TED2013
Denise Herzing: Could we speak the language of dolphins?
Deniz Herzing (Denise Herzing): Da li bismo mogli da govorimo jezikom delfina?
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Svakog leta, već 28 godina, Deniz Herzing provodi pet meseci s jatom pegavih atlantskih delfina (Stenella frontalis), prateći porodične odnose i ponašanje triju generacija. Jasno je da oni međusobno komuniciraju - ali da li je to jezik? Mogu li se tim jezikom služiti i ljudi? Ona nam predstavlja novi fascinantni eksperiment kojim je testirala tu ideju.
Denise Herzing - Dolphin researcher
Denise Herzing has spent almost three decades researching and communicating with wild dolphins in their natural setting and on their own terms. The book "Dolphin Diaries" tells her remarkable story. Full bio
Denise Herzing has spent almost three decades researching and communicating with wild dolphins in their natural setting and on their own terms. The book "Dolphin Diaries" tells her remarkable story. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Well, now we're going to the Bahamas to meet
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Sada ćemo otići na Bahame u susret
00:14
a remarkable group of dolphins that I've been working with
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izuzetnoj grupi delfina
s kojima sam radila
s kojima sam radila
00:17
in the wild for the last 28 years.
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u divljini poslednjih 28 godina.
00:20
Now I'm interested in dolphins because of their large brains
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Zanimaju me delfini,
zbog svog velikog mozga
zbog svog velikog mozga
00:23
and what they might be doing with all that brainpower
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i čemu bi taj mozak mogao da služi
00:25
in the wild.
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u divljini.
00:27
And we know they use some of that brainpower
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Znamo da nešto te pameti koriste
00:29
for just living complicated lives,
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da bi živeli svojim
komplikovanim životima,
komplikovanim životima,
00:31
but what do we really know about dolphin intelligence?
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ali šta uopšte znamo
o inteligenciji delfina?
o inteligenciji delfina?
00:34
Well, we know a few things.
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Znamo nekoliko stvari.
00:36
We know that their brain-to-body ratio,
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Znamo da je odnos
težine njihovog mozga i tela,
težine njihovog mozga i tela,
00:38
which is a physical measure of intelligence,
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a to je fizička mera inteligencije,
00:40
is second only to humans.
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na drugom mestu u odnosu na ljude.
00:42
Cognitively, they can understand
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Kognitivno, oni mogu da razumeju
00:44
artificially-created languages.
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veštački stvorene jezike
00:46
And they pass self-awareness tests in mirrors.
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i prolaze na testovima samosvesti
u ogledalima.
u ogledalima.
00:50
And in some parts of the world, they use tools,
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U nekim delovima sveta koriste oruđa
00:52
like sponges to hunt fish.
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kao što su sunđeri, da love ribu.
00:54
But there's one big question left:
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Ali, ostaje veliko pitanje:
00:57
do they have a language, and if so,
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da li imaju jezik i ako ga imaju
00:59
what are they talking about?
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o čemu pričaju?
01:01
So decades ago, not years ago,
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Ne godinama, već decenijama ranije
01:04
I set out to find a place in the world
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krenula sam u potragu za mestom
01:07
where I could observe dolphins underwater
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gde bih mogla da posmatram
delfine pod vodom
delfine pod vodom
01:08
to try to crack the code of their communication system.
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da bih pokušala da dešifrujem
njihov sistem za komunikaciju.
njihov sistem za komunikaciju.
01:12
Now in most parts of the world, the water's pretty murky,
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U većem delu sveta,
voda je prilično mutna,
voda je prilično mutna,
01:14
so it's very hard to observe animals underwater,
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pa ih je teško posmatrati pod vodom,
01:17
but I found a community of dolphins that live
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ali pronašla sam
zajednicu delfina koja živi
zajednicu delfina koja živi
01:19
in these beautiful, clear, shallow sandbanks of the Bahamas
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u ovim divnim, bistrim, plitkim
peščanim sprudovima Bahama,
peščanim sprudovima Bahama,
01:22
which are just east of Florida.
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nešto istočnije od Floride.
01:24
And they spend their daytime resting and socializing
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Oni provode vreme odmarajući
i družeći se
i družeći se
01:27
in the safety of the shallows, but at night,
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u bezbednosti pllićaka, a noću
01:29
they go off the edge and hunt in deep water.
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idu da love u duboke vode.
01:33
Now, it's not a bad place to be a researcher, either.
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Ni za istraživača tu nije loše.
01:36
So we go out for about five months every summer
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Svakoga leta smo približno pet meseci
01:39
in a 20-meter catamaran, and we live, sleep and work
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na 20-metarskom katamaranu,
živimo, spavamo i radimo
živimo, spavamo i radimo
01:43
at sea for weeks at a time.
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istovremeno, na moru nedeljama.
