TEDSalon London 2010
Michael Pawlyn: Using nature's genius in architecture
Michael Pawlyn: Korištenje genija prirode u arhitekturi
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Kako arhitekti mogu izgraditi novi svijet održive ljepote? Učeći od prirode. Na TEDSalon-u u Londonu, Michael Pawlyn opisuje tri navike prirode koje bi mogle preobraziti arhitekturu i društvo: radikalna učinkovitost resursa, zatvorene petlje, i crpljenje energije iz sunca.
Michael Pawlyn - Architect
Michael Pawlyn takes cues from nature to make new, sustainable architectural environments. Full bio
Michael Pawlyn takes cues from nature to make new, sustainable architectural environments. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I'd like to start with a couple of quick examples.
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Započeo bio sa par kratkih primjera.
00:18
These are spinneret glands
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Ovo su bradavice žlijezde
00:20
on the abdomen of a spider.
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na paukovom trbuhu.
00:22
They produce six different types of silk, which is spun together into a fiber,
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One proizvode šest različitih vrsta svile, koje su zatim ispredene u vlakno,
00:25
tougher than any fiber humans have ever made.
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čvršće od bilo kojeg vlakna koje su ljudi ikada proizveli.
00:28
The nearest we've come is with aramid fiber.
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Najbliže što smo uspjeli proizvesti je aramidno vlakno.
00:31
And to make that, it involves extremes of temperature,
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A da bi se to proizvelo, moramo uključiti ekstremne temperature,
00:33
extremes of pressure and loads of pollution.
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ekstremne pritiske i gomilu zagađenja.
00:36
And yet the spider manages to do it at ambient temperature and pressure
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A ipak, pauk to uspijeva proizvesti na temperaturi i pritisku okoline
00:39
with raw materials of dead flies and water.
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sa sirovinama mrtvih muha i vode.
00:42
It does suggest we've still got a bit to learn.
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To nam sugerira da još uvijek imamo ponešto za naučiti.
00:44
This beetle can detect a forest fire at 80 kilometers away.
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Ova buba može detektirati šumski požar na udaljenosti od 80 km.
00:47
That's roughly 10,000 times the range
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To je ugrubo 10.000 puta bolje
00:49
of man-made fire detectors.
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od detektora požara koje su ljudi izradili.
00:51
And what's more, this guy doesn't need a wire
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I štoviše, ovom liku nije potrebna žica
00:53
connected all the way back to a power station burning fossil fuels.
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koja je cijelim putem povezana sa električnom centralom koja sagorijeva fosilna goriva.
00:57
So these two examples give a sense of what biomimicry can deliver.
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Dakle, ova dva primjera nam daju osjećaj što biomimikrija može polučiti.
01:00
If we could learn to make things and do things the way nature does,
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Kada bismo mogli naučiti izrađivati stvari i raditi stvari na način na koji to priroda radi,
01:03
we could achieve factor 10, factor 100,
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postigli bi faktor od 10, faktor od 100,
01:05
maybe even factor 1,000 savings
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možda faktor od 1.000 puta u uštedi
01:07
in resource and energy use.
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resursa i korištenju energije.
01:10
And if we're to make progress with the sustainability revolution,
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A ukoliko želimo postići napredak sa revolucijom održivosti,
01:13
I believe there are three really big changes
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vjerujem kako postoje tri doista velike promjene
01:15
we need to bring about.
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koje moramo provesti.
01:17
Firstly, radical increases in resource efficiency.
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Prvo, radikalna povećanja u učinkovitosti resursa.
01:20
Secondly, shifting from a linear, wasteful,
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Drugo, prebacivanje sa linearnog,rasipnog,
01:22
polluting way of using resources
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zagađivačkog načina korištenja resursa
01:24
to a closed-loop model.
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na model zatvorene petlje.
01:26
And thirdly, changing from a fossil fuel economy
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I treće, promjena sa ekonomije fosilnih goriva
01:28
to a solar economy.
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na solarnu ekonomiju.
01:30
And for all three of these, I believe,
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A za sve tri, vjerujem,
01:32
biomimicry has a lot of the solutions that we're going to need.
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kako biomimikrija ima mnogo rješenja koja će nam biti potrebna.
01:34
You could look at nature as being like a catalog of products,
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Možete promatrati prirodu kao katalog proizvoda,
01:37
and all of those have benefited
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a svaki od njih se okoristio
01:39
from a 3.8-billion-year research and development period.
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3,8 milijardi dugačkim periodom istraživanja i razvoja.
01:42
And given that level of investment, it makes sense to use it.
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I uzimajući u obzir taj nivo investicija, ima ga smisla koristiti.
