TEDGlobal 2014
Jorge Soto: The future of early cancer detection?
Horhe Soto (Jorge Soto): Budućnost ranog otkrivanja raka?
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Zajedno sa ekipom tehnologa i naučnika, Horhe Soto razvija jednostavan, neinvanzivni, otvoreni tip testa koji traga za ranim znacima različitih vrsta raka. Na konferenciji TEDGlobal 2014, prvi put je demonstrirao radni prototip mobilne platforme.
Jorge Soto - Cancer technologist
Jorge Soto is helping develop a simple, noninvasive test that identifies cancer. Full bio
Jorge Soto is helping develop a simple, noninvasive test that identifies cancer. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Almost a year ago,
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Pre oko godinu dana,
00:14
my aunt started suffering back pains.
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moja tetka je počela da oseća
bol u leđima.
bol u leđima.
00:16
She went to see the doctor
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Otišla je kod lekara
00:18
and they told her it was a normal injury
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gde su joj rekli
da je to uobičajena povreda
da je to uobičajena povreda
00:20
for someone who had been playing tennis
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za nekoga ko je igrao tenis
skoro 30 godina.
00:22
for almost 30 years.
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00:24
They recommended that she do some therapy,
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Preporučili su joj terapiju,
00:26
but after a while she wasn't feeling better,
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ali posle nekog vremena
nije se osećala bolje
nije se osećala bolje
00:29
so the doctors decided to do further tests.
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pa su lekari odlučili
da urade druge testove.
da urade druge testove.
00:32
They did an x-ray
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Uradili su rendgen
00:33
and discovered an injury in her lungs,
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i otkrili povredu u njenim plućima,
00:35
and at the time they thought that the injury
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za koju su tada smatrali
00:37
was a strain in the muscles and tendons
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da je istegnuće mišića i tetiva
00:38
between her ribs,
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između njenih rebara.
00:39
but after a few weeks of treatment,
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Ali nakon nekoliko nedelja lečenja,
00:41
again her health wasn't getting any better.
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i dalje nije bilo napretka.
00:45
So finally, they decided to do a biopsy,
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Stoga su odlučili da urade biopsiju
00:49
and two weeks later,
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i posle dve nedelje,
00:50
the results of the biopsy came back.
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dobili smo rezultate.
00:53
It was stage 3 lung cancer.
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Imala je rak pluća u trećem stadijumu.
00:58
Her lifestyle was almost free of risk.
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Uglavnom je vodila zdrav način života.
01:01
She never smoked a cigarette,
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Nikada nije pušila,
01:02
she never drank alcohol,
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nikada nije pila alkohol,
01:04
and she had been playing sports
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i skoro polovinu života
01:05
for almost half her life.
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se bavila sportom.
01:07
Perhaps, that is why it took them almost six months
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Možda im je zbog toga trebalo
skoro šest meseci
skoro šest meseci
01:11
to get her properly diagnosed.
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za tačnu dijagnozu.
01:14
My story might be, unfortunately,
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Moja priča je verovatno, nažalost,
01:16
familiar to most of you.
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poznata većini vas.
01:18
One out of three people sitting in this audience
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Jednoj od tri osobe koje sede u publici
01:21
will be diagnosed with some type of cancer,
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biće dijagnostikovana neka vrsta raka,
01:24
and one out of four
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i jedna od četiri
01:25
will die because of it.
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će od toga umreti.
01:28
Not only did that cancer diagnosis
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Dijagnoza raka nije samo promenila
01:30
change the life of our family,
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život naše porodice,
01:32
but that process of going
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već je zbog tog procesa
01:34
back and forth with new tests,
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stalnog testiranja,
01:37
different doctors describing symptoms,
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različitih lekara i opisa simptoma
01:39
discarding diseases over and over,
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kao i odbacivanja dijagnoza
iznova i iznova
iznova i iznova
01:42
was stressful and frustrating,
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bio stresan i frustrirajući,
01:44
especially for my aunt.
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posebno za moju tetku.
01:46
And that is the way cancer diagnosis has been done
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To je način na koji se radi dijagnoza raka
01:49
since the beginning of history.
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od početka istorije.
