TEDSalon Berlin 2014
Heather Barnett: What humans can learn from semi-intelligent slime
海瑟 • 巴尼特: 人類可以從半智慧粘菌學習的事情
Filmed:
Readability: 5.7
1,179,448 views
從生物設計和自組織系統的啟發，藝術家海瑟 • 巴尼特與生活在陰涼、潮濕處的真核微生物多頭絨泡菌共同創作。人可以從半智慧粘菌學到什麼？聽聽這篇演講來了解一下。
Heather Barnett - Artist
Heather Barnett creates art with slime mold -- a material used in diverse areas of scientific research, including biological computing, robotics and structural design. Full bio
Heather Barnett creates art with slime mold -- a material used in diverse areas of scientific research, including biological computing, robotics and structural design. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'd like to introduce you to an organism:
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我想向您介紹一個有機體：
00:15
a slime mold, Physarum polycephalum.
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粘菌，多頭絨泡菌。
00:19
It's a mold with an identity
crisis, because it's not a mold,
crisis, because it's not a mold,
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這是一個有身份危機的霉菌，
因為牠不是一個霉菌，
因為牠不是一個霉菌，
00:22
so let's get that straight to start with.
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讓我們直接開始說明。
00:23
It is one of 700 known slime molds
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牠是屬於700個已知的
00:26
belonging to the kingdom of the amoeba.
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阿米巴界的粘菌之一。
00:28
It is a single-celled organism, a cell,
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牠是一種單細胞生物，一個細胞，
00:31
that joins together with other cells
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與其他細胞連接在一起，
00:33
to form a mass super-cell
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以形成一個在超小區而大規模的細胞，
00:35
to maximize its resources.
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能最大限度地發揮其資源。
00:37
So within a slime mold you might find thousands
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所以粘菌內你可能會發現成千上萬
00:40
or millions of nuclei,
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或數百萬的核，
00:42
all sharing a cell wall,
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全部共用一個細胞壁，
00:44
all operating as one entity.
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為一體操作的實體。
00:47
In its natural habitat,
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在其自然棲息地，
00:48
you might find the slime mold foraging in woodlands,
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你可能會發現粘菌在林地覓食，
00:51
eating rotting vegetation,
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吃腐爛的植被，
00:55
but you might equally find it
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但你可能會同樣發現牠在
00:56
in research laboratories,
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研究實驗室、
00:58
classrooms, and even artists' studios.
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教室，甚至是藝術家的工作室。
01:02
I first came across the slime
mold about five years ago.
mold about five years ago.
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我第一次碰到粘菌是大約五年前。
01:05
A microbiologist friend of mine
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我的一位微生物學家朋友
01:07
gave me a petri dish with a little yellow blob in it
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給我一個裡面
有一點黃色斑點的培養皿，
有一點黃色斑點的培養皿，
01:10
and told me to go home and play with it.
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叫我回家玩玩。
01:13
The only instructions I was given,
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我得到的唯一指令是，
01:15
that it likes it dark and damp
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牠喜歡陰暗潮濕，
01:17
and its favorite food is porridge oats.
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其最喜歡的食物是燕麥粥。
01:21
I'm an artist who's worked for many years
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我是藝術家，多年來
01:23
with biology, with scientific processes,
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與生物學、科學流程周旋，
01:26
so living material is not uncommon for me.
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所以有生命的物質對我是尋常不過。
01:29
I've worked with plants, bacteria,
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我的工作曾經涉及植物、細菌、
01:31
cuttlefish, fruit flies.
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墨魚、果蠅。
01:32
So I was keen to get my new collaborator home
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所以我非常熱切地
帶我的新合作者回家，
帶我的新合作者回家，
01:35
to see what it could do.
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看看牠能做什麼。
01:36
So I took it home and I watched.
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所以我把牠帶回家，把牠看著。
01:40
I fed it a varied diet.
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我餵牠很多樣化的食物。
01:42
I observed as it networked.
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我觀察牠發展其網路，
01:44
It formed a connection between food sources.
