TED2016
Uri Hasson: This is your brain on communication
尤里.哈森: 这是你的大脑在沟通中的样子
Filmed:
Readability: 4.1
2,688,957 views
神经学家尤里.哈森（Uri Hasson）研究人类沟通的基础，在他实验室里的实验告诉我们，当我们听到相同的想法或故事时，即使在不同的语言中，我们的大脑也显示出相似的活动，或变得“同步”。这一令人惊奇的神经元机制，可以让我们的大脑传递讯号、分享记忆和知识。尤里.哈森说，“我们之所以能够沟通，是因为我们具有呈现相同意义的通用代码”。哈森教授也传达：与他人产生共鸣，是人类自小单纯而喜悦的渴望。他也为我们失去与意见相左的人沟通的能力，及我们的社会受到媒体操纵而感到忧心。
Uri Hasson - Neuroscientist
Why do great thoughts and stories resonate so strongly with so many people, and how do we communicate them? Using fMRI experiments, Uri Hasson is looking for the answers. Full bio
Why do great thoughts and stories resonate so strongly with so many people, and how do we communicate them? Using fMRI experiments, Uri Hasson is looking for the answers. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Imagine that you invented a device
0
806
2075
想象一下你发明了一个设备，
00:14
that can record my memories,
1
2905
1672
可以记录我的记忆、
00:16
my dreams, my ideas,
2
4601
2037
我的梦想、我的想法，
00:18
and transmit them to your brain.
3
6662
1663
并把它们传输到你的大脑里。
00:20
That would be a game-changing
technology, right?
technology, right?
4
8755
3075
那将是改变世界的新科技，对吧?
00:23
But in fact, we already
possess this device,
possess this device,
5
11854
3038
但事实上，我们已经拥有了这样的设备，
00:26
and it's called human communication system
6
14916
2644
它被称作＂人类沟通系统＂
00:29
and effective storytelling.
7
17584
1848
和＂有效的故事叙述＂。
00:31
To understand how this device works,
8
19874
2460
为理解这个设备的运作方式，
00:34
we have to look into our brains.
9
22358
2415
我们必须对大脑进行一番研究。
00:36
And we have to formulate the question
in a slightly different manner.
in a slightly different manner.
10
24797
3586
并且稍稍改变提问的方向。
00:40
Now we have to ask
11
28407
1463
我们改问：
00:42
how these neuron patterns in my brain
12
30309
2616
我大脑中那些
00:44
that are associated
with my memories and ideas
with my memories and ideas
13
32949
3202
与我的记忆和想法相关的神经元，
00:48
are transmitted into your brains.
14
36175
2519
是如何被传输到你的大脑里的？
00:51
And we think there are two factors
that enable us to communicate.
that enable us to communicate.
15
39702
3368
我们认为，有两个因素促成沟通。
00:55
First, your brain is now
physically coupled to the sound wave
physically coupled to the sound wave
16
43094
4055
首先，你的大脑在物理层面上
00:59
that I'm transmitting to your brain.
17
47173
2475
与我正在传输的声波耦合。
01:01
And second, we developed
a common neural protocol
a common neural protocol
18
49672
3378
其次，我们有共通的神经通讯协定
01:05
that enabled us to communicate.
19
53074
1758
使我们能够沟通。
01:07
So how do we know that?
20
55459
1262
那么，我们是如何知道的呢？
01:09
In my lab in Princeton,
21
57292
1893
在我的普林斯顿实验室里，
01:11
we bring people to the fMRI scanner
and we scan their brains
and we scan their brains
22
59209
3505
我们对受测者进行
功能性核磁共振仪扫描，
功能性核磁共振仪扫描，
就在他们讲述或聆听真实故事时，
扫描他们的大脑。
扫描他们的大脑。
01:14
while they are either telling
or listening to real-life stories.
or listening to real-life stories.
23
62738
3900
01:18
And to give you a sense
of the stimulus we are using,
of the stimulus we are using,
24
66662
2624
为了让你们了解我们所使用的刺激物，
01:21
let me play 20 seconds
from a story that we used,
from a story that we used,
25
69310
3984
我从一段故事中截取了20秒来播放，
01:25
told by a very talented storyteller,
26
73318
2324
这是来自一位
非常有才华的故事讲述者
非常有才华的故事讲述者
01:27
Jim O'Grady.
27
75666
1151
名为 Jim O'Grady。
01:30
(Audio) Jim O'Grady: So I'm banging out
my story and I know it's good,
my story and I know it's good,
28
78244
3333
（音频）Jim O'Grady：我现在要
大声说出我的故事，因为很好笑，
大声说出我的故事，因为很好笑，
01:33
and then I start to make it better --
29
81601
2290
然后为了让故事更生动--
01:35
(Laughter)
30
83915
2484
（笑）
01:38
by adding an element of embellishment.
31
86423
2335
我会稍微地加油添醋，
01:41
Reporters call this "making shit up."
