TEDWomen 2015
Mary Robinson: Why climate change is a threat to human rights
玛丽·罗宾逊: 为什么气候变化对人权是个威胁？
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气候变化是不公平的。虽然发达国家可以对抗不断上升的海平面和退化的农田，但世界各地穷人的生活已经被颠覆--他们的人权受到威胁--受到风暴，饥饿和丢失农田的威胁。玛丽·罗宾逊呼吁我们参与到全球气候正义的运动中来。
Mary Robinson - Global leader
Mary Robinson served as president of Ireland from 1990 to 1997, and as UN High Commissioner for Human Rights from 1997 to 2002. She now leads a foundation devoted to climate justice. Full bio
Mary Robinson served as president of Ireland from 1990 to 1997, and as UN High Commissioner for Human Rights from 1997 to 2002. She now leads a foundation devoted to climate justice. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:19
A question I'm often asked is,
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我经常被问到的一个问题是，
00:21
where did I get my passion
for human rights and justice?
for human rights and justice?
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我为什么热衷于人权和公正问题？
00:26
It started early.
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这和我早期经历有关。
00:28
I grew up in the west of Ireland,
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我成长在爱尔兰的西部，
00:30
wedged between four brothers,
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有4个兄弟，
00:32
two older than me and two younger than me.
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两个哥哥和两个弟弟。
00:35
So of course I had to be
interested in human rights,
interested in human rights,
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所以我当然对人权，
00:38
and equality and justice,
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平等, 公正，
00:41
and using my elbows!
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和使用拳头感兴趣。
00:43
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
00:45
And those issues stayed
with me and guided me,
with me and guided me,
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这些问题一直伴随着我，引导我。
00:48
and in particular,
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特别是
00:49
when I was elected the first
woman President of Ireland,
woman President of Ireland,
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当我被选为爱尔兰第一位女总统的时候，
00:54
from 1990 to 1997.
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（从1990年到1997年）
00:57
I dedicated my presidency
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在我的任期内，
01:00
to having a space for those who felt
marginalized on the island of Ireland,
marginalized on the island of Ireland,
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我关注那些觉得在爱尔兰岛上
被边缘化的人们，致力于给他们一个空间
被边缘化的人们，致力于给他们一个空间
01:05
and bringing together communities
from Northern Ireland
from Northern Ireland
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并且把北爱尔兰的人们
01:08
with those from the Republic,
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和爱尔兰共和国的人们集合到一起，
01:10
trying to build peace.
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力求建立和平。
01:12
And I went as the first Irish president
to the United Kingdom
to the United Kingdom
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我是第一位拜访英国(United Kingdom)
01:17
and met with Queen Elizabeth II,
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并会见了女王伊丽莎白二世的
爱尔兰总统，
爱尔兰总统，
01:20
and also welcomed to my
official residence --
official residence --
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一些人还被邀请到我的官邸--
01:24
which we call "Áras an Uachtaráin,"
the house of the president --
the house of the president --
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我们称之为“Áras an Uachtaráin”总统府--
01:28
members of the royal family,
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一些皇室成员
01:30
including, notably, the Prince of Wales.
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尤其还包括威尔士亲王。
01:33
And I was aware that at the time
of my presidency,
of my presidency,
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我意识到在我的任期内，
01:40
Ireland was a country beginning
a rapid economic progress.
a rapid economic progress.
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爱尔兰是一个经济快速发展的国家。
01:45
We were a country that was benefiting
from the solidarity of the European Union.
from the solidarity of the European Union.
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我们的国家受益于欧盟的团结。
01:53
Indeed, when Ireland first joined
the European Union in 1973,
the European Union in 1973,
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事实上，当爱尔兰在1973年
第一次加入欧盟的时候，
第一次加入欧盟的时候，
01:58
there were parts of the country
that were considered developing,
that were considered developing,
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这里的一些地区还被视为发展中地区，
02:02
including my own beloved
native county, County Mayo.
native county, County Mayo.
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包括我心爱的家乡梅奥郡。
02:06
I led trade delegations
here to the United States,
here to the United States,
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我带领贸易代表团去美国，
02:10
to Japan, to India,
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去日本，去印度，
02:13
to encourage investment,
to help to create jobs,
to help to create jobs,
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鼓励投资，创造就业，
02:17
to build up our economy,
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建立我们的经济。
02:18
to build up our health system,
our education --
our education --
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建立我们的卫生系统和我们的教育--
02:20
our development.
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促进我们的发展。
02:22
What I didn't have to do as president
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在当时，作为总统的我不必做的事情是
02:26
was buy land on mainland Europe,
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在欧洲大陆上买土地，
02:30
so that Irish citizens could go there
because our island was going underwater.
because our island was going underwater.
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不必担心爱尔兰岛被淹没，
让我的人民迁移到另外的土地上。
让我的人民迁移到另外的土地上。
02:37
What I didn't have to think about,
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不管我是作为一个总统
02:39
either as president
or as a constitutional lawyer,
or as a constitutional lawyer,
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还是作为一个宪法律师，
02:42
was the implications
for the sovereignty of the territory
for the sovereignty of the territory
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我都不需要考虑
02:45
because of the impact of climate change.
