 back into biologically生物 productive生產的 land土地 --
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讓貧瘠的土地回復到有生命的樣子
09:48
and in that sense, going beyond sustainable可持續發展 design設計
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也就是說這不僅維持了生態平衡
09:50
to achieve實現 restorative恢復 design設計.
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更達到恢復生機
09:52
So we were keen敏銳 to scale規模 this up
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因此我們希望可以擴大
09:54
and apply應用 biomimicry仿生學 ideas思路 to maximize最大化 the benefits好處.
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應用生物模擬的想法把效益最大化
09:57
And when you think about nature性質,
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當我們想到的大自然
09:59
often經常 you think about it as being存在 all about competition競爭.
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我們大部分想到的是競爭
10:01
But actually其實 in mature成熟 ecosystems生態系統,
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但實際上在成熟的生態系統中
10:03
you're just as likely容易 to find examples例子
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你能發現很多例子
10:05
of symbiotic共生 relationships關係.
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都存在共生關係
10:07
So an important重要 biomimicry仿生學 principle原理
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所以重要的生物模擬的原則
10:09
is to find ways方法 of bringing使 technologies技術 together一起
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是想辦法把不同的技術結合
10:11
in symbiotic共生 clusters集群.
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做到集體共生
10:13
And the technology技術 that we settled安定 on
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我們看中的技術是
10:15
as an ideal理想 partner夥伴 for the Seawater海水 Greenhouse溫室
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能和海水溫室的概念合作的
10:17
is concentrated集中 solar太陽能 power功率,
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太陽能源應用技術
10:19
which哪一個 uses使用 solar-tracking太陽能跟踪 mirrors鏡子 to focus焦點 the sun's太陽 heat
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它使用能追蹤太陽能的鏡子集中太陽的熱能
10:21
to create創建 electricity電力.
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變成電力
10:23
And just to give you some sense of the potential潛在 of CSPCSP,
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我想讓你們對太陽能源應用技術多一點了解
10:26
consider考慮 that we receive接收
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想想看
10:28
10,000 times as much energy能源 from the sun太陽 every一切 year
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如果我們每年使用的電有10,000倍來自太陽能
10:31
as we use in energy能源 from all forms形式 --
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比較來自其他的發電方式
10:33
10,000 times.
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同樣是10,000倍
10:35
So our energy能源 problems問題 are not intractable棘手.
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如果這樣我們的能源問題就不棘手
10:37
It's a challenge挑戰 to our ingenuity創造力.
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問題在我們的創造力
10:39
And the kind of synergies協同效應 I'm talking about
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我現在要說的綜效是
10:41
are, firstly首先, both these technologies技術 work very well in hot, sunny晴朗 deserts沙漠.
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這兩種技術在高溫陽光充足的地方都能作用
10:45
CSPCSP needs需求 a supply供應 of demineralized軟化水 freshwater淡水.
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太陽能源應用技術需要去除礦物質的水
10:48
That's exactly究竟 what the Seawater海水 Greenhouse溫室 produces產生.
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而海水溫室能生產這樣的水
10:50
CSPCSP produces產生 a lot of waste浪費 heat.
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太陽能源應用技術則產生大量的熱能
10:52
We'll be able能夠 to make use of all that to evaporate蒸發 more seawater海水
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我們可以用來讓大量的海水蒸發
10:55
and enhance提高 the restorative恢復 benefits好處.
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提高恢復效益(restorative benefits)
10:57
And finally最後, in the shade陰涼處 under the mirrors鏡子,
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然後在鏡子下的陰暗處
10:59
it's possible可能 to grow增長 all sorts排序 of crops作物
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可以增種各種作物
11:01
that would not grow增長 in direct直接 sunlight陽光.
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能避免直接的日照
11:03
So this is how this scheme方案 would look.
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這會是這個計劃的樣子
11:05
The idea理念 is we create創建 this long hedge樹籬 of greenhouses大棚 facing面對 the wind.
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我們會在迎風處建造一大片的溫室
11:08
We'd星期三 have concentrated集中 solar太陽能 power功率 plants植物
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還有太陽能發電廠