01:51
We have 21st-century medical treatments and drugs
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Imamo savremene
medicinske metode i lekove
medicinske metode i lekove
01:54
to treat cancer,
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za lečenje raka,
01:56
but we still have 20th-century procedures
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ali su procedure i procesi
za dijagnozu raka zastareli,
za dijagnozu raka zastareli,
01:58
and processes for diagnosis, if any.
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ako uopšte i postoje.
02:02
Today, most of us have to wait for symptoms
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Danas, većina nas
mora da čeka na pojavu simptoma
mora da čeka na pojavu simptoma
02:05
to indicate that something is wrong.
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da bi se utvrdilo da nešto nije u redu.
02:07
Today, the majority of people still don't have access
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Većina ljudi danas, nema pristup
02:10
to early cancer detection methods,
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metodima ranog otkrivanja raka,
02:12
even though we know
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iako znamo
02:14
that catching cancer early
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da je rano otkrivanje raka
02:16
is basically the closest thing we have
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najbliža stvar koju imamo
02:17
to a silver bullet cure against it.
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efikasnom leku protiv raka.
02:21
We know that we can change this in our lifetime,
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Znamo da ovo možemo da uradimo za života,
02:23
and that is why my team and I
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i zato smo moj tim i ja
02:25
have decided to begin this journey,
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odlučili da započnemo ovo putovanje,
02:27
this journey to try to make cancer detection
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putovanje koje je pokušaj da
otkrivanje raka
otkrivanje raka
02:29
at the early stages
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u ranim stadijumima
02:31
and monitoring the appropriate
response at the molecular level
response at the molecular level
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i posmatranje odgovarajućih indikatora
na molekularnom nivou
na molekularnom nivou
02:34
easier, cheaper, smarter
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bude lakše, jeftinije, pametnije
02:38
and more accessible than ever before.
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i dostupnije više nego ikad.
02:42
The context, of course,
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U kontekstu,
02:43
is that we're living at a time
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živimo u vremenu
02:45
where technology is disrupting our present
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u kojem tehnologija veoma brzo
02:46
at exponential rates,
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menja našu sadašnjost,
02:48
and the biological realm is no exception.
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i oblast biologije nije izuzetak.
02:51
It is said today that biotech is advancing
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Kažu da biotehnologija danas napreduje
02:53
at least six times faster than the growth rate
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bar šest puta brže od stope rasta
02:55
of the processing power of computers.
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moći obrade računara.
02:58
But progress in biotech
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Napredak u biotehnologiji
02:59
is not only being accelerated,
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je ne samo ubrzan,
03:01
it is also being democratized.
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već i demokratizovan.
03:03
Just as personal computers or the Internet
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Dok su lični računari,
03:06
or smartphones leveled the playing field
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internet ili pametni telefoni
izjednačili mogućnosti
izjednačili mogućnosti
03:08
for entrepreneurship, politics or education,
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u preduzetništvu,
politici ili obrazovanju,
politici ili obrazovanju,
03:11
recent advances have leveled it
up for biotech progress as well,
up for biotech progress as well,
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skorašnji pomak je isto ovo uradio
za napredak biotehnologije.
za napredak biotehnologije.
03:15
and that is allowing
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To je omogućavanje
03:16
multidisciplinary teams like ours
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multidisciplinarnim timovima
kao što je naš
kao što je naš
03:18
to try to tackle and look at these problems
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da se pozabave i sagledaju ove probleme
03:21
with new approaches.
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drugačijim pristupima.
03:23
We are a team of scientists and technologists
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Mi smo tim naučnika i tehnologa
03:26
from Chile, Panama,
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iz Čilea, Paname,
03:29
Mexico, Israel and Greece,
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Meksika, Izraela i Grčke,
03:32
and based on recent scientific discoveries,
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i na osnovu nedavnih naučnih otkrića
03:35
we believe that we have found
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mislimo da smo pronašli
03:36
a reliable and accurate way
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pouzdan i tačan način
03:39
of detecting several types of cancer
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otkrivanja više tipova raka
u ranim stadijumima
u ranim stadijumima
03:41
at the very early stages through a blood sample.
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preko uzorka krvi.
