TEDGlobal 2014
Dilip Ratha: The hidden force in global economics: sending money home
迪利‧拉塔: 全球經濟看不見的推手：寄錢回家
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Readability: 4.2
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2013 年，國際移工寄了 4130 億美元給家鄉的親戚朋友，這是政府間金融援助總額（約 1350 億美元）的三倍。這些通稱為「僑匯」的錢，大大改善了家鄉親友的生活，也是許多國家經濟活動的要角。經濟學家迪利‧拉塔講述這些「套著濃厚情感的紅包」有怎樣的願景，以及分析是什麼樣的實務和法規限制在扼殺它們的機會。
Dilip Ratha - Remittances expert
Economist Dilip Ratha was the first to analyze the global significance of remittances -- money sent from foreign workers to their families back home. Full bio
Economist Dilip Ratha was the first to analyze the global significance of remittances -- money sent from foreign workers to their families back home. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
我住在華盛頓特區。
00:12
I live in Washington, D.C.,
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00:17
but I grew up in Sindhekela, a village in Orissa,
in India.
in India.
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但我在「辛西克拉」長大，
這是印度奧里薩邦的一個村莊。
00:24
My father was a government worker.
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我爸是公務員。
我媽不識字，
00:28
My mother could not read or write, but she
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但她告訴我：
00:32
would say to me, "A king is
worshipped only in his
worshipped only in his
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「一個國王只受他的子民景仰，
00:38
own kingdom. A poet is respected everywhere."
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但一名詩人會受眾人愛戴。」
00:44
So I wanted to be a poet when I grew up.
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所以我長大就想當詩人。
00:47
But I almost didn't go to college
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但我本來上不了大學，
直到一個阿姨資助我的學費。
00:52
until an aunt offered financial help.
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00:56
I went to study in Sambalpur,
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我在「桑巴坡」唸書，
00:58
the largest town in the region,
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那是邦裡的最大城。
那時，已經要上大學的我，
01:02
where, already in college, I saw a
television for the first time.
television for the first time.
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生平第一次看電視。
我當時還想去美國進修。
01:09
I had dreams of going to the United States
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01:12
for higher studies.
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01:14
When the opportunity came,
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所以機會一來，
我就決定跨越兩大洋。
01:16
I crossed two oceans, with borrowed money
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借錢買了機票，
01:19
for airfare and only a $20 bill in my pocket.
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口袋只剩一張 20 美元。
01:25
In the U.S., I worked in a research center,
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到了美國，
我在研究中心打工，
01:30
part-time, while taking graduate classes in economics.
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同時攻讀經濟研究所。
01:34
And with the little I earned, I would
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雖然賺得不多，
但扣掉自己的開銷，
01:40
finance myself and then I would send
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我還寄錢回家給爸爸、弟弟。
01:42
money home to my brother and my father.
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01:46
My story is not unique.
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我不是特例。
每年有幾百萬的移工
01:50
There are millions of people who migrate each year.
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01:54
With the help of the family, they cross oceans,
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靠著家人幫忙，
橫渡海洋、穿越沙漠、
01:58
they cross deserts, they cross
rivers, they cross mountains.
rivers, they cross mountains.
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渡過溪流、翻過高山。
02:05
They risk their lives to realize a dream,
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他們用生命實現夢想，
02:09
and that dream is as simple as having a
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一個單純卑微的夢：
找份正當的工作，
02:12
decent job somewhere so they can send money home
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然後寄錢回家、幫忙分擔，
02:15
and help the family,
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02:17
which has helped them before.
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報答家人之前的幫忙。
全球有 2 億 3200 萬的移民。
02:21
There are 232 million international
migrants in the world.
migrants in the world.
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他們住在出生地之外的陌生國度。
02:27
These are people who live in a country
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02:28
other than their country of birth.
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02:31
If there was a country made up of
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如果把所有移民
02:32
only international migrants,
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聚在一起變成一個國家，
02:34
that would be larger, in population,
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它的人口會比巴西還多。
02:36
than Brazil.
