TED2007
James Nachtwey: My wish: Let my photographs bear witness
詹姆斯•纳特威展示批判战争的摄影作品
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在领取2007年度TED大奖的时候，战地摄影师詹姆斯•纳特威展示他毕生的作品。同时请求TED大会帮助他在数字时代继续用新闻摄影使用创新的动人的方法来讲述故事。
James Nachtwey - Photojournalist
Photojournalist James Nachtwey is considered by many to be the greatest war photographer of recent decades. He has covered conflicts and major social issues in more than 30 countries. Full bio
Photojournalist James Nachtwey is considered by many to be the greatest war photographer of recent decades. He has covered conflicts and major social issues in more than 30 countries. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:26
As someone who has spent his entire career trying to be invisible,
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如果一个人毕生都在幕后工作，
00:30
standing in front of an audience is a cross between
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突然站在台上面对观众
00:33
an out-of-body experience and a deer caught in the headlights,
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他就会有类似魂魄出窍和手足无措的怯场，
00:36
so please forgive me for violating one of the TED commandments
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所以请您原谅我违反TED戒律
00:41
by relying on words on paper,
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照着稿子念，
00:43
and I only hope I'm not struck by lightning bolts before I'm done.
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我希望念完之前，不要被雷劈到（玩笑：违反了TED戒律）。
00:47
I'd like to begin by talking about some of the ideas that motivated me
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首先我先谈一下激发我成为纪实摄影师的几个原因。
00:52
to become a documentary photographer.
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首先我先谈一下激发我成为纪实摄影师的几个原因。
00:55
I was a student in the '60s, a time of social upheaval and questioning,
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1960年代我还是个学生，那是个社会充满动乱和质疑的时代，
01:00
and on a personal level, an awakening sense of idealism.
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从个人角度来说，一个理想主义的意识觉醒的时代。
01:04
The war in Vietnam was raging;
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越战正酣，
01:07
the Civil Rights Movement was under way;
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民权运动正如火如荼，
01:09
and pictures had a powerful influence on me.
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摄影作品对我产生巨大的影响。
01:12
Our political and military leaders were telling us one thing,
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我们的政治军事领导人告诉我们的是一回事，
01:15
and photographers were telling us another.
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而摄影师告诉我们的却是另一回事。
01:18
I believed the photographers, and so did millions of other Americans.
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我相信摄影师，其他数百万美国人也相信。
01:23
Their images fueled resistance to the war and to racism.
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他们的照片刺激了社会的反战和反对种族主义的运动。
01:27
They not only recorded history; they helped change the course of history.
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他们不仅记录了历史，而且还改变了历史的进程。
01:32
Their pictures became part of our collective consciousness
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他们的摄影作品成为我们集体意识的一部分
01:35
and, as consciousness evolved into a shared sense of conscience,
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当集体意识发展成为共识后，
01:39
change became not only possible, but inevitable.
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变革在所难免。
01:43
I saw that the free flow of information represented by journalism,
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目睹了以新闻业为代表的信息自由流通，
01:47
specifically visual journalism, can bring into focus
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特别是视觉新闻 ，
01:51
both the benefits and the cost of political policies.
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可以让政治政策的得失成为焦点。
01:55
It can give credit to sound decision-making, adding momentum to success.
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可以为决策加分，为成功造势。
02:00
In the face of poor political judgment or political inaction,
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面对糟糕的政治判断或政治上无所作为，
02:05
it becomes a kind of intervention, assessing the damage
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成为一种干预，评估损失
02:09
and asking us to reassess our behavior.
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要求我们重新评估我们的行为。
02:12
It puts a human face on issues
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摄影师让我们看到了冲突和问题背后的有感情的人
02:14
which from afar can appear abstract
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而通常对于远在世界另一端的我们看来，身处动荡中的人
02:17
or ideological or monumental in their global impact.
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往往成为了一个抽象化的、或意识形态化的或纪念碑式的东西
02:20
What happens at ground level, far from the halls of power,
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摄影师让我们看到远离权力中心的，发生在社会底层的，
02:25
happens to ordinary citizens one by one.
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每个普通公民所面临的问题。
02:28
And I understood that documentary photography
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我了解到纪实摄影
02:31
has the ability to interpret events from their point of view.
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有能力用他们自己的视角诠释事件。
02:35
It gives a voice to those who otherwise would not have a voice.