11:10
at intervals間隔 along沿 the way.
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以固定的間距蓋在這條路上
11:12
Some of you might威力 be wondering想知道 what we would do with all the salts.
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在座某些人可能想知道我們會如何處理那些鹽分
11:15
And with biomimicry仿生學, if you've got an underutilized未充分利用 resource資源,
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在生物模擬的概念下,如果你有一項還未被使用的資源
11:18
you don't think, "How am I going to dispose部署 of this?"
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你不會想"我該怎麼把這東西丟掉?"
11:20
You think, "What can I add to the system系統 to create創建 more value?"
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你反而會想"我該加什麼東西進來創造出更多的價值?"
11:23
And it turns out
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事實證明
11:25
that different不同 things crystallize結晶 out at different不同 stages階段.
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不同的物質在不同的階段會變成結晶
11:27
When you evaporate蒸發 seawater海水, the first thing to crystallize結晶 out
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開始蒸餾海水的時候,第一樣被結晶出來的
11:29
is calcium carbonate碳酸鹽.
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是碳酸鈣
11:31
And that builds建立 up on the evaporators蒸發器 --
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碳酸鈣會凝聚在蒸發器上
11:33
and that's what that image圖片 on the left is --
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就會像左邊的圖片那樣
11:35
gradually逐漸 getting得到 encrusted綴滿 with the calcium carbonate碳酸鹽.
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逐漸被碳酸鈣給覆蓋
11:37
So after a while, we could take that out,
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經過一段時間,我們可以把這些取下來
11:39
use it as a lightweight輕量級 building建造 block.
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做成輕量的磚塊
11:41
And if you think about the carbon in that,
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如果你問那碳呢?
11:43
that would have come out of the atmosphere大氣層, into the sea
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那是從大氣落到海裡的
11:45
and then locked鎖定 away in a building建造 product產品.
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碳會凝結在這些建材裡
11:47
The next下一個 thing is sodium chloride氯化物.
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第二種是氯化鈉
11:49
You can also compress壓縮 that into a building建造 block,
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也是可以壓縮做成磚塊
11:51
as they did here.
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就像這裡
11:53
This is a hotel旅館 in Bolivia玻利維亞.
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這是玻利維亞的一間酒店
11:55
And then after that, there are all sorts排序
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之後還有其他各種
11:57
of compounds化合物 and elements分子 that we can extract提取,
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化合物和元素是我們可以提煉出來的
11:59
like phosphates磷酸鹽, that we need to get back into the desert沙漠 soils土壤 to fertilize施肥 them.
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像磷酸鹽,這東西我們可以拿到沙漠施肥
12:02
And there's just about every一切 element元件 of the periodic定期 table
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幾乎化學週期表上的所有元素
12:04
in seawater海水.
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都能從海水裡獲得
12:06
So it should be possible可能 to extract提取 valuable有價值 elements分子
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所以是能從海水提煉出有價值的元素
12:08
like lithium for high-performance高性能 batteries電池.
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像高性能電池需要的鋰
12:12
And in parts部分 of the Arabian阿拉伯 Gulf海灣,
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而在阿拉伯海灣地區
12:15
the seawater海水, the salinity鹽度 is increasing增加 steadily穩步
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海水裡的鹽份是穩定的在增加
12:18
due應有 to the discharge卸貨 of waste浪費 brine鹽水
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因為有廢鹵水
12:20
from desalination海水淡化 plants植物.
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從海水淡化廠排出
12:22
And it's pushing推動 the ecosystem生態系統 close to collapse坍方.
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這造成生態系統瀕臨崩潰
12:25
Now we would be able能夠 to make use of all that waste浪費 brine鹽水.
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現在我們能夠利用的所有的廢鹵水
12:27
We could evaporate蒸發 it
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我們可以蒸餾它
12:29
to enhance提高 the restorative恢復 benefits好處
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提高恢復效益(restorative benefits)
12:31
and capture捕獲 the salts,
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同時取得鹽巴
12:33
transforming轉型 an urgent緊急 waste浪費 problem問題 into a big opportunity機會.