32
89502
3308
记者们称之为“忽悠”
01:44
(Laughter)
33
92834
2271
（笑）
01:47
And they recommend
against crossing that line.
against crossing that line.
34
95735
3116
他们建议不要越过那条线，
01:52
But I had just seen the line crossed
between a high-powered dean
between a high-powered dean
35
100208
4604
但我刚看见糕点飞过那条线，
01:56
and assault with a pastry.
36
104836
1426
砸在院长大人的脸上。
01:58
And I kinda liked it."
37
106286
1492
我还挺开心的。
01:59
Uri Hasson: OK, so now
let's look into your brain
let's look into your brain
38
107802
2374
尤里.哈森：好，现在我们来观察你的大脑
02:02
and see what's happening
when you listen to these kinds of stories.
when you listen to these kinds of stories.
39
110200
3228
看看当你听这类故事时发生了什么。
02:05
And let's start simple -- let's start
with one listener and one brain area:
with one listener and one brain area:
40
113452
4044
一开始我们先简单点——
从一位受测听众的大脑区域开始：
从一位受测听众的大脑区域开始：
02:09
the auditory cortex that processes
the sounds that come from the ear.
the sounds that come from the ear.
41
117520
3489
处理耳朵听到的声音的
听觉大脑皮层。
听觉大脑皮层。
02:13
And as you can see,
in this particular brain area,
in this particular brain area,
42
121033
2444
如你所见，这特定区域的脑波
02:15
the responses are going up and down
as the story is unfolding.
as the story is unfolding.
43
123501
3492
会随着故事的进展而上下波动。
02:19
Now we can take these responses
44
127017
1593
现在我们把这些反应
02:20
and compare them to the responses
in other listeners
in other listeners
45
128634
2801
和其他受测听众
同一大脑区域内的反应
同一大脑区域内的反应
02:23
in the same brain area.
46
131459
1475
进行比较。
02:24
And we can ask:
47
132958
1167
我们会问：
02:26
How similar are the responses
across all listeners?
across all listeners?
48
134149
3235
所有受测听众的反应有多相似呢？
02:30
So here you can see five listeners.
49
138018
2362
可以看到这五位受测者的脑波。
02:32
And we start to scan their brains
before the story starts,
before the story starts,
50
140983
3453
在故事展开前，
我们就开始扫描他们的大脑，
我们就开始扫描他们的大脑，
02:36
when they're simply lying in the dark
and waiting for the story to begin.
and waiting for the story to begin.
51
144460
3539
当时他们只是躺在黑暗中，
等待故事开始。
等待故事开始。
02:40
As you can see,
52
148023
1154
正如你们所见，
02:41
the brain area is going up and down
in each one of them,
in each one of them,
53
149201
2758
他们每个人的大脑区域里都有起伏，
02:43
but the responses are very different,
54
151983
1775
但是反应却非常不同，
02:45
and not in sync.
55
153782
1667
而且不同步。
02:47
However, immediately
as the story is starting,
as the story is starting,
56
155473
2706
然而，就在故事开始后，
02:50
something amazing is happening.
57
158203
1686
一些神奇的事情发生了。
02:52
(Audio) JO: So I'm banging out my story
and I know it's good,
and I know it's good,
58
160857
2929
（音频） JO：我现在要
大声说出我的故事，因为很好笑，
大声说出我的故事，因为很好笑，
02:55
and then I start to make it --
59
163810
1528
然后为了让故事更生动--
02:57
UH: Suddenly, you can see
that the responses in all of the subjects
that the responses in all of the subjects
60
165362
3297
UH：突然间，所有人的脑波回应
03:00
lock to the story,
61
168683
1152
都随着故事的进展而上上下下，
03:01
and now they are going up and down
in a very similar way
in a very similar way
62
169859
3429
波型都很类似。
03:05
across all listeners.
63
173312
1554
03:06
And in fact, this is exactly
what is happening now in your brains
what is happening now in your brains
64
174890
3049
事实上，各位听我讲话的时候
03:09
when you listen to my sound speaking.
65
177963
2873
这种现象也正在你的大脑里发生；
03:12
We call this effect "neural entrainment."
66
180860
3008
我们把这个效应称作
“神经振荡同步化”
“神经振荡同步化”
03:16
And to explain to you
what is neural entrainment,
what is neural entrainment,
67
184374
2312
为了解释“神经振荡同步化”
03:18
let me first explain
what is physical entrainment.
what is physical entrainment.
68
186710
2610
我先来解释一下什么是“物理震盪同步化“
03:22
So, we'll look and see five metronomes.
69
190076
2750
我们来看看这 5 个节拍器，
03:24
Think of these five metronomes
as five brains.
as five brains.
70
192850
2996
想象这5个节拍器是 5 个大脑。
03:27
And similar to the listeners
before the story starts,
before the story starts,
71
195870
2750
和故事开始前的 5 位受测听众一样，
03:30
these metronomes are going to click,
72
198644
1813
这五个节拍器会开始打拍子，
03:32
but they're going to click out of phase.