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02:37
That would be larger, in its size
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就經濟規模來說，
02:39
of the economy, than France.
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比法國還大。
02:43
Some 180 million of them, from poor countries,
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其中 1 億 8000 萬的弱勢國移民
02:47
send money home regularly.
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會固定寄錢回家鄉。
02:50
Those sums of money are called remittances.
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我們統稱這些錢為「僑匯」。
02:55
Here is a fact that might surprise you:
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告訴你驚人的事實：
02:59
413 billion dollars, 413 billion dollars
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4130 億美元
03:04
was the amount of remittances sent last year
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是去年發展中國家移民
03:07
by migrants to developing countries.
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寄回家的僑匯金額。
03:10
Migrants from developing countries,
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發展中國家的移工
03:11
money sent to developing countries —
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把錢寄回發展中國家，
03:13
413 billion dollars.
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這金額高達 4130 億美元。
03:16
That's a remarkable number because
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會說「高達」是因為，
03:18
that is three times the size of
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這是已開發國家給予的
03:19
the total of development aid money.
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發展援助的三倍。
03:23
And yet, you and I,
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但是你和我，
03:27
my colleagues in Washington,
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還有我在華盛頓的同事，
03:28
we endlessly debate and
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以往不斷地辯證、
03:30
discuss about development aid,
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討論發展援助，
03:33
while we ignore remittances as small change.
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卻忽略僑匯帶來的改變。
03:37
True, people send 200 dollars per month,
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沒錯，每人平均每個月只寄 200 美元，
03:40
on average. But, repeated month after month,
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但幾百萬人、月復一月地寄，
03:44
by millions of people,
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03:46
these sums of money add up to rivers
of foreign currency.
of foreign currency.
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累積成一筆可觀的外匯。
03:50
So India, last year, received 72
billion dollars, larger than
billion dollars, larger than
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像印度去年，
就收到 720 億美元僑匯，
比其 IT 產業的出口還要多。
03:55
its IT exports.
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03:58
In Egypt remittances are three times
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在埃及，僑匯相當於
04:01
the size of revenues from the Suez Canal.
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蘇伊士運河的 3 倍收入。
在塔吉克，僑匯佔 GDP 的 42%。
04:04
In Tajikistan, remittances are 42 percent of GDP.
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04:08
And in poorer countries, smaller
countries, fragile countries,
countries, fragile countries,
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在更窮的、更小、更脆弱、
04:11
conflict-afflicted countries, remittances are a lifeline,
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受戰亂摧殘的國家，僑匯是命脈，
04:16
as in Somalia or in Haiti.
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像是索馬利亞或海地。
04:20
No wonder these flows have huge
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怪不得這股錢潮
對經濟和窮人有這麼大的影響。
04:22
impacts on economies and on poor people.
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04:26
Remittances, unlike private investment money,
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僑匯和私人投資不一樣，
04:30
they don't flow back at the first
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它不會因為國家發生問題
04:33
sign of trouble in the country.
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就停止流入；
04:35
They actually act like an insurance.
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反而比較像保險。
04:38
When the family is in trouble,
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如果家裡有困難，
04:40
facing hardship, facing hard times,
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碰到瓶頸、遇到難關，
04:43
remittances increase, they act like an insurance.
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僑匯還會增加，像保險一樣；
04:45
Migrants send more money then.
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移民寄更多錢回家。
04:48
Unlike development aid money,
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跟發展援助不一樣，
04:49
that must go through official agencies,
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它不必透過公家單位、政府。
04:52
through governments, remittances
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僑匯直接送到窮人手中、
04:55
directly reach the poor,
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04:56
reach the family,
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送到家戶手中，
04:58
and often with business advice.
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通常移工還教家人怎麼運用。
05:00
So in Nepal, the share of poor
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在尼泊爾，
1995 年窮人佔 42%，
05:04
people was 42 percent in 1995,
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05:06
the share of poor people in the population.
