TEDGlobal 2014
Jorge Soto: The future of early cancer detection?
Jorge Soto: Budućnost ranog otkrivanja karcinoma?
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Zajedno s ekipom tehničara i znanstvenika, Jorge Soto razvija jednostavan, neinvazivan, svima dostupan test koji traži rane znakove različitih oblika karcinoma. Na bini TEDGlobala 2014, on demonstrira funkcionirajući prototip mobilne platforme po prvi put.
Jorge Soto - Cancer technologist
Jorge Soto is helping develop a simple, noninvasive test that identifies cancer. Full bio
Jorge Soto is helping develop a simple, noninvasive test that identifies cancer. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Almost a year ago,
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Prije skoro godinu dana,
00:14
my aunt started suffering back pains.
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moju tetu su počeli mučiti bolovi u leđima.
00:16
She went to see the doctor
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Otišla je kod doktora
00:18
and they told her it was a normal injury
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i rekao joj je da je to normalna ozljeda
00:20
for someone who had been playing tennis
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za nekoga tko igra tenis
00:22
for almost 30 years.
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skoro pa 30 godina.
00:24
They recommended that she do some therapy,
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Preporučili su joj određene terapije,
00:26
but after a while she wasn't feeling better,
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ali i dalje se nije osjećala bolje,
00:29
so the doctors decided to do further tests.
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pa je doktor odlučio
napraviti daljnja testiranja.
napraviti daljnja testiranja.
00:32
They did an x-ray
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Napravili su rendgen
00:33
and discovered an injury in her lungs,
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i otkrili ozljedu u njenim plućima,
00:35
and at the time they thought that the injury
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i tada su mislili da je ozljeda
00:37
was a strain in the muscles and tendons
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bila zbog napora mišića i tetiva
00:38
between her ribs,
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između rebara,
00:39
but after a few weeks of treatment,
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ali nakon nekoliko tjedana liječenja,
00:41
again her health wasn't getting any better.
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njeno zdravlja nije postajalo bolje.
00:45
So finally, they decided to do a biopsy,
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Na kraju su se odlučili napraviti biopsiju
00:49
and two weeks later,
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i dva tjedna kasnije,
00:50
the results of the biopsy came back.
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došao je razultat biopsije.
00:53
It was stage 3 lung cancer.
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Imala je karcinom pluća trećeg stadija.
00:58
Her lifestyle was almost free of risk.
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Njen životni stil je skoro bio bez rizika.
01:01
She never smoked a cigarette,
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Nikada nije popušila cigaretu,
01:02
she never drank alcohol,
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nikada nije pila alkohol,
01:04
and she had been playing sports
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i bavila se sportom
01:05
for almost half her life.
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skoro cijeli njen život.
01:07
Perhaps, that is why it took them almost six months
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Možda je zbog toga
trebalo skoro šest mjeseci
trebalo skoro šest mjeseci
01:11
to get her properly diagnosed.
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da se postavi točna dijagnoza.
01:14
My story might be, unfortunately,
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Moja priča je možda, nažalost,
01:16
familiar to most of you.
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poznata većini vas.
01:18
One out of three people sitting in this audience
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Jednoj od tri osobe koje sjede u publici
01:21
will be diagnosed with some type of cancer,
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će biti dijagnosticira neka vrsta raka,
01:24
and one out of four
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a jedna od četiri
01:25
will die because of it.
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će umrijeti od toga.
01:28
Not only did that cancer diagnosis
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Ne samo da je dijagnoza tog karcinoma
01:30
change the life of our family,
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promijenila život naše obitelji,
01:32
but that process of going
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već taj proces odlaska
01:34
back and forth with new tests,
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na nove testove,
01:37
different doctors describing symptoms,
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različiti doktori koji opisuju simptome,
01:39
discarding diseases over and over,
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odbacuju druge bolesti opet nanovo,
01:42
was stressful and frustrating,
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bilo je stresno i frustrirajuće,
01:44
especially for my aunt.
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pogotovo za moju tetu.
01:46
And that is the way cancer diagnosis has been done
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I to je način na koji
se rak dijagnosticirao
se rak dijagnosticirao
01:49
since the beginning of history.
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od početka povijesti.