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领土主权的问题会受气候变化的影响。
02:49
But that is what President Tong,
of the Republic of Kiribati,
of the Republic of Kiribati,
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但这是基里巴斯共和国总统TONG（汤）
02:54
has to wake up every morning
thinking about.
thinking about.
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每天早上起床需要思考的问题。
02:57
He has bought land in Fiji
as an insurance policy,
as an insurance policy,
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他在斐济买了土地作为一种保险政策，
03:02
what he calls, "migration with dignity,"
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这被他称为“有尊严地迁移”。
03:06
because he knows that his people
may have to leave their islands.
may have to leave their islands.
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因为他知道他的人民
必须离开他们的岛屿。
必须离开他们的岛屿。
03:12
As I listened to President Tong
describing the situation,
describing the situation,
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当我听到汤总统描述这个情况，
03:17
I really felt that this was a problem
that no leader should have to face.
that no leader should have to face.
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我真的觉得这是个总统不应该面对的问题。
03:24
And as I heard him speak
about the pain of his problems,
about the pain of his problems,
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当我听到他谈起这些问题的痛苦，
03:29
I thought about Eleanor Roosevelt.
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我想到了埃莉诺•罗斯福，
03:33
I thought about her
and those who worked with her
and those who worked with her
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想到她以及那些
曾经与她一起在人权委员会工作的人，
曾经与她一起在人权委员会工作的人，
03:38
on the Commission on Human Rights,
which she chaired in 1948,
which she chaired in 1948,
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她在1948年担任人权委员会的主席，
03:43
and drew up the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights.
Declaration of Human Rights.
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并起草了《世界人权宣言》。
03:48
For them, it would have been unimaginable
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对于他们来说，难以想象的是
03:51
that a whole country
could go out of existence
could go out of existence
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整个国家可能因为人类活动
03:56
because of human-induced climate change.
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导致的气候变化而消失，
03:59
I came to climate change not as
a scientist or an environmental lawyer,
a scientist or an environmental lawyer,
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我来关注气候变化，
不是因为我是一名科学家或环境法律师，
不是因为我是一名科学家或环境法律师，
04:04
and I wasn't really impressed
by the images of polar bears
by the images of polar bears
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我对北极熊或冰川融化的景象也没有
04:08
or melting glaciers.
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特别深刻的印象。
04:10
It was because of the impact on people,
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我来这里是因为它影响了人，
04:14
and the impact on their rights --
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影响了人们的权利---
04:17
their rights to food and safe water,
health, education and shelter.
health, education and shelter.
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对享有食物，安全用水，健康，教育
和避难所的权利。
和避难所的权利。
04:22
And I say this with humility,
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我现在谦卑地说这些，
04:26
because I came late
to the issue of climate change.
to the issue of climate change.
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是因为在关注气候变化问题上我来晚了。
04:30
When I served
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当我作为
04:32
as UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
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联合国人权事务高级专员的时候，
04:34
from 1997 to 2002,
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（从1997到2002年）
04:37
climate change wasn't
at the front of my mind.
at the front of my mind.
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气候变化不是我首要考虑的问题。
04:39
I don't remember making
a single speech on climate change.
a single speech on climate change.
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我不记得
我曾做过专门关于气候变化的演讲。
我曾做过专门关于气候变化的演讲。
04:43
I knew that there was another
part of the United Nations --
part of the United Nations --
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我知道联合国有另外的机构---
04:46
the UN Convention on Climate Change --
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联合国气候变化大会
04:49
that was dealing with
the issue of climate change.
the issue of climate change.
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负责气候变化的事情
04:52
It was later when I started
to work in African countries
to work in African countries
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后来当我开始在非洲国家
04:57
on issues of development and human rights.
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进行国家发展和人权方面的工作，
05:00
And I kept hearing
this pervasive sentence:
this pervasive sentence:
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我总是听到这样的话：
05:03
"Oh, but things are so much worse now,
things are so much worse."
things are so much worse."
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“哦，但现在严重多了，情况严重多了”。
05:08
And then I explored what was behind that;
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然后我开始探索这背后意味着什么；
05:11
it was about changes in the climate --
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这是关于气候变化的问题---
05:15
climate shocks, changes in the weather.
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气候巨变，以及天气的变化。
05:18
I met Constance Okollet,
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在那里我遇到Constance Okollet，
05:20
who had formed a women's group
in Eastern Uganda,
in Eastern Uganda,
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她在乌干达东部建立了一个妇女组织，
05:24
and she told me that
when she was growing up,
when she was growing up,
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她告诉我，她小时候
05:26
she had a very normal life in her village
and they didn't go hungry,
and they didn't go hungry,
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过着非常普通的乡村生活，
他们不会挨饿，
他们不会挨饿，
05:31
they knew that the seasons would come
as they were predicted to come,
as they were predicted to come,
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当特定的季节到来时他们可以预测到，
05:36
they knew when to sow
and they knew when to harvest,
and they knew when to harvest,
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他们知道何时播种何时收获，
05:39
and so they had enough food.