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使得没有发言权的人，发出自己的声音。
02:39
And as a reaction, it stimulates public opinion
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作为回应，激发公众舆论
02:43
and gives impetus to public debate,
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推动公开辩论，
02:45
thereby preventing the interested parties
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由此防止某些利益集团向他们所希望的那样操控议程。
02:47
from totally controlling the agenda, much as they would like to.
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由此防止某些利益集团向他们所希望的那样操控议程。
02:51
Coming of age in those days made real
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那个年代带来的理念就是
02:54
the concept that the free flow of information is absolutely vital
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信息自由流通对一个自由充满活力的社会的正常运作至关重要。
02:57
for a free and dynamic society to function properly.
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信息自由流通对一个自由充满活力的社会的正常运作至关重要。
03:01
The press is certainly a business, and in order to survive
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新闻业当然是一门生意，为了生存
03:05
it must be a successful business,
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它必须取得商业上的成功，
03:08
but the right balance must be found
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不过必须权衡好
03:10
between marketing considerations and journalistic responsibility.
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市场营销和新闻责任。
03:14
Society's problems can't be solved until they're identified.
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社会问题只有在被认同的时候才可能解决。
03:19
On a higher plane, the press is a service industry,
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从更高层面上讲，新闻业是一个服务行业，
03:23
and the service it provides is awareness.
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它提供的服务就是意识。
03:26
Every story does not have to sell something.
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每篇报道不一定兜售什么东西。
03:29
There's also a time to give.
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也是回报社会的机会。
03:33
That was a tradition I wanted to follow.
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这是我想遵循的传统。
03:36
Seeing the war created such incredibly high stakes for everyone involved
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目睹战争给卷入其中的人们带来的高度危险
03:40
and that visual journalism could actually become a factor in conflict resolution --
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视觉新闻应该成为调解冲突的一个积极因素，
03:45
I wanted to be a photographer in order to be a war photographer.
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我成为摄影师就是为了当一名战地摄影师。
03:49
But I was driven by an inherent sense
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不过驱动我的内在意识是
03:52
that a picture that revealed the true face of war
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揭示战争真实面的照片
03:55
would almost by definition be an anti-war photograph.
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几乎都被定义为反战的照片。
04:00
I'd like to take you on a visual journey through some of the events
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我带大家进行一场视觉之旅
04:03
and issues I've been involved in over the past 25 years.
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审视过去25年来我经历的事件、冲突。
04:08
In 1981, I went to Northern Ireland.
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1981年，我去了北爱尔兰。
04:11
10 IRA prisoners were in the process of starving themselves to death
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10名爱尔兰共和军犯人正誓死绝食
04:15
in protest against conditions in jail.
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抗议监狱中的恶劣条件。
04:18
The reaction on the streets was violent confrontation.
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街道上的反应是暴力对抗。
04:21
I saw that the front lines of contemporary wars
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我们目睹了现代战争的前线
04:25
are not on isolated battlefields, but right where people live.
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不是在偏远的战场，而是在生活区。
04:30
During the early '80s, I spent a lot of time in Central America,
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1980年代早期，我在中美洲呆了很长时间，
04:34
which was engulfed by civil wars
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那里陷入了内战
04:36
that straddled the ideological divide of the Cold War.
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以意识形态为分水岭的冷战。
04:39
In Guatemala, the central government --
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在危地马拉，中央政府
04:42
controlled by a oligarchy of European decent --
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由欧洲后裔的政治寡头控制
04:45
was waging a scorched Earth campaign against an indigenous rebellion,
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发动打击土著叛乱的焦土战役，
04:49
and I saw an image that reflected the history of Latin America:
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我目睹了反映拉丁美洲历史的景象：
04:52
conquest through a combination of the Bible and the sword.
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圣经和刀剑并用的征服史。
04:56
An anti-Sandinista guerrilla was mortally wounded
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在攻击尼加拉瓜南部一座城镇的时候，一个反桑地诺游击队员受了致命伤。
05:00
as Commander Zero attacked a town in Southern Nicaragua.
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在攻击尼加拉瓜南部一座城镇的时候，一个反桑地诺游击队员受了致命伤。
05:06
A destroyed tank belonging to Somoza's national guard
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一辆被摧毁的索摩查国民卫队的坦克
05:09
was left as a monument in a park in Managua,
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成了一个马那瓜(尼加拉瓜首都)公园里的历史遗迹，
05:13
and was transformed by the energy and spirit of a child.
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变成了一个充满活力的儿童的玩具。
05:17
At the same time, a civil war was taking place in El Salvador,
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与此同时，萨尔瓦多爆发了内战，
05:21
and again, the civilian population was caught up in the conflict.