01:51
We have 21st-century medical treatments and drugs
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Imamo medicinske tretmane
i lijekove 21-og stoljeća
i lijekove 21-og stoljeća
01:54
to treat cancer,
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za liječenje raka,
01:56
but we still have 20th-century procedures
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ali i dalje imamo procedure
i načine 20-og stoljeća
i načine 20-og stoljeća
01:58
and processes for diagnosis, if any.
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dijagnosticiranja 20-og stoljeća, ako i to.
02:02
Today, most of us have to wait for symptoms
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Danas, većina nas mora
čekati pojavu simptoma
čekati pojavu simptoma
02:05
to indicate that something is wrong.
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koji pokazuju da nešto nije u redu.
02:07
Today, the majority of people still don't have access
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Danas, većina ljudi i dalje nema pristup
02:10
to early cancer detection methods,
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metodama ranog otkrivanja karcinoma
02:12
even though we know
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iako znamo
02:14
that catching cancer early
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da je rano hvatanje karcinoma
02:16
is basically the closest thing we have
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zapravo najbliže što imamo
02:17
to a silver bullet cure against it.
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sigurnom i brzom izliječenju.
02:21
We know that we can change this in our lifetime,
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Znamo da to možemo promijeniti
u našem životnom vijeku,
u našem životnom vijeku,
02:23
and that is why my team and I
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i zato smo moj tim i ja
02:25
have decided to begin this journey,
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odlučili započeti ovo putovanje,
02:27
this journey to try to make cancer detection
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putovanje ka pokušaju da
se detektiranje karcinoma
se detektiranje karcinoma
02:29
at the early stages
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u ranim stadijima,
02:31
and monitoring the appropriate
response at the molecular level
response at the molecular level
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i nadgledanje prikladnih odgovora
na molekularnoj razini,
na molekularnoj razini,
02:34
easier, cheaper, smarter
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učini lakšim, jeftinijim, pametnijim
02:38
and more accessible than ever before.
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i pristupačnijim no ikad prije.
02:42
The context, of course,
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U biti,
02:43
is that we're living at a time
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mi živimo u vremenu
02:45
where technology is disrupting our present
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kada tehnologija mijenja sadašnjost
02:46
at exponential rates,
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eksponencijalnom brzinom,
02:48
and the biological realm is no exception.
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a biološka sfera nije isključena iz toga.
02:51
It is said today that biotech is advancing
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Biotehnologija se razvija
02:53
at least six times faster than the growth rate
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bar šest puta brže no razvitak
02:55
of the processing power of computers.
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snage kompjuterskog procesiranja.
02:58
But progress in biotech
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Ali napredak u biotehnologiji
02:59
is not only being accelerated,
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nije samo ubrzan,
03:01
it is also being democratized.
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već je i demokratiziran.
03:03
Just as personal computers or the Internet
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Isto kako osobna računala ili internet
03:06
or smartphones leveled the playing field
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ili pametni telefoni
izjednačavaju mogućnosti
izjednačavaju mogućnosti
03:08
for entrepreneurship, politics or education,
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za poduzetništvo, politiku ili edukaciju,
03:11
recent advances have leveled it
up for biotech progress as well,
up for biotech progress as well,
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nedavni napredci su izjednačili i
za biotehnološki progres također,
za biotehnološki progres također,
03:15
and that is allowing
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i to dozvoljava
03:16
multidisciplinary teams like ours
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multidisciplinarnim timovima poput našeg
03:18
to try to tackle and look at these problems
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da se uhvate u koštac s ovim problemima
03:21
with new approaches.
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s novim pristupima.
03:23
We are a team of scientists and technologists
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Mi smo tim znanstvenika i tehničara
03:26
from Chile, Panama,
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iz Čilea, Paname,
03:29
Mexico, Israel and Greece,
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Meksika, Izraela i Grčke,
03:32
and based on recent scientific discoveries,
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i bazirano na nedavnim
znanstvenim otkrićima,
znanstvenim otkrićima,
03:35
we believe that we have found
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vjerujemo da smo pronašli
03:36
a reliable and accurate way
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pouzdan i točan način
03:39
of detecting several types of cancer
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detektiranja nekoliko tipova karcinoma
03:41
at the very early stages through a blood sample.