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所以他们有充足的食物。
05:42
But, in recent years,
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但是，近年来，
05:44
at the time of this conversation,
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就在我们谈话的当时，
05:46
they had nothing
but long periods of drought,
but long periods of drought,
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她们一无所有，只有长时间的干旱，
05:49
and then flash flooding,
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接着洪水，
05:51
and then more drought.
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然后更多的干旱。
05:53
The school had been destroyed,
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学校被摧毁，
05:54
livelihoods had been destroyed,
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生计被摧毁，
05:56
their harvest had been destroyed.
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他们的收获被摧毁。
05:58
She forms this women's group
to try to keep her community together.
to try to keep her community together.
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她建立这个妇女组织
是为了让她的社区团结起来。
是为了让她的社区团结起来。
06:03
And this was a reality
that really struck me,
that really struck me,
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这件事真的打动了我，
06:08
because of course,
Constance Okollet wasn't responsible
Constance Okollet wasn't responsible
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因为Constance Okollet不该
06:12
for the greenhouse gas emissions
that were causing this problem.
that were causing this problem.
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为温室气体排放问题负责。
06:16
Indeed, I was very struck
about the situation in Malawi
about the situation in Malawi
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还有让我痛心的是今年一月
06:20
in January of this year.
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在马拉维发生的情况。
06:22
There was an unprecedented
flooding in the country,
flooding in the country,
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那里发生了前所未有的洪水，
06:26
it covered about a third of the country,
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大约三分之一的国家被淹没，
06:28
over 300 people were killed,
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超过300人死亡，
06:30
and hundreds of thousands
lost their livelihoods.
lost their livelihoods.
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成千上万的人丢失了生计。
06:34
And the average person in Malawi
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马拉维的人均二氧化碳年排放量
06:37
emits about 80 kg of CO2 a year.
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是80千克，
06:43
The average US citizen emits
about 17.5 metric tons.
about 17.5 metric tons.
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而美国的人均二氧化碳年排放量
是17.5吨。
是17.5吨。
06:49
So those who are suffering
disproportionately
disproportionately
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正在遭受苦难的那些人
06:52
don't drive cars, don't have electricity,
don't consume very significantly,
don't consume very significantly,
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不开车，不用电，不过度消费，
06:59
and yet they are feeling more and more
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却受到越来越多
07:02
the impacts of the changes in the climate,
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气候变化的影响，
07:07
the changes that are preventing them
from knowing how to grow food properly,
from knowing how to grow food properly,
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这些变化让他们
不知道如何恰当地种植粮食，
不知道如何恰当地种植粮食，
07:11
and knowing how
to look after their future.
to look after their future.
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不知如何照顾他们的未来。
07:15
I think it was really
the importance of the injustice
the importance of the injustice
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我想这真的非常不公正，
07:23
that really struck me very forcibly.
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强烈地打击了我。
07:26
And I know that we're not able
to address some of that injustice
to address some of that injustice
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我知道我们没办法解决一些不公正，
07:33
because we're not on course
for a safe world.
for a safe world.
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因为我们没有在走向一个安全的世界。
07:36
Governments around the world agreed
at the conference in Copenhagen,
at the conference in Copenhagen,
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世界各国政府在哥本哈根举行的会议上
达成共识，
达成共识，
07:43
and have repeated it
at every conference on climate,
at every conference on climate,
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并在每次气候大会上都重复的事情是：
07:46
that we have to stay
below two degrees Celsius
below two degrees Celsius
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比起前工业时期的标准，
07:50
of warming above pre-Industrial standards.
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全球变暖必须控制在2摄氏度以内，
07:53
But we're on course
for about four degrees.
for about four degrees.
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但是全球变暖正接近于大约4摄氏度。
07:56
So we face an existential threat
to the future of our planet.
to the future of our planet.
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所以我们星球的未来面临着生存的威胁。
08:01
And that made me realize
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这使我意识到
08:03
that climate change is the greatest threat
to human rights in the 21st century.
to human rights in the 21st century.
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在21世纪气候变化是对人权的最大威胁。
08:09
And that brought me then
to climate justice.
to climate justice.
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这使得我开始关注气候公正。
08:13
Climate justice responds
to the moral argument --
to the moral argument --
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气候公正涉及到道德论证--
08:17
both sides of the moral argument --
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包括道德论证的双方--
08:19
to address climate change.
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应该如何应对气候变化问题。
08:21
First of all,
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首先，
08:23
to be on the side of those who are
suffering most and are most effected.
suffering most and are most effected.
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我们需要站在那些遭受最多痛苦，
受影响最多的人们的一边。
受影响最多的人们的一边。
08:27
And secondly,
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其次，
08:28
to make sure that they're not left behind
again, when we start to move
again, when we start to move
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当我们开始行动的时候要确保他们不再被落下，
08:33
and start to address climate change
with climate action,
with climate action,
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我们要开始行动应对气候变化，
08:36
as we are doing.
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正如我们正在做的那样。
08:39
In our very unequal world today,
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在今天这个非常不平等的世界，
08:42
it's very striking how many
people are left behind.
people are left behind.