73
200481
2159
但并不同步。
03:35
(Clicking)
74
203059
4396
（咔哒咔哒……）
03:39
Now see what will happen
when I connect them together
when I connect them together
75
207479
3001
现在来看一下，
当我把它们放在这两个圆筒上，
当我把它们放在这两个圆筒上，
03:42
by placing them on these two cylinders.
76
210504
2141
把它们连起来，会发生什么。
03:45
(Clicking)
77
213880
3221
（咔哒咔哒……）
03:49
Now these two cylinders start to rotate.
78
217125
2612
现在这两个圆筒开始滚动，
03:51
This rotation vibration
is going through the wood
is going through the wood
79
219761
3129
这种旋转振动贯穿整块木板，
03:54
and is going to couple
all the metronomes together.
all the metronomes together.
80
222914
3005
把所有节拍器同步在一起，
03:57
And now listen to the click.
81
225943
1612
现在来听听咔哒声。
03:59
(Synchronized clicking)
82
227579
4667
（同步的咔哒咔哒声……）
这就是所谓的物理震盪同步化。
04:09
This is what you call
physical entrainment.
physical entrainment.
83
237834
2624
04:12
Now let's go back to the brain and ask:
84
240482
2243
现在让我们回到大脑，
问一个问题：
问一个问题：
04:14
What's driving this neural entrainment?
85
242749
2144
是什么在驱动神经振荡同步化？
04:16
Is it simply the sounds
that the speaker is producing?
that the speaker is producing?
86
244917
2785
是说话者发出的声音？
04:19
Or maybe it's the words.
87
247726
1323
还是所说的字彙？
04:21
Or maybe it's the meaning
that the speaker is trying to convey.
that the speaker is trying to convey.
88
249073
3646
还是说话者试图传达的意思？
04:24
So to test it, we did
the following experiment.
the following experiment.
89
252743
2760
为了测试，我们做了以下实验。
04:27
First, we took the story
and played it backwards.
and played it backwards.
90
255527
3201
首先，我们倒退播放这个故事，
04:30
And that preserved many
of the original auditory features,
of the original auditory features,
91
258752
3126
这保留了很多原有的听觉特征，
04:33
but removed the meaning.
92
261902
2013
但失去了含义，
04:35
And it sounds something like that.
93
263939
1671
听起来就像是这样：
04:37
(Audio) JO: (Unintelligible)
94
265634
5138
（音频）JO：（不知所云）
04:43
And we flashed colors in the two brains
95
271296
2352
我们在两个大脑裡，用闪现的颜色
04:45
to indicate brain areas that respond
very similarly across people.
very similarly across people.
96
273672
3912
来标示受测者间
相似脑区块的回应。
相似脑区块的回应。
04:49
And as you can see,
97
277608
1154
正如你们所见，
04:50
this incoming sound induced entrainment
or alignment in all of the brains
or alignment in all of the brains
98
278786
3768
诱使所有受测者大脑内
处理声音的听觉皮层，全都同步了；
处理声音的听觉皮层，全都同步了；
04:54
in auditory cortices
that process the sounds,
that process the sounds,
99
282578
2732
但没有扩散到大脑深层区域。
04:57
but it didn't spread
deeper into the brain.
deeper into the brain.
100
285334
2224
05:00
Now we can take these sounds
and build words out of it.
and build words out of it.
101
288051
3404
现在，我们用这些声音来构建文字。
05:03
So if we take Jim O'Grady
and scramble the words,
and scramble the words,
102
291479
2656
如果我们用 Jim O'Grady 的声音
把文字胡乱拼凑在一起，
把文字胡乱拼凑在一起，
05:06
we'll get a list of words.
103
294159
1240
我们会得到一系列文字
05:07
(Audio) JO: ... an animal ...
assorted facts ...
assorted facts ...
104
295423
2262
（音频）JO: ... 一只动物....
各种各样的事实
各种各样的事实
05:09
and right on ... pie man ...
potentially ... my stories
potentially ... my stories
105
297709
2892
正在...卖馅饼的人...
可能...我的故事。
可能...我的故事。
05:12
UH: And you can see that these words
start to induce alignment
start to induce alignment
106
300625
2942
UH：你可以看到这些文字
开始引起
开始引起
05:15
in early language areas,
but not more than that.
but not more than that.
107
303591
2605
早期语言区域的校准，
但也仅仅如此。
但也仅仅如此。
05:18
Now we can take the words
and start to build sentences out of them.
and start to build sentences out of them.
108
306220
3817
现在，我们可以使用文字来组建句子。
05:23
(Audio) JO: And they recommend
against crossing that line.
against crossing that line.
109
311561
3000
（吉姆·雷迪的声音）
他们建议不要逾越那条线。
他们建议不要逾越那条线。
05:28
He says: "Dear Jim,
Good story. Nice details.
Good story. Nice details.
110
316021
3642
他说：“亲爱的 Jim
故事不错，细节很棒。
故事不错，细节很棒。
05:32
Didn't she only know
about him through me?"
about him through me?"
