TEDxMaastricht
Bart Knols: 3 new ways to kill mosquitoes
巴特·諾爾斯：消滅蚊子，終結瘧疾
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我們能用蚊子的本能來消滅它。在TEDx馬斯垂克，講者巴特·諾爾斯展示了他的團隊正在開發的幾種充滿想像力的方法，來對抗瘧疾：包括林堡乳酪和一種致命毒藥（攝於TEDx馬斯垂克）
Bart Knols - Malariologist
Bart Knols is a doctor committed to killing mosquitoes and ending malaria. Full bio
Bart Knols is a doctor committed to killing mosquitoes and ending malaria. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
(Mosquito buzzing)
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（蚊子叫）
00:25
(Swat)
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（拍打）
00:28
Gotcha.
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打著了！
00:31
Mosquitos. I hate them.
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我恨死蚊子了
00:35
Don't you?
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你們也一樣吧
00:37
That awful buzzing sound at night around your ears
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夜晚那惱人的蚊子叫縈繞耳邊
00:40
that drives you absolutely crazy?
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真是讓人崩潰
00:42
Knowing that she wants to stick a needle in your skin
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想像蚊子向你的皮膚裡扎進一根針
00:45
and suck out your blood? That's awful, right?
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吸走你的血——真是太噁心了！
00:49
In fact, there's only one good thing I can think of
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事實上，關於蚊子我只能想到
00:52
when it gets to mosquitos.
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一點還能說得過去
00:54
When they fly into our bedroom at night,
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就是牠們晚上飛進我們的臥室
00:57
they prefer to bite my wife.
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比較喜歡咬我太太
01:00
But that's fascinating, right?
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這其中大有玄機
01:01
Why does she receive more bites than I do?
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為什麼她比我招蚊子咬？
01:06
And the answer is smell, the smell of her body.
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答案是體味
01:10
And since we all smell different and produce chemicals
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我們的氣味各不相同，皮膚製造不同的化學物質
01:13
on our skin that either attract or repel mosquitos,
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有些吸引蚊子，有些則驅離蚊子
01:17
some of us are just more attractive than others.
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有些人確實比較招蚊子
01:21
So my wife smells nicer than I do, or I just
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所以說我太太比我好聞
01:24
stink more than she does.
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或者說我比她臭
01:27
Either way, mosquitos find us in the dark
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不管怎麼樣，蚊子在黑暗中通過嗅覺找人
01:30
by sniffing us out. They smell us.
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牠們聞得出我們
01:33
And during my Ph.D, I wanted to know exactly
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讀博士的時候，我想搞清楚
01:36
what chemicals from our skin mosquitos used,
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蚊子通過我們皮膚上的哪種化學物質來挑人
01:39
African malarial mosquitos use to track us down at night.
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那些非洲瘧蚊如何在夜晚的黑暗中跟蹤我們
01:42
And there's a whole range of compounds that they do use.
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牠們使用一整組物質
01:46
And this was not going to be an easy task.
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這個任務可不容易完成
01:49
And therefore, we set up various experiments.
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於是我們設計了各種實驗
01:52
Why did we set up these experiments?
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我們為什麼設計這些實驗？
01:55
Because half the world's population runs the risk
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因為世界的一半人口面臨著
01:58
of contracting a killer disease like malaria
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對抗瘧疾這種致命疾病的風險
02:02
through a simple mosquito bite.
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而關鍵是消除蚊子叮咬
02:04
Every 30 seconds, somewhere on this planet,
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每30秒，世界上的某個角落
02:07
a child dies of malaria, and Paul Levy this morning,
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就有一個孩子死於瘧疾。今天早上
02:10
he was talking about the metaphor of the 727 crashing into the United States.
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保羅.萊維談到了美國波音727飛機墜毀事故的隱喻
02:14
Well, in Africa, we have the equivalent of seven jumbo 747s
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而在非洲，我們遇到的死亡相當於7架大型747客機
02:20
crashing every day.
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每天墜毀
02:22
But perhaps if we can attract these mosquitos to traps,
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也許，如果我們能把蚊子引入陷阱
02:26
bait it with our smell, we may be able to stop transmission
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用我們的體味作為誘餌，也許就能夠
02:29
of disease.
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阻止疾病傳播
02:31
Now solving this puzzle was not an easy thing,
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解決這個問題可要花不少工夫
02:34
because we produce hundreds of different chemicals on the skin,
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因為我們的皮膚製造上百種不同的化學物質
02:37
but we undertook some remarkable experiments
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但我們完成了一些了不起的實驗
02:39
that managed us to resolve this puzzle very quickly indeed.