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再一次，平民被卷入冲突。
05:26
I've been covering the Palestinian-Israeli conflict since 1981.
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从1981年起我就开始报道巴以冲突。
05:31
This is a moment from the beginning of the second intifada, in 2000,
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这是2000年，第二次阿克萨起义开始阶段，
05:35
when it was still stones and Molotovs against an army.
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那时还只是用石头和燃烧瓶对抗军队。
05:41
In 2001, the uprising escalated into an armed conflict,
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2001年，起义升级为武装冲突 ，
05:44
and one of the major incidents was
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其中一个主要事件是
05:46
the destruction of the Palestinian refugee camp
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摧毁位于约旦河西岸杰宁
05:49
in the West Bank town of Jenin.
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的巴勒斯坦难民营
05:53
Without the political will to find common ground,
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没有政治世界寻求双方共同点，
05:57
the continual friction of tactic and counter-tactic
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摩擦不断
06:00
only creates suspicion and hatred and vengeance,
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只会造成猜疑和仇恨和报复，
06:03
and perpetuates the cycle of violence.
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延续暴力恶性循环。
06:08
In the '90s, after the breakup of the Soviet Union,
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90年代苏联解体，
06:11
Yugoslavia fractured along ethnic fault lines, and civil war broke out
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南斯拉夫按种族断层线分裂，内战爆发
06:16
between Bosnia, Croatia and Serbia.
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波黑，克罗地亚和塞尔维亚卷入其中。
06:18
This is a scene of house-to-house fighting in Mostar,
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莫斯塔尔巷战的现场，
06:22
neighbor against neighbor.
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同胞对抗同胞。
06:24
A bedroom, the place where people share intimacy,
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一间卧室，本是享受恩爱之地，
06:27
where life itself is conceived, became a battlefield.
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孕育生命之所，现在变成了战场
06:31
A mosque in northern Bosnia was destroyed by Serbian artillery
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波斯尼亚北部一个清真寺被塞尔维亚的炮火摧毁
06:38
and was used as a makeshift morgue.
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变成了临时停尸间。
06:47
Dead Serbian soldiers were collected after a battle
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一场战斗后战死的塞尔维亚士兵被集中起来
06:50
and used as barter for the return of prisoners
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用来交换战俘
06:53
or Bosnian soldiers killed in action.
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或者战死的波斯尼亚士兵。
06:57
This was once a park.
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这里以前是个公园。
06:59
The Bosnian soldier who guided me
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给我带路的波斯尼亚士兵告诉我
07:01
told me that all of his friends were there now.
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他所有的朋友都留在这里了
07:05
At the same time in South Africa,
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与此同时在南非，
07:07
after Nelson Mandela had been released from prison,
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纳尔逊·曼德拉被释放后，
07:10
the black population commenced the final phase
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种族隔离制度走向寿终正寢
07:13
of liberation from apartheid.
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黑人开始获得解放
07:16
One of the things I had to learn as a journalist
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作为一名新闻工作者我要学习的一件事就是
07:19
was what to do with my anger.
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控制自己的愤怒。
07:21
I had to use it, channel its energy, turn it into something
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我必须利用它，开导它，转变它，
07:26
that would clarify my vision, instead of clouding it.
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用以澄清我的视角，而不是蒙上阴影。
07:30
In Transkei, I witnessed a rite of passage into manhood, of the Xhosa tribe.
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在特兰斯凯，我目睹了科萨族的成年仪式。
07:35
Teenage boys lived in isolation, their bodies covered with white clay.
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十几岁的男孩与世隔绝单独生活，他们的身体上涂上了白粘土。
07:40
After several weeks, they washed off the white
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几个星期后，他们洗掉泥土
07:42
and took on the full responsibilities of men.
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担负起作为男人的全部责任。
07:45
It was a very old ritual that seemed symbolic
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这一古老的仪式，
07:48
of the political struggle that was changing the face of South Africa.
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仪式成为政治斗争的象征，是这些斗争改变了南非的面貌。
07:55
Children in Soweto playing on a trampoline.
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在索韦托，儿童在蹦床上玩。
08:02
Elsewhere in Africa there was famine.
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在非洲其他地方有饥荒。
08:05
In Somalia, the central government collapsed and clan warfare broke out.
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在索马里，中央政府崩溃，部落战争爆发。
08:10
Farmers were driven off their land,
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农民被赶出他们的土地，
08:12
and crops and livestock were destroyed or stolen.
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农作物和牲畜被毁或被盗。
08:16
Starvation was being used as a weapon of mass destruction --
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饥饿被用作大规模杀伤性武器
08:20
primitive but extremely effective.