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被落下的人多得让人震惊。
08:46
In our world of 7.2 billion people,
about 3 billion are left behind.
about 3 billion are left behind.
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世界上一共72亿人，大约30亿人被落下。
08:53
1.3 billion don't have access
to electricity,
to electricity,
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13亿人用不了电，
08:57
and they light their homes
with kerosene and candles,
with kerosene and candles,
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他们用煤油和蜡烛照明，
09:01
both of which are dangerous.
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这是非常危险的。
09:02
And in fact they spend a lot of their
tiny income on that form of lighting.
tiny income on that form of lighting.
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事实上，他们已经用了微少收入的
很大一部分来照明。
很大一部分来照明。
09:09
2.6 billion people cook on open fires --
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26亿人还在使用由煤、木头或动物粪便
09:13
on coal, wood and animal dung.
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产生的明火做饭，
09:17
And this causes
about 4 million deaths a year
about 4 million deaths a year
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这导致每年400万人
09:22
from indoor smoke inhalation,
148
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死于室内烟雾吸入，
09:24
and of course, most of those
who die are women.
who die are women.
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当然，其中大部分是女性。
09:28
So we have a very unequal world,
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所以这是一个非常不平等的世界，
09:33
and we need to change
from "business as usual."
from "business as usual."
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我们需要改变。
09:39
And we shouldn't underestimate
the scale and the transformative nature
the scale and the transformative nature
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我们不应低估需要改变的程度，
09:45
of the change which will be needed,
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需要改变的方式，
09:47
because we have to go to zero
carbon emissions by about 2050,
carbon emissions by about 2050,
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因为我们
必须在2050年之前实现碳的零排放。
必须在2050年之前实现碳的零排放。
09:54
if we're going to stay below
two degrees Celsius of warming.
two degrees Celsius of warming.
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才能把全球变暖控制在2度以内，
09:58
And that means we have to leave
about two-thirds of the known resources
about two-thirds of the known resources
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这意味着我们必须不再使用
10:04
of fossil fuels in the ground.
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2/3已知的地下化石燃料资源。
10:06
It's a very big change,
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这是一个非常大的变化，
10:08
and it means that obviously,
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这意味着
10:10
industrialized countries
must cut their emissions,
must cut their emissions,
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发达国家必须削减排放，
10:13
must become much more energy-efficient,
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必须更加节能，
10:15
and must move as quickly as possible
to renewable energy.
to renewable energy.
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必须尽快使用可再生能源。
10:20
For developing countries
and emerging economies,
and emerging economies,
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对于发展中国家和新兴经济体，
10:24
the problem and the challenge
is to grow without emissions,
is to grow without emissions,
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它们的问题和挑战是
如何在不排放的情况下获得发展，
如何在不排放的情况下获得发展，
10:29
because they must develop;
they have very poor populations.
they have very poor populations.
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因为他们必须发展，
他们还有很多贫困人口。
他们还有很多贫困人口。
10:32
So they must develop without emissions,
and that is a different kind of problem.
and that is a different kind of problem.
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所以他们必须在不排放的情况下发展，
这是另外一个不同的问题。
这是另外一个不同的问题。
10:38
Indeed, no country in the world
has actually grown without emissions.
has actually grown without emissions.
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确实，世界上没有一个国家
可以真正实现零排放发展。
可以真正实现零排放发展。
10:44
All the countries have developed
with fossil fuels,
with fossil fuels,
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2404
所有国家都通过使用化石燃料发展，
10:46
and then may be moving
to renewable energy.
to renewable energy.
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然后可能再转向可再生能源。
10:48
So it is a very big challenge,
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2339
所以这是一个非常大的挑战，
10:51
and it requires the total support
of the international community,
of the international community,
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它需要国际社会的全力支持，
10:55
with the necessary finance and technology,
and systems and support,
and systems and support,
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必要的财务支持，技术支持，系统支持。
11:00
because no country can make itself safe
from the dangers of climate change.
from the dangers of climate change.
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因为没有国家
可以逃脱气候变化带来的危险。
可以逃脱气候变化带来的危险。
11:08
This is an issue that requires
complete human solidarity.
complete human solidarity.
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解决这个问题需要全人类团结起来。
11:13
Human solidarity, if you like,
based on self-interest --
based on self-interest --
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让我们团结起来，如果你愿意，
可以基于自身利益--
可以基于自身利益--
11:16
because we are all in this together,
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因为我们是一起的，
11:18
and we have to work together
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我们必须一起努力
11:20
to ensure that we reach
zero carbon by 2050.
zero carbon by 2050.
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以确保在2015年前实现碳的零排放。
11:26
The good news is that change is happening,
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好消息是改变正在发生，
11:29
and it's happening very fast.
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并且发生得非常快。
11:32
Here in California,
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在加州这里，
11:33
there's a very ambitious
emissions target to cut emissions.
emissions target to cut emissions.
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有一个非常雄心勃勃的削减排放的目标。
11:37
In Hawaii, they're passing legislation
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2805
在夏威夷，他们通过了一个法案，
11:40
to have 100 percent
renewable energy by 2045.
renewable energy by 2045.