01:45
So I'm going to talk about some projects that have explored these ideas.
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Stoga ću pričati o nekim projektima koji su istraživali te ideje.
01:48
And let's start with radical increases
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I započnimo sa radikalnim povećanjima
01:50
in resource efficiency.
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u učinkovitosti resursa.
01:52
When we were working on the Eden Project,
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Kada smo radili na projektu Eden,
01:54
we had to create a very large greenhouse
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morali smo stvoriti veoma velik staklenik
01:56
in a site that was not only irregular,
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na lokaciji koja, ne samo da je bila nepravilna,
01:58
but it was continually changing because it was still being quarried.
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već se i stalno mijenjala jer su je još uvijek iskopavali.
02:01
It was a hell of a challenge,
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Bio je to ogroman izazov,
02:03
and it was actually examples from biology
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i zapravo su nam primjeri iz biologije
02:05
that provided a lot of the clues.
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pružali mnogo tragova.
02:07
So for instance,
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Na primjer,
02:09
it was soap bubbles that helped us generate a building form
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mjehurići sapuna su nam pomogli u generiranju oblika građevine
02:11
that would work regardless of the final ground levels.
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koji će funkcionirati neovisno o konačnim temeljima.
02:14
Studying pollen grains
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Proučavajući zrnca peluda
02:16
and radiolaria and carbon molecules
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i radiolarije i molekula ugljika,
02:18
helped us devise the most efficient structural solution
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pomoglo nam je u osmišljavanju najučinkovitijeg strukturalnog rješenja
02:21
using hexagons and pentagons.
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koristeći heksagone i pentagone.
02:24
The next move was that we wanted
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Sljedeći nam je potez bio
02:26
to try and maximize the size of those hexagons.
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maksimizirati veličinu tih heksagona.
02:28
And to do that we had to find an alternative to glass,
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A da bismo to napravili, morali smo pronaći alternativu staklu,
02:30
which is really very limited in terms of its unit sizes.
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što je veoma ograničavajuće u terminima veličine njegove jedinice.
02:33
And in nature there are lots of examples
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A u prirodi postoji mnogo primjera
02:36
of very efficient structures based on pressurized membranes.
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veoma učinkovitih struktura koje se baziraju na membranama pod pritiskom.
02:39
So we started exploring this material called ETFE.
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Stoga smo počeli proučavati taj materijal zvan ETFE.
02:42
It's a high-strength polymer.
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To je polimer visoke čvrtoće.
02:44
And what you do is you put it together in three layers,
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A ono što napravite jest, da ih stavite zajedno u tri sloja,
02:46
you weld it around the edge, and then you inflate it.
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zavarite ih oko rubova i zatim ga napuhnete.
02:49
And the great thing about this stuff
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I odlična stvar u tome
02:51
is you can make it in units
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je da ga možete proizvoditi u veličinama
02:53
of roughly seven times the size of glass,
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od otprilike sedam puta veće od veličine stakla.
02:55
and it was only one percent of the weight of double-glazing.
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I teži samo jedan posto težine dvostrukog stakla.
02:57
So that was a factor-100 saving.
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Dakle, to je faktor uštede od 100 puta.
02:59
And what we found is that we got into a positive cycle
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I ono što smo otkrili jest da smo ušli u pozitivni krug
03:02
in which one breakthrough facilitated another.
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u kojem je prodor na jednom području olakšao prodor na drugom.
03:04
So with such large, lightweight pillows,
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Dakle, sa tako velikim, laganim jastucima,
03:07
we had much less steel.
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imali smo puno manje čelika.
03:09
With less steel we were getting more sunlight in,
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Sa manje čelika, dobivali smo više sunčevog svjetla,
03:11
which meant we didn't have to put as much extra heat in winter.
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što znači da nismo morali toliko grijati po zimi.
03:14
And with less overall weight in the superstructure,
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A sa manje ukupne težine u superstrukturi,
03:16
there were big savings in the foundations.
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ostvarili smo velike uštede u temeljima.
03:18
And at the end of the project we worked out
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A na kraju projekta smo izračunali
03:20
that the weight of that superstructure
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da je težina te superstrukture
03:22
was actually less than the weight of the air inside the building.
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zapravo manja od težine zraka u toj građevini.
03:25
So I think the Eden Project is a fairly good example
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Stoga mislim kako je projekt Eden prilično dobar primjer
03:28
of how ideas from biology
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kako ideje iz biologije
03:30
can lead to radical increases in resource efficiency --
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mogu voditi do radikalnih povečanja u učinkovitosti resursima --
03:33
delivering the same function,
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obavljajući istu funkciju,
03:35
but with a fraction of the resource input.