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原始但有效。
08:22
Hundreds of thousands of people were exterminated,
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成千上万的人被消灭，
08:25
slowly and painfully.
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缓慢和痛苦的死去。
08:29
The international community responded with massive humanitarian relief,
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国际社会的反应是大规模的人道主义救济，
08:33
and hundreds of thousands of more lives were saved.
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成千上万的生命获救。
08:37
American troops were sent to protect the relief shipments,
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美国派军队保护救援物资，
08:40
but they were eventually drawn into the conflict,
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但他们最终被卷入冲突，
08:43
and after the tragic battle in Mogadishu, they were withdrawn.
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在摩加迪沙的惨烈战斗后，他们撤回国。
08:47
In southern Sudan, another civil war saw similar use of starvation
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在苏丹南部，另一场内战
08:51
as a means of genocide.
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人们还是利用饥饿作为种族灭绝的手段
08:54
Again, international NGOs, united under the umbrella of the U.N.,
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同样，国际非政府组织，在联合国的保护伞下团结起来，
08:58
staged a massive relief operation and thousands of lives were saved.
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发起了大规模的救援行动，数千人的生命获救。
09:04
I'm a witness, and I want my testimony to be honest and uncensored.
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作为目击者，我希望我的证词诚实和未经删改。
09:11
I also want it to be powerful and eloquent,
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我也希望证词是强大的和雄辩的，
09:14
and to do as much justice as possible
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做到对我所拍受苦的人尽可能的公正。
09:16
to the experience of the people I'm photographing.
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做到对我所拍受苦的人尽可能的公正。
09:19
This man was in an NGO feeding center,
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这个人在国际非政府组织食疗中心，
09:22
being helped as much as he could be helped.
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他已经得到能得到的救助。
09:24
He literally had nothing. He was a virtual skeleton,
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他什么都不剩了。他简直就是一幅骨架，
09:29
yet he could still summon the courage and the will to move.
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但他仍然拿出勇气和意愿去挪动。
09:33
He had not given up, and if he didn't give up,
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他没有放弃，如果他不放弃，
09:36
how could anyone in the outside world ever dream of losing hope?
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那么外面世界的人为什么会有失去希望的人？
09:42
In 1994, after three months of covering the South African election,
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1994年，在报道了三个月南非大选之后，
09:47
I saw the inauguration of Nelson Mandela,
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我看到纳尔逊曼德拉的就职，
09:50
and it was the most uplifting thing I've ever seen.
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它是是我见过的最令人振奋的事情。
09:53
It exemplified the best that humanity has to offer.
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它体现的是人性最好的一面。
09:57
The next day I left for Rwanda,
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第二天，我去了卢旺达，
10:00
and it was like taking the express elevator to hell.
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就像乘直达电梯到地狱。
10:03
This man had just been liberated from a Hutu death camp.
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这名男子刚刚被从胡图族死亡集中营解救出来。
10:07
He allowed me to photograph him for quite a long time,
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他允许我为他拍了很长时间，
10:11
and he even turned his face toward the light,
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他甚至把他的脸面向灯光，
10:14
as if he wanted me to see him better.
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好像他想让我看到他好多了。
10:17
I think he knew what the scars on his face would say to the rest of the world.
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我想他知道脸上的这些伤疤会向世界诉说什么。
10:22
This time, maybe confused or discouraged
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这一次，也许是对在索马里军事灾难的困惑或沮丧，
10:25
by the military disaster in Somalia,
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这一次，也许是对在索马里军事灾难的困惑或沮丧，
10:28
the international community remained silent,
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国际社会保持沉默，
10:31
and somewhere around 800,000 people were slaughtered
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这里有80万人
10:34
by their own countrymen -- sometimes their own neighbors --
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被他们的同胞甚至是邻居
10:37
using farm implements as weapons.
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用农具屠杀
10:41
Perhaps because a lesson had been learned
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也许是因为人们已吸取
10:44
by the weak response to the war in Bosnia
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在波黑战争的不作为
10:46
and the failure in Rwanda,
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和在卢旺达的失败的教训的
10:48
when Serbia attacked Kosovo,
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当塞尔维亚攻打科索沃时
10:50
international action was taken much more decisively.
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国际社会更果断的采取了国际行动。
10:54
NATO forces went in, and the Serbian army withdrew.
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北约部队进去，塞尔维亚军队撤出。
10:58
Ethnic Albanians had been murdered,
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阿尔巴尼亚族人被杀害，
11:01
their farms destroyed and a huge number of people forcibly deported.
