TED2009
Dan Dennett: Cute, sexy, sweet, funny
唐‧丹尼特:可愛、性感、香甜、有趣──真的嗎？
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3,553,924 views
為什麼我們覺得嬰兒可愛?為什麼我們喜歡甜蜜蜜的蛋糕?哲學家唐‧丹尼特以反直覺理論，解開人或物顯得甜、可愛和性感的原因﹝並以馬修‧赫利的新理論解釋為什麼笑話會有趣﹞，絕對是你意想不到的答案。
Dan Dennett - Philosopher, cognitive scientist
Dan Dennett thinks that human consciousness and free will are the result of physical processes. Full bio
Dan Dennett thinks that human consciousness and free will are the result of physical processes. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I’m going around the world giving talks about Darwin,
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我在世界各地與大家討論達爾文
00:15
and usually what I’m talking about
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而最常提及的
00:17
is Darwin’s strange inversion of reasoning.
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是他特殊的逆向推理
00:20
Now that title, that phrase, comes from a critic, an early critic,
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這個詞出自一位早期評論家
00:25
and this is a passage that I just love, and would like to read for you.
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我把最愛的一段評論分享給各位
00:29
"In the theory with which we have to deal, Absolute Ignorance is the artificer;
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「據此理論，『無知』為萬物之始
00:34
so that we may enunciate as the fundamental principle of the whole system,
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此一基本原則，為系統之基石
00:39
that, in order to make a perfect and beautiful machine,
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舉例而言，『要製造一台完美的機器
00:42
it is not requisite to know how to make it.
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其實並不需要了解製造方法。』
00:45
This proposition will be found on careful examination to express,
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達爾文經由縝密思慮得此論點
00:49
in condensed form, the essential purport of the Theory,
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且以錘鍊之字句表明其主旨
00:53
and to express in a few words all Mr. Darwin’s meaning;
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簡單明瞭地傳達其意
00:57
who, by a strange inversion of reasoning,
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其逆向推理獨到之處
01:01
seems to think Absolute Ignorance fully qualified
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在於肯定『無知』，視其為難得之物
01:04
to take the place of Absolute Wisdom in the achievements of creative skill."
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可取代『全知』，輔創新之念於大成」
01:10
Exactly. Exactly. And it is a strange inversion.
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的確 這個理論確實背離一般常理
01:17
A creationist pamphlet has this wonderful page in it:
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神造世界論者的傳單上可能會問
01:21
"Test Two:
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測驗二
01:23
Do you know of any building that didn’t have a builder? Yes/No.
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有建築不出自建築者之手嗎？
01:27
Do you know of any painting that didn’t have a painter? Yes/No.
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有畫作不出自創作者之手嗎？
01:30
Do you know of any car that didn’t have a maker? Yes/No.
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有車子不出自製造者之手嗎？
01:34
If you answered 'Yes' for any of the above, give details."
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如果你都回答「有」，請舉例詳細說明
01:39
A-ha! I mean, it really is a strange inversion of reasoning.
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哈！這就是我所謂違常的逆向推理
01:45
You would have thought it stands to reason
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你可能一向認為
01:49
that design requires an intelligent designer.
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每個設計都需要厲害的設計師
01:53
But Darwin shows that it’s just false.
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達爾文卻認為這樣才不合理
01:55
Today, though, I’m going to talk about Darwin’s other strange inversion,
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不過今天解釋的是其他逆向推理
02:00
which is equally puzzling at first, but in some ways just as important.
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乍聽時一樣難懂，不過同等重要
02:06
It stands to reason that we love chocolate cake because it is sweet.
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我們喜歡蛋糕，因為它是甜的
02:13
Guys go for girls like this because they are sexy.
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男人都愛辣妹，因為她們性感
02:19
We adore babies because they’re so cute.
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我們喜歡嬰兒，因為他們很可愛
02:23
And, of course, we are amused by jokes because they are funny.
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還有，笑話引人發噱是因為好笑
02:32
This is all backwards. It is. And Darwin shows us why.
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達爾文解釋 這些推論都倒果為因
02:39
Let’s start with sweet. Our sweet tooth is basically an evolved sugar detector,
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喜愛甜食是因為人對糖分很敏感
02:47
because sugar is high energy, and it’s just been wired up to the preferer,
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我們需要糖的高能量 因此人腦
02:51
to put it very crudely, and that’s why we like sugar.
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才將糖設定為我們喜歡的物質
02:56
Honey is sweet because we like it, not "we like it because honey is sweet."
