TEDxPennQuarter
Christopher McDougall: Are we born to run?
克里斯托弗·麦克杜格尔：我们天生就会奔跑？
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克里斯托弗·麦克杜格尔探索了人类渴望奔跑的神秘。奔跑是如何帮助早期人类幸存的 - 是什么来自我们远古祖先的动力在今天仍鞭策着我们？在TEDxPennQuarter中，麦克杜格尔讲述了一名有着金子般的心的马拉松运动员的故事，不可思议的极限奔跑者，以及在墨西哥的以奔跑为生的隐藏部落的故事。
Christopher McDougall - Journalist, runner
Christopher McDougall is the author of "Born to Run: A Hidden Tribe, Super Athletes, and the Greatest Race the World Has Never Seen." Full bio
Christopher McDougall is the author of "Born to Run: A Hidden Tribe, Super Athletes, and the Greatest Race the World Has Never Seen." Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Running -- it's basically just right, left, right, left -- yeah?
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奔跑：仅仅就是左、右、左、右、-- 是么？
00:18
I mean, we've been doing it for two million years,
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我的意思是，我们已经奔跑了两百万年了，
00:20
so it's kind of arrogant to assume
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由我来说一些从未谈及的和
00:23
that I've got something to say
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对很久之前我们就擅长的奔跑而言
00:25
that hasn't been said and performed better a long time ago.
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说三道四似乎有点自大。
00:28
But the cool thing about running, as I've discovered,
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但如我所发现的，关于奔跑最酷的事
00:30
is that something bizarre happens
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是在奔跑过程中时刻发生
00:32
in this activity all the time.
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奇异变化的一些事。
00:34
Case in point: A couple months ago, if you saw the New York City Marathon,
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例证：几个月前，如果你看了纽约市马拉松赛，
00:37
I guarantee you, you saw something
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我保证你会看到一些
00:39
that no one has ever seen before.
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之前从没人见过的事。
00:42
An Ethiopian woman named Derartu Tulu
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一名名为德拉图·图鲁的埃塞俄比亚妇女
00:44
turns up at the starting line.
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出现在起点。
00:46
She's 37 years old,
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她37岁了，
00:48
she hasn't won a marathon of any kind in eight years,
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她在八年内还没有赢得过任何形式的马拉松比赛，
00:50
and a few months previously
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几个月之前
00:52
she almost died in childbirth.
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她几乎在分娩中死去。
00:54
Derartu Tulu was ready to hang it up and retire from the sport,
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德拉图·图鲁已经准备挂靴，从此退出这项运动，
00:57
but she decided she'd go for broke
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但她决定破釜沉舟
00:59
and try for one last big payday
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最后
01:01
in the marquee event,
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在马拉松重头戏
01:03
the New York City Marathon.
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纽约市马拉松赛上再做一次大的尝试。
01:05
Except -- bad news for Derartu Tulu -- some other people had the same idea,
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除了 -- 对德拉图·图鲁来说是坏消息 -- 其他一些人也有同样的想法，
01:08
including the Olympic gold medalist
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包括奥林匹克金牌得主
01:10
and Paula Radcliffe, who is a monster,
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葆拉·拉德克利夫，她是个奔跑狂人，
01:13
the fastest woman marathoner in history by far.
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她是史上迄今最快的女子马拉松选手。
01:17
Only 10 minutes off the men's world record,
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仅仅比男子世界纪录慢10分钟，
01:19
Paula Radcliffe is essentially unbeatable.
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葆拉·拉德克利夫本来是不可战胜的。
01:22
That's her competition.
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这是她的比赛。
01:24
The gun goes off, and she's not even an underdog.
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发令枪响后，她不仅是落后；
01:27
She's under the underdogs.
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她非常落后。
01:29
But the under-underdog hangs tough,
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但她顽强不屈。
01:31
and 22 miles into a 26-mile race,
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在22英里到26英里的路程上，
01:34
there is Derartu Tulu
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德拉图·图鲁在
01:36
up there with the lead pack.
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领跑集团之中。
01:38
Now this is when something really bizarre happens.
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这时非常奇异的事情发生了。
01:41
Paula Radcliffe, the one person who is sure to snatch the big paycheck
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葆拉·拉德克利夫，这个必定要夺冠的人把巨额奖金
01:44
out of Derartu Tulu's under-underdog hands,
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交到了德拉图·图鲁这个落后者的手中，
01:47
suddenly grabs her leg and starts to fall back.
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突然拖着她的腿并开始落后。
01:50
So we all know what to do in this situation, right?
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我们都知道这种情形下要怎么做，对么？
01:52
You give her a quick crack in the teeth with your elbow
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你会用肘在她嘴上来一击
01:54
and blaze for the finish line.
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然后奋力冲向终点。
01:57
Derartu Tulu ruins the script.