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幫助我們迅速釐清了解開難題的關鍵
02:43
First, we observed that not all mosquito species
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首先，我們觀察到不是所有的蚊子
02:46
bite on the same part of the body. Strange.
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都叮咬人類身體的同一個部位。這挺奇怪
02:50
So we set up an experiment
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我們設計了一個實驗
02:52
whereby we put a naked volunteer in a large cage,
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我們讓一名全身赤裸的志願者待在一個大籠子裡
02:55
and in that cage we released mosquitos
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然後放進蚊子
02:59
to see where they were biting on the body of that person.
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看看這些蚊子叮咬哪些身體部位
03:02
And we found some remarkable differences.
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這裡有顯著差異
03:04
On the left here you see the bites
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你們看到左邊圖片上的這些咬痕
03:07
by the Dutch malarial mosquito on this person.
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是被荷蘭瘧蚊叮咬的
03:10
They had a very strong preference for biting on the face.
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咬痕明顯集中於面部
03:13
In contrast, the African malarial mosquito
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而相反的，非洲瘧蚊
03:15
had a very strong preference for biting the ankles and feet of this person,
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卻喜歡咬腳踝和腳
03:21
and that of course we should have known all along
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我們當然早就知道這點了
03:24
because they're called mosqui-toes, you see? (Laughter)
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因為它們叫做 “mosqui-toes” 不是嗎?
（蚊子的英文單詞結尾toes是腳趾的意思）
（笑聲）
（蚊子的英文單詞結尾toes是腳趾的意思）
（笑聲）
03:28
That's right. (Applause)
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這太對了（掌聲）
03:31
And so we started focusing on the smell of feet,
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於是我們集中研究腳上的氣味
03:37
on the smell of human feet,
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研究人類腳上的氣味
03:38
until we came across a remarkable statement in the literature
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我們在論文中得出了一個驚人的結論
03:42
that said that cheese smells after feet
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乳酪不如腳丫子味道重
03:46
rather than the reverse. Think of it.
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可別搞反了。想想看吧。
03:50
And this triggered us to do a remarkable experiment.
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這啟發了我們去做另外一項重要的實驗
03:52
We tried, with a tiny little piece of Limburger cheese,
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我們試著用一小塊林堡乳酪
03:56
which smells badly after feet,
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它有一種近似腳臭的臭味
03:59
to attract African malaria mosquitos.
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來吸引非洲瘧蚊
04:02
And you know what? It worked.
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你們知道嗎？它真有效。
04:04
In fact, it worked so well that now we have a synthetic mixture
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事實上，它的功效讓我們開發出一種
04:10
of the aroma of Limburger cheese that we're using in Tanzania
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林堡乳酪氣味的人工混合物，在坦尚尼亞使用
04:14
and has been shown there to be two to three times
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事實證明這種人工混合物比人類的腳更吸引蚊子
04:16
more attractive to mosquitos than humans.
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有兩至三倍的吸引力
04:20
Limburg, be proud of your cheese,
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林堡的人們，你們應該感到自豪!
04:24
as it is now used in the fight against malaria.
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你們的乳酪可是抗擊瘧疾的利器
04:27
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
04:34
That's the cheese, just to show you.
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這就是我提到的乳酪
04:37
My second story is remarkable as well.
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我的第二個故事同樣精彩
04:40
It's about man's best friend. It's about dogs.
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是關於人類最好的朋友——狗狗們
04:43
And I will show you
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我會向你們展示
04:44
how we can use dogs in the fight against malaria.
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如何用狗來對付瘧疾
04:48
One of the best ways of killing mosquitos
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殺死蚊子的最好辦法
04:51
is not to wait until they fly around like adults
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可不是等到成蟲飛到我們身邊
04:54
and bite people and transmit disease.
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叮咬人類傳播疾病的時候
04:57
It's to kill them when they're still in the water as larvae.
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而是在牠們還是幼蟲、是在水中生活的孑孓的時候
05:01
Why? Because they are just like the CIA.
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為什麼？因為牠們就像CIA
05:06
In that pool of water, these larvae are concentrated.
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在水塘裡，孑孓集中在一起
05:10
They're all together there. They are immobile.
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全部固守在一個地方，沒有行動能力，
05:13
They can't escape from that water. They can't fly.
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牠們無法逃離那片水塘，因為還不會飛
05:16
And they're accessible. You can actually walk up
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牠們很容易被找到。你大可以走到池塘邊，
05:19
to that pool and you can kill them there, right?