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ali sa djelićem ulaznih rsursa.
03:37
And actually there are loads of examples in nature
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I zapravo postoje tone primjera u prirodi
03:39
that you could turn to for similar solutions.
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kojima se možete okrenuti za slična rješenja.
03:42
So for instance, you could develop super-efficient roof structures
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Na primjer, mogli biste razviti super učinkovite krovne strukture
03:45
based on giant Amazon water lilies,
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koje se baziraju na Amazonskim lopočima,
03:48
whole buildings inspired by abalone shells,
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cijele zgrade inspirirane školjkama petrovog uha,
03:50
super-lightweight bridges inspired by plant cells.
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super lagane mostove inspirirane biljnim stanicama.
03:53
There's a world of beauty and efficiency to explore here
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Postoji svijet ljepote i učinkovitosti koji možemo istražiti
03:56
using nature as a design tool.
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koristeći prirodu kao oruđe dizajna.
03:59
So now I want to go onto talking about the linear-to-closed-loop idea.
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Sada, dakle, želim prijeći na govor o ideji prijelaza sa linearne na zatvorenu petlju.
04:02
The way we tend to use resources
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Način na koji koristimo resurse
04:04
is we extract them,
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jest da ih izvlačimo,
04:06
we turn them into short-life products and then dispose of them.
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pretvaramo ih u kratkoročne proizvode i zatim ih se rješavamo.
04:08
Nature works very differently.
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Priroda funkcionira veoma drugačije.
04:10
In ecosystems, the waste from one organism
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U ekosustavima, otpad jednog organizma
04:12
becomes the nutrient for something else in that system.
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postaje hranjiva tvar za nešto drugo u tom sustavu.
04:14
And there are some examples of projects
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I postoje neki primjeri projekata
04:16
that have deliberately tried to mimic ecosystems.
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koji su namjerno pokušali oponašati ekosustave.
04:19
And one of my favorites
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A jedan od meni najdražih
04:21
is called the Cardboard to Caviar Project
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je nazvan projekt Karton do kavijara
04:23
by Graham Wiles.
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od Graham-a Wiles-a.
04:25
And in their area they had a lot of shops and restaurants
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U njihovom području bilo je mnogo trgovina i restorana
04:28
that were producing lots of food, cardboard and plastic waste.
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koje su proizvodile mnogo hrane, kartona i plastičnog otpada.
04:31
It was ending up in landfills.
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To je završavalo na odlagalištu.
04:33
Now the really clever bit is what they did with the cardboard waste.
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Sada, uistinu pametan dio je ono što su učinili sa kartonskim otpadom.
04:35
And I'm just going to talk through this animation.
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Pričat ću dok traje ova animacija.
04:38
So they were paid to collect it from the restaurants.
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Dakle, bili su plaćeni da ga sakupe po restoranima.
04:40
They then shredded the cardboard
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Zatim su isjeckali karton
04:42
and sold it to equestrian centers as horse bedding.
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i prodali ga konjičkim centrima kao posteljinu za konje.
04:45
When that was soiled, they were paid again to collect it.
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Kada se to zagnojilo, ponovno su plaćeni da ga sakupe.
04:47
They put it into worm recomposting systems,
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Stavili su ga u sustave rekompostiranja pomoću crva,
04:49
which produced a lot of worms, which they fed to Siberian sturgeon,
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što je proizvelo mnogo crva, kojima su hranili sibirskog jesetra,
04:52
which produced caviar, which they sold back to the restaurants.
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koji je proizveo kavijar, koji su zatim natrag prodali restoranima.
04:55
So it transformed a linear process
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Dakle, transformirao je linearni proces
04:57
into a closed-loop model,
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u model zatvorene petlje,
04:59
and it created more value in the process.
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i stvorio je više vrijednosti u procesu.
05:02
Graham Wiles has continued to add more and more elements to this,
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Graham Wiles je nastavio dodavati sve više i više elemenata tome,
05:04
turning waste streams into schemes that create value.
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pretvarajući potoke otpada u sheme koje stvaraju vrijednost.
05:07
And just as natural systems
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I isto kao i prirodni sustavi
05:09
tend to increase in diversity and resilience over time,
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koji se šire u raznolikosti i otpornosti kroz vrijeme,
05:12
there's a real sense with this project
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tako postoji pravi smisao s ovim projektom
05:14
that the number of possibilities
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jer se broj mogućnosti
05:17
just continue increasing.
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samo nastavlja povećavati.