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形成食物源之間的連結。
01:47
I watched it leave a trail behind it,
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我看著牠背後留下的痕跡，
01:49
indicating where it had been.
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顯示牠的足跡。
01:51
And I noticed that when it was
fed up with one petri dish,
fed up with one petri dish,
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而且我注意到，
當牠受夠身在一個培養皿中，
當牠受夠身在一個培養皿中，
01:54
it would escape and find a better home.
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牠會逃跑，找一個更美好的家園。
01:57
I captured my observations
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我用縮時攝影
01:59
through time-lapse photography.
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拍攝記錄我的觀察。
02:01
Slime mold grows at about one centimeter an hour,
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粘菌在一個小時左右生長一厘米，
02:03
so it's not really ideal for live viewing
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所以現場觀看不是十分理想，
02:06
unless there's some form of
really extreme meditation,
really extreme meditation,
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除非你有某種非常極端的冥想，
02:09
but through the time lapse,
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透過縮時攝影，
02:11
I could observe some really interesting behaviors.
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我可以觀察到一些很有趣的行為。
02:14
For instance, having fed on a nice pile of oats,
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例如，如果牠剛吃了一堆不錯的燕麥，
02:18
the slime mold goes off to explore new territories
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粘菌會同時以不同方向
02:22
in different directions simultaneously.
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探索新的領域。
02:25
When it meets itself,
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當牠遇到自己，
02:27
it knows it's already there,
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牠知道自己已經存在那裡，
02:29
it recognizes it's there,
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承認自己的存在，
02:31
and instead retreats back
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牠不會撤退回來，
02:33
and grows in other directions.
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而是會向其他方向生長。
02:36
I was quite impressed by this feat,
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我是相當受這一壯舉感動，
02:39
at how what was essentially
just a bag of cellular slime
just a bag of cellular slime
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怎麼本質上只是一袋子細胞粘菌
02:42
could somehow map its territory,
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能以某種方式映射其境，
02:45
know itself, and move with seeming intention.
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了解本身，並有意圖地移動。
02:49
I found countless scientific studies,
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我發現無數的科學研究、
02:53
research papers, journal articles,
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研究論文、期刊文章，
02:55
all citing incredible work with this one organism,
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通通都引用了跟這有機體
相關的不可思議研究，
相關的不可思議研究，
02:59
and I'm going to share a few of those with you.
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我將會與你們分享一些。
03:01
For example, a team in Hokkaido University in Japan
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例如，日本北海道大學的一個團隊
03:04
filled a maze with slime mold.
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在迷宮裡填補了粘菌。
03:06
It joined together and formed a mass cell.
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牠連接在一起，形成一個巨大細胞。
03:08
They introduced food at two points,
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他們在兩個時間點上餵養，
03:10
oats of course,
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當然是燕麥，
03:11
and it formed a connection
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牠形成了
03:13
between the food.
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食物之間的連接。
03:15
It retracted from empty areas and dead ends.
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牠從空區和死角縮回。
03:17
There are four possible routes through this maze,
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通過這個迷宮有四條可行的路徑，
03:20
yet time and time again,
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但一次又一次，
03:22
the slime mold established the shortest
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黏菌搜索了最短
03:24
and the most efficient route.
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和最有效的途徑。
03:27
Quite clever.
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相當聰明。
03:28
The conclusion from their experiment
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從他們的實驗得出的結論是，
03:30
was that the slime mold had
a primitive form of intelligence.
a primitive form of intelligence.
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粘菌有智能的原始形式。
03:33
Another study exposed cold air at
regular intervals to the slime mold.
regular intervals to the slime mold.
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另一項研究是定期給粘菌放冷空氣。
03:36
It didn't like it. It doesn't like it cold.
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牠不喜歡它。牠不喜歡寒冷。
03:39
It doesn't like it dry.
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牠不喜歡乾燥。
03:40
They did this at repeat intervals,
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他們重複間隔這樣做，
03:42
and each time, the slime mold
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每一次粘菌反應地
03:44
slowed down its growth in response.