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德拉图·图鲁没有这么做。
01:59
Instead of taking off,
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不是匆匆离开，
02:01
she falls back, and she grabs Paula Radcliffe,
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她后退并抓住葆拉·拉德克利夫，
02:03
says, "Come on. Come with us. You can do it."
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说道，“加油，跟上我们。你能做到的。”
02:05
So Paula Radcliffe, unfortunately, does it.
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因此葆拉·拉德克利夫，不幸地，这么做了。
02:07
She catches up with the lead pack
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她跟上了领先集团
02:09
and is pushing toward the finish line.
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并冲向终点。
02:11
But then she falls back again.
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但是接下来她又一次落后了。
02:13
And the second time Derartu Tulu grabs her and tries to pull her.
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德拉图·图鲁第二次抓着她，试着拉着她跑。
02:15
And Paula Radcliffe at that point says,
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这时葆拉·拉德克利夫说道
02:17
"I'm done. Go."
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“我不行了。你跑吧。”
02:19
So that's a fantastic story, and we all know how it ends.
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这是个难以置信的故事，我们都知道最终结局如何。
02:22
She loses the check,
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她错失了奖金，
02:24
but she goes home with something bigger and more important.
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但是她带回家的是些更有意义更重要的东西。
02:26
Except Derartu Tulu ruins the script again --
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除了德拉图·图鲁再次做了同样的事以外。
02:29
instead of losing, she blazes past the lead pack and wins,
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她没有输，她超过了领先集团并赢得了比赛，
02:32
wins the New York City Marathon,
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赢了纽约市马拉松赛，
02:34
goes home with a big fat check.
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带着大笔奖金回家。
02:36
It's a heartwarming story,
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这是个暖人心房的故事，
02:38
but if you drill a little bit deeper,
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但如果你再深入的思考一下，
02:40
you've got to sort of wonder about what exactly was going on there.
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大家可能很想知道当时到底发生了什么。
02:43
When you have two outliers in one organism,
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当同一组织内出现两次局外人时，
02:45
it's not a coincidence.
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这不是巧合。
02:47
When you have someone who is more competitive and more compassionate
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当你知道有人比比赛中任何其他人
02:50
than anybody else in the race, again, it's not a coincidence.
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都更有竞争力更有同情心时，再一次，这不是巧合。
02:53
You show me a creature with webbed feet and gills;
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你向我展示一只有着蹼足和鳃的生物，
02:56
somehow water's involved.
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那它或许与水相关。
02:58
Someone with that kind of heart, there's some kind of connection there.
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有这样一颗心的人们之间有着某种连接。
03:01
And the answer to it, I think,
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我想，答案能
03:03
can be found down in the Copper Canyons of Mexico,
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在墨西哥铜谷中找到，
03:06
where there's a tribe, a reclusive tribe,
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那儿有一个部落，一个隐居的部落，
03:08
called the Tarahumara Indians.
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这个部落被称为塔拉乌马拉印第安人。
03:10
Now the Tarahumara are remarkable for three things.
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现在塔拉乌马拉人在三件事上非常出色。
03:13
Number one is,
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第一件事是，
03:15
they have been living essentially unchanged
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他们已经基本保持不变的
03:17
for the past 400 years.
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在那儿生活了四百年。
03:19
When the conquistadors arrived in North America you had two choices:
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当西班牙征服者到达北美洲时，当地人只有两个选择：
03:22
you either fight back and engage or you could take off.
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要么进行反击与之交战，要么就离开。
03:25
The Mayans and Aztecs engaged,
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玛雅人和阿兹特克人选择了交战，
03:27
which is why there are very few Mayans and Aztecs.
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这就是为什么现在玛雅人和阿兹特克人非常少的原因。
03:30
The Tarahumara had a different strategy.
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塔拉乌马拉人有个不同的策略。
03:32
They took off and hid
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他们离开了，隐藏在
03:34
in this labyrinthine, networking,
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这个被称为铜谷的
03:36
spiderwebbing system of canyons
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错综复杂的
03:38
called the Copper Canyons,
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迷宫般的峡谷中，
03:40
and there they remained since the 1600s --
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他们从1600年起就呆在这儿 --
03:43
essentially the same way they've always been.
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基本上以同样的方式在此生活。
03:47
The second thing remarkable about the Tarahumara
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第二件关于塔拉乌马拉人的非常出色的事
03:50
is, deep into old age -- 70 to 80 years old --
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是，年纪大了以后 -- 70岁到80岁 --
03:53
these guys aren't running marathons;
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这些人不跑马拉松，
03:55
they're running mega-marathons.
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他们跑超级马拉松。
03:57
They're not doing 26 miles;
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他们跑的不是26英里，
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they're doing 100, 150 miles at a time,
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他们每次跑100英里，150英里，
04:02
and apparently without injury, without problems.