01:45
My main tool is an underwater video with a hydrophone,
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Moje glavno oruđe je podvodna kamera
s hidrofonom,
s hidrofonom,
01:47
which is an underwater microphone, and this is so
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što je podvodni mikrofon,
jer na taj način
jer na taj način
01:49
I can correlate sound and behavior.
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mogu da opažam korelaciju
između zvuka i ponašanja.
između zvuka i ponašanja.
01:52
And most of our work's pretty non-invasive.
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Većina našeg rada
je prilično neinvazivna.
je prilično neinvazivna.
01:53
We try to follow dolphin etiquette while we're in the water,
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Trudimo se da pratimo pravila
ponašanja delfina dok smo u vodi
ponašanja delfina dok smo u vodi
01:56
since we're actually observing them physically in the water.
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jer ih fizički i posmatramo u vodi.
01:59
Now, Atlantic spotted dolphins are a really nice species
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Pegavi atlantski delfini
(Stenella frontalis) su stvarno lepa vrsta
(Stenella frontalis) su stvarno lepa vrsta
02:02
to work with for a couple of reasons.
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za posmatranje iz nekoliko razloga.
02:04
They're born without spots, and they get spots with age,
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Rađaju se bez pega
koje dobijaju s godinama
koje dobijaju s godinama
02:07
and they go through pretty distinct developmental phases,
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i prolaze kroz veoma
različite razvojne faze,
različite razvojne faze,
02:10
so that's fun to track their behavior.
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pa je zabavno pratiti
njihovo ponašanje.
njihovo ponašanje.
02:12
And by about the age of 15, they're fully spotted black and white.
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Tek oko 15 godine su potpuno
crno i belo pegavi.
crno i belo pegavi.
02:16
Now the mother you see here is Mugsy.
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Ovde vidite majku Magzi.
02:18
She's 35 years old in this shot,
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Ona ima 35 godina na ovom snimku,
02:20
but dolphins can actually live into their early 50s.
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a delfini mogu da dožive
svoje rane pedesete godine.
svoje rane pedesete godine.
02:23
And like all the dolphins in our community,
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Kao i sve delfine u našoj zajednici,
02:26
we photographed Mugsy and tracked her little spots
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fotografisali smo Magzi
i pratili njene male pege
i pratili njene male pege
02:29
and nicks in her dorsal fin,
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i ureze u njenom leđnom peraju,
02:31
and also the unique spot patterns
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kao i jedinstvenu pegavu šaru
02:33
as she matured over time.
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tokom njenog sazrevanja.
02:36
Now, young dolphins learn a lot as they're growing up,
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Mladi delfini mnogo nauče
u procesu odrastanja
u procesu odrastanja
02:38
and they use their teenage years to practice social skills,
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i u svojim tinejdžerskim godinama
vežbaju društvene veštine,
vežbaju društvene veštine,
02:41
and at about the age of nine, the females
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a sa približno 9 godina
02:44
become sexually mature, so they can get pregnant,
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ženke seksualno sazrevaju
i mogu zatrudneti,
i mogu zatrudneti,
02:46
and the males mature quite a bit later,
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dok mužjaci sazrevaju dosta kasnije,
02:48
at around 15 years of age.
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oko 15. godine.
02:50
And dolphins are very promiscuous,
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Delfini su veoma promiskuitetni,
02:52
and so we have to determine who the fathers are,
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pa moramo da utvrđujemo očinstvo,
02:55
so we do paternity tests by collecting fecal material
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pa izvodimo testove
prikupljajući fekalni materijal
prikupljajući fekalni materijal
02:57
out of the water and extracting DNA.
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iz vode i izdvajamo DNK.
03:00
So what that means is, after 28 years,
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To znači da posle 28 godina,
03:03
we are tracking three generations,
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pratimo tri generacije,
03:05
including grandmothers and grandfathers.
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uključujući babe i dede.
03:08
Now, dolphins are natural acousticians.
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Delfini su prirodni akustičari.
03:10
They make sounds 10 times as high
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Oni proizvode i čuju zvuke
03:12
and hear sounds 10 times as high as we do.
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koji su 10 puta viši
od onih koje mi čujemo.
od onih koje mi čujemo.
03:15
But they have other communication signals they use.
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Međutim, koriste i druge
komunikacione signale.
komunikacione signale.
03:17
They have good vision, so they use body postures to communicate.
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Imaju dobar vid, pa koriste
položaje tela za komunikaciju.
položaje tela za komunikaciju.
03:21
They have taste, not smell.
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Imaju čulo ukusa, ali ne i mirisa.
03:23
And they have touch.
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Imaju čulo dodira.
03:25
And sound can actually be felt in the water,
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Zvuk je moguće osetiti u vodi
03:27
because the acoustic impedance of tissue and water's about the same.
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jer je akustični otpor tkiva
i vode otprilike jednak.
i vode otprilike jednak.