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u vrlo ranom stadiju preko uzorka krvi.
03:44
We do it by detecting a set of very small molecules
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Radimo to detektirajući
skup vrlo malih molekula
skup vrlo malih molekula
03:47
that circulate freely in our blood
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koje slobodno cirkuliraju u našoj krvi,
03:48
called microRNAs.
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imena microRNA.
03:51
To explain what microRNAs are
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Kako bi objasnio što su microRNA
03:53
and their important role in cancer,
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i njihovu važnu ulogu u raku,
03:56
I need to start with proteins,
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moram početi od proteina,
03:57
because when cancer is present in our body,
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jer kada je rak prisutan u našem tijelu,
04:00
protein modification is observed
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primijeti se modifikacija proteina
04:01
in all cancerous cells.
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u svim kancerogenim stanicama.
04:03
As you might know,
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Možda već i znate,
04:04
proteins are large biological molecules
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proteini su velike biološke molekule
04:06
that perform different functions within our body,
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koje obavljaju različite
funkcije u našem tijelu,
funkcije u našem tijelu,
04:09
like catalyzing metabolic reactions
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poput ubrzanja metaboličkih reakcija
04:11
or responding to stimuli
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ili odgovora na stimulus
04:13
or replicating DNA,
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ili repliciranja DNA,
04:14
but before a protein is expressed or produced,
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ali prije no što je protein
izražen ili produciran,
izražen ili produciran,
04:17
relevant parts of its genetic code
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određeni dijelovi genetskog koda
04:19
present in the DNA
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koji se nalazi u DNA
04:21
are copied into the messenger RNA,
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se kopiraju na glasničku RNA
04:25
so this messenger RNA
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i ta glasnička RNA
04:27
has instructions on how to build a specific protein,
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ima upute kako izgraditi određeni protein,
04:31
and potentially it can build hundreds of proteins,
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i potencijalno može
izgraditi stotine proteina,
izgraditi stotine proteina,
04:33
but the one that tells them when to build them
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ali ono što im govori kada ih izgraditi
04:36
and how many to build
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i koliko ih izgraditi
04:38
are microRNAs.
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su microRNA.
04:41
So microRNAs are small molecules
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MicroRNA su male molekule
04:42
that regulate gene expression.
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loje reguliraju ekspresiju gena.
04:45
Unlike DNA, which is mainly fixed,
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Nasuprot DNA, koja je nepromjenjiva,
04:47
microRNAs can vary depending on internal
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microRNA se mijenjaju ovisno o unutarnjim
04:49
and environmental conditions at any given time,
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i okolišnim uvjetima u određenom vremenu,
04:52
telling us which genes are actively
expressed at that particular moment.
expressed at that particular moment.
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i govore nam koji geni se trebaju aktivno
eksprimirati u određenom vremenu.
eksprimirati u određenom vremenu.
04:55
And that is what makes microRNAs
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I to je ono što microRNA čini
04:57
such a promising biomarker for cancer,
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obećavajućim biomarkerom za karcinom,
04:59
because as you know,
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jer kao što znate,
05:01
cancer is a disease of altered gene expression.
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karcinom je bolest
promijenjene ekspresije gena.
promijenjene ekspresije gena.
05:05
It is the uncontrolled regulation of genes.
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To je nekontrolirana regulacija gena.
05:08
Another important thing to consider
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Bitno je i to da
05:10
is that no two cancers are the same,
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ne postoje dva ista karcinoma,
05:12
but at the microRNA level, there are patterns.
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ali na razini microRNA, postoje sličnosti.
05:15
Several scientific studies have shown
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Nekoliko znanstvenih
istraživanja su pokazala
istraživanja su pokazala
05:18
that abnormal microRNA expression levels
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da razina abnormalne ekspresije microRNA
05:21
varies and creates a unique, specific pattern
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varira i stvara jedinstveni određeni uzorak
05:24
for each type of cancer,
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za svaku vrstu karcinoma,
05:26
even at the early stages,
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čak i u ranim stadijima,
05:27
reflecting the progression of the disease,
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odgovarajući razvoju bolesti,
05:29
and whether it's responding to medication
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i bilo da reagira na lijekove
05:31
or in remission,
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ili je u remisiji,
05:32
making microRNAs a perfect,
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microRNA je savršen,
05:35
highly sensitive biomarker.