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而且显然没有受伤，没有出现问题。
04:05
The last thing that's remarkable about the Tarahumara
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塔拉乌马拉人最后一件出色的事情是
04:07
is that all the things that we're going to be talking about today,
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所有我们今天要讨论的事，
04:09
all the things that we're trying to come up with
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所有我们正试图用我们
04:11
using all of our technology and brain power to solve --
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全部的科技和脑力解决的事 --
04:14
things like heart disease and cholesterol and cancer
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比如像心脏病、高胆固醇和癌症
04:16
and crime and warfare and violence and clinical depression --
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以及犯罪、战争、暴力和临床忧郁症 --
04:19
all this stuff, the Tarahumara don't know what you're talking about.
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所有这些，塔拉乌马拉人都不知道。
04:22
They are free
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他们完全
04:24
from all of these modern ailments.
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没有这些现代疾病。
04:26
So what's the connection?
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那么，这联系是什么呢？
04:28
Again, we're talking about outliers --
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再次，我们探讨一下局外人。
04:30
there's got to be some kind of cause and effect there.
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这儿有某种程度的因果关系。
04:32
Well, there are teams of scientists
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有些哈佛大学和犹他大学的
04:34
at Harvard and the University of Utah
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科学团队
04:36
that are bending their brains to try to figure out
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正费劲脑筋试图理解
04:38
what the Tarahumara have known forever.
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塔拉乌马拉人一直所了解的。
04:41
They're trying to solve those same kinds of mysteries.
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他们正试图解决这些同一类型的谜团。
04:44
And once again, a mystery wrapped inside of a mystery --
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再一次的，一个谜团包含在另一个谜团之中 --
04:47
perhaps the key to Derartu Tulu and the Tarahumara
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也许关于德拉图·图鲁和塔拉乌马拉人的答案
04:50
is wrapped in three other mysteries, which go like this:
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就包含在另外三个谜团之中，像这样的事物：
04:53
three things -- if you have the answer, come up and take the microphone,
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三个事物 -- 如果有人知道答案，请站起来拿起麦克风，
04:55
because nobody else knows the answer.
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因为没有其他人知道这个答案。
04:57
And if you know it, then you are smarter than anybody else on planet Earth.
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但如果你知道这个答案，那你就比这个星球上的任何一个人都要聪明。
05:00
Mystery number one is this:
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第一个谜团是：
05:02
Two million years ago the human brain exploded in size.
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两百万年前人类的脑容量暴增。
05:05
Australopithecus had a tiny little pea brain.
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南方古猿人只有一个小豌豆那么大的大脑。
05:07
Suddenly humans show up -- Homo erectus --
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突然人类出现了 -- 直立人 --
05:09
big, old melon-head.
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有着成熟的瓜那么大的头部。
05:11
To have a brain of that size,
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为了保持这么大体积的大脑，
05:13
you need to have a source of condensed caloric energy.
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就需要有浓缩的卡路里能量的来源。
05:16
In other words, early humans are eating dead animals --
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换句话说，早期人类吃死亡的动物 --
05:18
no argument, that's a fact.
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毫无疑问，这是事实。
05:20
The only problem is,
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唯一的问题是，
05:22
the first edged weapons only appeared about 200,000 years ago.
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最初的带刃武器仅出现在大约20万年前。
05:25
So, somehow, for nearly two million years,
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因此不知为何在两百万年间，
05:28
we are killing animals without any weapons.
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我们不用任何武器来杀死动物。
05:31
Now we're not using our strength
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现在我们没有使用自己的力气
05:33
because we are the biggest sissies in the jungle.
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因为我们在丛林中是最弱的。
05:35
Every other animal is stronger than we are --
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任何其他动物都要比我们强大。
05:37
they have fangs, they have claws, they have nimbleness, they have speed.
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它们有着尖牙，它们有利爪，它们灵活，它们敏捷。
05:40
We think Usain Bolt is fast. Usain Bolt can get his ass kicked by a squirrel.
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我们觉得乌塞恩·博尔特跑得快。乌塞恩·博尔特却跑不过一只松鼠。
05:43
We're not fast.
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我们并不快。
05:45
That would be an Olympic event: turn a squirrel loose --
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这可以作为一项奥林匹克比赛：放开一只松鼠。
05:47
whoever catches the squirrel, you get a gold medal.
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谁抓到这只松鼠，谁就是金牌获得者。
05:50
So no weapons, no speed, no strength, no fangs, no claws --
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因此，没有武器，没有速度，没有力量，没有尖牙，没有利爪。
05:53
how were we killing these animals? Mystery number one.