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是窮人在總人口的比例。
05:09
By 2005, a decade later, at a
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10 年後的 2005 年，
當政治、經濟危機四起，
05:12
time of political crisis, economic crisis,
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05:15
the share of poor people went down to 31 percent.
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窮人比例降到 31%。
貧窮比例下降，很大一部份，
05:19
That decline in poverty, most of it,
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05:23
about half of it, is believed to be
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至少一半以上歸功於
05:25
because of remittances from India,
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來自印度或其他地方的僑匯。
05:27
another poor country.
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在薩爾瓦多，
05:29
In El Salvador, the school dropout
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收到僑匯的家庭，
05:34
rate among children is lower
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學童輟學率比較低。
05:37
in families that receive remittances.
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05:39
In Mexico and Sri Lanka,
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在墨西哥和斯里蘭卡，
05:41
the birth weight of children is higher
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收到僑匯的家庭，
嬰兒出生體重比較高。
05:45
among families that receive remittances.
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05:50
Remittances are dollars wrapped with care.
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僑匯飽含著關懷。
05:54
Migrants send money home for food,
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移工想讓家人買食物、
05:57
for buying necessities, for building houses,
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買生活必需品、蓋房子，
05:59
for funding education, for funding
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讓小孩子受教育、
讓老人家看醫生、
06:01
healthcare for the elderly, for business
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投資家人朋友做生意。
06:04
investments for friends and family.
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06:06
Migrants send even more money home
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移工會為特殊情況寄更多錢回家，
06:09
for special occasions like a surgery
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例如手術或婚禮。
06:12
or a wedding. And migrants also send
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移工還會在更多時候，
06:15
money, perhaps far too many times,
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為突如其來的葬禮寄錢回家，
06:18
for unexpected funerals that
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彌補他們缺席的遺憾。
06:21
they cannot attend.
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06:25
Much as these flows do all that good,
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僑匯能帶來以上的效益，
06:27
there are barriers to these
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但僑匯還是會受到限制，
06:29
flows of remittances, these
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限制這 4000 億美元的流動。
06:30
400 billion dollars of remittances.
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06:33
Foremost among them is
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其中最主要的，
06:35
the exorbitant cost of sending money home.
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是昂貴的寄送費用。
轉匯公司訂出高價
06:39
Money transfer companies structure
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06:41
their fees to milk the poor.
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去壓榨窮人。
他們會說：「交易低於 500 美元，
06:45
They will say, "Up to 500 dollars
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06:48
if you want to send, we will charge you
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如果要寄的話，固定收 30 美元。」
06:50
30 dollars fixed."
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如果你就是窮，只有 200 美元要寄，
06:52
If you are poor and if you have
only 200 dollars to send,
only 200 dollars to send,
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06:55
you have to pay that $30 fee.
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你就要付 30 塊的手續費。
06:58
The global average cost of sending
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全球平均的轉匯費用是 8%。
07:00
money is eight percent.
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07:03
That means you send 100 dollars,
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也就是如果你寄 100 塊，
07:04
the family on the other side receives only
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遠鄉的家人只會收到 92 塊。
07:06
92 dollars.
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07:08
To send money to Africa,
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如果是寄到非洲，
07:10
the cost is even higher:
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收費更高，12%。
07:11
12 percent.
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07:12
To send money within Africa,
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非洲國家間互寄
07:14
the cost is even higher:
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收費還要再高，
07:16
over 20 percent.
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達 20% 以上。
07:17
For example, sending money from Benin
to Nigeria.
to Nigeria.
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比如說從貝南寄到奈及利亞。
07:21
And then there is the case of Venezuela, where,
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如果是委內瑞拉，
因為外幣交易管制，
07:25
because of exchange controls,
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07:27
you send 100 dollars and you
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寄 100 塊然後夠幸運的話，
07:29
are lucky if the family on the other side
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你的家人可能還能收到 10 塊。
07:31
receives even 10 dollars.