05:19
And I know it's a quirky example,
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I znam da je zeznut primjer,
05:21
but I think the implications of this are quite radical,
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ali mislim kako su implikacije toga prilično radikalne,
05:23
because it suggests that we could actually
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jer navodi kako bismo zapravo mogli
05:25
transform a big problem -- waste -- into a massive opportunity.
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transformirati veliki problem, otpad, u masovnu priliku.
05:28
And particularly in cities --
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I naročito u gradovima --
05:30
we could look at the whole metabolism of cities,
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mogli bismo promatrati čitave metabolizme gradova,
05:32
and look at those as opportunities.
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i promatrati te prilike.
05:34
And that's what we're doing on the next project I'm going to talk about,
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A to je ono čime se bavimo na slijedećem projektu o kojemu ću pričati,
05:36
the Mobius Project,
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projekt Mobius,
05:38
where we're trying to bring together a number of activities,
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gdje pokušavamo spojiti zajedno određen broj aktivnosti,
05:40
all within one building,
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sve unutar jedne zgrade,
05:42
so that the waste from one can be the nutrient for another.
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tako da otpad jedne zgrade može biti hranjiva tvar za drugu.
05:45
And the kind of elements I'm talking about
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A vrste elemenata o kojima pričam
05:47
are, firstly, we have a restaurant inside a productive greenhouse,
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su, prvo, imamo restoran unutar produktivnog staklenika,
05:50
a bit like this one in Amsterdam called De Kas.
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pomalo nalik onome u Amsterdamu zvanom De Kas.
05:52
Then we would have an anaerobic digester,
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Zatim bismo imali anaerobni probavljivač,
05:54
which could deal with all the biodegradable waste from the local area,
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koji bi brinuo o ukupnom biorazgradivom otpadu sa lokalnog područja,
05:57
turn that into heat for the greenhouse
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pretvorio to u toplinu za staklenik
05:59
and electricity to feed back into the grid.
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i struju kojom bi se zatim napajala električna mreža.
06:01
We'd have a water treatment system
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Imali bismo sustav za pročišćenje vode
06:03
treating wastewater, turning that into fresh water
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koji tretira otpadnu vodu, pretvarajući je u svježu vodu
06:05
and generating energy from the solids
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i generirajući energiju iz krutina
06:07
using just plants and micro-organisms.
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koristeći samo biljke i mikroorganizme.
06:10
We'd have a fish farm fed with vegetable waste from the kitchen
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Imali bismo farmu riba koje bi hranili otpadnim povrćem iz kuhinje
06:12
and worms from the compost
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i crvima iz komposta
06:14
and supplying fish back to the restaurant.
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i ponovno opskrbljujući restorane sa ribom.
06:16
And we'd also have a coffee shop, and the waste grains from that
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Ujedno bi imali i kafić, a zrnca za otpad
06:19
could be used as a substrate for growing mushrooms.
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bi se mogla iskoristiti kao podloga za uzgoj gljiva.
06:21
So you can see that we're bringing together
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Dakle, možete vidjeti kako spajamo
06:23
cycles of food, energy and water and waste
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krugove hrane, energije i vode i otpada
06:25
all within one building.
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sve unutar jedne zgrade.
06:27
And just for fun, we've proposed this for a roundabout in central London,
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I samo za zabavu, prredložili smo ovo za kružni tok u središnjem Londonu,
06:30
which at the moment is a complete eyesore.
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koji je trenutno potpuni trn u oku.
06:32
Some of you may recognize this.
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Neki od Vas će prepoznati ovo.
06:34
And with just a little bit of planning,
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Sa samo malo planiranja,
06:36
we could transform a space dominated by traffic
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mogli bsmo transformirati prostor kojim dominira promet
06:39
into one that provides open space for people,
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u neki koji pruža otvoreni prostor za ljude,
06:42
reconnects people with food
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ponovno spaja ljude sa hranom
06:44
and transforms waste into closed loop opportunities.
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i transformira otpad u prilike zatvorene petlje.
06:47
So the final project I want to talk about
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Dakle, posljednji projekt o kojemu želim pričati
06:49
is the Sahara Forest Project, which we're working on at the moment.
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jest projekt Sahara šuma, na kojemu trenutno radimo.
06:52
It may come as a surprise to some of you
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Neki od Vas će biti iznenađeni
06:54
to hear that quite large areas of what are currently desert
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kada čuju da su prilično velike površine onoga što je trenutno pustinja,
06:56
were actually forested a fairly short time ago.
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bile zapravo pošumljene prije prilično kratkog vremena.
06:59
So for instance, when Julius Caesar arrived in North Africa,
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Na primjer, kada je Julije Cezar stigao u sjevernu Afriku,
07:02
huge areas of North Africa
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velike površine sjeverne Afrike
07:04
were covered in cedar and cypress forests.