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我们是如何杀死这些动物的呢？第一个谜团。
05:56
Mystery number two:
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第二个谜团：
05:58
Women have been in the Olympics for quite some time now,
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目前女性已经参加奥林匹克运动会有相当一段时间了，
06:01
but one thing that's remarkable about all women sprinters --
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但关于所有女子短跑选手的一件值得注意的事是 --
06:03
they all suck; they're terrible.
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她们不行，她们很差。
06:05
There's not a fast woman on the planet
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这个星球上没有跑得快的女性
06:07
and there never has been.
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从来没有过。
06:09
The fastest woman to ever run a mile did it in 4:15.
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最快的女性曾在4分15秒内跑完一英里。
06:12
I could throw a rock and hit a high school boy
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我扔块石头就能打中一个跑的
06:14
who can run faster than 4:15.
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比4分15秒更快的高中男生。
06:16
For some reason you guys are just really slow.
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由于某些原因，你们实在是跑得慢。
06:18
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
06:20
But you get to the marathon we were just talking about --
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但我们回到我们刚刚谈论过的马拉松上 --
06:23
you guys have only been allowed to run the marathon for 20 years.
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你们仅仅适合跑马拉松也就20年。
06:25
Because, prior to the 1980s,
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因为，在二十世纪八十年代之前，
06:27
medical science said that if a woman tried to run 26 miles --
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医学表明如果一名女性尝试跑26英里 --
06:30
does anyone know what would happen if you tried to run 26 miles,
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有人知道如果你尝试跑26英里会发生什么吗，
06:32
why you were banned from the marathon before the 1980s?
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为什么你在八十年代之前被禁止参加马拉松呢？
06:36
(Audience Member: Her uterus would be torn.) Her uterus would be torn.
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（观众：她的子宫将被扯裂。）她的子宫将被扯裂。
06:39
Yes. You would have torn reproductive organs.
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是的。女性生殖器官会被扯裂。
06:41
The uterus would fall out, literally fall out of the body.
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子宫会脱落，毫不夸张，脱落出体外。
06:44
Now I've been to a lot of marathons,
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到目前我参加过许多马拉松赛，
06:46
and I've yet to see any ...
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而我还从未见过一次这样的事情发生。
06:48
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
06:51
So it's only been 20 years that women have been allowed to run the marathon.
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那么，仅仅过了20年，女性就被允许参加马拉松赛跑了。
06:54
In that very short learning curve,
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在这个非常短的学习曲线中，
06:56
you guys have gone from broken organs
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女性从马拉松会损害器官
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up to the fact that you're only 10 minutes off
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改变到这样一个事实，女子世界纪录仅比
07:01
the male world record.
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男子的慢10分钟。
07:03
Then you go beyond 26 miles,
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接着女性开始超越26英里，
07:05
into the distance that medical science also told us would be fatal to humans --
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直到医学所告诉我们的会致命的距离 --
07:08
remember Pheidippides died when he ran 26 miles --
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回忆一下费迪皮迪兹在跑完26英里后死去 --
07:10
you get to 50 and 100 miles,
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你们女性现在到达了50和100英里，
07:12
and suddenly it's a different game.
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这突然成了一个不同的游戏。
07:14
You can take a runner like Ann Trason, or Nikki Kimball, or Jenn Shelton,
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可以让安·崔森、妮基·金博尔或杰娜·谢尔顿
07:17
you put them in a race of 50 or 100 miles against anybody in the world
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参加50或100英里的比赛，与世界上的任何人对抗
07:20
and it's a coin toss who's going to win.
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谁胜谁负还在五五之数。
07:22
I'll give you an example.
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我来举个例子。
07:24
A couple years ago, Emily Baer signed up for a race
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在几年前，埃米莉·贝尔报名参加了一个
07:26
called the Hardrock 100,
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名为硬石100的比赛，
07:28
which tells you all you need to know about the race.
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这就是关于这个比赛你们所需知道的一切了。
07:31
They give you 48 hours to finish this race.
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参赛者有48小时来完成比赛。
07:33
Well Emily Baer -- 500 runners --
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而埃米莉·贝尔 -- 在500名参赛者中 --
07:35
she finishes in eighth place, in the top 10,
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她第八个完成比赛，名列前十，
07:37
even though she stopped at all the aid stations
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即使在比赛中她在每个急救点都会停下来
07:39
to breastfeed her baby during the race --
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为她的宝宝哺乳 --
07:42
and yet, beat 492 other people.
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即便如此，她仍击败了其他492名参赛者。
07:44
So why is it that women get stronger
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最后一个谜团：那么为什么女性在距离变长时
07:46
as distances get longer?
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变得更强了？
07:48
The third mystery is this:
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第三个谜团是这样：
07:50
At the University of Utah, they started tracking finishing times
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在犹他大学，他们追踪人们
07:53
for people running the marathon.