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visoko osjetljiv biomarker.
05:38
However, the problem with microRNAs
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Naime, problem s microRNA
05:41
is that we cannot use existing DNA-based technology
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je taj da ne možemo koristiti postojeću
tehnologiju baziranu na DNA
tehnologiju baziranu na DNA
05:43
to detect them in a reliable way,
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kako bismo ih pouzdano detektirali,
05:46
because they are very short sequences of nucleotides,
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jer oni su vrlo kratki dijelovi nukleotida,
05:49
much smaller than DNA.
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mnogo manji od DNA.
05:51
And also, all microRNAs are
very similar to each other,
very similar to each other,
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I također, sve microRNA su
veoma slične jedna drugoj,
veoma slične jedna drugoj,
05:54
with just tiny differences.
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s vrlo malim razlikama.
05:56
So imagine trying to differentiate two molecules,
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Zamislite pokušaj
razlikovanja dvije molekule,
razlikovanja dvije molekule,
05:59
extremely similar, extremely small.
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vrlo slične, vrlo male.
06:02
We believe that we have found a way to do so,
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Vjerujemo da smo pronašli način za to,
06:05
and this is the first time that we've shown it in public.
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i ovo je prvi put da ovo
pokazujemo u javnosti.
pokazujemo u javnosti.
06:07
Let me do a demonstration.
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Dozvolite da vam demonstriram.
06:10
Imagine that next time you go to your doctor
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Zamislite da sljedeći
put kada idete kod doktora
put kada idete kod doktora
06:12
and do your next standard blood test,
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i napravite normalno testiranje krvi,
06:14
a lab technician extracts a total RNA,
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laboratorijski tehničar ekstrahira RNA,
06:17
which is quite simple today,
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što je vrlo jednostavno danas,
06:19
and puts it in a standard
96-well plate like this one.
96-well plate like this one.
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i stavi ju u standardne
jažice poput ovih.
jažice poput ovih.
06:21
Each well of these plates
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Svaka od ovih jažica
06:23
has specific biochemistry that we assign,
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ima određenu biokemiju koju dodijelimo,
06:26
that is looking for a specific microRNA,
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koja traži specifičnu microRNA,
06:28
acting like a trap that closes
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i djeluje poput zamke koja se zatvara
06:30
only when the microRNA is present in the sample,
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jedino kada je microRNA prisutna u uzorku,
06:32
and when it does, it will shine with green color.
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a kada se zatvori, svijetli zelenom bojom,
06:35
To run the reaction,
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Da bi pokrenuli reakciju,
06:36
you put the plate inside a device like this one,
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stavite jažice u uređaj poput ovoga,
06:40
and then you can put your smartphone on top of it.
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a zatim možete staviti svoj
pametni telefon na njega.
pametni telefon na njega.
06:43
If we can have a camera here
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Možemo li usmjeriti kameru ovdje
06:46
so you can see my screen.
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da možete vidjeti moj zaslon.
06:49
A smartphone is a connected computer
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Smartphone je povezano računalo,
06:51
and it's also a camera,
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a također je i kamera,
06:53
good enough for our purpose.
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dovoljno dobra za ovu svrhu.
06:59
The smartphone is taking pictures,
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Pametni telefon fotografira,
07:01
and when the reaction is over,
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i kada reakcija završi,
07:02
it will send the pictures
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poslat će fotografije
07:03
to our online database for processing
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u našu online bazu podataka na obradu
07:06
and interpretation.
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i interpretaciju.
07:07
This entire process lasts around 60 minutes,
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Cijeli proces traje oko 60 minuta,
07:10
but when the process is over,
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ali kada proces završi,
07:12
wells that shine are matched
with the specific microRNAs
with the specific microRNAs
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jažice koje sjaje su pozitivne
na određenu microRNA
na određenu microRNA
07:15
and analyzed in terms of how much and how fast
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i analiziraju se ovisno
o tome koliko puno i brzo
o tome koliko puno i brzo
07:17
they shine.
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sjaje.