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放慢增長。
03:47
However, at the next interval,
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然而，在下一段時間裡，
03:49
the researchers didn't put the cold air on,
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研究人員並沒有放冷空氣，
03:52
yet the slime mold slowed down in anticipation
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但粘菌在因為預期會有冷空氣
03:55
of it happening.
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而放緩成長。
03:56
It somehow knew that it was about the time
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牠在某種程度上知道這段時間
03:59
for the cold air that it didn't like.
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會有牠不喜歡的寒冷空氣。
04:01
The conclusion from their experiment
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從他們的實驗得出的結論是，
04:02
was that the slime mold was able to learn.
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粘菌能夠學習。
04:06
A third experiment:
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第三個實驗：
04:07
the slime mold was invited
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粘菌被邀請去
04:09
to explore a territory covered in oats.
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探索覆蓋燕麥的領域。
04:13
It fans out in a branching pattern.
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燕麥是分枝形狀的格局。
04:16
As it goes, each food node it finds,
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從那裡，牠每發現有食物的節點，
04:18
it forms a network, a connection to,
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牠形成了一個網絡，一個連接，
04:21
and keeps foraging.
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並保持覓食。
04:23
After 26 hours, it established
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26 小時後，牠在不同的
04:25
quite a firm network
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燕麥之間建立了
04:27
between the different oats.
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相當堅定的網絡。
04:29
Now there's nothing remarkable in this
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這，沒有什麼了不起的，
04:31
until you learn that the center oat that it started from
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直到你發現，
一開始在中心的燕麥，
一開始在中心的燕麥，
04:33
represents the city of Tokyo,
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代表東京，
04:35
and the surrounding oats are
suburban railway stations.
suburban railway stations.
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和周圍的燕麥是地鐵站。
04:39
The slime mold had replicated
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該粘菌已複製了
04:42
the Tokyo transport network
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東京的交通網絡。
04:44
— (Laughter) —
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（笑聲）
04:46
a complex system developed over time
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這是個複雜的、隨時間推移的系統，
04:49
by community dwellings, civil
engineering, urban planning.
engineering, urban planning.
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由社區住宅、土木工程，
和城市規劃發展出來的。
和城市規劃發展出來的。
04:53
What had taken us well over 100 years
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我們花了超過100年做的，
04:55
took the slime mold just over a day.
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粘菌僅僅用了一天。
04:58
The conclusion from their experiment
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從他們的實驗得出的結論是，
05:00
was that the slime mold can form efficient networks
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粘菌能夠形成有效的網絡
05:02
and solve the traveling salesman problem.
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解決旅行推銷員問題。
05:05
It is a biological computer.
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牠是一種生物計算機。
05:07
As such, it has been mathematically modeled,
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因此，牠已在數學上建立了模式，
05:10
algorithmically analyzed.
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算法進行分析。
05:11
It's been sonified, replicated, simulated.
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牠已經超聲波化、複製、模擬。
05:14
World over, teams of researchers
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世界各地的研究人員
05:17
are decoding its biological principles
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正進行解碼牠的生物學原理，
05:20
to understand its computational rules
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了解其運算規則，
05:22
and applying that learning
to the fields of electronics,
to the fields of electronics,
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並運用學習在電子、
05:24
programming and robotics.
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程式編寫和機器人等領域。
05:27
So the question is,
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問題是，
05:29
how does this thing work?
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牠是如何運作？
05:31
It doesn't have a central nervous system.
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牠沒有中樞神經系統。
05:33
It doesn't have a brain,
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牠沒有大腦，
05:35
yet it can perform behaviors
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但牠可以執行
05:36
that we associate with brain function.
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我們聯想到的腦功能。
05:38
It can learn, it can remember,
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牠可以學習，牠有記憶，
05:40
it can solve problems, it can make decisions.
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牠能夠解決問題，牠可以做決策。
05:43
So where does that intelligence lie?