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完成马拉松的时间。
07:55
And what they found
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他们的发现
07:57
is that, if you start running the marathon at age 19,
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是，如果在19岁开始跑马拉松，
07:59
you will get progressively faster, year by year,
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你将逐渐跑得越来越快，逐年增加，
08:01
until you reach your peak at age 27.
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直到在27岁时到达顶峰。
08:03
And then after that, you succumb
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而在此之后，你会经受不住
08:05
to the rigors of time.
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时间的严峻考验。
08:07
And you'll get slower and slower,
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然后你会跑得越来越慢，
08:09
until eventually you're back to running the same speed you were at age 19.
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知道最终你的速度会回落到19岁时的速度。
08:12
So about seven years, eight years to reach your peak,
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因此大约有七八年的时间来到达你的顶峰，
08:14
and then gradually you fall off your peak,
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然后逐渐从顶峰回落下来，
08:16
until you go back to the starting point.
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一直回到起点。
08:19
You would think it might take eight years to go back to the same speed,
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你也许认为会花上八年时间才会回落至原来的速度，
08:22
maybe 10 years -- no, it's 45 years.
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也许是10年 -- 不，是45年。
08:25
64-year-old men and women
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60岁的男性和女性
08:27
are running as fast as they were at age 19.
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与他们在19岁时跑的一样快。
08:30
Now I defy you to come up with any other physical activity --
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现在我看大家能不能想出任何其他的体育运动 --
08:33
and please don't say golf -- something that actually is hard --
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请不要说高尔夫 -- 一些确实非常困难的运动 --
08:37
where geriatrics are performing
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在什么运动中老人与
08:39
as well as they did as teenagers.
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他们年轻时表现的一样好。
08:42
So you have these three mysteries.
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那么大家知道了这三个谜团。
08:44
Is there one piece in the puzzle
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这谜团中是否有一项
08:46
which might wrap all these things up?
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能对所有这些事情进行总结？
08:48
You've got to be really careful any time
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任何时候有人回顾史前并试图给出一些
08:50
someone looks back in prehistory and tries to give you some sort of global answer,
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全球性的答案时，你都应该十分小心，
08:53
because, it being prehistory,
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因为，这是史前，
08:55
you can say whatever the hell you want and get away with it.
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你说什么都行，然后就把说过的抛在一边。
08:57
But I'll submit this to you:
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但我将告诉你们这个：
08:59
If you put one piece in the middle of this jigsaw puzzle,
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如果你放入这个拼图游戏中间的一块，
09:01
suddenly it all starts to form a coherent picture.
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突然间这一切就从一幅连贯的画开始了。
09:04
If you wonder, why it is the Tarahumara don't fight
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如果你想知道为什么塔拉乌马拉人没有战斗
09:06
and don't die of heart disease,
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不会死于心脏病，
09:08
why a poor Ethiopian woman named Derartu Tulu
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为什么可怜的埃塞俄比亚女子德拉图·图鲁
09:11
can be the most compassionate and yet the most competitive,
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会是最有同情心，同时又最具有竞争力，
09:14
and why we somehow were able
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为什么我们反而能够
09:16
to find food without weapons,
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不用武器也能觅食，
09:18
perhaps it's because humans,
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也许仅仅是因为人类，
09:20
as much as we like to think of ourselves as masters of the universe,
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和我们乐于认为我们自己是宇宙的主人一样，
09:23
actually evolved as nothing more
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实际上人类进化的更像是一群猎犬，
09:25
than a pack of hunting dogs.
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而不是像其他的什么。
09:27
Maybe we evolved
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也许我们进化
09:29
as a hunting pack animal.
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成了一群狩猎动物。
09:31
Because the one advantage we have in the wilderness --
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因为我们在荒野中的一个优点是 --
09:33
again, it's not our fangs and our claws and our speed --
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再次强调，不是我们的尖牙、利爪和速度 --
09:35
the only thing we do really, really well is sweat.
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我们真真正正拥有的唯一的优点就是汗水。
09:38
We're really good at being sweaty and smelly.
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我们确实擅长于出汗和变臭。
09:41
Better than any other mammal on Earth, we can sweat really well.
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比地球上任何其他哺乳动物都要强，我们能非常好的出汗。
09:44
But the advantage
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但这个会带来点
09:46
of that little bit of social discomfort
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社交不适的优势
09:48
is the fact that, when it comes to running
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实际上是，当说到要在高温下
09:50
under hot heat for long distances,
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跑上很长的距离时，
09:53
we're superb, we're the best on the planet.
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我们是一流的，我们是星球上最棒的。
09:56
You take a horse on a hot day,
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在热天里骑一匹马，
09:58
and after about five or six miles, that horse has a choice.
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在走了五或六英里后，马会当即做选择。
10:00
It's either going to breathe or it's going to cool off,
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要么停下喘口气，要么让自己凉快下来，
10:03
but it ain't doing both -- we can.