03:30
So dolphins can buzz and tickle each other at a distance.
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Tako delfini mogu da zuje
i da se golicaju sa razdaljine.
i da se golicaju sa razdaljine.
03:34
Now, we do know some things about how sounds are used
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Znamo nešto o tome
kako se zvuci koriste
kako se zvuci koriste
03:36
with certain behaviors.
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uz određeno ponašanje.
03:38
Now, the signature whistle is a whistle
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Postoji zvižduk obeležavanja,
a to je zvižduk
a to je zvižduk
03:40
that's specific to an individual dolphin, and it's like a name. (Dolphin whistling noises)
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koji je specifičan za svakog delfina,
pa je kao ime. (Zvuci zviždanja delfina)
pa je kao ime. (Zvuci zviždanja delfina)
03:44
And this is the best-studied sound,
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Ovo je najbolje proučen zvuk,
03:47
because it's easy to measure, really,
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jer ga je zaista lako izmeriti,
03:48
and you'd find this whistle when mothers and calves
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a naićićete na taj zvižduk
03:50
are reuniting, for example.
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kada se majka i mladunčad
ponovo okupljaju, na primer.
ponovo okupljaju, na primer.
03:52
Another well studied sound are echolocation clicks.
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Sledeći dobro prostudirani zvuci
su eholokacijski zvuci.
su eholokacijski zvuci.
03:55
This is the dolphin's sonar. (Dolphin echolocation noises)
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Ovo je delfinski sonar.
(Delfinski eholokacijski zvuci)
(Delfinski eholokacijski zvuci)
03:59
And they use these clicks to hunt and feed.
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Oni koriste ta coktanja
da love i da se hrane.
da love i da se hrane.
04:02
But they can also tightly pack these clicks together
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Ali takođe mogu da to coktanje uviju
04:04
into buzzes and use them socially.
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u zujanje i da ih koriste za druženje.
04:06
For example, males will stimulate a female
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Npr. mužjaci će stimulisati ženke
04:08
during a courtship chase.
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tokom udvaračke hajke.
04:11
You know, I've been buzzed in the water.
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Znate, meni su zujali u vodi.
04:13
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
04:15
Don't tell anyone. It's a secret.
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Nemojte nikome reći. To je tajna.
04:18
And you can really feel the sound. That was my point with that.
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I stvarno osećate zvuk.
To sam i htela reći.
To sam i htela reći.
04:20
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
04:24
So dolphins are also political animals,
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Delfini su takođe životinje
koje se bave politikom,
koje se bave politikom,
04:26
so they have to resolve conflicts.
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pa moraju da rešavaju konflikte.
04:28
(Dolphin noises)
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(Zvuci delfina)
04:30
And they use these burst-pulsed sounds as well as
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Koriste ove eksplozivne
pulsirajuće zvuke
pulsirajuće zvuke
04:32
their head-to-head behaviors when they're fighting.
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pored čeonih položaja dok se svađaju.
04:35
And these are very unstudied sounds
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A ovo su neproučeni zvuci
04:37
because they're hard to measure.
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jer ih je teško izmeriti.
04:39
Now this is some video of a typical dolphin fight.
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Ovo je snimak tipične borbe delfina.
04:42
(Dolphin noises)
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(Zvuci delfina)
04:44
So you're going to see two groups,
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Videćete dve grupe
04:46
and you're going to see the head-to-head posturing,
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i videćete položaje glava u glavu,
04:48
some open mouths,
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neka otvorena usta,
04:51
lots of squawking.
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mnogo krike.
04:54
There's a bubble.
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Eno mehurića.
04:57
And basically, one of these groups will kind of back off
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U stvari, jedna od tih grupa
će se nekako povući
će se nekako povući
05:00
and everything will resolve fine,
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i sve će se dobro rešiti,
05:01
and it doesn't really escalate into violence too much.
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ne eskalira u nasilje previše.
05:05
Now, in the Bahamas, we also have resident bottlenose
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Na Bahamima su takođe nastanjeni
kljunasti delfini
kljunasti delfini
05:07
that interact socially with the spotted dolphins.
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koji se druže sa pegavim delfinima.
05:10
For example, they babysit each other's calves.
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Npr. jedni drugima čuvaju mladunce.
05:13
The males have dominance displays that they use
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Mužjaci istupaju dominantno
05:15
when they're chasing each other's females.
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kada jure jedni drugima za ženkama.
05:18
And the two species actually form temporary alliances
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Te dve vrste prave
privremena savezništva
privremena savezništva
05:20
when they're chasing sharks away.
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kada teraju ajkule.
05:22
And one of the mechanisms they use to communicate
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Jedan od mehanizama koji koriste
za komunikaciju koordinacije
za komunikaciju koordinacije
05:25
their coordination is synchrony.
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je sinhronizacija.