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那麼，牠的智慧何在？
05:46
So this is a microscopy, a video I shot,
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這是一個顯微鏡，我拍的一段影片，
05:48
and it's about 100 times magnification,
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大約是 100 倍的放大倍率，
05:51
sped up about 20 times,
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加快 20 倍左右，
05:54
and inside the slime mold,
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粘菌裡面，
05:56
there is a rhythmic pulsing flow,
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有一個節奏性的脈動流，
05:59
a vein-like structure carrying
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通過細胞，攜帶著
06:01
cellular material, nutrients and chemical information
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細胞物質、營養物質和化學訊息
06:05
through the cell,
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的脈狀結構，
06:07
streaming first in one direction
and then back in another.
and then back in another.
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首先在一個方向流，
然後再在另一個方向。
然後再在另一個方向。
06:10
And it is this continuous, synchronous oscillation
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就是這種在細胞內連續的、
同步的波動，
06:14
within the cell that allows it to form
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允許牠對其相當複雜的環境有所理解，
06:17
quite a complex understanding of its environment,
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06:20
but without any large-scale control center.
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儘管牠並沒有任何大型的控制中心。
06:23
This is where its intelligence lies.
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這就是牠智能的所在。
06:25
So it's not just academic researchers
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所以，不只是大學的學術研究人員
06:29
in universities that are interested in this organism.
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對這個有機體感興趣。
06:31
A few years ago, I set up SliMoCo,
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幾年前，我成立了 SliMoCo，
06:34
the Slime Mould Collective.
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粘菌合作社。
06:37
It's an online, open, democratic network
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這是一個在網上、開放、
民主的網路，給予粘菌研究人員
06:40
for slime mold researchers and enthusiasts
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和愛好者分享知識和研究的地方，
06:42
to share knowledge and experimentation
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06:45
across disciplinary divides
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跨學科
06:48
and across academic divides.
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和學術領域。
06:51
The Slime Mould Collective
membership is self-selecting.
membership is self-selecting.
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合作社的成員是自我選拔。
06:55
People have found the collective
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人們發現合作社
06:58
as the slime mold finds the oats.
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就如粘菌發現燕麥。
07:01
And it comprises of scientists
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成員包括科學家、
07:03
and computer scientists and researchers
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電腦科學家和研究員，
07:04
but also artists like me,
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亦有像我一樣的藝術家研究員，
07:07
architects, designers, writers, activists, you name it.
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建築師、設計師、作家、
社會活動家，包羅萬象。
社會活動家，包羅萬象。
07:12
It's a very interesting, eclectic membership.
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這一群成員非常有趣，不拘一格。
07:16
Just a few examples:
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僅僅是幾個例子：
07:17
an artist who paints with fluorescent Physarum;
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有一位用熒光絨泡菌油漆的藝術家、
07:20
a collaborative team
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一個結合生物和
07:22
who are combining biological and electronic design
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電子設計
07:26
with 3D printing technologies in a workshop;
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與 3D 列印技術的團隊，
07:29
another artist who is using the slime mold
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還有另一位藝術家使用粘菌，
07:31
as a way of engaging a community
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請社區團員繪製
07:33
to map their area.
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其區域的地圖。
07:36
Here, the slime mold is being used directly
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在這裡，粘菌被直接
07:38
as a biological tool, but metaphorically
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用作生物工具，但比喻為
07:41
as a symbol for ways of talking
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在談論社會凝聚力，
07:43
about social cohesion, communication
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溝通及合作
07:47
and cooperation.
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方式的象徵。
07:49
Other public engagement activities,
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還有其他公眾參與活動，
07:51
I run lots of slime mold workshops,
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我辦了很多粘菌工作室，
07:53
a creative way of engaging with the organism.
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用創造性的方式跟粘菌互動。
07:56
So people are invited to come and learn
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所以人們受邀來了解
07:58
about what amazing things it can do,
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粘菌可以做什麼驚人的事情，
08:00
and they design their own petri dish experiment,
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而且他們可以設計
自己的培養皿實驗環境，
自己的培養皿實驗環境，
08:02
an environment for the slime mold to navigate
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為粘菌進行導航，
08:04
so they can test its properties.