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但它没法同时做到这两项 -- 我们能。
10:05
So what if we evolved as hunting pack animals?
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那么如果我们进化成狩猎群居动物会怎么样？
10:08
What if the only natural advantage we had in the world
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如果我们在世界上拥有的唯一的自然优势
10:12
was the fact that we could get together as a group,
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是我们能作为一个团体聚在一起，
10:14
go out there on that African Savannah, pick out an antelope
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走向非洲大草原，找到一头羚羊
10:17
and go out as a pack and run that thing to death?
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并成群结队的出去，追逐这只羚羊，直到它死去？
10:20
That's all we could do.
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这就是我们可能会做的一切；
10:22
We could run really far on a hot day.
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我们能在热天里跑非常长的距离。
10:24
Well if that's true, a couple other things had to be true as well.
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如果这是真的，其他的一些事也会是真的。
10:27
The key to being part of a hunting pack is the word "pack."
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狩猎团体的关键是“团体”这个词。
10:30
If you go out by yourself, and you try to chase an antelope,
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如果你自己出去，并试着追赶一只羚羊，
10:32
I guarantee you there's going to be two cadavers out there in the Savannah.
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我保证你和羚羊将会成为大草原上的两具尸体。
10:35
You need a pack to pull together.
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你需要一个团体齐心协力。
10:37
You need to have those 64-, 65-year-olds
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你需要那些曾这么做过
10:39
who have been doing this for a long time
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多年的六十四，五岁的人，
10:41
to understand which antelope you're actually trying to catch.
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让他们来帮你了解哪只羚羊才是应该去捕捉的。
10:43
The herd explodes and it gathers back again.
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羚羊群散开，并重新汇聚它们。
10:46
Those expert trackers have got to be part of the pack.
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团体应该有些专业的追踪者。
10:48
They can't be 10 miles behind.
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他们不能落后10英里以上。
10:50
You need to have the women and the adolescents there
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团体中需要有妇女和青少年，
10:52
because the two times in your life you most benefit from animal protein
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因为生命中有两个时期最能从动物性蛋白质中获益
10:55
is when you are a nursing mother and a developing adolescent.
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一个是哺乳期的母亲和发育中的青少年。
10:58
It makes no sense to have the antelope over there dead
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让羚羊死在那儿而想吃掉它的人却
11:00
and the people who want to eat it 50 miles away.
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在50英里之外，这样毫无意义。
11:02
They need to be part of the pack.
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他们都需要成为团体的一部分。
11:04
You need to have those 27-year-old studs at the peak of their powers
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需要那些27岁处于力量巅峰的壮年
11:06
ready to drop the kill,
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来围捕猎物，
11:08
and you need to have those teenagers there
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需要有些少年
11:10
who are learning the whole thing all involved.
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来学习这所有的一切。
11:12
The pack stays together.
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团体聚在一起。
11:14
Another thing that has to be true about this pack: this pack cannot be really materialistic.
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关于这个团体的另一个事实是：这一团体不能是利己的。
11:17
You can't be hauling all your crap around, trying to chase the antelope.
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不能靠夸夸其谈来捕捉羚羊。
11:20
You can't be a pissed-off pack. You can't be bearing grudges,
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不能是个生气包。不能有积怨。
11:23
like, "I'm not chasing that guy's antelope.
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比如，“我才不会去追那家伙的羚羊呢。
11:25
He pissed me off. Let him go chase his own antelope."
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他惹毛我了。让他自己去追那羚羊吧。”
11:27
The pack has got to be able to swallow its ego,
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团队必须能忍气吞声，
11:30
be cooperative and pull together.
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能协作并齐心协力。
11:32
What you end up with, in other words,
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这样最终得到的，换句话说，
11:35
is a culture remarkably similar
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就是与塔拉乌马拉人
11:37
to the Tarahumara --
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非常相似的一种文化 --
11:39
a tribe that has remained unchanged
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一个自石器时代以来
11:41
since the Stone Age.
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就从未改变过的部落。
11:43
It's a really compelling argument
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这是个确实能令人信服的理由
11:45
that maybe the Tarahumara are doing
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也许塔拉乌马拉人现在做的跑步
11:47
exactly what all of us had done for two million years,
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正是我们已经做了两百万年的事。
11:50
that it's us in modern times who have sort of gone off the path.
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正是我们在现代偏离了道路。
11:53
You know, we look at running as this kind of alien, foreign thing,
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你知道，我们把跑步看成是某种外星的、异域的事物，
11:56
this punishment you've got to do because you ate pizza the night before.
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这好比是对吃了前一天晚上的比萨的惩罚。
11:59
But maybe it's something different.
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但也许这是件不同的事。
12:01
Maybe we're the ones who have taken this natural advantage we had
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也许我们拥有了这一自然天赋
12:04
and we spoiled it.