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农场被毁了大量人员被迫出走他乡。
11:06
They were received in refugee camps
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他们住进了
11:09
set up by NGOs in Albania and Macedonia.
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由阿尔巴尼亚和马其顿被非政府组织建立的难民营
11:14
The imprint of a man who had been burned inside his own home.
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这是一个人在自家被焚烧后的烙印。
11:18
The image reminded me of a cave painting,
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这个图像让我想起了岩画，
11:21
and echoed how primitive we still are in so many ways.
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让我们了解到在很多方面我们还是很原始野蛮。
11:27
Between 1995 and '96, I covered the first two wars
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1995年至96年，我报道了在车臣格罗兹尼头两场战争。
11:31
in Chechnya from inside Grozny.
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1995年至96年，我报道了在车臣格罗兹尼头两场战争。
11:33
This is a Chechen rebel on the front line against the Russian army.
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这是一名车臣反抗分子在前线对抗俄军。
11:39
The Russians bombarded Grozny constantly for weeks,
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数周里俄军不断轰炸格罗兹尼，
11:43
killing mainly the civilians who were still trapped inside.
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受害者主要是被困平民。
11:48
I found a boy from the local orphanage
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我发现了一个本地孤儿院的孩子
11:50
wandering around the front line.
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在前线附近游荡
11:54
My work has evolved from being concerned mainly with war
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我的作品也从主要关注战争，到关注重大社会问题。
11:57
to a focus on critical social issues as well.
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我的作品也从主要关注战争，到关注重大社会问题。
12:02
After the fall of Ceausescu, I went to Romania
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齐奥塞斯库政权倒台后，我去罗马尼亚
12:04
and discovered a kind of gulag of children,
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发现了一种儿童的集中营
12:08
where thousands of orphans were being kept in medieval conditions.
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那里数以千计的孤儿生活条件像是在中世纪。
12:12
Ceausescu had imposed a quota
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齐奥塞斯库规定
12:14
on the number of children to be produced by each family,
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每个家庭必须生育孩子的数目（四个孩子），
12:17
thereby making women's bodies an instrument of state economic policy.
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从而使女性的身体是国家经济政策的工具。
12:22
Children who couldn't be supported by their families
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家里养不起的孩子
12:25
were raised in government orphanages.
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被寄养到政府的孤儿院里。
12:28
Children with birth defects were labeled incurables,
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有先天缺陷的儿童被打上不可救药的标签，
12:31
and confined for life to inhuman conditions.
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生活条件极为恶劣。
12:35
As reports began to surface, again international aid went in.
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相关报告开始出现，再一次国际援助进来了。
12:41
Going deeper into the legacy of the Eastern European regimes,
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为了深入了解东欧政权遗留下来的遗留问题，
12:45
I worked for several months on a story about the effects of industrial pollution,
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我曾用数月时间从事工业污染的影响的报道，
12:49
where there had been no regard for the environment
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那里并未关注环境问题，
12:52
or the health of either workers or the general population.
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或者工人或大众的健康。
12:56
An aluminum factory in Czechoslovakia
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在捷克斯洛伐克一个铝厂
12:59
was filled with carcinogenic smoke and dust,
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充满了致癌烟尘，
13:02
and four out of five workers came down with cancer.
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八成工人患上了癌症。
13:08
After the fall of Suharto in Indonesia,
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在印尼苏哈托下台后，
13:10
I began to explore conditions of poverty
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我开始探讨一个国家在迈向现代化的过程中的贫困的处境。
13:13
in a country that was on its way towards modernization.
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我开始探讨一个国家在迈向现代化的过程中的贫困的处境。
13:16
I spent a good deal of time with a man
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我在一名男子身上花了很长时间
13:19
who lived with his family on a railway embankment
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他和他的一家住在铁路路堤上
13:21
and had lost an arm and a leg in a train accident.
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在一次火车事故中失去了一只胳膊和一条腿。
13:25
When the story was published, unsolicited donations poured in.
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当这个报道发表后，主动捐款纷至沓来。
13:30
A trust fund was established,
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一个信托基金成立了，
13:32
and the family now lives in a house in the countryside
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他家现在住在乡下的房子里，所有的基本生活需要得到保障。
13:35
and all their basic necessities are taken care of.
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他家现在住在乡下的房子里，所有的基本生活需要得到保障。
13:38
It was a story that wasn't trying to sell anything.