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使他們能夠測試其性能。
08:06
Everybody takes home a new pet
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每個人都像帶一隻新寵物回家，
08:09
and is invited to post their results
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並應邀在合作社上發表他們
08:12
on the Slime Mould Collective.
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對粘菌發現的結果。
08:14
And the collective has enabled me
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合作社使我
08:15
to form collaborations
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能夠與大批
08:18
with a whole array of interesting people.
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有趣的人合作。
08:20
I've been working with filmmakers
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我正在與製片人
08:22
on a feature-length slime mold documentary,
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安排粘菌的長篇紀錄片，
08:25
and I stress feature-length,
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我要強調是長篇，
08:28
which is in the final stages of edit
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正在編輯的最後階段，
08:30
and will be hitting your cinema screens very soon.
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很快就會在你附近的影院放映。
08:33
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
08:34
It's also enabled me to conduct what I think is
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牠也讓我進行我認為是
08:38
the world's first human slime mold experiment.
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世界上第一個人類粘菌實驗。
08:40
This is part of an exhibition in Rotterdam last year.
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這是在鹿特丹去年展覽的一部分。
08:43
We invited people to become
slime mold for half an hour.
slime mold for half an hour.
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我們邀請人們扮演粘菌半小時。
08:48
So we essentially tied people together
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基本上，我們就把人捆綁在一起
08:51
so they were a giant cell,
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形成一個巨細胞，
08:54
and invited them to follow slime mold rules.
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並邀請他們要按照粘菌規則做。
08:57
You have to communicate through oscillations,
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必須要通過振盪來溝通，
09:00
no speaking.
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不能說話，
09:01
You have to operate as one entity, one mass cell,
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要作為一體、巨大細胞來行動，
09:06
no egos,
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沒有自我，
09:08
and the motivation for moving
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移動的動機便是
09:10
and then exploring the environment
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要探索環境
09:12
is in search of food.
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尋找食物。
09:14
So a chaotic shuffle ensued
as this bunch of strangers
as this bunch of strangers
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因此，一堆混亂的人群
隨之而來，
隨之而來，
09:18
tied together with yellow ropes
wearing "Being Slime Mold" t-shirts
wearing "Being Slime Mold" t-shirts
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這群被黃色繩索綁在一起的陌生人
穿寫著「我是粘菌」黃色的 T 恤，
穿寫著「我是粘菌」黃色的 T 恤，
09:22
wandered through the museum park.
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在博物館的公園漫步。
09:25
When they met trees, they had to reshape
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當他們遇到樹木，
還得以巨大細胞的方式
重塑他們的連接和重組，
重塑他們的連接和重組，
09:28
their connections and reform as a mass cell
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09:31
through not speaking.
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且不能說話。
09:35
This is a ludicrous experiment in many, many ways.
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這是一個非常滑稽的實驗。
09:39
This isn't hypothesis-driven.
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這不是為了證實假設。
09:41
We're not trying to prove, demonstrate anything.
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我們不是想證明，表明什麼。
09:43
But what it did provide us was a way
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但它確實為我們提供了
09:45
of engaging a broad section of the public
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一個能讓公眾參與的方法，
09:47
with ideas of intelligence, agency, autonomy,
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充滿聰明想法、媒介、自主性，
09:52
and provide a playful platform
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並俏皮地提供了
09:54
for discussions about
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有關隨後進行
09:58
the things that ensued.
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討論的平台。
10:00
One of the most exciting things
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這實驗中
10:03
about this experiment
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最令人興奮的事情
10:06
was the conversation that happened afterwards.
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是之後的談話。
10:08
An entirely spontaneous symposium
happened in the park.
happened in the park.
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完全自發的座談
會發生在公園裡。
會發生在公園裡。
10:12
People talked about the human psychology,
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人們津津樂道地談人的心理，
10:14
of how difficult it was to let go
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是多麼困難地放棄本身
10:15
of their individual personalities and egos.
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和自我。
10:19
Other people talked about bacterial communication.