05:27
They synchronize their sounds and their body postures
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Oni sinhronizuju svoje zvuke
i položaje tela
i položaje tela
05:30
to look bigger and sound stronger.
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da bi izgledali veći i zvučali jače.
05:33
(Dolphins noises)
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(Zvuci delfina)
05:34
Now, these are bottlenose dolphins,
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Ovo su ti obični kljunasti delfini
05:37
and you'll see them starting to synchronize
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i videćete ih kako počinju
da sinhronizuju
da sinhronizuju
05:38
their behavior and their sounds.
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svoje ponašanje i zvuke.
05:40
(Dolphin noises)
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(Zvuci delfina)
05:45
You see, they're synchronizing with their partner
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Vidite, sinhronizuju se
sa svojim partnerom
sa svojim partnerom
05:47
as well as the other dyad.
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jednako kao i drugi parovi.
05:51
I wish I was that coordinated.
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Volela bih da sam tako koordinirana.
05:56
Now, it's important to remember that you're only hearing
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Važno je da zapamtite da čujete samo
05:59
the human-audible parts of dolphin sounds,
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delove delfinskih zvukova
koje ljudi čuju,
koje ljudi čuju,
06:01
and dolphins make ultrasonic sounds,
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jer delfini proizvode i ultrazvuke,
06:03
and we use special equipment in the water
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pa koristimo specijalnu opremu u vodi
06:05
to collect these sounds.
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za prikupljanje tih zvukova.
06:07
Now, researchers have actually measured whistle complexity
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Istraživači su merili složenost zvižduka
06:09
using information theory,
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korišćenjem teorije informacije
06:11
and whistles rate very high relative to even human languages.
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i zvižduci su procenjeni veoma visoko
u odnosu čak i na ljudski govor.
u odnosu čak i na ljudski govor.
06:15
But burst-pulsed sounds is a bit of a mystery.
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Ali eksplozivno-pulsirajući zvuci
su pomalo tajanstveni.
su pomalo tajanstveni.
06:19
Now, these are three spectragrams.
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Ovo su tri spektrograma.
06:22
Two are human words, and one is a dolphin vocalizing.
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Dva su ljudske reči,
a jedan je delfinska vokalizacija.
a jedan je delfinska vokalizacija.
06:25
So just take a guess in your mind which one is the dolphin.
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Pogađajte koji je delfin.
06:31
Now, it turns out burst-pulsed sounds actually look
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Ispostavlja se
da eksplozivno-pulsirajući zvuci izgledaju
da eksplozivno-pulsirajući zvuci izgledaju
06:33
a bit like human phonemes.
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pomalo kao ljudski fonemi.
06:36
Now, one way to crack the code
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Jedan od načina za dešifrovanje
06:37
is to interpret these signals and figure out what they mean,
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jeste tumačenje ovih signala
i odgonetanje njihovog značenja,
i odgonetanje njihovog značenja,
06:40
but it's a difficult job, and we actually don't have a Rosetta Stone yet.
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što je težak posao
i još uvek nemamo ključ.
i još uvek nemamo ključ.
06:44
But a second way to crack the code
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No, drugi način za dešifrovanje
06:46
is to develop some technology,
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jeste razvijanje neke tehnologije,
06:48
an interface to do two-way communication,
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interfejsa za dvosmernu komunikaciju
06:50
and that's what we've been trying to do in the Bahamas
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i to pokušavamo
da uradimo na Bahamima
da uradimo na Bahamima
06:52
and in real time.
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u realnom vremenu.
06:55
Now, scientists have used keyboard interfaces
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Naučnici su koristili tastaturu
06:57
to try to bridge the gap with species
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da bi premostili jaz
među različitim vrstama
među različitim vrstama
06:59
including chimpanzees and dolphins.
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uključujući šimpanze i delfine.
07:01
This underwater keyboard in Orlando, Florida,
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Ova podvodna tastatura
u Orlandu na Floridi,
u Orlandu na Floridi,
07:04
at the Epcot Center, was actually
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u Epkot centru, bila je u stvari
07:06
the most sophisticated ever two-way interface designed
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dotad najsofisticiraniji
dvosmerni interfejs
dvosmerni interfejs
07:09
for humans and dolphins to work together under the water
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napravljen za rad ljudi
s delfinima pod vodom
s delfinima pod vodom
07:12
and exchange information.
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i za razmenjivanje informacija.
07:14
So we wanted to develop an interface like this
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Zato smo želeli da razvijemo
takav interfejs
takav interfejs
07:16
in the Bahamas, but in a more natural setting.
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na Bahamima,
ali u prirodnijem okruženju.
ali u prirodnijem okruženju.
07:19
And one of the reasons we thought we could do this
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Jedan od razloga koji
nas je na to naveo
nas je na to naveo
07:21
is because the dolphins were starting to show us
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jeste da su delfini
počeli da ispoljavaju
počeli da ispoljavaju
07:23
a lot of mutual curiosity.