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把牠們全殺光。是不是？
05:24
So the problem that we face with this is that,
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於是我們遇到的問題是
05:27
throughout the landscape, all these pools of water
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漫山遍野的水塘充斥著孑孓
05:31
with the larvae, they are scattered all over the place,
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牠們到處都是
05:33
which makes it very hard for an inspector like this
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像這樣一個殺蟲員
05:36
to actually find all these breeding sites and treat them with insecticides.
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很難找到所有的據點來噴灑殺蟲劑
05:40
And last year we thought very, very hard,
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所以去年，我們絞盡腦汁
05:43
how can we resolve this problem? Until we realized
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來找解決之道。直到我們意識到
05:46
that just like us, we have a unique smell,
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就像人類有獨特的氣味一樣
05:49
that mosquito larvae also have a very unique smell.
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孑孓也有獨特的氣味
05:54
And so we set up another crazy experiment,
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我們開始著手另外一項大膽的實驗
05:56
because we collected the smell of these larvae,
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我們收集孑孓的氣味
05:58
put it on pieces of cloth, and then did something very remarkable.
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弄到布料上，然後做出一項壯舉
06:02
Here we have a bar with four holes,
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這根橫木上有四個洞
06:05
and we put the smell of these larvae in the left hole.
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我們把沾有孑孓氣味的布料放在最左邊的洞裡面
06:08
Ooh, that was very quick.
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哦，這段放的有點快
06:09
And then you see the dog. It's called Tweed. It's a border collie.
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你們看到這只狗，他叫粗花呢，是一隻邊境牧羊犬
06:11
He's examining these holes, and now he's got it already.
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他在檢查這些洞，他已經聞出來了
06:14
He's going back to check the control holes again,
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他回來又檢查了一遍控制洞
06:17
but he's coming back to the first one,
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但又回到第一個洞
06:18
and now he's locking into that smell,
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鎖定了這個氣味
06:21
which means that now we can use dogs
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這意味著我們可以使用狗
06:23
with these inspectors to much better find
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來幫助殺蟲員更好地找到
06:25
the breeding sites of mosquitos in the field,
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這片田野裡蚊子的繁殖區
06:28
and therefore have a much bigger impact on malaria.
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更好地去打擊瘧疾
06:30
This lady is Ellen van der Zweep. She's one of the best dog-trainers in the world,
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這位女士名叫艾倫.馮.德.茲威普。她是世界一流的訓狗師
06:34
and she believes that we can do a lot more.
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她認為我們能做的還遠遠不止這些
06:37
Since we also know that people that carry malaria parasites
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由於我們也知道瘧疾寄生蟲的攜帶者
06:41
smell different compared to people that are uninfected,
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與沒有感染的人有不同的氣味
06:44
she's convinced that we can train dogs
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她相信我們也可以通過訓練狗
06:46
to find people that carry the parasite.
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來找到這些攜帶者
06:50
That means that in a population where malaria
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這就意味著，在一個瘧疾受到控制的人群中
06:52
has gone down all the way, and there's few people remaining with parasites,
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只有很少的人是攜帶者
06:56
that the dogs can find these people,
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而狗能找到這些人
06:57
we can treat them with anti-malarial drugs, and give the final blow to malaria.
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我們可以使用抗瘧疾藥物為他們治療，徹底終結瘧疾
07:02
Man's best friend in the fight against malaria.
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狗也是人類抗擊瘧疾的最好朋友
07:05
My third story is perhaps even more remarkable,
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我的第三個故事也許更有意義
07:08
and, I should say, has never been shown to the public until today.
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而且我得說今天是我第一次對公眾講述這個故事
07:13
Yeah.
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是的
07:15
It's a crazy story, but I believe it's perhaps the best
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這很瘋狂，但我相信這也許是最好的
07:18
and ultimate revenge against mosquitos ever.
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向蚊子復仇的終極武器
07:22
In fact, people have told me that now they will enjoy
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事實上，有人告訴我他們現在居然
07:25
being bitten by mosquitos.
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享受被蚊子叮咬
07:28
And the question of course is, what would make someone
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這裡的疑問當然是，
07:31
enjoy being bitten by mosquitos?
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是什麼讓人們享受蚊子叮咬？
07:33
And the answer
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答案
07:34
I have right here in my pocket,
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就在我的口袋裡
07:39
if I get it.