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su bile prikrivene šumama cedra i čempresa.
07:07
And during the evolution of life on the Earth,
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I tijekom evolucije života na Zemlji,
07:09
it was the colonization
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kolonizacija
07:11
of the land by plants
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zemlje od strane biljaka
07:13
that helped create the benign climate we currently enjoy.
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je pomogla stvoriti dobroćudnu klimu u kojoj trenutno uživamo.
07:15
The converse is also true.
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Isto vrijedi i u suprotnom smjeru.
07:17
The more vegetation we lose,
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Što više vegetacije gubimo,
07:19
the more that's likely to exacerbate climate change
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to je izvjesnije da ćemo pogoršati klimatske promjene
07:21
and lead to further desertification.
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što će voditi do daljnjeg opustošenja.
07:24
And this animation,
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A ta animacija,
07:26
this shows photosynthetic activity over the course of a number of years,
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ona prikazuje fotosintetičku aktivnost tijekom niza godina.
07:29
and what you can see is that the boundaries of those deserts
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A ono što možete vidjeti su granice tih pustinja,
07:32
shift quite a lot,
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one se poprilično mijenjaju.
07:34
and that raises the question
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A to postavlja pitanje
07:36
of whether we can intervene at the boundary conditions
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možemo li utjecati na uvjete granica
07:39
to halt, or maybe even reverse, desertification.
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da zaustavimo, ili možda čak preokrenemo, opustošenje.
07:42
And if you look at some of the organisms
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I ako promotrite neke od organizama
07:44
that have evolved to live in deserts,
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koji su evoluirali da žive u pustinjama,
07:46
there are some amazing examples of adaptations to water scarcity.
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postoje neki izvanredni primjeri prilagodbe nestašicama vode.
07:49
This is the Namibian fog-basking beetle,
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Ovo je Namibijska buba sakupljač magle,
07:51
and it's evolved a way of harvesting its own fresh water in a desert.
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i evoluirala je na način da prikuplja svoju vlastitu svježu vodu u pustinji.
07:54
The way it does this is it comes out at night,
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Način na koji to radi jest da izlazi van tijekom noći,
07:56
crawls to the top of a sand dune,
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puže na vrh pješćane dine,
07:58
and because it's got a matte black shell,
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i zato jer ima oklop crne mat boje,
08:00
is able to radiate heat out to the night sky
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sposobna je zračiti toplinu van prema noćnom nebu
08:02
and become slightly cooler than its surroundings.
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i postaje malo hladnija nego njezino okruženje.
08:04
So when the moist breeze blows in off the sea,
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Dakle, kada vlažan povjetarac zapuše s mora,
08:06
you get these droplets of water forming on the beetle's shell.
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na oklopu bube se formiraju kapljice vode.
08:09
Just before sunrise, he tips his shell up, the water runs down into his mouth,
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Tik pred izlazak sunca, ona postavi svoj oklop prema gore, voda poteče prema njenim ustima,
08:12
has a good drink, goes off and hides for the rest of the day.
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dobro se napije, ode i sakrije se preko cijelog dana.
08:14
And the ingenuity, if you could call it that,
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A genijalnost, ako to možete tako nazvati,
08:16
goes even further.
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ide čak i dalje.
08:18
Because if you look closely at the beetle's shell,
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Jer ako pobliže promotrite oklop bube,
08:20
there are lots of little bumps on that shell.
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postoji mnogo malih kvržica na tom oklopu.
08:22
And those bumps are hydrophilic; they attract water.
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A te kvržice su hidrofilne: one privlače vodu.
08:25
Between them there's a waxy finish which repels water.
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Između njih postoji voštani završetak, koji odbija vodu.
08:28
And the effect of this is that
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A učinak toga je,
08:30
as the droplets start to form on the bumps,
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kako se kapljice počinju formirati na kvržicama,
08:32
they stay in tight, spherical beads,
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one ostaju u uskim, sferičnim zrncima,
08:34
which means they're much more mobile
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što znači da su puno mobilnije
08:36
than they would be if it was just a film of water over the whole beetle's shell.
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nego bi to bile kada bi na cijelom oklopu bube bila tanka prevlaka vode.
08:39
So even when there's only a small amount of moisture in the air,
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Dakle, kada postoji čak i mala količina vlage u zraku,
08:42
it's able to harvest that very effectively and channel it down to its mouth.
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još uvijek je sposobna vrlo učinkovito prikupljati i usmjeriti vodu prema svojim ustima.