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但我们却荒废了它。
12:06
How do we spoil it? Well how do we spoil anything?
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我们是如何荒废它的呢？我们是如何荒废了这一切呢？
12:09
We try to cash in on it.
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我们尝试着把它变现。
12:11
We try to can it and package it and make it "better"
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我们试图把它装入罐中，打包起来，让它看起来更好
12:13
and sell it to people.
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接着把它出售。
12:15
And what happened was we started creating
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我们开始创造这些
12:17
these fancy cushioned things,
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精美的垫状物品，
12:19
which can make running "better," called running shoes.
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它让跑步变得更好，它被称为跑步鞋。
12:22
The reason I get personally pissed-off about running shoes
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我个人对跑步鞋感到不爽的原因是
12:25
is because I bought a million of them and I kept getting hurt.
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因为我买了无数的跑步鞋，但还是不断受伤。
12:28
And I think that, if anybody in here runs --
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我想，如果这儿有人跑步的话 --
12:30
and I just had a conversation with Carol;
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我刚与卡罗尔交谈过；
12:32
we talked for two minutes backstage, and she's talking about plantar fasciitis.
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我们在后台谈了两分钟，她谈了谈足底筋膜炎。
12:35
You talk to a runner, I guarantee, within 30 seconds,
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你与一名跑步者谈话，我保证，在三十秒内
12:38
the conversation turns to injury.
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话题就会转到受伤上。
12:40
So if humans evolved as runners, if that's our one natural advantage,
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因此，如果人类进化为跑步者，如果这是我们的自然天赋之一，
12:43
why are we so bad at it? Why do we keep getting hurt?
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那么为什么我们如此不擅长它呢？为什么我们不断的受伤呢？
12:46
Curious thing about running and running injuries
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关于跑步和跑步受伤的奇怪事
12:48
is that the running injury is new to our time.
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是在我们的时代才出现了跑步受伤。
12:51
If you read folklore and mythology,
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如果你看看民间传说和神话故事，
12:53
any kind of myths, any kind of tall tales,
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任何类型的神话，任何类型的故事中，
12:55
running is always associated
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跑步总是与
12:57
with freedom and vitality and youthfulness and eternal vigor.
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自由、活力、年轻和永恒的力量相关联。
13:00
It's only in our lifetime
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只是在我们的一生中
13:02
that running has become associated with fear and pain.
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跑步才变得与恐惧和疼痛相关。
13:04
Geronimo used to say
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杰罗尼莫曾说过
13:06
that, "My only friends are my legs. I only trust my legs."
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“我的双腿是我唯一的朋友。我只信任我的双腿。”
13:09
That's because an Apache triathlon
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这是因为阿帕契铁人三项
13:11
used to be you'd run 50 miles across the desert,
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过去需要跑50英里得穿越沙漠，
13:13
engage in hand-to-hand combat, steal a bunch of horses
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加入一场肉搏战，偷一群马
13:15
and slap leather for home.
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并为了回家得比拼拔枪。
13:17
Geronimo was never saying, "Ah, you know something,
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杰罗尼莫从未说过，“啊哈，你知道吗，
13:19
my achilles -- I'm tapering. I got to take this week off,"
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我的弱点 -- 我正在变弱。我需要休息一周，”
13:22
or "I need to cross-train.
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或是“我需要进行多项训练。
13:24
I didn't do yoga. I'm not ready."
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我不做瑜伽。我还没准备好。”
13:27
Humans ran and ran all the time.
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人类时刻在奔跑。
13:29
We are here today. We have our digital technology.
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今天我们所处时代。我们有数字技术。
13:31
All of our science comes from the fact
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我们所有的科学都来自这样一个事实
13:33
that our ancestors were able
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我们的祖先能
13:35
to do something extraordinary every day,
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每天做些非同凡响的事，
13:37
which was just rely on their naked feet and legs
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仅仅靠他们的赤脚和双腿
13:39
to run long distances.
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就能跑很长的距离。
13:41
So how do we get back to that again?
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那么要多久我们才能再次拥有这样的能力？
13:43
Well, I would submit to you the first thing is
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好了，我会建议各位首先
13:45
get rid of all packaging, all the sales, all the marketing.
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把所有的包装、所有的销售、所有的买卖放到一边。
13:48
Get rid of all the stinking running shoes.
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摆脱所有那些讨厌的跑步鞋。
13:50
Stop focusing on urban marathons,
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停止关注城市马拉松，
13:52
which, if you do four hours, you suck.
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如果你花了四个小时完成这类比赛，你糟透了。
13:55
If you do 3:59:59, you're awesome,
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如果你3小时59分59秒完成，你就是了不起的
13:57
because you qualified for another race.