111
320369
2152
难道她不是通过我才认识他的吗？“
05:34
UH: Now you can see that the responses
in all the language areas
in all the language areas
112
322545
3135
UH：现在你可以看到
在所有受测者中
在所有受测者中
05:37
that process the incoming language
113
325704
1691
在处理输入语言的所有语言区域，
05:39
become aligned or similar
across all listeners.
across all listeners.
114
327419
2379
他们的反应变得整齐或相似。
05:42
However, only when we use
the full, engaging, coherent story
the full, engaging, coherent story
115
330218
4677
然而，只有当我们使用完整、
动人、连贯的故事时，
动人、连贯的故事时，
05:46
do the responses spread
deeper into the brain
deeper into the brain
116
334919
2225
反应才会进入大脑深层区域
05:49
into higher-order areas,
117
337168
1531
和高阶区域，
05:50
which include the frontal cortex
and the parietal cortex,
and the parietal cortex,
118
338723
3101
其中包括额叶皮层和顶叶皮层。
05:53
and make all of them
respond very similarly.
respond very similarly.
119
341848
2588
从而令所有人
都出现非常相似的反应。
都出现非常相似的反应。
05:56
And we believe that these responses
in higher-order areas are induced
in higher-order areas are induced
120
344460
3269
我们认为，这些高阶区域内的反应
之所以能被诱发，
之所以能被诱发，
05:59
or become similar across listeners
121
347753
2126
或能在不同受测听众之间变得相似，
06:01
because of the meaning
conveyed by the speaker,
conveyed by the speaker,
122
349903
2740
是因为讲话者所传达的含义，
06:04
and not by words or sound.
123
352667
1601
而不是文字或声音。
06:06
And if we are right,
there's a strong prediction over here
there's a strong prediction over here
124
354635
2715
如果我们猜想正确，
那就有一种很可能出现的情况，
那就有一种很可能出现的情况，
06:09
if I tell you the exact same ideas
125
357374
2362
如果我使用两种
截然不同的语言组合
截然不同的语言组合
06:11
using two very different sets of words,
126
359760
2644
告诉你同样的想法，
06:14
your brain responses
will still be similar.
will still be similar.
127
362428
2551
你的大脑反应仍然是相似的。
06:17
And to test it, we did
the following experiment in my lab.
the following experiment in my lab.
128
365499
3014
为了检验这种情况，
我们在我的实验室里做了以下实验。
我们在我的实验室里做了以下实验。
06:21
We took the English story
129
369142
1808
我们把这个英语故事
06:22
and translated it to Russian.
130
370974
2136
翻译成俄语。
06:25
Now you have two different sounds
and linguistic systems
and linguistic systems
131
373134
4224
现在有了两种不同的
声音和语言系统，
声音和语言系统，
06:29
that convey the exact same meaning.
132
377382
2294
它们传达的意思则完全相同。
06:31
And you play the English story
to the English listeners
to the English listeners
133
379700
3648
你向英语听众播放英语故事，
06:35
and the Russian story
to the Russian listeners,
to the Russian listeners,
134
383372
2352
向俄语听众播放俄语故事。
06:37
and we can compare their responses
across the groups.
across the groups.
135
385748
3045
我们比较这两组听众的反应。
06:40
And when we did that, we didn't see
responses that are similar
responses that are similar
136
388817
3571
当这样做的时候，
我们没有在听觉皮层
我们没有在听觉皮层
06:44
in auditory cortices in language,
137
392412
2281
看到相似的反应。
06:46
because the language
and sound are very different.
and sound are very different.
138
394717
2378
因为语言和声音差异很大。
06:49
However, you can see
that the responses in high-order areas
that the responses in high-order areas
139
397119
2768
但是，两组的高阶区域
的反应仍然相似。
的反应仍然相似。
06:51
were still similar
across these two groups.
across these two groups.
140
399921
2494
06:55
We believe this is because they understood
the story in a very similar way,
the story in a very similar way,
141
403068
4092
我们认为 ，这是因为
他们理解故事的方式非常相似
他们理解故事的方式非常相似
06:59
as we confirmed, using a test
after the story ended.
after the story ended.
142
407184
4026
故事结束后的一个测试
验证了我们的想法。
验证了我们的想法。
07:04
And we think that this alignment
is necessary for communication.
is necessary for communication.
143
412321
3687
我们认为，
这种校准对于沟通是必要的。
这种校准对于沟通是必要的。
07:08
For example, as you can tell,
144
416032
2626
举个例子，你们都听得出来
07:10
I am not a native English speaker.
145
418682
2027
英语并不是我的母语。
07:12
I grew up with another language,
146
420733
1881
我在另一种语言中成长
07:14
and the same might be for many
of you in the audience.
of you in the audience.
147
422638
2654
你们当中很多人可能也是如此。
07:17
And still, we can communicate.
148
425316
1999
但我们依然可以沟通
07:19
How come?