08:45
So amazing example of an adaptation
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Dakle, izvanredan primjer prilagodbe
08:47
to a very resource-constrained environment --
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okruženju koje je veoma ograničeno resursima --
08:49
and in that sense, very relevant
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i u tom smislu, veoma važno
08:51
to the kind of challenges we're going to be facing
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za vrste izazova s kojima ćemo se suočavati
08:53
over the next few years, next few decades.
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tijekom idućih nekoliko godina, idućih nekoliko desetljeća.
08:55
We're working with the guy who invented the Seawater Greenhouse.
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Radimo sa čovjekom koji je izumio staklenik morske vode.
08:57
This is a greenhouse designed for arid coastal regions,
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Ovo je staklenik dizajniran za suha obalna područja,
09:00
and the way it works is that you have this whole wall of evaporator grills,
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a način na koji radi jest da imate cijeli taj zid od rešetki isparivača,
09:04
and you trickle seawater over that
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i kapate morsku vodu preko toga
09:06
so that wind blows through, it picks up a lot of moisture
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tako da vjetar puše kroz to, i kupi mnogo vlage
09:08
and is cooled in the process.
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i u tom procesu se hladi.
09:10
So inside it's cool and humid,
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Dakle, iznutra je svježe i vlažno,
09:12
which means the plants need less water to grow.
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što znači da biljke trebaju manje vode za uzgoj.
09:14
And then at the back of the greenhouse,
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I zatim, u stražnjem dijelu tog staklenika,
09:16
it condenses a lot of that humidity as freshwater
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velike količine te vlage se kondenziraju kao svježa voda
09:19
in a process that is effectively identical to the beetle.
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u procesu koji je po učinku identičan onome u bube.
09:22
And what they found with the first Seawater Greenhouse that was built
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Ono što su otkrili kod prvog staklenika morske vode koji je bio izgrađen
09:25
was it was producing slightly more freshwater
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jest da je proizvodio malo više svježe vode
09:27
than it needed for the plants inside.
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nego što je to bilo potrebno biljkama unutra.
09:30
So they just started spreading this on the land around,
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Stoga su to počeli nanositi na zemlju okolo.
09:33
and the combination of that and the elevated humidity
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Kombinacija toga i povišene vlažnosti
09:35
had quite a dramatic effect on the local area.
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je imala prilično dramatičan učinak na lokalno područje.
09:38
This photograph was taken on completion day,
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Ova fotografija je snimljena na završni dan,
09:40
and just one year later, it looked like that.
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i samo godinu dana kasnije, izgledalo je ovako.
09:42
So it was like a green inkblot spreading out from the building
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Dakle, bilo je poput mrlje zelene tinte koje se širila izvan zgrade
09:45
turning barren land back into biologically productive land --
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pretvarajući neplodnu zemlju ponovno u biološki plodnu zemlju --
09:48
and in that sense, going beyond sustainable design
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i u tom pogledu, išli su iznad održivog dizajna
09:50
to achieve restorative design.
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kako bi dostigli restorativni dizajn.
09:52
So we were keen to scale this up
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Bili smo željni to povećati
09:54
and apply biomimicry ideas to maximize the benefits.
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i primjeniti ideje biomimikrije kako bismo maksimizirali pogodnosti.
09:57
And when you think about nature,
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A kada pomislite o prirodi,
09:59
often you think about it as being all about competition.
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često mislite kako se cijela priča vrti oko završetka.
10:01
But actually in mature ecosystems,
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Ali zapravo u zrelim ekosustavima,
10:03
you're just as likely to find examples
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imate iste izglede pronaći primjere
10:05
of symbiotic relationships.
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simbiotičkih veza.
10:07
So an important biomimicry principle
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Dakle, važno načelo biomimikrije
10:09
is to find ways of bringing technologies together
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je pronaći načine spajanja tehnologija
10:11
in symbiotic clusters.
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u simbiotičke klastere.
10:13
And the technology that we settled on
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A tehnologija koju smo odabrali
10:15
as an ideal partner for the Seawater Greenhouse
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kao idealan partner za staklenik morske vode
10:17
is concentrated solar power,
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je koncentrirana solarna energija,
10:19
which uses solar-tracking mirrors to focus the sun's heat
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koja koristi zrcala koja prate sunce kako bi usmjeravala toplinu sunca
10:21
to create electricity.
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za stvaranje energije.
10:23
And just to give you some sense of the potential of CSP,
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I samo da Vam da neki uvid u potencijal koncentrirane solarne energije,
10:26
consider that we receive
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uzmite u obzir da mi primimo
10:28
10,000 times as much energy from the sun every year
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10.000 puta više energije od sunca svake godine
10:31
as we use in energy from all forms --
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nego što koristimo energiju u svim oblicima --
10:33
10,000 times.