03:44
We do it by detecting a set of very small molecules
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Ovo smo postigli otkrivanjem
grupe veoma sitnih molekula
grupe veoma sitnih molekula
03:47
that circulate freely in our blood
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koji se slobodno kreću u krvotoku
03:48
called microRNAs.
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i nazivaju se mikroRNK.
03:51
To explain what microRNAs are
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Kako bismo objasnili šta je mikroRNK
03:53
and their important role in cancer,
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i njenu značajnu ulogu za rak
03:56
I need to start with proteins,
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moram da krenem od proteina,
03:57
because when cancer is present in our body,
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jer kad je rak prisutan u našem telu
04:00
protein modification is observed
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posmatra se modifikacija proteina
04:01
in all cancerous cells.
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u svim kancerogenim ćelijama.
04:03
As you might know,
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Kao što već možda znate,
04:04
proteins are large biological molecules
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proteini su veliki biološki molekuli
04:06
that perform different functions within our body,
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koji obavljaju
različite funkcije unutar tela
različite funkcije unutar tela
04:09
like catalyzing metabolic reactions
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kao što je katalizacija
metaboličkih reakcija,
metaboličkih reakcija,
04:11
or responding to stimuli
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reagovanje na nadražaje
04:13
or replicating DNA,
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ili replikacija DNK,
04:14
but before a protein is expressed or produced,
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ali pre ekspresije i stvaranja proteina
04:17
relevant parts of its genetic code
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bitni delovi
04:19
present in the DNA
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genetičkog koda
koji su prisutni u DNK
koji su prisutni u DNK
04:21
are copied into the messenger RNA,
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se kopiraju u transportnu RNK,
04:25
so this messenger RNA
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kako bi transportna RNK
04:27
has instructions on how to build a specific protein,
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imala instrukcije
za građenje odeđenog proteina
za građenje odeđenog proteina
04:31
and potentially it can build hundreds of proteins,
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i mogla da izgradi stotine proteina
04:33
but the one that tells them when to build them
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ali ona koja govori kad da ih grade
04:36
and how many to build
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i koliko
04:38
are microRNAs.
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je mikroRNK.
04:41
So microRNAs are small molecules
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MikroRNK se sastoji od malih molekula
04:42
that regulate gene expression.
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koji regulišu ekspresiju gena.
04:45
Unlike DNA, which is mainly fixed,
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Za razliku od DNK,
koja je uglavnom nepromenljiva,
koja je uglavnom nepromenljiva,
04:47
microRNAs can vary depending on internal
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mikroRNK može da varira bilo kad
04:49
and environmental conditions at any given time,
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u zavisnosti od unutrašnjih
i spoljašnjih uslova,
i spoljašnjih uslova,
04:52
telling us which genes are actively
expressed at that particular moment.
expressed at that particular moment.
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i govori nam koji geni aktivno
učestvuju u ekspresiji u tom trenu.
učestvuju u ekspresiji u tom trenu.
04:55
And that is what makes microRNAs
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Zato je mikroRNK
04:57
such a promising biomarker for cancer,
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tako obećavajući biomarker za rak,
04:59
because as you know,
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jer kao što znate,
05:01
cancer is a disease of altered gene expression.
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rak je bolest promenjene ekspresije gena.
05:05
It is the uncontrolled regulation of genes.
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Ono je nekontrolisana regulacija gena.
05:08
Another important thing to consider
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Još jedna bitna stvar za razmatranje
05:10
is that no two cancers are the same,
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je da nijedna dva raka nisu ista,
05:12
but at the microRNA level, there are patterns.
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ali na nivou mikroRNK, postoje šabloni.
05:15
Several scientific studies have shown
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Nekoliko naučnih istraživanja su pokazala
05:18
that abnormal microRNA expression levels
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da nivo abnormalne ekspresije mikroRNK
05:21
varies and creates a unique, specific pattern
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varira i stvara
jedinstveni i specifični šablon
jedinstveni i specifični šablon
05:24
for each type of cancer,
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za svaki tip raka,
05:26
even at the early stages,
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čak i u ranim stadijumima,
05:27
reflecting the progression of the disease,
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i time prikazuje napredak bolesti
05:29
and whether it's responding to medication
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i da li reaguje na lečenje
05:31
or in remission,
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ili je u remisiji,
05:32
making microRNAs a perfect,
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što čini mikroRNK savršenim,
05:35
highly sensitive biomarker.