149
427339
1151
为什么？
07:20
We think we can communicate
because we have this common code
because we have this common code
150
428514
3079
我们认为，我们之所以能沟通
是因为我们有这种
是因为我们有这种
07:23
that presents meaning.
151
431617
1427
呈现含义的通用代码。
07:25
So far, I've only talked about
what's happening in the listener's brain,
what's happening in the listener's brain,
152
433921
3446
到目前为止，我只谈到听众大脑中
所发生的情形，
所发生的情形，
07:29
in your brain, when
you're listening to talks.
you're listening to talks.
153
437391
2247
当你聆听的时候
你的大脑中所发生的情形。
你的大脑中所发生的情形。
07:31
But what's happening
in the speaker's brain, in my brain,
in the speaker's brain, in my brain,
154
439662
2699
但演讲者的大脑中发生了什么？
07:34
when I'm speaking to you?
155
442385
1807
当我对你们说话的时候
我的大脑中发生了什么？
我的大脑中发生了什么？
07:36
To look in the speaker's brain,
156
444216
1857
为了观察演讲者的大脑，
07:38
we asked the speaker
to go into the scanner,
to go into the scanner,
157
446097
3096
我们让演讲者接受扫描，
07:41
we scan his brain
158
449217
1602
我们扫描了他的大脑，
07:42
and then compare his brain responses
to the brain responses of the listeners
to the brain responses of the listeners
159
450843
4007
然后把他的大脑反应
和听众听故事时的大脑反应
和听众听故事时的大脑反应
07:46
listening to the story.
160
454874
1802
进行比较。
07:48
You have to remember that producing speech
and comprehending speech
and comprehending speech
161
456700
4210
你们要记住，发表演讲和理解演讲
07:52
are very different processes.
162
460934
1723
是截然不同的过程。
07:54
Here we're asking: How similar are they?
163
462681
2244
我们问的是：它们有多相似？
07:58
To our surprise,
164
466164
1407
令我们惊讶的是，
07:59
we saw that all these complex
patterns within the listeners
patterns within the listeners
165
467595
4871
我们看到，受测听众之间
产生的所有这些复杂模式，
产生的所有这些复杂模式，
08:04
actually came from the speaker brain.
166
472490
2707
实际上都源自演讲者的大脑。
08:07
So production and comprehension
rely on very similar processes.
rely on very similar processes.
167
475221
3685
所以，产出和理解
所倚赖的过程非常相似。
所倚赖的过程非常相似。
08:10
And we also found
168
478930
1572
我们还发现
08:12
the stronger the similarity
between the listener's brain
between the listener's brain
169
480526
3706
受测者大脑和讲者大脑之间的
08:16
and the speaker's brain,
170
484256
1499
相似度越高，
08:17
the better the communication.
171
485779
1905
沟通效果越佳。
08:19
So I know that if you
are completely confused now,
are completely confused now,
172
487708
3965
所以我知道，如果你们
现在完全听不懂我的话，
现在完全听不懂我的话，
08:23
and I do hope that this is not the case,
173
491697
2021
——我希望不会出现这种情况
08:25
your brain responses
are very different than mine.
are very different than mine.
174
493742
2393
你们的大脑反应
就会与我的非常不同。
就会与我的非常不同。
08:28
But I also know that if you really
understand me now,
understand me now,
175
496159
3107
但我也知道，
如果你们现在真的理解我的话，
如果你们现在真的理解我的话，
08:31
then your brain ... and your brain
... and your brain
... and your brain
176
499290
2891
你的大脑…你的大脑…
还有你的大脑
还有你的大脑
08:34
are really similar to mine.
177
502205
1728
就会与我的非常相似。
08:37
Now, let's take all
this information together and ask:
this information together and ask:
178
505793
3095
现在，我们把所有信息
结合起来，问一个问题：
结合起来，问一个问题：
08:40
How can we use it to transmit
a memory that I have
a memory that I have
179
508912
3337
我们该如何利用它
08:44
from my brain to your brains?
180
512273
2186
把我大脑中的记忆
传递到你们的大脑中？
传递到你们的大脑中？
08:47
So we did the following experiment.
181
515037
2118
于是我们做了以下实验，
08:49
We let people watch,
for the first time in their life,
for the first time in their life,
182
517648
2573
我们让人们首次观看BBC 连续剧
《神探夏洛克》中的一个片段，
《神探夏洛克》中的一个片段，
08:52
a TV episode from the BBC series
"Sherlock," while we scanned their brains.
"Sherlock," while we scanned their brains.
183
520245
4134
同时扫描他们的大脑。
08:56
And then we asked them
to go back to the scanner
to go back to the scanner
184
524403
2801
然后我们让他们回到扫描仪前
08:59
and tell the story to another person
that never watched the movie.
that never watched the movie.
185
527228
3899
把故事讲给另一个
从没看过这部电影的人听。
从没看过这部电影的人听。
09:03
So let's be specific.