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我有這個
07:41
It's a tablet, a simple tablet,
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這是一個藥片，很簡單的一個藥片
07:45
and when I take it with water,
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當我用水服下
07:48
it does miracles.
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它能產生奇蹟
07:52
Thank you.
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謝謝你
07:56
(Drinking)
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（喝水）
07:59
Now let me show you how this works.
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讓我告訴你們它有什麼效果
08:03
Here in this box I have a cage
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在這個盒子裡有一個籠子
08:06
with several hundred hungry
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關著好幾百隻
08:11
female mosquitos
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饑餓的雌蚊子
08:16
that I'm just about to release. (Laughter)
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我即將釋放牠們（笑聲）
08:20
Just kidding, just kidding.
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開玩笑，我只是在開玩笑
08:23
What I'm going to show you is I'm gonna stick my arm into it
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我要把胳膊伸進去
08:26
and I will show you how quickly they will bite.
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向你們展示牠們咬過來有多迅速
08:28
Here we go.
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開始了！
08:30
Don't worry, I do this all the time in the lab.
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別慌，我在實驗室裡一直這麼做
08:34
There we go. Okay.
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好了，開始。
08:38
Now, on the video, on the video here,
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現在我放的這個錄影
08:43
I'm going to show you exactly the same thing,
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會向你們展示同樣的情景
08:44
except that what I'm showing you on the video
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唯一的不同是拍這段錄影時
08:47
happened one hour after I took the tablet.
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我已經服藥一個小時了
08:50
Have a look. That doesn't work. Okay. Sorry about that.
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看看吧。放錯了……好。不好意思。
08:55
I'm sticking in my arm, I'm giving them a big juicy
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我把胳膊放進去，我給了牠們一頓大餐
08:57
blood meal, I'm shaking them off, and we follow them through time
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我把它們晃走，然後跟蹤拍攝
09:00
to see these mosquitos get very, very sick indeed,
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它們變得非常非常虛弱
09:03
here shown in fast motion,
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用快進來放
09:05
and three hours later what we see at the bottom
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三個小時後我們再來看籠子的底部
09:08
of the cage is dead mosquitos,
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全是死蚊子
09:11
very dead mosquitos, and I'm going to say, ladies and gentlemen,
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而且死透了。我要說，女士們先生們
09:16
we have swapped the cards with mosquitos.
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我們反敗為勝了
09:18
They don't kill us. We kill them.
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牠們殺不了我們，是我們殺死牠們。
09:22
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
09:30
Now — (Laughter) —
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好了——（笑聲）——
09:36
Maastricht, be prepared.
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馬斯垂克，準備好了！
09:38
Now think of what we can do with this.
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讓我們想想我們能做到什麼
09:40
We can actually use this to contain outbreaks
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我們可以用這種藥來
09:43
of mosquito-born diseases, of epidemics, right?
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傳播蚊子的瘟疫，對不對？
09:46
And better still, imagine what would happen if,
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更進一步，想像一下這種情形
09:48
in a very large area, everyone would take these drugs,
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在一個廣大地區，人人都吃了這種藥
09:51
this drug, for just three weeks.
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吃上三個禮拜
09:53
That would give us an opportunity to actually eliminate
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這就是個大好機會來真正消滅
09:56
malaria as a disease.
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這個地區的瘧疾
09:57
So cheese, dogs and a pill to kill mosquitos.
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用乳酪、狗、和藥片來滅蚊
10:01
That's the kind of out-of-the-box science that I love doing,
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這就是我喜歡研究的“偏門”科學
10:05
for the betterment of mankind,
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為了人類的福祉
10:08
but especially for her, so that she can grow up
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特別是為了她。為了讓她能在一個
10:10
in a world without malaria. Thank you. (Applause)
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沒有瘧疾的世界長大。謝謝大家（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Bart Knols - MalariologistBart Knols is a doctor committed to killing mosquitoes and ending malaria.
Why you should listen
Bart Knols is a malariologist with eleven years of experience managing large-scale research programs in East and Southern Africa. He’s worked at the United Nations (IAEA), served as a consultant for the World Health Organization, and acted as a Board Member of the UBS Bank Optimus Foundation in Switzerland. He has published over 140 peer-reviewed research articles and received the Ig Nobel Prize and an IAEA Special Service Award in 2006 and became a laureate of the Eijkman medal in 2007. He is currently the Managing Director at In2Care BV, Science Director & Managing Partner at Soper Strategies, and serves as Chair of the Advisory Board of the Dutch Malaria Foundation.
Bart Knols | Speaker | TED.com