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veliku uzajamnu radoznalost.
07:25
They were spontaneously mimicking our vocalizations
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Spontano su oponašali našu vokalizaciju
07:28
and our postures, and they were also inviting us
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i naše položaje, te su nas takođe pozivali
07:30
into dolphin games.
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u delfinske igre.
07:32
Now, dolphins are social mammals, so they love to play,
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Delfini su druželjubivi sisari
i rado se igraju,
i rado se igraju,
07:35
and one of their favorite games is to drag seaweed,
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a jedna od njihovih omiljenih igara
je da vuku unaokolo morsku travu,
je da vuku unaokolo morsku travu,
07:38
or sargassum in this case, around.
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u ovom slučaju sargasum.
07:42
And they're very adept. They like to drag it
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I veoma su vešti. Rado ga povlače
07:44
and drop it from appendage to appendage.
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i ispuštaju od jednog do drugog peraja.
07:48
Now in this footage, the adult is Caroh.
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Na ovom snimku,
odrasli delfin je Karoh.
odrasli delfin je Karoh.
07:51
She's 25 years old here, and this is her newborn, Cobalt,
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Ima 25 godina, a ovo je njeno
novorođenče, Kobalt
novorođenče, Kobalt
07:55
and he's just learning how to play this game.
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i on uči kako da igra tu igru.
07:57
(Dolphin noises)
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(Delfinski zvuci)
07:59
She's kind of teasing him and taunting him.
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Оna kao da ga zadirkuje i ruga mu se.
08:03
He really wants that sargassum.
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On zaista želi taj sargasum.
08:08
Now, when dolphins solicit humans for this game,
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Kada delfini traže ljude za ovu igru,
08:11
they'll often sink vertically in the water,
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često će vertikalno uroniti u vodu
08:14
and they'll have a little sargassum on their flipper,
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i imaće mali sargasum na peraju
08:16
and they'll sort of nudge it and drop it sometimes
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i nekako će ga gurnuti
i ispustiti ponekad
i ispustiti ponekad
08:19
on the bottom and let us go get it,
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na dno i pustiti nas da idemo po njega
08:20
and then we'll have a little seaweed keep away game.
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i tako ćemo se igrati s morskom travom.
08:23
But when we don't dive down and get it,
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Ali kada ne zaronimo i ne donesemo je
08:24
they'll bring it to the surface
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oni će je doneti na površinu
08:26
and they'll sort of wave it in front of us on their tail
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i mahaće njom na repu ispred nas
08:30
and drop it for us like they do their calves,
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i pustiće je za nas,
kao što rade s mladuncima
kao što rade s mladuncima
08:32
and then we'll pick it up and have a game.
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i tada ćemo je pokupiti igre radi.
08:34
And so we started thinking, well, wouldn't it be neat
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Tako smo počeli da razmišljamo
da bi bilo lepo
da bi bilo lepo
08:36
to build some technology that would allow the dolphins
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da naravimo tehnologiju
koja bi omogućila delfinima
koja bi omogućila delfinima
08:39
to request these things in real time, their favorite toys?
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da zahtevaju te stvari,
svoje omiljene igračke, u realnom vremenu.
svoje omiljene igračke, u realnom vremenu.
08:42
So the original vision was to have a keyboard
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Originalna vizija je bila
da imamo tastaturu
da imamo tastaturu
08:45
hanging from the boat attached to a computer,
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koja visi sa broda
priključena na kompjuter,
priključena na kompjuter,
08:47
and the divers and dolphins would activate the keys
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pa bi ronioci i delfini
aktivirali tastere na tastaturi
aktivirali tastere na tastaturi
08:49
on the keypad and happily exchange information
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i veselo razmenjivali informacije
08:52
and request toys from each other.
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tražeći igračke jedni od drugih.
08:54
But we quickly found out that dolphins simply
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Ali smo ubrzo otkrili
da delfini jednostavno
da delfini jednostavno
08:56
were not going to hang around the boat using a keyboard.
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neće da se motaju oko broda
i da koriste tastaturu.
i da koriste tastaturu.
08:59
They've got better things to do in the wild.
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Imaju pametnije stvari
da rade u divljini.
da rade u divljini.
09:02
They might do it in captivity, but in the wild --
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To mogu raditi u zarobljeništvu,
ali ne i u divljini -
ali ne i u divljini -
09:04
So we built a portable keyboard that we could push through the water,
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Pa smo izgradili prenosnu tastaturu,
koju bismo mogli gurati kroz vodu
koju bismo mogli gurati kroz vodu
09:06
and we labeled four objects they like to play with,
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i označili smo 4 objekta
sa kojima vole da se igraju,
sa kojima vole da se igraju,
09:09
the scarf, rope, sargassum, and also had a bow ride,
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maramu, konopac, sargasum
i motorni čamac takođe
i motorni čamac takođe
09:12
which is a fun activity for a dolphin. (Whistle)
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koji je zabavna aktivnost za delfine.