186
531151
1660
具体来说，
09:04
Think about this exact scene,
187
532835
2047
想象这个特定的场景，
09:06
when Sherlock is entering
the cab in London
the cab in London
188
534906
2584
夏洛克进入伦敦的一辆出租车，
09:09
driven by the murderer he is looking for.
189
537514
2296
司机是他正在寻找的杀人凶手。
09:12
With me, as a viewer,
190
540398
2496
对我而言，作为一名观看者，
09:14
there is a specific brain pattern
in my brain when I watch it.
in my brain when I watch it.
191
542918
3500
当我看的时候，
我的大脑中有一个特定的大脑模式。
我的大脑中有一个特定的大脑模式。
09:19
Now, the exact same pattern,
I can reactivate in my brain again
I can reactivate in my brain again
192
547179
3772
现在，通过讲述以下几个词语
我可以再次在大脑中重新激活
我可以再次在大脑中重新激活
09:22
by telling the world:
Sherlock, London, murderer.
Sherlock, London, murderer.
193
550975
3656
这个完全相同的模式：
夏洛克、伦敦、杀人凶手。
夏洛克、伦敦、杀人凶手。
09:27
And when I'm transmitting
these words to your brains now,
these words to your brains now,
194
555369
3110
当我现在把这些词语传达到你的大脑时，
09:30
you have to reconstruct it in your mind.
195
558503
2485
你得在自己的思维中进行重建。
09:33
In fact, we see that pattern
emerging now in your brains.
emerging now in your brains.
196
561012
4549
实际上，我们能看到你们的大脑中
现在出现的模式。
现在出现的模式。
09:37
And we were really surprised to see
197
565585
2515
我们非常惊讶地看到，
09:40
that the pattern you have
now in your brains
now in your brains
198
568124
2255
当我向你描述这些场景的时候，
09:42
when I'm describing to you these scenes
199
570403
1912
你的大脑中现在呈现的模式
09:44
would be very similar to the pattern
I had when I watched this movie
I had when I watched this movie
200
572339
3822
与我几个月前看这部电影时
09:48
a few months ago in the scanner.
201
576185
2138
扫描仪中显现的我的大脑模式
非常相似。
非常相似。
09:50
This starts to tell you
about the mechanism
about the mechanism
202
578347
2104
这开始告诉你们，
我们讲故事和传递信息
我们讲故事和传递信息
09:52
by which we can tell stories
and transmit information.
and transmit information.
203
580475
2742
所倚赖的机制。
09:55
Because, for example,
204
583733
1876
因为，举个例子来说，
09:57
now you're listening really hard
and trying to understand what I'm saying.
and trying to understand what I'm saying.
205
585633
3512
现在你们听得非常努力，
尝试理解我所说的话。
尝试理解我所说的话。
10:01
And I know that it's not easy.
206
589169
1550
我知道这并不容易。
10:02
But I hope that at one point
in the talk we clicked, and you got me.
in the talk we clicked, and you got me.
207
590743
4036
但我希望，到了对话中的某个时刻，
我们能豁然开朗，你们能明白我的意思。
我们能豁然开朗，你们能明白我的意思。
10:06
And I think that in a few hours,
a few days, a few months,
a few days, a few months,
208
594803
3898
我觉得，在几个小时后，几天后，几个月后，
10:10
you're going to meet someone at a party,
209
598725
2144
当你们在派对上遇到某个人，
10:12
and you're going to tell him
about this lecture,
about this lecture,
210
600893
3548
你会告诉他这次演讲的内容，
10:16
and suddenly it will be as if
he is standing now here with us.
he is standing now here with us.
211
604465
3638
突然间，他好像就站在这里，
和我们在一起。
和我们在一起。
10:20
Now you can see
how we can take this mechanism
how we can take this mechanism
212
608127
2850
现在你们可以看到，
我们如何利用这个机制
我们如何利用这个机制
10:23
and try to transmit memories
and knowledge across people,
and knowledge across people,
213
611001
3931
尝试在人与人之间传递记忆和知识，
10:26
which is wonderful, right?
214
614956
2047
这很不错，对吧？
10:29
But our ability to communicate
relies on our ability
relies on our ability
215
617027
3167
但我们的沟通能力
10:32
to have common ground.
216
620218
2566
依赖于我们拥有共同点的能力。
10:34
Because, for example,
217
622808
1205
因为，举例来说，
10:36
if I'm going to use the British synonym
218
624037
3767
如果我使用英式同义词
10:39
"hackney carriage" instead of "cab,"
219
627828
2378
"出租马车" 取代 "出租汽车"
10:42
I know that I'm going to be misaligned
with most of you in the audience.
with most of you in the audience.
220
630230
4039
我知道，大多数听众就无法
与我达成同步的沟通。
与我达成同步的沟通。
10:46
This alignment depends
not only on our ability
not only on our ability
221
634720
2191
沟通的同步不仅取决于
10:48
to understand the basic concept;
222
636935
2034
我们对基本概念的理解能力，
10:50
it also depends on our ability to develop
common ground and understanding
common ground and understanding
223
638993
4795
也取决于我们形成共性、理解彼此
10:55
and shared belief systems.