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把一個急迫的汙染問題變成一的大的機會
12:36
Really the Sahara撒哈拉 Forest森林 Project項目 is a model模型
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撒哈拉造林工程真的是一個很好的例子
12:38
for how we could create創建 zero-carbon零碳 food餐飲,
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說明我們如何能夠創造零碳食品
12:41
abundant豐富 renewable可再生 energy能源 in some of the most water-stressed用水緊張 parts部分 of the planet行星
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在地球上一些最缺水地區創造出豐富的可再生能源
12:44
as well as reversing倒車 desertification荒漠化 in certain某些 areas.
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同時又能讓某些沙漠化的土地恢復生機
12:48
So returning回國 to those big challenges挑戰 that I mentioned提到 at the beginning開始:
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因此,回到那些我在開始時提到大的挑戰
12:51
radical激進 increases增加 in resource資源 efficiency效率,
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提高基本資源使用效率
12:53
closing關閉 loops循環 and a solar太陽能 economy經濟.
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封閉式循環和太陽能經濟
12:55
They're not just possible可能; they're critical危急.
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這些不只是可行,而且非常重要
12:58
And I firmly牢牢 believe that studying研究 the way nature性質 solves解決了 problems問題
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我深信研究大自然解決問題的方法
13:01
will provide提供 a lot of the solutions解決方案.
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可以提供人類更多的解決之道
13:04
But perhaps也許 more than anything, what this thinking思維 provides提供
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但也許更重要的是,思考能帶來
13:07
is a really positive way of talking about sustainable可持續發展 design設計.
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正向的永續發展的設計
13:09
Far too much of the talk about the environment環境
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太多有關環境的討論
13:11
uses使用 very negative language語言.
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都用負面的言語
13:13
But here it's about synergies協同效應 and abundance豐富 and optimizing優化.
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但討論應該是有綜效的,豐富的和樂觀的
13:16
And this is an important重要 point.
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這是非常重要的
13:18
Antoine安托萬 de Saint-Exupery聖埃克蘇佩里 once一旦 said,
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安東尼聖艾修伯理曾說過:
13:20
"If you want to build建立 a flotilla船隊 of ships船舶,
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“如果你想建立一個船隊
13:22
you don't sit around talking about carpentry木工.
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你不是坐下來談木工的工作
13:24
No, you need to set people's人們 souls靈魂 ablaze熾盛
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你需要讓人的靈魂
13:27
with visions願景 of exploring探索 distant遙遠 shores海岸."
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對探索遙遠的海岸充滿熱情"
13:29
And that's what we need to do, so let's be positive,
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這才是我們要做的,我們一起樂觀點
13:32
and let's make progress進展 with what could be
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一起進步
13:34
the most exciting扣人心弦 period of innovation革新 we've我們已經 ever seen看到.
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為這令人興奮且前所未有的創新來努力
13:36
Thank you.
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謝謝各位
13:38
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Joyce Chou
Reviewed by Joan Liu

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Michael Pawlyn - Architect
Michael Pawlyn takes cues from nature to make new, sustainable architectural environments.

Why you should listen

Michael Pawlyn established the architecture firm Exploration in 2007 to focus on environmentally sustainable projects that take their inspiration from nature.

Prior to setting up the company, Pawlyn worked with the firm Grimshaw for ten years and was central to the team that radically re-invented horticultural architecture for the Eden Project. He was responsible for leading the design of the Warm Temperate and Humid Tropics Biomes and the subsequent phases that included proposals for a third Biome for plants from dry tropical regions. In 1999 he was one of five winners in A Car-free London, an ideas competition for strategic solutions to the capital’s future transport needs and new possibilities for urban spaces. In September 2003 he joined an intensive course in nature-inspired design at Schumacher College, run by Amory Lovins and Janine Benyus. He has lectured widely on the subject of sustainable design in the UK and abroad.

His Sahara Forest Project, covered in this TEDTalk, recently won major funding >>

More profile about the speaker
Michael Pawlyn | Speaker | TED.com