TED2009
Dan Dennett: Cute, sexy, sweet, funny
Den Denet (Dan Dennett): Simpatično, seksi, slatko, zabavno
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Zašto su bebe simpatične? Zašto je kolač sladak? Filozof Den Denet nudi odgovore koje ne biste očekivali, i objašnjava kontraintuitivno, evolutivno shvatanje pojmova simpatično, slatko i seksi (i uz to i teoriju Metjua Harlija koja objašnjava zašto su šale smešne).
Dan Dennett - Philosopher, cognitive scientist
Dan Dennett thinks that human consciousness and free will are the result of physical processes. Full bio
Dan Dennett thinks that human consciousness and free will are the result of physical processes. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I’m going around the world giving talks about Darwin,
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Širom sveta držim predavanja o Darvinu,
00:15
and usually what I’m talking about
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i uglavnom objašnjavam
00:17
is Darwin’s strange inversion of reasoning.
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čudno izvrtanje Darvinovog rezonovanja.
00:20
Now that title, that phrase, comes from a critic, an early critic,
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Taj naslov, ta fraza potiče od kritičara, ranih kritičara,
00:25
and this is a passage that I just love, and would like to read for you.
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a ovo je pasus koji ja obožavam i sada ću vam ga pročitati.
00:29
"In the theory with which we have to deal, Absolute Ignorance is the artificer;
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"U teoriji sa kojom treba da se nosimo, Apsolutno Neznanje je glavni tvorac,
00:34
so that we may enunciate as the fundamental principle of the whole system,
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tako da treba jasno da naglasimo osnovni princip čitavog sistema,
00:39
that, in order to make a perfect and beautiful machine,
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a to je da preduslov za pravljenje savršene i lepe mašine
00:42
it is not requisite to know how to make it.
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nije u tome da znamo kako da je napravimo.
00:45
This proposition will be found on careful examination to express,
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Putem pažljive analize dolazimo do toga da ovaj predlog iznosi
00:49
in condensed form, the essential purport of the Theory,
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u suštinskoj formi osnovnu pogrešku Teorije,
00:53
and to express in a few words all Mr. Darwin’s meaning;
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i ispoljava u nekoliko reči značenje gospodina Darvina,
00:57
who, by a strange inversion of reasoning,
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a on čudnim izokretanjem rezonovanja,
01:01
seems to think Absolute Ignorance fully qualified
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izgleda da smatra da je Apsolutno Neznanje potpuno kvalifikovano
01:04
to take the place of Absolute Wisdom in the achievements of creative skill."
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da preuzme mesto Apsolutnoj Mudrosti u dostignućima kreativnih veština."
01:10
Exactly. Exactly. And it is a strange inversion.
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Tačno. Tačno. To jeste čudno izokretanje.
01:17
A creationist pamphlet has this wonderful page in it:
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Brošura kreacionista sadrži ovu divnu stranu:
01:21
"Test Two:
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"Test broj dva:
01:23
Do you know of any building that didn’t have a builder? Yes/No.
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da li znate za zgradu bez graditelja? Da/Ne.
01:27
Do you know of any painting that didn’t have a painter? Yes/No.
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Da li znate za sliku koju niko nije naslikao? Da/Ne.
01:30
Do you know of any car that didn’t have a maker? Yes/No.
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Da li znate za bilo koja kola koja nije inženjer napravio? Da/Ne.
01:34
If you answered 'Yes' for any of the above, give details."
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Ukoliko ste odgovorili sa "Da" na bilo koje od pitanja, pružite objašnjenje."
01:39
A-ha! I mean, it really is a strange inversion of reasoning.
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Aha! Zaista smatram da je ovo čudno izvrtanje logike.
01:45
You would have thought it stands to reason
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Pomislili biste da je razumno smatrati
01:49
that design requires an intelligent designer.
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da stvaranje zahteva inteligentnog stvaraoca.
01:53
But Darwin shows that it’s just false.
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Ali Darvin nam pokazuje da je to prosto pogrešno.