(Zvižduk)
(Zvižduk)
09:14
And that's the scarf whistle,
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To je zvižduk za maramu,
09:16
which is also associated with a visual symbol.
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povezan takođe s vizuelnim simbolom.
09:19
And these are artificially created whistles.
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A to su veštački stvoreni zvižduci.
09:21
They're outside the dolphin's normal repertoire,
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Oni su izvan normalnog
delfinskog repertoara,
delfinskog repertoara,
09:24
but they're easily mimicked by the dolphins.
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ali ih delfini lako imitiraju.
09:26
And I spent four years with my colleagues Adam Pack and Fabienne Delfour,
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Provela sam 4 godine sa svojim kolegama
Adamom Pakom i Fabijanom Delforom
Adamom Pakom i Fabijanom Delforom
09:31
working out in the field with this keyboard
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radeći na terenu s ovom tastaturom,
09:33
using it with each other to do requests for toys
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koristeći je između sebe
da tražimo igračke
da tražimo igračke
09:35
while the dolphins were watching.
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dok su delfini posmatrali.
09:37
And the dolphins could get in on the game.
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Delfini su mogli da učestvuju u igri.
09:38
They could point at the visual object,
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Mogli su da pokazuju na vizuelni objekt
09:40
or they could mimic the whistle.
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ili su mogli da oponašaju zvižduk.
09:43
Now this is video of a session.
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Ovo je snimak jedne sesije.
09:46
The diver here has a rope toy,
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2201
Ovde ronilac ima konopac igračku,
09:48
and I'm on the keyboard on the left,
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ja sam na tastaturi levo
09:51
and I've just played the rope key,
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i upravo sam odsvirala zvuk konopca,
09:53
and that's the request for the toy from the human.
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a to je znak da ljudi traže igračku.
09:57
So I've got the rope, I'm diving down,
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Tako sam dobila konopac i uronjavam
10:00
and I'm basically trying to get the dolphin's attention,
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pokušavajući da zadobijem
pažnju delfina
pažnju delfina
10:02
because they're kind of like little kids.
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jer su oni pomalo slični maloj deci.
10:03
You have to keep their attention.
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Morate da im održavate pažnju.
10:06
I'm going to drop the rope, see if they come over.
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Ispustiću konopac
da vidim da li će doći.
da vidim da li će doći.
10:11
Here they come,
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Evo ih dolaze
10:13
and then they're going to pick up the rope
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i sada će pokupiti konopac
10:15
and drag it around as a toy.
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i vući će ga unaokolo kao igračku.
10:16
Now, I'm at the keyboard on the left,
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Sada sam na tastaturi levo,
10:18
and this is actually the first time that we tried this.
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ovo je zapravo prvi put
da smo to probali.
da smo to probali.
10:20
I'm going to try to request this toy, the rope toy,
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Pokušaću da zatražim tu igračku,
konopac igračku
konopac igračku
10:23
from the dolphins using the rope sound.
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od delfina pomoću zvuka konopca.
10:26
Let's see if they might actually understand what that means.
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Pa da vidimo da li mogu
da shvate šta to znači.
da shvate šta to znači.
10:31
(Whistle)
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(Zvižduk)
10:32
That's the rope whistle.
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To je zvižduk konopca.
10:35
Up come the dolphins,
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Gore dolaze delfini
10:36
and drop off the rope, yay. Wow.
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i ostavljaju konopac, da.
10:40
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
10:43
So this is only once.
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Ovo je samo jedanput.
10:45
We don't know for sure if they really understand the function of the whistles.
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Ne znamo pouzdano da li oni
zaista razumeju funkciju zvižduka.
zaista razumeju funkciju zvižduka.
10:48
Okay, so here's a second toy in the water.
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Dobro, evo ovde
je druga igračka u vodi.
je druga igračka u vodi.
10:50
This is a scarf toy, and I'm trying to lead the dolphin
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Ovo je marama igračka
i pokušavam da odvedem delfina
i pokušavam da odvedem delfina
10:52
over to the keyboard to show her
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do tastature da joj pokažem
10:54
the visual and the acoustic signal.
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vizuelni i zvučni signal.
10:57
Now this dolphin, we call her "the scarf thief,"
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Ovu delfinku zovemo "maramokradica",
11:00
because over the years she's absconded
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jer je tokom godina pobegla
11:04
with about 12 scarves.
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sa oko 12 marama.
11:07
In fact, we think she has a boutique somewhere in the Bahamas.
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U stvari, mislimo da ima butik
negde na Bahamima.
negde na Bahamima.
11:10
So I'm reaching over. She's got the scarf on her right side.
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Pružam joj. Dobila je maramu
na svojoj desnoj strani.
na svojoj desnoj strani.