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这个报道不想兜售什么。
13:41
Journalism had provided a channel
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新闻提供了一个渠道
13:44
for people's natural sense of generosity, and the readers responded.
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表达人的慷慨本性和读者的反应的渠道。
13:50
I met a band of homeless children who'd come to Jakarta from the countryside,
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我遇到了一群从农村到雅加达无家可归的儿童，
13:53
and ended up living in a train station.
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最终在一个火车站生活。
13:56
By the age of 12 or 14, they'd become beggars and drug addicts.
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他们12或14岁，成了乞丐和瘾君子。
14:01
The rural poor had become the urban poor,
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农村贫困人口已成为城市贫民，
14:03
and in the process, they'd become invisible.
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在此过程中他们不为人知。
14:09
These heroin addicts in detox in Pakistan
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这些是在巴基斯坦戒毒的海洛因吸毒者。
14:12
reminded me of figures in a play by Beckett:
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让我想起贝克特戏剧中的人物：
14:15
isolated, waiting in the dark, but drawn to the light.
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他们孤独，在黑暗中等待，但渴望光明。
14:22
Agent Orange was a defoliant used during the Vietnam War
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橙色落叶剂是一种在越南战争使用的落叶剂
14:26
to deny cover to the Vietcong and the North Vietnamese army.
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使越共和北越军队失去丛林掩护。
14:30
The active ingredient was dioxin, an extremely toxic chemical
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橙色落叶剂的活性成份是二恶英，一剧毒的化学物质，
14:34
that was sprayed in vast quantities,
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被大量喷洒，
14:36
and whose effects passed through the genes to the next generation.
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影响到下一代人的基因。
14:42
In 2000, I began documenting global health issues,
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2000年，我开始关注全球健康问题，
14:45
concentrating first on AIDS in Africa.
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首先关注在非洲的艾滋病问题。
14:48
I tried to tell the story through the work of caregivers.
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我试着通过护理人员的工作展开报道。
14:51
I thought it was important to emphasize that people were being helped,
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我认为强调被助者很重要，
14:55
whether by international NGOs or by local grassroots organizations.
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无论是国际非政府组织或当地基层组织。
15:00
So many children have been orphaned by the epidemic
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许多儿童成为艾滋病孤儿
15:02
that grandmothers have taken the place of parents,
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祖母取代了父母的角色，
15:05
and a lot of children had been born with HIV.
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很多孩子出生就携带了艾滋病毒。
15:09
A hospital in Zambia.
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一所赞比亚医院。
15:14
I began documenting the close connection
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我记录下了艾滋病和结核病的密切联系。
15:17
between HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis.
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我记录下了艾滋病和结核病的密切联系。
15:20
This is an MSF hospital in Cambodia.
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这是一个无国界医生组织在柬埔寨的医院。
15:28
My pictures can play a supporting role to the work of NGOs
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我的照片可以辅助非政府组织的工作
15:31
by shedding light on the critical social problems they're trying to deal with.
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就是通过拍摄他们正在努力解决的社会问题。
15:35
I went to Congo with MSF,
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我与无国界医生组织人员去了刚果，
15:38
and contributed to a book and an exhibition
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为此出了一本书办了个展览
15:40
that focused attention on a forgotten war
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重点关注一场被遗忘的战争
15:43
in which millions of people have died,
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数百万人死亡
15:45
and exposure to disease without treatment is used as a weapon.
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不治疗疾病被当作武器。
15:50
A malnourished child being measured
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营养不良的儿童被体检作为补充喂养计划的一部分。
15:52
as part of the supplemental feeding program.
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营养不良的儿童被体检作为补充喂养计划的一部分。
15:56
In the fall of 2004 I went to Darfur.
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在2004年秋天我去了达尔富尔。
16:00
This time I was on assignment for a magazine,
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这一次，我是受一本杂志指派的，
16:02
but again worked closely with MSF.
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但再次和无国界医生组织密切合作。
16:04
The international community still hasn't found a way
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国际社会还没有找到施压途径
16:07
to create the pressure necessary to stop this genocide.
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施加必要的压力，制止这场种族灭绝。
16:13
An MSF hospital in a camp for displaced people.
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在一个流离失所者的难民营中，一所无国界医生组织的医院。
16:18
I've been working on a long project on crime and punishment in America.
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我一直从事一个关于在美国犯罪和惩罚的长期项目。
16:23
This is a scene from New Orleans.
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新奥尔良发生的一幕。
16:27
A prisoner on a chain gang in Alabama
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阿拉巴马州监狱中的一名犯人
16:30
was punished by being handcuffed to a post in the midday sun.