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4626
在2045年之前
夏威夷将100%使用可再生能源。
夏威夷将100%使用可再生能源。
11:45
And governments are very ambitious
around the world.
around the world.
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各国政府志在必得。
11:49
In Costa Rica, they have committed
to being carbon-neutral by 2021.
to being carbon-neutral by 2021.
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4667
在哥斯达黎加，
人们致力于在2021年前实现碳中和。
人们致力于在2021年前实现碳中和。
11:55
In Ethiopia, the commitment
is to be carbon-neutral by 2027.
is to be carbon-neutral by 2027.
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在埃塞尔比亚，
人们承诺在2027年前实现碳中和。
人们承诺在2027年前实现碳中和。
12:01
Apple have pledged that their factories
in China will use renewable energy.
in China will use renewable energy.
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709921
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苹果承诺
他们在中国的工厂将使用可再生能源。
他们在中国的工厂将使用可再生能源。
12:08
And there is a race on at the moment
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同时，正在进行还有
12:11
to convert electricity
from tidal and wave power,
from tidal and wave power,
190
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3937
利用潮汐和波浪发电的项目，
12:15
in order that we can leave
the coal in the ground.
the coal in the ground.
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4219
目标是让我们不再使用地下的煤。
12:19
And that change is both welcome
and is happening very rapidly.
and is happening very rapidly.
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这些改变是受欢迎的并且在迅速发生。
12:24
But it's still not enough,
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但这些还不够，
12:25
and the political will
is still not enough.
is still not enough.
194
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2267
政治决心还不够。
12:28
Let me come back to President Tong
and his people in Kiribati.
and his people in Kiribati.
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让我们再看回
汤总统和他在基里巴斯的人民。
汤总统和他在基里巴斯的人民。
12:34
They actually could be able to live
on their island and have a solution,
on their island and have a solution,
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实际上有一个解决方案
可以让他们继续住在岛上，
可以让他们继续住在岛上，
12:40
but it would take a lot of political will.
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2221
但这需要强大的政治决心。
12:43
President Tong told me
about his ambitious idea
about his ambitious idea
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汤告诉我，他的想法是
12:47
to either build up or even float
the little islands where his people live.
the little islands where his people live.
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755772
6360
建立一座岛屿甚至是使一座岛屿漂浮，
这样他的人民就可以住在上面。
这样他的人民就可以住在上面。
12:55
This, of course, is beyond
the resources of Kiribati itself.
the resources of Kiribati itself.
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当然，这超出了基里巴斯
本身的能力和拥有的资源。
本身的能力和拥有的资源。
12:59
It would require great solidarity
and support from other countries,
and support from other countries,
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3731
它需要其他国家的团结和大力支持，
13:03
and it would require
the kind of imaginative idea
the kind of imaginative idea
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4222
就像我们要在太空建立空间站的时候，
13:07
that we bring together when we want
to have a space station in the air.
to have a space station in the air.
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4553
我们需要联合起来
制定出一个富有想象力的方案。
制定出一个富有想象力的方案。
13:12
But wouldn't it be wonderful
to have this engineering wonder
to have this engineering wonder
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4855
但那将是一件极好的事情，
如果这个工程奇迹
如果这个工程奇迹
13:17
and to allow a people to remain
in their sovereign territory,
in their sovereign territory,
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785315
3533
可以让那里的人们
继续住在他们的领土里，
继续住在他们的领土里，
13:20
and be part of the community of nations?
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788872
3119
并且成为国际社会的一部分。
13:24
That is the kind of idea
that we should be thinking about.
that we should be thinking about.
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792015
4783
那是我们需要思考的问题。
13:29
Yes, the challenges
of the transformation we need are big,
of the transformation we need are big,
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797681
4774
是的，改变的挑战是巨大的，
13:34
but they can be solved.
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802479
2548
但它们是可以解决的。
13:37
We are actually, as a people,
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805051
2031
实际上，我们人类，
13:39
very capable of coming together
to solve problems.
to solve problems.
211
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3294
可以团结起来去解决问题。
13:42
I was very conscious of this
as I took part this year
as I took part this year
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3634
我清醒地意识到这一点，
尤其是今年我参加
尤其是今年我参加
13:46
in commemoration of the 70th anniversary
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3757
世界反法西斯战争胜利
13:50
of the end of the Second
World War in 1945.
World War in 1945.
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4665
70周年纪念活动的时候。
13:55
1945 was an extraordinary year.
215
823744
2601
1945年是不平凡的一年。
13:59
It was a year when the world faced
216
827367
2606
那一年全世界必须面对
14:01
what must have seemed almost
insoluble problems --
insoluble problems --
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3527
许多棘手的问题--
14:05
the devastation of the world wars,
particularly the Second World War;
particularly the Second World War;
218
833548
4549
世界大战尤其是第二次世界大战
造成的破坏，
造成的破坏，
14:10
the fragile peace that had
been brought about;
been brought about;
219
838121
3207
脆弱的和平局势，
14:13
the need for a whole
economic regeneration.
economic regeneration.
220
841352
2634
整个经济需要复苏。
14:16
But the leaders of that time
didn't flinch from this.
didn't flinch from this.