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10.000 puta.
10:35
So our energy problems are not intractable.
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Stoga naši energetski problemi nisu tvrdoglavi.
10:37
It's a challenge to our ingenuity.
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Oni su izazov našoj genijalnosti.
10:39
And the kind of synergies I'm talking about
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A vrste sinergije o kojima ja pričam
10:41
are, firstly, both these technologies work very well in hot, sunny deserts.
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su, prvo, obje tehnologije funkcioniraju jako dobro u vrućim, sunčanim pustinjama.
10:45
CSP needs a supply of demineralized freshwater.
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Koncentrirana solarna energija treba dobavu demineralizirane svježe vode.
10:48
That's exactly what the Seawater Greenhouse produces.
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To je upravo ono što staklenik morske vode proizvodi.
10:50
CSP produces a lot of waste heat.
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Koncentrirana solarna energija proizvodi mnogo nepotrebne topline.
10:52
We'll be able to make use of all that to evaporate more seawater
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Moći ćemo sve to upotrijebiti kako bismo isparili više morske vode
10:55
and enhance the restorative benefits.
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i unaprijedili restorativne pogodnosti.
10:57
And finally, in the shade under the mirrors,
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I konačno, u sjeni ispod ogledala,
10:59
it's possible to grow all sorts of crops
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moguće je uzgajati sve vrste usjeva
11:01
that would not grow in direct sunlight.
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koje ne bi rasle na izravnom sunčevom svjetlu.
11:03
So this is how this scheme would look.
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Dakle, tako bi ta shema izgledala.
11:05
The idea is we create this long hedge of greenhouses facing the wind.
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Ideja je da kreiramo tu dugu ogradu staklenika usmjerenih prema vjetru.
11:08
We'd have concentrated solar power plants
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Imali bismo elektrane za koncentriranu solarnu energiju
11:10
at intervals along the way.
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na intervalnim točkama uzduž.
11:12
Some of you might be wondering what we would do with all the salts.
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Neki od Vas se možda pitaju što ćemo učiniti sa svim tim solima.
11:15
And with biomimicry, if you've got an underutilized resource,
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A kod biomimikrije, ako imate nedovoljno iskorišten resurs,
11:18
you don't think, "How am I going to dispose of this?"
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ne mislite, "Kako ću se riješiti ovoga?"
11:20
You think, "What can I add to the system to create more value?"
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Mislite, "Što mogu dodati sustavu kako bi stvarao više vrijednosti?"
11:23
And it turns out
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I ispostavlja se
11:25
that different things crystallize out at different stages.
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da se različite stvari kristaliziraju u različitim stadijima.
11:27
When you evaporate seawater, the first thing to crystallize out
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Kada isparujete morsku vodu, prva stvar koja se iskristalizira
11:29
is calcium carbonate.
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je kalcij karbonat.
11:31
And that builds up on the evaporators --
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A to se nadovezuje na isparivače --
11:33
and that's what that image on the left is --
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a to je tema ove lijeve slike --
11:35
gradually getting encrusted with the calcium carbonate.
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postupno postaje optočena sa kalcij karbonatom.
11:37
So after a while, we could take that out,
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Stoga bismo nakon nekog vremena, mogli to uzeti van,
11:39
use it as a lightweight building block.
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i koristiti kao lagani gradbeni blok.
11:41
And if you think about the carbon in that,
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I ako razmišljate o ugljiku u tome,
11:43
that would have come out of the atmosphere, into the sea
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on bi uzeo ugljik iz atmosfere i vratio ga u more
11:45
and then locked away in a building product.
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i zatvorio ga u građevinski proizvod.
11:47
The next thing is sodium chloride.
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Iduća stvar je natrijev klorid.
11:49
You can also compress that into a building block,
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Isto tako ga možete sabiti u gradbeni blok,
11:51
as they did here.
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kao što su to napravili ovdje.
11:53
This is a hotel in Bolivia.
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Ovo je hotel u Boliviji.
11:55
And then after that, there are all sorts
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A nakon toga, postoje različite vrste
11:57
of compounds and elements that we can extract,
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smjesa i elemenata koje možemo izvaditi,
11:59
like phosphates, that we need to get back into the desert soils to fertilize them.
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poput fosfata, koje moramo staviti natrag u pustinjska tla kako bi ih oplodili.
12:02
And there's just about every element of the periodic table
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I svaki element periodične tablice postoji
12:04
in seawater.
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u morskoj vodi.
12:06
So it should be possible to extract valuable elements
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Dakle, trebalo bi biti moguće izvaditi vrijedne elemente
12:08
like lithium for high-performance batteries.