224
643812
1787
和共享信仰体系的能力。
10:57
Because we know that in many cases,
225
645623
1834
因为我们知道，在许多情况下，
10:59
people understand the exact
same story in very different ways.
same story in very different ways.
226
647481
4043
即使是完全相同的故事，
人们的理解方式也可能十分不同。
人们的理解方式也可能十分不同。
11:04
So to test it in the lab,
we did the following experiment.
we did the following experiment.
227
652460
3041
为了在实验室中验证，
我们做了以下实验。
我们做了以下实验。
11:08
We took a story by J.D. Salinger,
228
656089
2931
我们采用了 J.D. Salinger 的一个故事，
11:11
in which a husband lost track
of his wife in the middle of a party,
of his wife in the middle of a party,
229
659044
4335
在这个故事中 ，
一位丈夫在派对中与妻子失去了联络，
一位丈夫在派对中与妻子失去了联络，
11:15
and he's calling his best friend, asking,
"Did you see my wife?"
"Did you see my wife?"
230
663403
3687
他打电话给最好的朋友，问他：
“你看见我妻子了吗？“
“你看见我妻子了吗？“
11:19
For half of the subjects,
231
667836
1207
半数的受测者被告知：
11:21
we said that the wife was having
an affair with the best friend.
an affair with the best friend.
232
669067
4141
妻子和最好的朋友有一段私情。
11:25
For the other half,
233
673232
1151
而另外一半则被告知：
11:26
we said that the wife is loyal
and the husband is very jealous.
and the husband is very jealous.
234
674407
5105
妻子是忠诚的，是丈夫的忌妒心太重。
11:32
This one sentence before the story started
235
680127
2688
故事开始前的一句话
11:34
was enough to make the brain responses
236
682839
2301
就足以决定大脑的反应，
11:37
of all the people that believed
the wife was having an affair
the wife was having an affair
237
685164
3044
所有相信妻子不忠的人，
11:40
be very similar in these high-order areas
238
688232
2437
在大脑高阶区域
出现非常相似的反应，
出现非常相似的反应，
11:42
and different than the other group.
239
690693
2222
但与另一组人不同。
11:44
And if one sentence is enough
to make your brain similar
to make your brain similar
240
692939
3673
如果一个句子足以让你的大脑
11:48
to people that think like you
241
696636
1603
与持相同看法的人相似，
11:50
and very different than people
that think differently than you,
that think differently than you,
242
698263
2953
与持不同看法的人相异，
11:53
think how this effect is going
to be amplified in real life,
to be amplified in real life,
243
701240
3477
那么想想看，在现实生活中
这种效应会被放大到什么样的程度？
这种效应会被放大到什么样的程度？
11:56
when we are all listening
to the exact same news item
to the exact same news item
244
704741
2892
当我们日复一日听着由不同媒体
11:59
after being exposed
day after day after day
day after day after day
245
707657
3748
所报导的相同新闻，
12:03
to different media channels,
like Fox News or The New York Times,
like Fox News or The New York Times,
246
711429
3812
例如《福克斯新闻》或《纽约时报》
12:07
that give us very different
perspectives on reality.
perspectives on reality.
247
715265
3113
造成我们对事实的观点
有截然不同的看法。
有截然不同的看法。
12:11
So let me summarize.
248
719556
1353
我来总结一下，
12:13
If everything worked as planned tonight,
249
721529
2089
如果一切事情都像今晚
计划的那样进行，
计划的那样进行，
12:15
I used my ability to vocalize sound
to be coupled to your brains.
to be coupled to your brains.
250
723642
4299
我可以用我的声音
与你的大脑产生共鸣。
与你的大脑产生共鸣。
12:19
And I used this coupling
251
727965
1503
然后利用这种共鸣，
12:21
to transmit my brain patterns associated
with my memories and ideas
with my memories and ideas
252
729492
3841
把我的大脑模式、记忆和想法
12:25
into your brains.
253
733357
1316
传输到你的大脑。
12:27
In this, I start to reveal
the hidden neural mechanism
the hidden neural mechanism
254
735201
3798
由此，我开始揭示沟通所依赖的
12:31
by which we communicate.
255
739023
1635
隐藏神经机制。
12:32
And we know that in the future
it will enable us to improve
it will enable us to improve
256
740682
2967
我们知道，在未来，
它会使我们改进
它会使我们改进
12:35
and facilitate communication.
257
743673
1990
和加速沟通。
12:38
But these studies also reveal
258
746111
1694
但这些研究也表明，
12:40
that communication relies
on a common ground.
on a common ground.