11:14
And we try to not touch the animals too much,
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Trudimo se da životinje
ne dodirujemo previše,
ne dodirujemo previše,
11:16
we really don't want to over-habituate them.
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ne želimo da se previše naviknu.
11:18
And I'm trying to lead her back to the keyboard.
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Pokušavam da je odvedem
nazad prema tastaturi.
nazad prema tastaturi.
11:20
And the diver there is going to activate the scarf sound
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I ronilac će aktivirati zvuk marame
11:24
to request the scarf.
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da zatraži maramu.
11:26
So I try to give her the scarf.
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Zato se trudim da joj dam maramu.
11:29
Whoop. Almost lost it.
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Ups. Skoro ju je izgubila.
11:32
But this is the moment where everything becomes possible.
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Ali ovo je momenat
kad sve postaje moguće.
kad sve postaje moguće.
11:34
The dolphin's at the keyboard.
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Delfin je na tastaturi.
11:36
You've got full attention.
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Imate punu pažnju.
11:38
And this sometimes went on for hours.
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I to je nekad trajalo satima.
11:40
And I wanted to share this video with you
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Želela sam da podelim
ovaj snimak sa vama,
ovaj snimak sa vama,
11:41
not to show you any big breakthroughs,
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ne da bih vam pokazala
neke velike pomake,
neke velike pomake,
11:43
because they haven't happened yet,
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jer još se nisu dogodili,
11:44
but to show you the level of intention and focus
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već da vam pokažem nivo volje i pažnje
11:47
that these dolphins have, and interest in the system.
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koje ovi delfini imaju
i interes za sistem.
i interes za sistem.
11:50
And because of this, we really decided we needed
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Zbog toga smo odlučili
da su nam potrebne
da su nam potrebne
11:52
some more sophisticated technology.
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neke sofisticiranije tehnologije.
11:54
So we joined forces with Georgia Tech,
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Pa smo udružili snage sa
Tehničkim institutom iz Džordžije
Tehničkim institutom iz Džordžije
11:56
with Thad Starner's wearable computing group,
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sa T. Starnerovom kompjuterskom grupom
za nosive kompjutere
za nosive kompjutere
11:59
to build us an underwater wearable computer
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da nam naprave podvodni
nosivi kompjuter
nosivi kompjuter
12:01
that we're calling CHAT. [CHAT: Cetacean Hearing And Telemetry]
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koji nazivamo ČAT.
[CHAT: Cetacean Hearing And Telemetry]
[CHAT: Cetacean Hearing And Telemetry]
12:02
Now, instead of pushing a keyboard through the water,
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Sada umesto guranja
tastature kroz vodu,
tastature kroz vodu,
12:04
the diver's wearing the complete system, and it's acoustic only,
281
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ronioci obuku kompletan sistem,
koji je samo akustičan,
koji je samo akustičan,
12:08
so basically the diver activates the sounds on a keypad
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pa kada ronilac aktivira zvuk
na maloj tastaturi
na maloj tastaturi
12:11
on the forearm,
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na podlaktici,
12:12
the sounds go out through an underwater speaker,
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zvuci izlaze kroz podvodni zvučnik,
12:14
if a dolphin mimics the whistle
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ako delfin imitira zvižduk,
12:16
or a human plays the whistle, the sounds come in
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2509
ili ako ljudi puste zvižduk,
zvuci ulaze
zvuci ulaze
12:18
and are localized by two hydrophones.
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i lokalizuju se pomoću dva hidrofona.
12:21
The computer can localize who requested the toy
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Kompjuter može lokalizovati
ko je zatražio igračku
ko je zatražio igračku
12:24
if there's a word match.
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2037
ako se reči poklapaju.
12:26
And the real power of the system is in the real-time
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Stvarna snaga sistema je u momentalnom
12:29
sound recognition, so we can respond to the dolphins
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1917
prepoznavanju zvuka,
pa možemo odgovoriti delfinima
pa možemo odgovoriti delfinima
12:31
quickly and accurately.
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brzo i precizno.
12:33
And we're at prototype stage, but this is how we hope it will play out.
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U fazi smo prototipa,
ali nadamo se da će se ovako odvijati.
ali nadamo se da će se ovako odvijati.
12:37
So Diver A and Diver B both have a wearable computer
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Dakle, ronilac A i ronilac B
oboje imaju nosivi kompjuter
oboje imaju nosivi kompjuter
12:40
and the dolphin hears the whistle as a whistle,
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2594
i delfin čuje zvižduk kao zvižduk,
12:43
the diver hears the whistle as a whistle in the water,
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ronilac čuje zvižduk
kao zvižduk u vodi,
kao zvižduk u vodi,
12:45
but also as a word through bone conduction.
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ali i kao reč putem
koštane provodljivosti.
koštane provodljivosti.