01:55
Today, though, I’m going to talk about Darwin’s other strange inversion,
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Danas ću, doduše, pričati o drugom čudnom izvrtanju Darvinove teorije,
02:00
which is equally puzzling at first, but in some ways just as important.
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koje je na prvi pogled, jednako zagonetno, ali iz mnogo razloga jednako važno.
02:06
It stands to reason that we love chocolate cake because it is sweet.
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Podrazumeva se da volimo čokoladu zato što je slatka.
02:13
Guys go for girls like this because they are sexy.
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Muškarcima se sviđaju ovakve devojke jer su seksi.
02:19
We adore babies because they’re so cute.
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Obožavamo bebe jer su simpatične.
02:23
And, of course, we are amused by jokes because they are funny.
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I, naravno, šale nas zabavljaju jer su smešne.
02:32
This is all backwards. It is. And Darwin shows us why.
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To je sve postavljeno unatraške. Zaista. Darvin pokazuje i zašto.
02:39
Let’s start with sweet. Our sweet tooth is basically an evolved sugar detector,
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Počnimo sa slatkišima. Naša želja za slatkišima je složena forma detektora šećera;
02:47
because sugar is high energy, and it’s just been wired up to the preferer,
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šećer sadrži mnogo energije i mi smo samo programirani da nam se to sviđa,
02:51
to put it very crudely, and that’s why we like sugar.
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grubo rečeno, usled toga volimo šećer.
02:56
Honey is sweet because we like it, not "we like it because honey is sweet."
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Med je sladak jer nam je to ukusno, a ne "ukusan nam je jer je sladak."
03:03
There’s nothing intrinsically sweet about honey.
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Ne postoji ništa što je samo po sebi slatko kod meda.
03:08
If you looked at glucose molecules till you were blind,
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Ukoliko biste posmatrali molekule glukoze dok ne oslepite,
03:12
you wouldn’t see why they tasted sweet.
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ne biste uvideli zašto imaju ukus slatkog.
03:15
You have to look in our brains to understand why they’re sweet.
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Morate da analizirate naš mozak da biste shvatili zašto je to slatko.
03:21
So if you think first there was sweetness,
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Ako mislite da je prvo postojalo slatko,
03:23
and then we evolved to like sweetness,
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a da smo evoluirali nakon toga da nam se to sviđa,
03:25
you’ve got it backwards; that’s just wrong. It’s the other way round.
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pogrešno ste to shvatili, to je pogrešno. Dešava se upravo suprotno.
03:29
Sweetness was born with the wiring which evolved.
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Osećaj slatkog je rođen sa programom koji je evoluirao.
03:33
And there’s nothing intrinsically sexy about these young ladies.
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Ne postoji ništa kod ovih dama što je samo po sebi seksi.
03:37
And it’s a good thing that there isn’t, because if there were,
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Dobro je što je tako, jer da nije,
03:42
then Mother Nature would have a problem:
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majka priroda bi imala problem:
03:46
How on earth do you get chimps to mate?
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Kako biste naterali šimpanze da se razmnožavaju?
03:53
Now you might think, ah, there’s a solution: hallucinations.
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Možda ste pomislili, aha, rešenje je u halucinacijama.
04:01
That would be one way of doing it, but there’s a quicker way.
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To jeste jedno od rešenja, ali postoji i bolje rešenje.
04:05
Just wire the chimps up to love that look,
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Samo programirajte šimpanze tako da im se takav izgled sviđa,
04:08
and apparently they do.
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i očigledno je da im se sviđa.
04:11
That’s all there is to it.
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To je sve.
04:16
Over six million years, we and the chimps evolved our different ways.
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Tokom šest miliona godina, mi i šimpanze smo evoluirali na različite načine.
04:20
We became bald-bodied, oddly enough;
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Mi smo postali ćosavi, što je čudno,
04:23
for one reason or another, they didn’t.
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iz ovog ili onog razloga, a one nisu.
04:27
If we hadn’t, then probably this would be the height of sexiness.
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Da nismo, onda bi ovo verovatno bio uzor seksipila.