07:19
And then, when this entire process is over,
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I onda, kada je proces gotov,
07:23
this is what happens.
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dogodi se ovo.
07:25
This chart is showing the specific microRNAs
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Ovaj graf prikazuje određene microRNA
07:28
present in this sample
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prisutne u uzorku
07:29
and how they reacted over time.
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i kako su reagirali tijekom vremena.
07:32
Then, if we take this specific pattern of microRNA
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Onda, ako uzmemo ove
specifične obrasce microRNA
specifične obrasce microRNA
07:34
of this person's samples
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uzorka ove osobe
07:36
and compare it with existing scientific documentation
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i usporedimo ih s postojećom
znanstvenom dokumentacijom
znanstvenom dokumentacijom
07:39
that correlates microRNA patterns
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koja povezuje uzorke microRNA
07:41
with a specific presence of a disease,
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s određenom bolesti,
07:46
this is how pancreatic cancer looks like.
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ovako izgleda karcinom gušterače.
07:49
This inside is a real sample
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Unutra je pravi uzorak
07:52
where we just detected pancreatic cancer.
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gdje smo upravo
detektirali karcinom gušterače.
detektirali karcinom gušterače.
07:55
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
08:04
Another important aspect of this approach
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Također bitno kod ovog pristupa
08:06
is the gathering and mining of data in the cloud,
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je prikupljanje i obrada podataka u oblaku,
08:08
so we can get results in real time
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tako da dobijemo rezultate
u stvarnom vremenu
u stvarnom vremenu
08:10
and analyze them with our contextual information.
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i analiziramo ih sa
kontekstualnim informacijama.
kontekstualnim informacijama.
08:13
If we want to better understand
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Ako želimo bolje razumjeti
08:15
and decode diseases like cancer,
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i odgonetnuti bolesti poput karcinoma,
08:17
we need to stop treating them
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moramo ih prestati tretirati
08:18
as acute, isolated episodes,
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kao akutne, izolirane epizode
08:20
and consider and measure everything
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i uzeti u obzir i mjeriti sve
08:22
that affects our health on a permanent basis.
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što kroz dulji period
utječe na naše zdravlje.
utječe na naše zdravlje.
08:27
This entire platform is a working prototype.
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Cijela platforma je prototip u izradi.
08:31
It uses state-of-the-art molecular biology,
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Koristi najnovije spoznaje
molekularne biologije,
molekularne biologije,
08:34
a low-cost, 3D-printed device,
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jeftini, 3D printani uređaj,
08:37
and data science
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i znanost o podatcima
08:39
to try to tackle one of humanity's
toughest challenges.
toughest challenges.
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kako bi se uhvatilo u koštac s
najvećim izazovom čovječanstva.
najvećim izazovom čovječanstva.
08:43
Since we believe early cancer detection
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Vjerujemo da bi rano otkrivanje raka
08:45
should really be democratized,
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trebalo biti demokratizirano,
08:47
this entire solution costs at least 50 times less
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sve ovo košta bar 50 puta manje
08:49
than current available methods,
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no trenutno dostupne metode
08:51
and we know that the community can help us
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i znamo da nam društvo može pomoći
08:53
accelerate this even more,
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još više to ubrzati,
08:54
so we're making the design of the device
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pa ćemo učiniti dizajn uređaja
08:56
open-source.
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javno dostupnim.
08:59
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
09:07
Let me say very clearly
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Želim vrlo jasno reći
09:09
that we are at the very early stages,
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da smo mi u ranim stadijima,
09:11
but so far, we have been able
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ali zasad smo
09:13
to successfully identify the microRNA pattern
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uspješno identificirali microRNA uzorke
09:15
of pancreatic cancer, lung cancer,
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za karcinom gušterače, pluća
09:19
breast cancer and hepatic cancer.
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dojki i jetre.
09:22
And currently, we're doing a clinical trial
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I trenutno, provodimo kliničko istraživanje
09:25
in collaboration with the
German Cancer Research Center
German Cancer Research Center
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u suradnji s NJemačkim
centrom za istraživanje raka
centrom za istraživanje raka
09:28
with 200 women for breast cancer.
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s dvjesto žena o karcinomu dojke.