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844643
4225
但当时的领导人并没有退缩。
14:20
They had the capacity, they had
a sense of being driven by
a sense of being driven by
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4330
他们有能力，有信心，
14:25
never again must the world
have this kind of problem.
have this kind of problem.
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4051
让世界不再遭受这类问题。
14:29
And they had to build structures
for peace and security.
for peace and security.
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857321
3716
他们必须为世界的和平和安全建立架构。
14:33
And what did we get?
What did they achieve?
What did they achieve?
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3461
我们从中获得了什么？他们实现了什么？
14:36
The Charter of the United Nations,
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864546
2619
联合国宪章，
14:39
the Bretton Woods institutions,
as they're called, The World Bank,
as they're called, The World Bank,
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867189
3551
布列敦森林机构，或者他们说的世界银行
14:42
and the International Monetary Fund.
228
870764
2437
和国际货币基金组织。
14:45
A Marshall Plan for Europe,
a devastated Europe,
a devastated Europe,
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3374
以及为了重建欧洲而制定的
14:48
to reconstruct it.
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876623
1922
马歇尔计划。
14:50
And indeed a few years later,
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2061
当然还有几年之后发布的
14:52
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
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3153
《世界人权宣言》。
14:56
2015 is a year that is similar
in its importance
in its importance
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5614
2015年是和1945年类似的一年，
15:02
to 1945, with similar challenges
and similar potential.
and similar potential.
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4851
类似的挑战和类似的可能性。
15:07
There will be two big summits this year:
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3023
今年将有2个大的峰会：
15:10
the first one, in September in New York,
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898424
2779
一个将于9月份在纽约举行，
15:13
is the summit for the sustainable
development goals.
development goals.
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3285
这是关于可持续发展的峰会。
15:17
And then the summit in Paris in December,
to give us a climate agreement.
to give us a climate agreement.
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5478
另一个将于11月在巴黎举行，
气候协议将在这个峰会上达成。
气候协议将在这个峰会上达成。
15:23
The sustainable development goals
are intended to help countries
are intended to help countries
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6327
可持续发展目标旨在帮助各国
15:29
to live sustainably,
in tune with Mother Earth,
in tune with Mother Earth,
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4110
进行可持续发展，和地球母亲和谐共处，
15:33
not to take out of Mother Earth
and destroy ecosystems,
and destroy ecosystems,
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921850
5326
不忽视地球母亲，不破坏生态系统。
15:39
but rather, to live in harmony
with Mother Earth,
with Mother Earth,
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3614
更确切地说，通过可持续发展的生活方式
15:42
by living under sustainable development.
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930838
3829
和地球母亲和谐共处。
15:46
And the sustainable development goals
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934691
2373
这个可持续发展目标
15:49
will come into operation for all countries
245
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2385
将从2016年1月1日开始
15:51
on January 1, 2016.
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2872
在世界各国实施。
15:54
The climate agreement --
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1177
而气候协议--
15:56
a binding climate agreement --
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1516
是对各国有约束力的协议--
15:57
is needed because
of the scientific evidence
of the scientific evidence
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945555
3664
这是非常有必要的，
因为有科学证据表明，
因为有科学证据表明，
16:01
that we're on a trajectory
for about a four-degree world
for about a four-degree world
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2917
我们的全球变暖正接近4摄氏度，
16:04
and we have to change course
to stay below two degrees.
to stay below two degrees.
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952184
3488
而我们必须将其控制在2度以内。
16:08
So we need to take steps
that will be monitored and reviewed,
that will be monitored and reviewed,
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5524
所以我们需要采取
可以监控和审查的措施，
可以监控和审查的措施，
16:13
so that we can keep increasing
the ambition of how we cut emissions,
the ambition of how we cut emissions,
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4398
增强减少排放的决心，
16:18
and how we move more rapidly
to renewable energy,
to renewable energy,
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3116
增强尽快使用可再生能源的决心，
16:21
so that we have a safe world.
255
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3003
这样我们才会有一个安全的世界。
16:27
The reality is that this issue
is much too important
is much too important
256
975665
6183
事实上，这个问题太重要了，
16:33
to be left to politicians
and to the United Nations.
and to the United Nations.
257
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3563
不能把它留给政客或联合国决定。
16:37
(Laughter)
258
985459
1001
（笑声）
16:38
It's an issue for all of us,
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1578
这是我们所有人的问题，
16:40
and it's an issue where we need
more and more momentum.
more and more momentum.
260
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3964
我们需要更多的动力去应对它。
16:44
Indeed, the face of
the environmentalist has changed,
the environmentalist has changed,
261
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3485
这已不仅仅是环保人士的问题，
16:48
because of the justice dimension.
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2309
因为它已涉及到公正维度。
16:50
It's now an issue
for faith-based organizations,
for faith-based organizations,
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3220
现在，它还是一个
罗马教皇弗朗西斯领导的
罗马教皇弗朗西斯领导的
16:53
under very good leadership
from Pope Francis,
from Pope Francis,
264
1001997
3172
宗教组织的问题。
16:57
and indeed, the Church of England,
265
1005193
1772
英国的教会
16:58
which is divesting from fossil fuels.