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因为你有资格参加另一场比赛。
13:59
We need to get back to that sense of playfulness and joyfulness
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我们需要找回那种嬉戏和玩乐的感觉，
14:02
and, I would say, nakedness,
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我想说
14:05
that has made the Tarahumara
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赤脚奔跑让塔拉乌马拉人的文化
14:07
one of the healthiest and serene cultures in our time.
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成为我们时代中最健康和宁静的文化之一。
14:10
So what's the benefit? So what?
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那么能得到什么好处？那又怎么样？
14:12
So you burn off the Haagen-Dazs from the night before?
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因此你从前天晚上起扔掉哈根达斯？
14:15
But maybe there's another benefit there as well.
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但也许还有另一个好处。
14:18
Without getting a little too extreme about this,
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关于这个好处，不要变得有点过于极端，
14:21
imagine a world
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想象一个世界
14:23
where everybody could go out their door
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其中每个人都能走出门外
14:25
and engage in the kind of exercise
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并参与某种运动
14:27
that's going to make them more relaxed, more serene,
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某种能让人们更放松、更宁静、更健康
14:30
more healthy,
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的运动，
14:32
burn off stress --
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释放压力 --
14:34
where you don't come back into your office a raging maniac anymore,
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在这运动中你再也不用像个疯狂的疯子似的回到办公室，
14:36
where you don't go back home with a lot of stress on top of you again.
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也不会带着巨大的压力回到家中。
14:38
Maybe there's something between what we are today
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也许在如今的我们生活和
14:41
and what the Tarahumara have always been.
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塔拉乌马拉人所一直保持的生活之间有些差距。
14:44
I don't say let's go back to the Copper Canyons
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我不是说让我们回到铜谷，
14:46
and live on corn and maize, which is the Tarahumara's preferred diet,
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以塔拉乌马拉人的佳肴玉米和玉蜀黍为生，
14:49
but maybe there's somewhere in between.
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但也许是介于这两者之间某种事物。
14:51
And if we find that thing,
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如果我们找到它，
14:53
maybe there is a big fat Nobel Prize out there.
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也许能获得个巨大的诺贝尔奖。
14:56
Because if somebody could find a way
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因为如果有人能找到一个方式
14:59
to restore that natural ability
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它能让我们所有人重获这自然能力
15:01
that we all enjoyed for most of our existence,
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我们都能享受所存在的大部分时间用来跑步，
15:03
up until the 1970s or so,
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这种我们直到大约在二十世纪七十年代还享受着的跑步能力，
15:05
the benefits, social and physical
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那我们从中所能获得的社会的、身体的、
15:07
and political and mental,
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政治上的和精神上的益处
15:10
could be astounding.
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将会令人震惊。
15:12
So what I've been seeing today is there is a growing subculture
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我今天所看到的是，有一个成长中的
15:15
of barefoot runners, people who got rid of their shoes.
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赤足跑步者的亚文化，其中的人们不穿他们的鞋子。
15:18
And what they have found uniformly is
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他们一致地发现
15:20
you get rid of the shoes, you get rid of the stress,
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不穿鞋子，解脱了压力，
15:23
you get rid of the injuries and the ailments.
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摆脱了受伤和疾病。
15:25
And what you find is something
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你们所发现的事
15:27
the Tarahumara have known for a very long time,
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是塔拉乌马拉人很久以前就已经知道的，
15:29
that this can be a whole lot of fun.
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这赤脚跑步能带来很多乐趣。
15:31
I've experienced it personally myself.
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我个人亲身曾经历过。
15:33
I was injured all my life, and then in my early 40s I got rid of my shoes
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我一生都在受伤，在我四十出头的时候我不穿鞋子
15:36
and my running ailments have gone away too.
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我身上的疾病也随之消失了。
15:38
So hopefully it's something we can all benefit from.
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希望我们都能从中受益。
15:40
And I appreciate you guys listening to this story. Thanks very much.
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非常感谢大家来听这个故事。谢谢大家。
15:43
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Christopher McDougall - Journalist, runnerChristopher McDougall is the author of "Born to Run: A Hidden Tribe, Super Athletes, and the Greatest Race the World Has Never Seen."
Why you should listen
Longtime reporter Christopher McDougall is also a longtime runner -- and he brings his reporter's passion and eye for detail to the mysteries of running in his latest book. "Born to Run" examines humanity's inborn need to run and sweat, and it's filled with passion, odd facts, oddly pertinent digressions and deeply engaging journeys to running subcults (and cults-of-one). The book has inspired at least one fan site.
McDougall writes for Outside, Men's Health, New York and other magazines. His other, equally intriguing book, is Girl Trouble: The True Saga of Superstar Gloria Trevi and the Secret Teenage Sex Cult That Stunned the World.
Christopher McDougall | Speaker | TED.com