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被罚铐在正午的太阳下的铁杆上。
16:36
This experience raised a lot of questions,
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这一传统引起很多质疑，
16:38
among them questions about race and equality
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其中包括关于种族和平等的质疑，
16:41
and for whom in our country opportunities and options are available.
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质疑在我们国家谁拥有机会和选择权。
16:46
In the yard of a chain gang in Alabama.
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在阿拉巴马州的一所院子的里。
16:52
I didn't see either of the planes hit,
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我没有目睹两架飞机的撞击。
16:54
and when I glanced out my window, I saw the first tower burning,
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当我瞥向窗外，我看到了第一座塔楼在燃烧，
16:57
and I thought it might have been an accident.
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我想可能是个事故。
17:00
A few minutes later when I looked again
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几分钟后当我在看的时候
17:02
and saw the second tower burning, I knew we were at war.
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看到了第二座塔楼在燃烧，我知道我们在战争中。
17:07
In the midst of the wreckage at Ground Zero, I had a realization.
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身处世贸大楼遗址残骸之中，我有一个感悟。
17:11
I'd been photographing in the Islamic world since 1981 --
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自从1981年开始在伊斯兰世界拍摄
17:15
not only in the Middle East, but also in Africa, Asia and Europe.
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不只在中东，还在非洲，亚洲和欧洲。
17:20
At the time I was photographing in these different places,
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当我在不同地点拍摄时，
17:23
I thought I was covering separate stories,
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我认为我在报道不同的东西。
17:25
but on 9/11 history crystallized, and I understood
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但在911历史明晰了，我明白了
17:28
I'd actually been covering a single story for more than 20 years,
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这20多年我实际上只做了一个报道，
17:33
and the attack on New York was its latest manifestation.
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纽约遭到的攻击就是最新的明证。
17:37
The central commercial district of Kabul, Afghanistan
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阿富汗喀布尔的中央商务区，
17:40
at the end of the civil war,
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内战后期，
17:42
shortly before the city fell to the Taliban.
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塔利班接管之前。
17:48
Land mine victims being helped
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地雷受害者在由Alberto Cairo负责的红十字康复中心得到救助。
17:50
at the Red Cross rehab center being run by Alberto Cairo.
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地雷受害者在由Alberto Cairo负责的红十字康复中心得到救助。
17:55
A boy who lost a leg to a leftover mine.
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一个男孩被遗留地雷夺去了一条腿。
17:58
I'd witnessed immense suffering in the Islamic world
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我亲眼目睹了伊斯兰世界的巨大苦难
18:01
from political oppression, civil war, foreign invasions, poverty, famine.
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从政治压迫，内战，外国侵略，贫穷，饥荒。
18:06
I understood that in its suffering,
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我知道他们的苦难，
18:08
the Islamic world had been crying out. Why weren't we listening?
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伊斯兰世界一直在呼喊。为什么我们不听？
18:16
A Taliban fighter shot during a battle
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一名塔利班战士在北方联盟攻入昆都士市的战斗中射击。
18:18
as the Northern Alliance entered the city of Kunduz.
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一名塔利班战士在北方联盟攻入昆都士市的战斗中射击。
18:28
When war with Iraq was imminent,
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与伊拉克战争迫在眉睫，
18:30
I realized the American troops would be very well covered,
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我意识到，美国部队将得到很好地报道，
18:33
so I decided to cover the invasion from inside Baghdad.
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所以我决定在巴格达报道这次入侵。
18:42
A marketplace was hit by a mortar shell
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一发迫击炮炮弹击中了市场
18:44
that killed several members of a single family.
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杀死了一个家庭中的几名成员。
18:49
A day after American forces entered Baghdad,
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美军进入巴格达之后一天，
18:52
a company of Marines began rounding up bank robbers
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一队海军陆战队开始搜捕银行劫匪
18:54
and were cheered on by the crowds --
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接受人群的欢呼
18:57
a hopeful moment that was short lived.
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一个充满希望的时刻，是短暂的。
19:01
For the first time in years,
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多年来第一次，
19:03
Shi'ites were allowed to make the pilgrimage
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什叶派人获准前往朝圣
19:05
to Karbala to observe Ashura,
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在卡尔巴拉看阿舒拉节，
19:07
and I was amazed by the sheer number of people
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我感到惊奇的是人数之多，
19:10
and how fervently they practiced their religion.
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如何热切地实践自己的宗教。
19:15
A group of men march through the streets cutting themselves with knives.