266
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2443
确实已经不再使用化石燃料。
17:01
It's an issue for the business community,
267
1009456
3758
这还是一个商界的问题，
17:05
and the good news is
268
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1404
好消息是
17:06
that the business community
is changing very rapidly --
is changing very rapidly --
269
1014666
2910
商界的改变非常迅速--
17:09
except for the fossil fuel industries --
270
1017600
2185
除了化石燃料行业外。
17:11
(Laughter)
271
1019809
1595
（笑声）
17:13
Even they are beginning
to slightly change their language --
to slightly change their language --
272
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3296
他们正在开始一点点地改变他们的说法和做法，
17:16
but only slightly.
273
1024748
981
虽然只是一点点，
17:17
But business is not only moving rapidly
to the benefits of renewable energy,
to the benefits of renewable energy,
274
1025753
4691
但是商业不仅能迅速推动
可再生能源的好处，
可再生能源的好处，
17:22
but is urging politicians
to give them more signals,
to give them more signals,
275
1030468
2723
而且还推动政客们给他们更多的信号，
17:25
so that they can move even more rapidly.
276
1033215
1975
这样他们可以改变得更快一些。
17:27
It's an issue for the trade
union movement.
union movement.
277
1035214
2001
这是一个贸易联盟运动的问题，
17:29
It's an issue for the women's movement.
278
1037239
2023
一个妇女运动的问题，
17:31
It's an issue for young people.
279
1039286
2078
一个年轻人们的问题。
17:33
I was very struck when I learned
that Jibreel Khazan,
that Jibreel Khazan,
280
1041388
5802
Jibreel Khazan说的一句话触动了我，
17:39
one of the Greensboro Four who had
taken part in the Woolworth sit-ins,
taken part in the Woolworth sit-ins,
281
1047214
5644
他是参加1960年格林斯伯勒伍尔沃斯店
静坐抗议活动的4个成员中的一员。
静坐抗议活动的4个成员中的一员。
17:44
said quite recently that
282
1052882
1514
他说，
17:46
climate change is the lunch counter
moment for young people.
moment for young people.
283
1054420
6002
气候变化是
当下年轻人的“午餐柜台时刻”。
当下年轻人的“午餐柜台时刻”。
17:52
So, lunch counter moment
for young people of the 21st century --
for young people of the 21st century --
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1060446
4288
所以，这是21世纪年轻人的“午餐柜台时刻”--
17:56
the sort of real human rights issue
of the 21st century,
of the 21st century,
285
1064758
4341
21世纪真正的人权问题，
18:01
because he said it is
the greatest challenge
the greatest challenge
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因为他说气候变化是
18:03
to humanity and justice in our world.
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对当今世界人权和公正的最大挑战。
18:08
I recall very much
the Climate March last September,
the Climate March last September,
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我清楚地记得去年9月的气候示威游行，
18:12
and that was a huge momentum,
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那是一个非常大的运动，
18:14
not just in New York,
but all around the world.
but all around the world.
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不仅在纽约，全世界都在参与，
18:17
and we have to build on that.
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我们必须进行这样的游行。
18:19
I was marching with some
of The Elders family,
of The Elders family,
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我跟着一些老年人家庭游行的时候，
18:22
and I saw a placard
a little bit away from me,
a little bit away from me,
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看到一个靠近我的标语牌，
18:27
but we were wedged so closely together --
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但是我们被人群挤开--
18:29
because after all, there were 400,000
people out in the streets of New York --
people out in the streets of New York --
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毕竟，在纽约街道那里有40万人--
18:33
so I couldn't quite get to that placard,
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所以我不能完全靠近到那个标语牌。
18:35
I would have just liked to have been
able to step behind it,
able to step behind it,
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我只是希望能跟随它前进，
18:38
because it said, "Angry Grannies!"
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因为它上面写着：“愤怒的奶奶！”
18:41
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
18:42
That's what I felt.
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这正是我现在的感受。
18:43
And I have five grandchildren now,
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我现在有五个孙儿，
18:47
I feel very happy as an Irish grandmother
to have five grandchildren,
to have five grandchildren,
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我非常开心我是
一个有5个孙儿的爱尔兰祖母，
一个有5个孙儿的爱尔兰祖母，
18:52
and I think about their world,
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并且我在考虑他们的世界。
18:55
and what it will be
like when they will share that world
like when they will share that world
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到2050年他们将和其他的90亿人
18:58
with about 9 billion other people in 2050.
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生活在怎样的世界里。
19:03
We know that inevitably it will
be a climate-constrained world,
be a climate-constrained world,
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我知道，不可避免地，
未来的世界将是气候约束的世界。
未来的世界将是气候约束的世界。
19:08
because of the emissions
we've already put up there,
we've already put up there,
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因为我们今天产生的排放，
19:11
but it could be a world that is much
more equal and much fairer,
more equal and much fairer,
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但它也可以是一个比现在这个世界
19:16
and much better for health,
and better for jobs
and better for jobs
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更平等，更公平，
19:19
and better for energy security,
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更健康，能更好工作，
19:21
than the world we have now,
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能源更安全的世界。
19:23
if we have switched sufficiently
and early enough to renewable energy,
and early enough to renewable energy,
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如果我们能有效地转变，
并尽早使用可再生能源，
并尽早使用可再生能源，
19:30
and no one is left behind.