09:31
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
09:35
This is the single non-invasive,
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Ovo je jedini neinvazivni,
09:38
accurate and affordable test
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točan i povoljan test
09:40
that has the potential to dramatically change
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koji ima potencijal dramatično promijeniti
09:43
how cancer procedures and diagnostics
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procedure i dijagnostike raka
09:44
have been done.
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rađene dosad.
09:46
Since we're looking for the microRNA patterns
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Zbog toga što tražimo uzorke microRNA
09:48
in your blood at any given time,
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u vašoj krvi u određenom vremenu,
09:50
you don't need to know
which cancer you're looking for.
which cancer you're looking for.
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ne morate znati
koji rak tražite.
koji rak tražite.
09:52
You don't need to have any symptoms.
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Ne morate imati ikakvih simptoma.
09:55
You only need one milliliter of blood
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Samo vam je potreban mililitar krvi
09:57
and a relatively simple array of tools.
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i relativno jednostavan set alata.
10:01
Today, cancer detection happens mainly
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Danas, detekcija raka se odvija uglavnom
10:04
when symptoms appear.
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kada se pojave simptomi.
10:06
That is, at stage 3 or 4,
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To jest, kod 3. ili 4. stadija
10:08
and I believe that is too late.
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i vjerujem da je to prekasno.
10:10
It is too expensive for our families.
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Preskupo je za naše obitelji.
10:12
It is too expensive for humanity.
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Preskupo je za čovječanstvo.
10:15
We cannot lose the war against cancer.
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Ne možemo izgubiti rat protiv raka.
10:18
It not only costs us billions of dollars,
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Ne košta nas samo milijarde dolara
10:20
but it also costs us the people we love.
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već nas košta i ljudi koje volimo.
10:23
Today, my aunt, she's fighting bravely
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Danas, moja teta, bori se hrabro
10:26
and going through this process
with a very positive attitude.
with a very positive attitude.
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i prolazi kroz sve to
s vrlo pozitivnim stavom.
s vrlo pozitivnim stavom.
10:29
However, I want fights like this
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No ipak, želim da ovakve borbe
10:32
to become very rare.
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postanu rijetkost.
10:33
I want to see the day
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Želim vidjeti dan
10:34
when cancer is treated easily
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kada se rak tretira lako
10:36
because it can be routinely diagnosed
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jer je to rutinska dijagnostika
10:38
at the very early stages,
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u vrlo ranim stadijima,
10:40
and I'm certain
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i siguran sam
10:42
that in the very near future,
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da u vrlo bliskoj budućnosti,
10:44
because of this
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zbog ovog
10:45
and other breakthroughs that we are seeing
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i drugih otkrića koje vidimo
10:46
every day in the life sciences,
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svaki dan u životnoj znanosti,
10:48
the way we see cancer
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način na koji vidimo karcinome
10:50
will radically change.
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će se drastično promjeniti.
10:52
It will give us the chance of detecting it early,
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Dat će nam šansu ranog detektiranja,
10:54
understanding it better,
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boljeg razumijevanja
10:56
and finding a cure.
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i pronalaska lijeka.
10:58
Thank you very much.
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Hvala vam puno.
11:00
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jorge Soto - Cancer technologistJorge Soto is helping develop a simple, noninvasive test that identifies cancer.
Why you should listen
Last year, electrical engineer Jorge Soto co-founded mirOculus with a group of fellow Singularity University students to push forward the development of a bold new test for cancer -- one that functions by looking for microRNA in the bloodstream, which could point to the presence of different types of cancer at very early stages. It's early stages for the device as well, but initial trials are promising. The open source device debuted publicly at the TEDGlobal conference in 2014.
Soto is a graduate of both Tec de Monterrey and Singularity University. In September 2013, he returned to Mexico to help the President’s Office develop strategies and projects that encourage civic participation, transparency, accountability and innovation in Mexico, and improve the communication between citizens and their institutions.
More profile about the speakerSoto is a graduate of both Tec de Monterrey and Singularity University. In September 2013, he returned to Mexico to help the President’s Office develop strategies and projects that encourage civic participation, transparency, accountability and innovation in Mexico, and improve the communication between citizens and their institutions.
Jorge Soto | Speaker | TED.com