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其他人談論細菌的傳播。
10:22
Each person brought in their own
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每個人有
10:24
individual interpretation,
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自己的解釋，
10:27
and our conclusion from this experiment was that
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從這個實驗我們的結論是，
10:28
the people of Rotterdam were highly cooperative,
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鹿特丹的人很合群，
10:32
especially when given beer.
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尤其是喝了啤酒之後。
10:35
We didn't just give them oats.
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我們不只是給他們燕麥。
10:37
We gave them beer as well.
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我們也給他們啤酒。
10:39
But they weren't as efficient as the slime mold,
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但他們不是像粘菌一樣有效。
10:41
and the slime mold, for me,
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粘菌，對我來說，
10:43
is a fascinating subject matter.
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是一個引人入勝的題材。
10:45
It's biologically fascinating,
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牠是迷人的生物，
10:47
it's computationally interesting,
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牠的計算有趣，
10:49
but it's also a symbol,
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但牠也是一個象徵，
10:51
a way of engaging with ideas of community,
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是種集合社區想法、
10:54
collective behavior, cooperation.
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集體行為和合作的一種方式。
10:58
A lot of my work draws on the scientific research,
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我的許多作品中借鑒了科研，
11:00
so this pays homage to the maze experiment
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所以這個是對迷宮實驗的致敬，
11:03
but in a different way.
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只是以不同的方式。
11:05
And the slime mold is also my working material.
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粘菌也是我的工作物質。
11:07
It's a coproducer of photographs, prints, animations,
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牠是照片的、版畫的、動畫的，
11:13
participatory events.
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參與事件的共同製作者。
11:14
Whilst the slime mold doesn't choose
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雖然在粘菌不曾
11:16
to work with me, exactly,
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選擇與我合作，確切地說，
11:18
it is a collaboration of sorts.
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但這也是一種合作的角色。
11:21
I can predict certain behaviors
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我可以預測某些行為，
11:23
by understanding how it operates,
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透過理解牠的運作方式，
11:25
but I can't control it.
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但我無法控制牠。
11:27
The slime mold has the final say
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粘菌在創作過程中
11:28
in the creative process.
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有最後決定權。
11:31
And after all, it has its own internal aesthetics.
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畢竟，牠有自己的美感標準。
11:34
These branching patterns that we see
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我們看到的這些分支模式，
11:36
we see across all forms, scales of nature,
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可以看到各種大自然的形式，
11:38
from river deltas to lightning strikes,
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從河流三角洲至雷擊，
11:41
from our own blood vessels to neural networks.
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從我們自己的血管，至神經網路。
11:45
There's clearly significant rules at play
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在這個簡單而又複雜的有機體，
11:48
in this simple yet complex organism,
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顯然有很明確的規則，
11:50
and no matter what our disciplinary
perspective or our mode of inquiry,
perspective or our mode of inquiry,
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而不管我們的學科角度，
還是我們的查詢方式，
還是我們的查詢方式，
11:54
there's a great deal that we can learn
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我們可以學到很多東西，
11:56
from observing and engaging
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透過觀察
與跟這美麗卻無腦的物質互動。
11:57
with this beautiful, brainless blob.
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12:00
I give you Physarum polycephalum.
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這就是多頭絨泡菌。
12:04
Thank you.
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謝謝。
12:05
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Heather Barnett - ArtistHeather Barnett creates art with slime mold -- a material used in diverse areas of scientific research, including biological computing, robotics and structural design.
Why you should listen
Heather Barnett creates fascinating biodesigns with the semi-intelligent slime mold. While it has no brain nor central nervous system, the single celled organism, Physarum polycephalum, shows a primitive form of memory, problem-solving skills and the apparent ability to make decisions. It is used as a model organism in diverse areas of scientific research, including biological computing, robotics and structural design. “It is also quite beautiful,” says Barnett, “and makes therefore for a great creative collaborator. Although ultimately I cannot control the final outcome, it is a rather independent organism.“
More profile about the speakerHeather Barnett | Speaker | TED.com