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vrlo osetljivim biomarkerom.
05:38
However, the problem with microRNAs
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Problem sa mikroRNK
je što ne možemo koristiti
je što ne možemo koristiti
05:41
is that we cannot use existing DNA-based technology
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postojeću tehnologiju
koja je zasnovana na DNK
koja je zasnovana na DNK
05:43
to detect them in a reliable way,
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kako bismo ih otkrili na pouzdan način,
05:46
because they are very short sequences of nucleotides,
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zato što su one
veoma kratki nizovi nukleotida
veoma kratki nizovi nukleotida
05:49
much smaller than DNA.
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mnogo manji od DNK.
05:51
And also, all microRNAs are
very similar to each other,
very similar to each other,
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Takođe, sve mikroRNK
su međusobno jako slične,
su međusobno jako slične,
05:54
with just tiny differences.
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sa jako malim razlikama.
05:56
So imagine trying to differentiate two molecules,
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Zamislite da treba da razlikujete
dva izuzetno slična
dva izuzetno slična
05:59
extremely similar, extremely small.
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i veoma mala molekula.
06:02
We believe that we have found a way to do so,
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Mislimo da smo pronašli način
da to uradimo,
da to uradimo,
06:05
and this is the first time that we've shown it in public.
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i ovo je prvi put
da ga prikazujemo u javnosti.
da ga prikazujemo u javnosti.
06:07
Let me do a demonstration.
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Demonstriraću vam.
06:10
Imagine that next time you go to your doctor
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Zamislite
da sledeći put kad odete kod lekara
da sledeći put kad odete kod lekara
06:12
and do your next standard blood test,
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i uradite vašu standardnu analizu krvi,
06:14
a lab technician extracts a total RNA,
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laborant izoluje totalnu RNK,
06:17
which is quite simple today,
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nešto što je veoma jednostavno danas,
06:19
and puts it in a standard
96-well plate like this one.
96-well plate like this one.
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i stavi je u mikroploču
sa 96 determinacija, kao što je ova.
sa 96 determinacija, kao što je ova.
06:21
Each well of these plates
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Svaka determinacija ovih ploča
06:23
has specific biochemistry that we assign,
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sadrži biohemiju koju smo mi odredili,
06:26
that is looking for a specific microRNA,
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koja traži određenu mikroRNK
06:28
acting like a trap that closes
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i ponaša se kao zamka koja se zatvara
06:30
only when the microRNA is present in the sample,
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tek onda kad je mikroRNK
prisutna u uzorku,
prisutna u uzorku,
06:32
and when it does, it will shine with green color.
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u tom trenutku, zasvetli zelenom bojom.
06:35
To run the reaction,
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Da bi pokrenuli reakciju
06:36
you put the plate inside a device like this one,
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ploču stavite u uređaj kao što je ovaj,
06:40
and then you can put your smartphone on top of it.
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a zatim na vrh i svoj pametni telefon.
06:43
If we can have a camera here
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Nek kamera zumira ovde
06:46
so you can see my screen.
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kako biste videli moj ekran.
06:49
A smartphone is a connected computer
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Pametan telefon je umrežen računar
06:51
and it's also a camera,
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ali i fotoaparat,
06:53
good enough for our purpose.
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dovoljno dobar za naše namere.
06:59
The smartphone is taking pictures,
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Telefon fotografiše,
07:01
and when the reaction is over,
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i kada se reakcija završi,
07:02
it will send the pictures
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poslaće slike
07:03
to our online database for processing
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u našu bazu podataka na internetu
radi obrade
radi obrade
07:06
and interpretation.
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i tumačenja podataka.
07:07
This entire process lasts around 60 minutes,
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Ceo proces traje otprilike 60 minuta,
07:10
but when the process is over,
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ali kada se završi,
07:12
wells that shine are matched
with the specific microRNAs
with the specific microRNAs
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determinacije koje sijaju
poklapaju se sa određenim mikroRNK
poklapaju se sa određenim mikroRNK
07:15
and analyzed in terms of how much and how fast
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i analiziraju se u pogledu toga koliko su
i koliko brzo
i koliko brzo
07:17
they shine.