04:39
Our sweet tooth is an evolved and instinctual preference for high-energy food.
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Naša želja za slatkišima je usavršena i instinktivna želja za hranom visokog sadržaja energije.
04:44
It wasn’t designed for chocolate cake.
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Nije izumljena zbog čokoladne torte.
04:47
Chocolate cake is a supernormal stimulus.
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Čokoladna torta je supernormalni stimulus.
04:50
The term is owed to Niko Tinbergen,
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Ovaj termin je iskovao Niko Tinbergen,
04:52
who did his famous experiments with gulls,
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koji je uradio čuvene eksperimente na galebovima
04:54
where he found that that orange spot on the gull’s beak --
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i otkrio je da ukoliko uveličate
04:58
if he made a bigger, oranger spot
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narandžastu tačku na kljunu, učinite je upadljivijom
05:00
the gull chicks would peck at it even harder.
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ženke galebova će čak snažnije kljucati po njoj.
05:02
It was a hyperstimulus for them, and they loved it.
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To je prosto njima bio hiperstimulus, i obožavali su to.
05:05
What we see with, say, chocolate cake
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Ono što možemo uočiti kod recimo torte od čokolade
05:09
is it’s a supernormal stimulus to tweak our design wiring.
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je da je to supernormalni stimulus koji poboljšava naš ugrađeni program.
05:14
And there are lots of supernormal stimuli; chocolate cake is one.
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Postoji mnogo supernormalnih stimulusa, torta od čokolade je jedan.
05:17
There's lots of supernormal stimuli for sexiness.
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Seksipil se odlikuje mnogim supernormalnim stimulusima.
05:20
And there's even supernormal stimuli for cuteness. Here’s a pretty good example.
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Čak i kod simpatičnih fenomena postoje supernormalni stimulusi. Evo jednog dobrog primera.
05:26
It’s important that we love babies, and that we not be put off by, say, messy diapers.
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Važno je da volimo bebe i da nas, na primer, ne odbijaju prljave pelene.
05:31
So babies have to attract our affection and our nurturing, and they do.
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Bebe moraju da privuku našu pristrasnost i brigu, i to i čine.
05:37
And, by the way, a recent study shows that mothers
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Uzgred, skorašnja studija je pokazala da majke
05:41
prefer the smell of the dirty diapers of their own baby.
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više vole miris prljavih pelena svojih beba.
05:44
So nature works on many levels here.
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Tako da priroda ovde deluje na mnogo nivoa.
05:47
But now, if babies didn’t look the way they do -- if babies looked like this,
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Sada, kada bebe ne bi izgledale kako izgledaju, i ukoliko bi izgledale ovako,
05:52
that’s what we would find adorable, that’s what we would find --
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onda bi nama to bilo simpatično, to je ono što bismo smatrali -
05:56
we would think, oh my goodness, do I ever want to hug that.
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misllili bismo, oh, Bože, da li želim ikada da zagrlim ovo.
06:02
This is the strange inversion.
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To je čudno izvrtanje.
06:04
Well now, finally what about funny. My answer is, it’s the same story, the same story.
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Sada, napokon o smešnom. Moj odgovor je u stvari ista priča.
06:11
This is the hard one, the one that isn’t obvious. That’s why I leave it to the end.
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To je teško, to je nešto što nije očigledno. Zato sam to ostavio za kraj.
06:15
And I won’t be able to say too much about it.
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Neću moći da kažem previše o tome.
06:17
But you have to think evolutionarily, you have to think, what hard job that has to be done --
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Morate to da posmatrate sa evolutivnog aspekta, morate da razmilite o teškom
06:23
it’s dirty work, somebody’s got to do it --
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poslu koji treba uraditi, to je prljav posao, neko mora da ga završi,
06:26
is so important to give us such a powerful, inbuilt reward for it when we succeed.
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zato je važno da doživimo moćnu, urođenu nagradu za to kada uspemo.
06:34
Now, I think we've found the answer -- I and a few of my colleagues.
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Mislim da smo došli do odgovora, ja i nekoliko mojih kolega.