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一群人游行，用刀割自己。
19:18
It was obvious that the Shi'ites were a force to be reckoned with,
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很明显，什叶派的力量不可忽视，
19:22
and we would do well to understand them and learn how to deal with them.
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我们应该好好了解他们，学习如何与之相处。
19:29
Last year I spent several months documenting our wounded troops,
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去年，我花了几个月记录我们部队的伤员，
19:33
from the battlefield in Iraq all the way home.
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从伊拉克战场一直到回国。
19:37
This is a helicopter medic giving CPR
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这是一个直升机军医为一位头部受伤的士兵实施心肺复苏术。
19:39
to a soldier who had been shot in the head.
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这是一个直升机军医为一位头部受伤的士兵实施心肺复苏术。
19:44
Military medicine has become so efficient
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军事医学变得如此有效率
19:46
that the percentage of troops who survive after being wounded
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士兵受伤后的存活率
19:50
is much higher in this war than in any other war in our history.
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要比我们历史上的任何其他战争高得多。
19:55
The signature weapon of the war is the IED,
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战争的标志性武器是简易爆炸装置（IED），
19:58
and the signature wound is severe leg damage.
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标志性伤员是腿部严重受伤。
20:03
After enduring extreme pain and trauma,
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在忍受极度的痛苦和创伤后，
20:06
the wounded face a grueling physical
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伤员面临艰苦的身体和心理康复的斗争。
20:08
and psychological struggle in rehab.
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伤员面临艰苦的身体和心理康复的斗争。
20:13
The spirit they displayed was absolutely remarkable.
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他们表现出的精神是绝对出色的。
20:17
I tried to imagine myself in their place,
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我试着身处他们的窘境，
20:19
and I was totally humbled by their courage and determination
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我完全被他们面对灾难性损失的勇气和决心所折服。
20:23
in the face of such catastrophic loss.
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我完全被他们面对灾难性损失的勇气和决心所折服。
20:27
Good people had been put in a very bad situation for questionable results.
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好人面临非常糟糕的情况。
20:35
One day in rehab someone, started talking about surfing
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一天一个在康复中心的人，提到了冲浪
20:38
and all these guys who'd never surfed before said, "Hey, let's go."
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那些以前没有玩过冲浪的人说：“我们去冲浪。”
20:42
And they went surfing.
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然后他们去冲浪。
20:48
Photographers go to the extreme edges of human experience
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摄影师去到人类体验的极端
20:51
to show people what's going on.
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向人们展示发生了什么事情
20:53
Sometimes they put their lives on the line,
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有时候，他们冒着生命的危险，
20:56
because they believe your opinions and your influence matter.
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因为他们相信，您的主张和您影响的问题。
21:00
They aim their pictures at your best instincts,
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他们头脑中的目标就是您最好的天性，
21:04
generosity, a sense of right and wrong,
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宽宏大量，有是非感，
21:07
the ability and the willingness to identify with others,
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有能力并愿意与他人取得认同，
21:11
the refusal to accept the unacceptable.
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拒绝接受不能接受的。
21:16
My TED wish:
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我的TED愿望是：
21:18
there's a vital story that needs to be told,
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有一个重要的故事，需要被报道，
21:21
and I wish for TED to help me gain access to it
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我希望TED帮助我完成它。
21:25
and then to help me come up with innovative and exciting ways
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帮助我在数字时代
21:29
to use news photography in the digital era.
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继续用新闻摄影使用创新的动人的方法来叙事
21:32
Thank you very much.
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非常感谢。
21:35
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
James Nachtwey - PhotojournalistPhotojournalist James Nachtwey is considered by many to be the greatest war photographer of recent decades. He has covered conflicts and major social issues in more than 30 countries.
Why you should listen
For the past three decades, James Nachtwey has devoted himself to documenting wars, conflicts and critical social issues, working in El Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Lebanon, the West Bank and Gaza, Israel, Indonesia, Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, the Philippines, South Korea, Somalia, Sudan, Rwanda, South Africa, Russia, Bosnia, Chechnya, Kosovo, Romania, Brazil and the United States.
Nachtwey has been a contract photographer with Time since 1984. However, when certain stories he wanted to cover -- such as Romanian orphanages and famine in Somalia -- garnered no interest from magazines, he self-financed trips there. He is known for getting up close to his subjects, or as he says, "in the same intimate space that the subjects inhabit," and he passes that sense of closeness on to the viewer.
In putting himself in the middle of conflict, his intention is to record the truth, to document the struggles of humanity, and with this, to wake people up and stir them to action.
James Nachtwey | Speaker | TED.com