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蜂蜜會甜是因為我們喜歡蜂蜜
03:03
There’s nothing intrinsically sweet about honey.
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蜂蜜在本質上沒有甜的成分
03:08
If you looked at glucose molecules till you were blind,
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即使你死盯著葡萄糖的分子結構
03:12
you wouldn’t see why they tasted sweet.
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你還是不知道為什麼它是甜的
03:15
You have to look in our brains to understand why they’re sweet.
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原因其實就藏在我們的大腦裡
03:21
So if you think first there was sweetness,
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如果你先假定，甜食中有甜的成分
03:23
and then we evolved to like sweetness,
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我們的大腦演化成喜歡這種成分
03:25
you’ve got it backwards; that’s just wrong. It’s the other way round.
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那就錯了 應該要倒過來才對
03:29
Sweetness was born with the wiring which evolved.
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甜味是隨著大腦的演化而誕生
03:33
And there’s nothing intrinsically sexy about these young ladies.
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這些女生其實跟性感毫無關係
03:37
And it’s a good thing that there isn’t, because if there were,
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幸好沒有，因為如果有的話
03:42
then Mother Nature would have a problem:
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自然界會有大麻煩
03:46
How on earth do you get chimps to mate?
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黑猩猩怎麼願意跟伴侶交配呢？
03:53
Now you might think, ah, there’s a solution: hallucinations.
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你可能說 解決之道是：幻想
04:01
That would be one way of doing it, but there’s a quicker way.
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這是一個方法；但還有一個更快的
04:05
Just wire the chimps up to love that look,
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就是改變黑猩猩的腦迴路
04:08
and apparently they do.
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讓牠們喜歡那種長相的伴侶
04:11
That’s all there is to it.
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奧秘說穿了就是這樣
04:16
Over six million years, we and the chimps evolved our different ways.
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演化至今，人跟黑猩猩已大不相同
04:20
We became bald-bodied, oddly enough;
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我們全身的毛髮退化
04:23
for one reason or another, they didn’t.
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但出於某些原因 牠們的卻沒有
04:27
If we hadn’t, then probably this would be the height of sexiness.
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若我們也沒有，那或許這才是性感
04:39
Our sweet tooth is an evolved and instinctual preference for high-energy food.
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我們喜歡甜食，是因為它的高能量
04:44
It wasn’t designed for chocolate cake.
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跟巧克力蛋糕本身無關
04:47
Chocolate cake is a supernormal stimulus.
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巧克力蛋糕是種超乎尋常的刺激
04:50
The term is owed to Niko Tinbergen,
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諾貝爾生物學獎得主丁柏格
04:52
who did his famous experiments with gulls,
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做過一個有名的海鷗實驗
04:54
where he found that that orange spot on the gull’s beak --
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他發現海鷗嘴上那個橘色的點
04:58
if he made a bigger, oranger spot
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如果變大一點或顏色更鮮豔一點
05:00
the gull chicks would peck at it even harder.
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小海鷗啄食它時會更用力
05:02
It was a hyperstimulus for them, and they loved it.
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它對小海鷗而言是個強烈的刺激
05:05
What we see with, say, chocolate cake
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實驗的意義是 超乎尋常的刺激
05:09
is it’s a supernormal stimulus to tweak our design wiring.
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像是巧克力蛋糕 會改變天性
05:14
And there are lots of supernormal stimuli; chocolate cake is one.
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還有很多東西是超乎尋常的刺激
05:17
There's lots of supernormal stimuli for sexiness.
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有些會引發性感的感覺
05:20
And there's even supernormal stimuli for cuteness. Here’s a pretty good example.
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有些會引發可愛的感覺 舉個例子
05:26
It’s important that we love babies, and that we not be put off by, say, messy diapers.
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嬰兒必須討喜，所以即使弄髒尿布
05:31
So babies have to attract our affection and our nurturing, and they do.
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我們也不會因為這樣就不愛他們
05:37
And, by the way, a recent study shows that mothers
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順道一提，最近一個研究指出
05:41
prefer the smell of the dirty diapers of their own baby.
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媽媽喜歡聞自己寶寶的髒尿布
05:44
So nature works on many levels here.
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看來大自然的影響無處不及呢
05:47
But now, if babies didn’t look the way they do -- if babies looked like this,
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但是如果嬰兒現在是長成這樣
05:52
that’s what we would find adorable, that’s what we would find --
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我們就會覺得這是可愛的
05:56
we would think, oh my goodness, do I ever want to hug that.
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你可能會想「天啊！我才不要抱他」
06:02
This is the strange inversion.