06:38
It’s a neural system that’s wired up to reward the brain
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To je neuralni sistem koji je uspostavljen kako bi nagradio mozak
06:42
for doing a grubby clerical job.
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za obavljanje prljavog, činovničkog posla.
06:48
Our bumper sticker for this view is
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Naš slogan za ovaj pogled je
06:52
that this is the joy of debugging.
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da je to radost koju donosi otklanjanje grešaka.
06:55
Now I’m not going to have time to spell it all out,
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Nemam vremena da vam sve to predstavim,
06:57
but I’ll just say that only some kinds of debugging get the reward.
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ali mogu vam reći da se samo određeni tipovi otklanjanja grešaka nagrađuju.
07:02
And what we’re doing is we’re using humor as a sort of neuroscientific probe
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Mi prosto koristimo humor kao neuro-naučni test tako što
07:10
by switching humor on and off, by turning the knob on a joke --
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uključujemo i isključujemo humor, tako što pritiskamo dugme na šali,
07:14
now it’s not funny ... oh, now it’s funnier ...
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sada nije zabavno, oh, sada je zabavnije,
07:16
now we’ll turn a little bit more ... now it’s not funny --
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sada ćemo podesiti to još malo..sada nije zabavno,
07:18
in this way, we can actually learn something
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i radeći to mi ustvari možemo naučiti nešto
07:21
about the architecture of the brain,
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o samoj arhitekturi mozga,
07:23
the functional architecture of the brain.
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o funkcionalnoj arhitekturi mozga.
07:25
Matthew Hurley is the first author of this. We call it the Hurley Model.
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Autor ovoga je Metju Harli. To nazivamo Harlijevim modelom.
07:30
He’s a computer scientist, Reginald Adams a psychologist, and there I am,
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On je informatičar, Redžinald Adams je psiholog, i ono sam ja,
07:34
and we’re putting this together into a book.
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i pišemo knjigu o svemu tome.
07:36
Thank you very much.
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Mnogo vam hvala.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dan Dennett - Philosopher, cognitive scientistDan Dennett thinks that human consciousness and free will are the result of physical processes.
Why you should listen
One of our most important living philosophers, Dan Dennett is best known for his provocative and controversial arguments that human consciousness and free will are the result of physical processes in the brain. He argues that the brain's computational circuitry fools us into thinking we know more than we do, and that what we call consciousness — isn't. His 2003 book "Freedom Evolves" explores how our brains evolved to give us -- and only us -- the kind of freedom that matters, while 2006's "Breaking the Spell" examines belief through the lens of biology.
This mind-shifting perspective on the mind itself has distinguished Dennett's career as a philosopher and cognitive scientist. And while the philosophy community has never quite known what to make of Dennett (he defies easy categorization, and refuses to affiliate himself with accepted schools of thought), his computational approach to understanding the brain has made him, as Edge's John Brockman writes, “the philosopher of choice of the AI community.”
“It's tempting to say that Dennett has never met a robot he didn't like, and that what he likes most about them is that they are philosophical experiments,” Harry Blume wrote in the Atlantic Monthly in 1998. “To the question of whether machines can attain high-order intelligence, Dennett makes this provocative answer: ‘The best reason for believing that robots might some day become conscious is that we human beings are conscious, and we are a sort of robot ourselves.'"
In recent years, Dennett has become outspoken in his atheism, and his 2006 book Breaking the Spell calls for religion to be studied through the scientific lens of evolutionary biology. Dennett regards religion as a natural -- rather than supernatural -- phenomenon, and urges schools to break the taboo against empirical examination of religion. He argues that religion's influence over human behavior is precisely what makes gaining a rational understanding of it so necessary: “If we don't understand religion, we're going to miss our chance to improve the world in the 21st century.”
Dennett's landmark books include The Mind's I, co-edited with Douglas Hofstaedter, Consciousness Explained, and Darwin's Dangerous Idea. Read an excerpt from his 2013 book, Intuition Pumps, in the Guardian >>
Dan Dennett | Speaker | TED.com