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不落下任何人。
19:32
No one is left behind.
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那么就没有人会被落下。
19:35
And just as we've been
looking back this year --
looking back this year --
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正如我们今年的回顾--
19:39
in 2015 to 1945, looking back 70 years --
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从2015年回顾到1945年，回顾70年--
19:44
I would like to think
that they will look back,
that they will look back,
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我想我们的后代也会回顾，
19:47
that world will look back
35 years from 2050,
35 years from 2050,
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他们在2050年会回顾之前的35年，
19:52
35 years to 2015,
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回顾35年前的2015年
19:55
and that they will say,
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他们会说：
19:58
"Weren't they good
to do what they did in 2015?
to do what they did in 2015?
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“我们的前辈在2015年不是做得很好吗？
20:02
We really appreciate that they took
the decisions that made a difference,
the decisions that made a difference,
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我们真的很感激他们在当时做的决策，
这改变了我们的未来，
这改变了我们的未来，
20:07
and that put the world
on the right pathway,
on the right pathway,
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把世界引向了正确的道路，
20:10
and we benefit now from that pathway,"
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并使我们现在得益于那正确的道路。”
20:13
that they will feel that somehow
we took our responsibilities,
we took our responsibilities,
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他们会觉得我们尽了我们的责任，
20:17
we did what was done
in 1945 in similar terms,
in 1945 in similar terms,
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4159
我们做了和1945年类似的事情，
20:21
we didn't miss the opportunity,
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2421
我们没有错过这个机会，
20:23
we lived up to our responsibilities.
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2182
我们无愧于我们的责任。
20:26
That's what this year is about.
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这就是今年要做的。
20:29
And somehow for me,
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1350
对我而言，
20:31
it's captured in words of somebody
that I admired very much.
that I admired very much.
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4294
一个我非常钦佩的人的话语打动了我。
20:35
She was a mentor of mine,
she was a friend,
she was a friend,
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她是我的导师，一个朋友，
20:37
she died much too young,
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1948
她死的时候很年轻，
20:39
she was an extraordinary personality,
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她是不平凡的人，
20:41
a great champion of the environment:
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一个环保卫士：
20:44
Wangari Maathai.
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1824
旺加里·马塔伊。
20:46
Wangari said once,
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2626
她曾说：
20:49
"In the course of history,
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“在历史的进程中，
20:51
there comes a time
when humanity is called upon
when humanity is called upon
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在某一时刻，人类需要
20:55
to shift to a new level of consciousness,
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4751
进入一个新的意识水平，
21:00
to reach a higher moral ground."
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3457
达到一个更高的道德立场。”
21:04
And that's what we have to do.
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1919
这是我们必须做的。
21:06
We have to reach
a new level of consciousness,
a new level of consciousness,
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3288
我们必须进入一个新的意识水平，
21:09
a higher moral ground.
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达到一个更高的道德立场。
21:11
And we have to do it this year
in those two big summits.
in those two big summits.
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我们必须在今年的两个大峰会上做到这点，
21:16
And that won't happen unless
we have the momentum
we have the momentum
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这需要来自世界各地的人们聚在一起，
21:19
from people around the world who say:
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并且说：
21:22
"We want action now,
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“我们要现在行动，
21:24
we want to change course,
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1571
我们要改变，
21:26
we want a safe world,
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我们要一个安全的世界，
21:27
a safe world for future generations,
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一个给后代的安全世界，
21:29
a safe world for our children
and our grandchildren,
and our grandchildren,
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一个给我们孩子孙儿的安全世界，
21:32
and we're all in this together."
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让我们一起共同面对！”
21:34
Thank you.
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谢谢
21:35
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mary Robinson - Global leaderMary Robinson served as president of Ireland from 1990 to 1997, and as UN High Commissioner for Human Rights from 1997 to 2002. She now leads a foundation devoted to climate justice.
Why you should listen
Mary Robinson is president of the Mary Robinson Foundation: Climate Justice, and the United Nations Secretary-General’s Special Envoy on Climate Change. She was the president of Ireland from 1990-1997 and UN High Commissioner for Human Rights from 1997-2002, and is now a member of The Elders and the Club of Madrid. She is also a member of the Lead Group of the Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) Movement. In 2009, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Barack Obama, and between March 2013 and August 2014 she served as the UN Secretary General’s Special Envoy for the Great Lakes region of Africa.
A former president of the International Commission of Jurists and former chair of the Council of Women World Leaders, Robinson was founder and president of Realizing Rights: The Ethical Globalization Initiative, from 2002 to 2010. Robinson’s memoir, Everybody Matters, was published in 2012.
More profile about the speakerA former president of the International Commission of Jurists and former chair of the Council of Women World Leaders, Robinson was founder and president of Realizing Rights: The Ethical Globalization Initiative, from 2002 to 2010. Robinson’s memoir, Everybody Matters, was published in 2012.
Mary Robinson | Speaker | TED.com