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zasijale.
07:19
And then, when this entire process is over,
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Kada se ceo taj proces završi,
07:23
this is what happens.
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ovo se desi.
07:25
This chart is showing the specific microRNAs
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Tabela pokazuje određene mikroRNK
07:28
present in this sample
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prisutne u uzorku
07:29
and how they reacted over time.
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i njihovu reakciju tokom vremena.
07:32
Then, if we take this specific pattern of microRNA
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Ako uzmemo ovaj određeni šablon mikroRNK
07:34
of this person's samples
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iz uzorka ove osobe
07:36
and compare it with existing scientific documentation
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i uporedimo ga sa postojećom
naučnom dokumentacijom
naučnom dokumentacijom
07:39
that correlates microRNA patterns
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koja povezuje šablone mikroRNK
07:41
with a specific presence of a disease,
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sa prisutnošću određene bolesti,
07:46
this is how pancreatic cancer looks like.
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ovako izgleda rak pankreasa.
07:49
This inside is a real sample
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Unutra je pravi uzorak
07:52
where we just detected pancreatic cancer.
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gde smo upravo otkrili rak pankreasa.
07:55
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
08:04
Another important aspect of this approach
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Još jedan važan aspekat ovog pristupa
08:06
is the gathering and mining of data in the cloud,
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je skupljanje i skadištenje informacija
u oblaku
u oblaku
08:08
so we can get results in real time
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kako bismo dobili rezultate
u realnom vremenu
u realnom vremenu
08:10
and analyze them with our contextual information.
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i onda ih analizirali
sa postojećom dokumentacijom.
sa postojećom dokumentacijom.
08:13
If we want to better understand
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Ako hoćemo bolje da razumemo
08:15
and decode diseases like cancer,
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i dekodiramo bolesti kao što je rak
08:17
we need to stop treating them
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moramo prestati da ih tretiramo
08:18
as acute, isolated episodes,
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kao akutne, izolovane slučajeve
08:20
and consider and measure everything
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i uzmemo u obzir i izmerimo sve
08:22
that affects our health on a permanent basis.
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što trajno utiče na naše zdravlje.
08:27
This entire platform is a working prototype.
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Cela ova platforma je radni prototip.
08:31
It uses state-of-the-art molecular biology,
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Koristi najsavremeniju
molekularnu biologiju,
molekularnu biologiju,
08:34
a low-cost, 3D-printed device,
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jeftini uređaj za štampanje u 3D-u
08:37
and data science
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i nauku o podacima
08:39
to try to tackle one of humanity's
toughest challenges.
toughest challenges.
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kako bi pokušala da pobedi
jedan od najvećih izazova za čovečanstvo.
jedan od najvećih izazova za čovečanstvo.
08:43
Since we believe early cancer detection
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Zato što mislimo da rano otkrivanje raka
08:45
should really be democratized,
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treba da bude demokratizovano,
08:47
this entire solution costs at least 50 times less
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celo ovo rešenje košta bar 50 puta manje
08:49
than current available methods,
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od trenutno dostupnih metoda,
08:51
and we know that the community can help us
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i znamo da nam zajednica može pomoći
08:53
accelerate this even more,
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da ovo ubrzamo,
08:54
so we're making the design of the device
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te je dizajn ovog uređaja
08:56
open-source.
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otvorenog tipa.
08:59
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
09:07
Let me say very clearly
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Hoću samo da naznačim
09:09
that we are at the very early stages,
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da smo tek u ranim fazama,
09:11
but so far, we have been able
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ali za sad smo uspeli
09:13
to successfully identify the microRNA pattern
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da uspešno identifikujemo šablon mikroRNK
09:15
of pancreatic cancer, lung cancer,
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raka pankreasa, raka pluća,
09:19
breast cancer and hepatic cancer.
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raka dojke i raka jetre.
09:22
And currently, we're doing a clinical trial
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Trenutno obavljamo kliničko ispitivanje
09:25
in collaboration with the
German Cancer Research Center
German Cancer Research Center
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u saradnji sa
Nemačkim centrom za istaživanje raka
Nemačkim centrom za istaživanje raka
09:28
with 200 women for breast cancer.
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sa 200 žena, za rak dojke.