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poput litija za baterije visoke izdržljivosti.
12:12
And in parts of the Arabian Gulf,
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A u dijelovima Arapskog zaljeva,
12:15
the seawater, the salinity is increasing steadily
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morska voda, slanoća stalno raste
12:18
due to the discharge of waste brine
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zbog ispuštanja otpadne slane vode
12:20
from desalination plants.
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iz desalinacijskih tvornica.
12:22
And it's pushing the ecosystem close to collapse.
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I gura ekosustav blizu ruba propasti.
12:25
Now we would be able to make use of all that waste brine.
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Mi bismo mogli iskoristiti svu tu otpadnu slanu vodu.
12:27
We could evaporate it
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Mogli bismo je ispariti
12:29
to enhance the restorative benefits
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kako bismo unaprijedili restorativne pogodnosti
12:31
and capture the salts,
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i uhvatili soli,
12:33
transforming an urgent waste problem into a big opportunity.
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pretvarajući hitan problem otpada u veliku priliku.
12:36
Really the Sahara Forest Project is a model
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Doista, projekt Sahara šume je model
12:38
for how we could create zero-carbon food,
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kako bismo mogli proizvesti hranu bez ugljika,
12:41
abundant renewable energy in some of the most water-stressed parts of the planet
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obilnu obnovljivu energiju u nekim od najugroženijih dijelova planeta po pitanju vode
12:44
as well as reversing desertification in certain areas.
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kao i preokretanje opustošenja u određenim područjima.
12:48
So returning to those big challenges that I mentioned at the beginning:
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Dakle, vraćajući se na velike izazove koje sam spomenuo na početku:
12:51
radical increases in resource efficiency,
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radikalna povećanja u učinkovitosti resursima,
12:53
closing loops and a solar economy.
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zatvarajući petlje i solarnu ekonomiju.
12:55
They're not just possible; they're critical.
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One nisu samo moguće, one su kritične.
12:58
And I firmly believe that studying the way nature solves problems
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I čvrsto vjerujem kako proučavajući način na koji priroda rješava probleme
13:01
will provide a lot of the solutions.
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će pružiti mnogo rješenja.
13:04
But perhaps more than anything, what this thinking provides
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Ali možda više od svega, ono što takvo razmišljanje pruža
13:07
is a really positive way of talking about sustainable design.
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je uistinu pozitivan način pričanja o održivom dizajnu.
13:09
Far too much of the talk about the environment
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Previše govora o okolišu
13:11
uses very negative language.
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koristi veoma negativan jezik.
13:13
But here it's about synergies and abundance and optimizing.
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Ali ovdje se radi o sinergijama, obilnosti i optimizaciji.
13:16
And this is an important point.
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I to je ključna točka.
13:18
Antoine de Saint-Exupery once said,
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Atoine de Saint-Exupery je jednom rekao,
13:20
"If you want to build a flotilla of ships,
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"Ako želite graditi flotu brodova,
13:22
you don't sit around talking about carpentry.
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nemojte samo sjediti i pričati o stolariji.
13:24
No, you need to set people's souls ablaze
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Ne, morate zapaliti ljudske duše
13:27
with visions of exploring distant shores."
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sa vizijama istraživanja udaljenih obala."
13:29
And that's what we need to do, so let's be positive,
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I to je ono što trebamo raditi, stoga budimo pozitivni,
13:32
and let's make progress with what could be
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i učinimo napredak sa onim što bi mogao biti
13:34
the most exciting period of innovation we've ever seen.
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najuzbudljiviji period inovacija koje smo ikada vidjeli.
13:36
Thank you.
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Michael Pawlyn - ArchitectMichael Pawlyn takes cues from nature to make new, sustainable architectural environments.
Why you should listen
Michael Pawlyn established the architecture firm Exploration in 2007 to focus on environmentally sustainable projects that take their inspiration from nature.
Prior to setting up the company, Pawlyn worked with the firm Grimshaw for ten years and was central to the team that radically re-invented horticultural architecture for the Eden Project. He was responsible for leading the design of the Warm Temperate and Humid Tropics Biomes and the subsequent phases that included proposals for a third Biome for plants from dry tropical regions. In 1999 he was one of five winners in A Car-free London, an ideas competition for strategic solutions to the capital’s future transport needs and new possibilities for urban spaces. In September 2003 he joined an intensive course in nature-inspired design at Schumacher College, run by Amory Lovins and Janine Benyus. He has lectured widely on the subject of sustainable design in the UK and abroad.
His Sahara Forest Project, covered in this TEDTalk, recently won major funding >>
Michael Pawlyn | Speaker | TED.com