12:48
So Diver A plays the scarf whistle
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Dakle, ronilac A odsvira zvižduk marame
12:50
or Diver B plays the sargassum whistle
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ili ronilac B odsvira zvižduk sargasuma
12:52
to request a toy from whoever has it.
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da zatraži igračku
od bilo koga ko je ima.
od bilo koga ko je ima.
12:54
What we hope will happen is that the dolphin mimics the whistle,
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Nadamo se sledećem,
da će delfin imitirati zvižduk
da će delfin imitirati zvižduk
12:58
and if Diver A has the sargassum, if that's the sound
302
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i ako ronilac A ima sargasum,
ako je to zvuk
ako je to zvuk
13:01
that was played and requested,
303
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2745
koji je odsviran i zatražen,
13:04
then the diver will give the sargassum to the requesting dolphin
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onda će ronilac dati sargasum delfinu
koji ga je zatražio
koji ga je zatražio
13:07
and they'll swim away happily into the sunset
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1816
i oni će veselo otplivati
u zalazak sunca
u zalazak sunca
13:09
playing sargassum for forever.
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svirajući sargasum zauvek.
13:12
Now, how far can this kind of communication go?
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Koliko daleko može ova vrsta
komunikacije da ide?
komunikacije da ide?
13:16
Well, CHAT is designed specifically to empower the dolphins
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Pa, ČAT je napravljen
specijalno da osposobi delfine
specijalno da osposobi delfine
13:20
to request things from us.
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da od nas traže stvari.
13:21
It's designed to really be two-way.
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Osmišljen je da zaista bude dvosmeran.
13:24
Now, will they learn to mimic the whistles functionally?
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Da li će naučiti
da funkcionalno imitiraju zvižduke?
da funkcionalno imitiraju zvižduke?
13:27
We hope so and we think so.
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Nadamo se i mislimo da hoće.
13:29
But as we decode their natural sounds,
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Ali kao što smo dekodirali
njihove prirodne zvuke,
njihove prirodne zvuke,
13:31
we're also planning to put those back into the computerized system.
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takođe planiramo
da ih vratimo u kompjuterizovan sistem.
da ih vratimo u kompjuterizovan sistem.
13:35
For example, right now we can put their own signature whistles
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Na primer već sada možemo da ubacimo
njihov svojstveni zvižduk
njihov svojstveni zvižduk
13:38
in the computer and request to interact with a specific dolphin.
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u kompjuter i da zahtevamo komunikaciju
sa određenim delfinom.
sa određenim delfinom.
13:42
Likewise, we can create our own whistles,
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Na taj način možemo
da napravimo naše zvižduke,
da napravimo naše zvižduke,
13:46
our own whistle names, and let the dolphins
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naša zvižduk imena
i omogućimo delfinima
i omogućimo delfinima
13:48
request specific divers to interact with.
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da potraže komunikaciju
sa određenim roniocem.
sa određenim roniocem.
13:51
Now it may be that all our mobile technology
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Može se desiti da će nam
naša mobilna tehnologija
naša mobilna tehnologija
13:54
will actually be the same technology that helps us
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jednako poslužiti
13:57
communicate with another species down the road.
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za komuniciranje i sa drugim vrstama.
14:00
In the case of a dolphin, you know, it's a species that,
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Što se delfina tiče, oni jesu vrsta
14:04
well, they're probably close to our intelligence in many ways
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bliska našoj inteligenciji
na mnogo načina
na mnogo načina
14:07
and we might not be able to admit that right now,
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iako možda ne možemo
da to već sada priznamo,
da to već sada priznamo,
14:10
but they live in quite a different environment,
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ali oni žive u sasvim
drukčijem okruženju,
drukčijem okruženju,
14:12
and you still have to bridge the gap with the sensory systems.
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pa je potrebno premostiti
razlike čulnih sistema.
razlike čulnih sistema.
14:16
I mean, imagine what it would be like
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Hoću reći, zamislite kako bi to bilo
14:18
to really understand the mind
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kada bismo zaista razumeli um
14:19
of another intelligent species on the planet.
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druge inteligentne vrste na planeti.
14:23
Thank you.
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Hvala.
14:25
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Denise Herzing - Dolphin researcherDenise Herzing has spent almost three decades researching and communicating with wild dolphins in their natural setting and on their own terms. The book "Dolphin Diaries" tells her remarkable story.
Why you should listen
What better way to study an animal than in its natural habitat? Since 1985, Denise Herzing has been doing just that, spending each summer observing a pod of Atlantic spotted dolphins that live in the Bahamas as part of the Wild Dolphin Project. The work allows Herzing to better understand the pod's social structure, behavior, communication and habitat outside the confines of an aquarium or research facility.
Perhaps most remarkable is Herzing’s collaborative effort to design, build and use an interactive device to let humans communicate with the free-ranging dolphins. The 2011 book Dolphin Diaries tells her remarkable story.
Denise Herzing | Speaker | TED.com