09:31
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
09:35
This is the single non-invasive,
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Ovo je jedini neinvanzivni
09:38
accurate and affordable test
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tačan i pristupačan test
09:40
that has the potential to dramatically change
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koji ima potencijal da drastično promeni
09:43
how cancer procedures and diagnostics
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način na koji se rade
09:44
have been done.
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procedure i dijagnoze raka.
09:46
Since we're looking for the microRNA patterns
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Zato što tražimo šablone mikroRNK
09:48
in your blood at any given time,
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u vašoj krvi u bilo kom trenutku,
09:50
you don't need to know
which cancer you're looking for.
which cancer you're looking for.
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nema potrebe da znate koji rak tražite.
09:52
You don't need to have any symptoms.
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Ne morate da imate nikakve simptome.
09:55
You only need one milliliter of blood
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Treba vam samo mililitar krvi
09:57
and a relatively simple array of tools.
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i prilično jednostavan izbor instrumenata.
10:01
Today, cancer detection happens mainly
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Danas se dijagnoza raka radi uglavnom
10:04
when symptoms appear.
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kada se pojave simptomi.
10:06
That is, at stage 3 or 4,
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Odnosno u 3. ili 4. stadijumu,
10:08
and I believe that is too late.
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i mislim da je tada prekasno.
10:10
It is too expensive for our families.
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Preskupo je za naše porodice.
10:12
It is too expensive for humanity.
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Preskupo je za čovečanstvo.
10:15
We cannot lose the war against cancer.
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Ne smemo da izgubimo rat protiv raka.
10:18
It not only costs us billions of dollars,
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Ne samo da nas košta milijarde dolara,
10:20
but it also costs us the people we love.
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već i ljudi koje volimo.
10:23
Today, my aunt, she's fighting bravely
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Moja tetka se hrabro bori
10:26
and going through this process
with a very positive attitude.
with a very positive attitude.
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i prolazi kroz ovaj proces
sa veoma pozitivnim stavom.
sa veoma pozitivnim stavom.
10:29
However, I want fights like this
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Ali ja hoću da ovakve bitke
10:32
to become very rare.
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postanu jako retke.
10:33
I want to see the day
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Hoću da dočekam dan
10:34
when cancer is treated easily
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kada se rak lako leči
10:36
because it can be routinely diagnosed
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jer se rutiniski može dijagnostikovati
10:38
at the very early stages,
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u dosta ranim stadijumima,
10:40
and I'm certain
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i siguran sam da će se
10:42
that in the very near future,
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u veoma bliskoj budućnosti
10:44
because of this
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zbog ovoga
10:45
and other breakthroughs that we are seeing
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i drugih otkrića
10:46
every day in the life sciences,
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koje vidimo svakog dana u naukama života,
10:48
the way we see cancer
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naš pogled na rak
10:50
will radically change.
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drastično promeniti.
10:52
It will give us the chance of detecting it early,
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Imaćemo priliku da ga otkrijemo rano,
10:54
understanding it better,
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bolje razumemo,
10:56
and finding a cure.
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i pronađemo lek.
10:58
Thank you very much.
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Hvala vam mnogo.
11:00
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jorge Soto - Cancer technologistJorge Soto is helping develop a simple, noninvasive test that identifies cancer.
Why you should listen
Last year, electrical engineer Jorge Soto co-founded mirOculus with a group of fellow Singularity University students to push forward the development of a bold new test for cancer -- one that functions by looking for microRNA in the bloodstream, which could point to the presence of different types of cancer at very early stages. It's early stages for the device as well, but initial trials are promising. The open source device debuted publicly at the TEDGlobal conference in 2014.
Soto is a graduate of both Tec de Monterrey and Singularity University. In September 2013, he returned to Mexico to help the President’s Office develop strategies and projects that encourage civic participation, transparency, accountability and innovation in Mexico, and improve the communication between citizens and their institutions.
More profile about the speakerSoto is a graduate of both Tec de Monterrey and Singularity University. In September 2013, he returned to Mexico to help the President’s Office develop strategies and projects that encourage civic participation, transparency, accountability and innovation in Mexico, and improve the communication between citizens and their institutions.
Jorge Soto | Speaker | TED.com