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這就是逆向推裡
06:04
Well now, finally what about funny. My answer is, it’s the same story, the same story.
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最後 好笑的感覺 其實原理一樣
06:11
This is the hard one, the one that isn’t obvious. That’s why I leave it to the end.
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不過難解釋、也不明顯，所以放最後
06:15
And I won’t be able to say too much about it.
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而且我所知有限，能說的也不多
06:17
But you have to think evolutionarily, you have to think, what hard job that has to be done --
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但從進化的角度思考，什麼該先做
06:23
it’s dirty work, somebody’s got to do it --
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打樁的工作一定最難 但非做不可
06:26
is so important to give us such a powerful, inbuilt reward for it when we succeed.
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因為一旦成功 貢獻是超乎想像的
06:34
Now, I think we've found the answer -- I and a few of my colleagues.
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現在，我與幾個同事已經有了答案
06:38
It’s a neural system that’s wired up to reward the brain
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腦部的神經系統已經預設
06:42
for doing a grubby clerical job.
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完成麻煩工作後應給予自己獎勵
06:48
Our bumper sticker for this view is
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我們對於這種反應的標準解釋是
06:52
that this is the joy of debugging.
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這是解決麻煩的快樂
06:55
Now I’m not going to have time to spell it all out,
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我在這裡只簡單說明一下
06:57
but I’ll just say that only some kinds of debugging get the reward.
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只有解決某些問題會覺得快樂
07:02
And what we’re doing is we’re using humor as a sort of neuroscientific probe
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我們把幽默感當成神經探測針
07:10
by switching humor on and off, by turning the knob on a joke --
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用來衡量一個笑話好不好笑
07:14
now it’s not funny ... oh, now it’s funnier ...
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現在不好笑....噢！現在好笑多了！
07:16
now we’ll turn a little bit more ... now it’s not funny --
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如果轉回來一點...現在又不好笑了
07:18
in this way, we can actually learn something
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透過這樣的解釋
07:21
about the architecture of the brain,
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比較容易理解大腦的構造
07:23
the functional architecture of the brain.
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就是能讓大腦發揮功用的構造
07:25
Matthew Hurley is the first author of this. We call it the Hurley Model.
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赫利貢獻最大，研究成果以他命名
07:30
He’s a computer scientist, Reginald Adams a psychologist, and there I am,
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另外還有心理學家亞當斯和我
07:34
and we’re putting this together into a book.
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我們正在整理研究成果準備出版
07:36
Thank you very much.
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謝謝大家！
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dan Dennett - Philosopher, cognitive scientistDan Dennett thinks that human consciousness and free will are the result of physical processes.
Why you should listen
One of our most important living philosophers, Dan Dennett is best known for his provocative and controversial arguments that human consciousness and free will are the result of physical processes in the brain. He argues that the brain's computational circuitry fools us into thinking we know more than we do, and that what we call consciousness — isn't. His 2003 book "Freedom Evolves" explores how our brains evolved to give us -- and only us -- the kind of freedom that matters, while 2006's "Breaking the Spell" examines belief through the lens of biology.
This mind-shifting perspective on the mind itself has distinguished Dennett's career as a philosopher and cognitive scientist. And while the philosophy community has never quite known what to make of Dennett (he defies easy categorization, and refuses to affiliate himself with accepted schools of thought), his computational approach to understanding the brain has made him, as Edge's John Brockman writes, “the philosopher of choice of the AI community.”
“It's tempting to say that Dennett has never met a robot he didn't like, and that what he likes most about them is that they are philosophical experiments,” Harry Blume wrote in the Atlantic Monthly in 1998. “To the question of whether machines can attain high-order intelligence, Dennett makes this provocative answer: ‘The best reason for believing that robots might some day become conscious is that we human beings are conscious, and we are a sort of robot ourselves.'"
In recent years, Dennett has become outspoken in his atheism, and his 2006 book Breaking the Spell calls for religion to be studied through the scientific lens of evolutionary biology. Dennett regards religion as a natural -- rather than supernatural -- phenomenon, and urges schools to break the taboo against empirical examination of religion. He argues that religion's influence over human behavior is precisely what makes gaining a rational understanding of it so necessary: “If we don't understand religion, we're going to miss our chance to improve the world in the 21st century.”
Dennett's landmark books include The Mind's I, co-edited with Douglas Hofstaedter, Consciousness Explained, and Darwin's Dangerous Idea. Read an excerpt from his 2013 book, Intuition Pumps, in the Guardian >>
Dan Dennett | Speaker | TED.com