259
748535
3286
沟通依赖于共同基础。
12:43
And we have to be
really worried as a society
really worried as a society
260
751845
2462
我们必须得担心，作为一个社会
12:46
if we lose this common ground
and our ability to speak with people
and our ability to speak with people
261
754331
4036
我们是否失去了这种共同基础，
12:50
that are slightly different than us
262
758391
2117
是否失去了与那些
与自己稍有不同的人沟通的能力，
与自己稍有不同的人沟通的能力，
12:52
because we let a few very strong
media channels
media channels
263
760532
3388
因为我们放任少数的强势媒体
12:55
take control of the mic,
264
763944
1541
控制了麦克风，
12:57
and manipulate and control
the way we all think.
the way we all think.
265
765509
3775
操纵了我们的想法。
13:01
And I'm not sure how to fix it
because I'm only a scientist.
because I'm only a scientist.
266
769308
2901
我只是个科学家，
不知如何解决这个问题。
不知如何解决这个问题。
13:04
But maybe one way to do it
267
772233
2460
但或许有一种可能方式，
13:06
is to go back to the more
natural way of communication,
natural way of communication,
268
774717
2647
就是回到更自然的沟通方式，
13:09
which is a dialogue,
269
777388
1602
也就是人与人之间的对话，
13:11
in which it's not only me
speaking to you now,
speaking to you now,
270
779014
2507
不只是像现在这样我对着你说，
13:13
but a more natural way of talking,
271
781994
2216
而是更自然的谈话方式，
13:16
in which I am speaking and I am listening,
272
784234
3277
我一边说也一边听，
13:19
and together we are trying to come
to a common ground and new ideas.
to a common ground and new ideas.
273
787535
4720
我们一起努力，获得共同点和新想法。
13:24
Because after all,
274
792279
1158
因为，毕竟，
13:25
the people we are coupled to
define who we are.
define who we are.
275
793461
3664
能与我们产生共鸣的人
定义了我们是什麽样的人。
定义了我们是什麽样的人。
13:29
And our desire to be coupled
to another brain
to another brain
276
797149
2389
我们对另一个大脑
产生共鸣的基本渴望
产生共鸣的基本渴望
13:31
is something very basic
that starts at a very early age.
that starts at a very early age.
277
799562
4517
在年龄很小的时候就已经开始了。
13:36
So let me finish with an example
from my own private life
from my own private life
278
804103
4187
最后，我用自己生活中的
一个例子作为结束。
一个例子作为结束。
13:41
that I think is a good example
of how coupling to other people
of how coupling to other people
279
809044
4311
我觉得这是一个很好的例子，
说明了「共鸣」定义了我们是谁。
13:45
is really going to define who we are.
280
813379
2274
13:48
This my son Jonathan at a very early age.
281
816294
3074
这是我儿子 Jonathan，
在他很小的时候。
在他很小的时候。
13:51
See how he developed
a vocal game together with my wife,
a vocal game together with my wife,
282
819392
4150
看看他如何和我妻子
一起开发出一种声音游戏，
一起开发出一种声音游戏，
13:55
only from the desire and pure joy
of being coupled to another human being.
of being coupled to another human being.
283
823566
5231
仅仅源自渴望与他人
产生共鸣的单纯喜悦。
产生共鸣的单纯喜悦。
14:01
(Both vocalizing)
284
829556
4917
（都在发声）
14:14
(Laughter)
285
842915
2328
（笑）
14:17
Now, think how the ability of my son
286
845267
3797
现在来想一想 ，
我儿子与我们，
我儿子与我们，
14:21
to be coupled to us
and other people in his life
and other people in his life
287
849088
2762
以及他生命中其他人产生共鸣的能力，
14:23
is going to shape the man
he is going to become.
he is going to become.
288
851874
2858
将如何把他塑造成他将成为的那个人。
14:26
And think how you change on a daily basis
289
854756
2415
想一想，你每天如何
14:29
from the interaction and coupling
to other people in your life.
to other people in your life.
290
857195
4323
从与他人的交往和联系中改变。
14:34
So keep being coupled to other people.
291
862562
2103
所以持续跟其他人产生共鸣。
14:37
Keep spreading your ideas,
292
865157
1549
持续分享你的想法，
14:38
because the sum of all of us
together, coupled,
together, coupled,
293
866730
3244
因为我们共鸣起来的总力量，
14:41
is greater than our parts.
294
869998
1594
远远胜过我们分开的个体力量。
14:43
Thank you.
295
871616
1166
谢谢！
14:44
(Applause)
296
872806
5662
(掌声)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Uri Hasson - NeuroscientistWhy do great thoughts and stories resonate so strongly with so many people, and how do we communicate them? Using fMRI experiments, Uri Hasson is looking for the answers.
Why you should listen
Rather than purging real-world complexity from his experiments, Uri Hasson and his Princeton lab collaborators use messy, real-life stimuli to study how our brains communicate with other brains.
Using fMRI to peer into his subjects’ brain activity, Hasson has discovered that a great storyteller literally causes the neurons of an audience to closely sync with the storyteller’s brain -- a finding that has far-reaching implications for communicators, teachers, performers, and scientists alike.
Uri Hasson | Speaker | TED.com