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07:34
Of course, nobody sends money to Venezuela
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理所當然，沒人用官方管道
07:37
through the official channel.
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寄錢到委內瑞拉。
07:39
It all goes in suitcases.
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都是偷偷裝皮箱運進去。
07:41
Whereever costs are high,
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只要官方收費高，
07:43
money goes underground.
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大家就走後門。
07:45
And what is worse,
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更糟的是，
07:47
many developing countries actually
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很多開發中國家其實
07:50
have a blanket ban on sending money
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明文禁止私自匯錢到國外。
07:52
out of the country.
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07:54
Many rich nations also have a
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很多富裕國家也明文禁止
07:56
blanket ban on sending money
to specific countries.
to specific countries.
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把錢匯到特定國家。
08:01
So, is it that there are no options,
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所以真的別無選擇嗎？
08:03
no better options, cheaper options, to send money?
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沒有更好、更便宜的方式轉匯？
08:06
There are.
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有。
08:07
M-Pesa in Kenya enables people to send money
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肯亞的 M-Pesa 公司讓大家
無論匯出或匯入，
08:10
and receive money at a fixed cost of only
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每筆交易固定收 60 分。
08:13
60 cents per transaction.
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08:16
U.S. Fed started a program with Mexico
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美國聯準會和墨西哥合作，
08:19
to enable money service businesses
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讓貨幣服務企業
08:21
to send money to Mexico
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轉匯到墨西哥可以用
08:22
for a fixed cost of only 67 cents per transaction.
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每筆交易固定收 67 分的費用。
08:27
And yet, these faster, cheaper, better options
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然而，這些更快、更便宜、更好的方式，
08:30
can't be applied internationally
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還是沒辦法普及到全球。
因為難免有洗錢的嫌疑。
08:33
because of the fear of money laundering,
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08:36
even though there is little data
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儘管沒什麼資料可以證明，
08:39
to support any connection, any significant
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任何關聯、顯著的關聯，
08:42
connection between money laundering
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說明洗錢和這些小額僑匯有關。
08:43
and these small remittance transactions.
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08:49
Many international banks now
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現在很多跨國銀行
08:50
are wary of hosting bank accounts
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留意到貨幣服務戶頭這塊業務，
08:53
of money service businesses, especially
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特別是在索馬利亞。
08:56
those serving Somalia.
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08:59
Somalia, a country where the
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索馬利亞的人均收入
09:02
per capita income is only 250 dollars per year.
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是每年 250 美元。
一年才 250 美元喔！
每個月匯入的平均僑匯
09:09
Monthly remittances, on average, to Somalia
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09:11
is larger than that amount.
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遠遠超過那個數字。
09:14
Remittances are the lifeblood of Somalia.
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僑匯是索馬利亞的命脈。
09:16
And yet, this is an example of
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但這就是一個例子：
09:20
the right hand giving a lot of aid,
182
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1871
人前說要幫助他們，
09:22
while the left hand is cutting the lifeblood
183
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4018
人後卻用管制的大刀，
09:26
to that economy, through regulations.
184
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5601
切斷經濟活動的動脈。
09:32
Then there is the case of poor people
from villages, like me.
from villages, like me.
185
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4908
或是像我這種鄉下來的窮人，
09:36
In the villages, the only place where you can
186
564972
2016
在小村子，
能領到錢的地方只有郵局。
09:38
get money is through the post office.
187
566988
2732
世界上大多數政府，
09:41
Most of the governments in the world
188
569720
1993
09:43
have allowed their post offices to have
189
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3016
都會允許郵局
09:46
exclusive partnerships with money transfer companies.
190
574729
3236
和轉匯公司有專屬合作關係。
09:49
So, if I have to send money to my
191
577965
2822
所以若我想寄錢給鄉下的爸爸，
09:52
father in the village, I must send money
192
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2683
我只能去找那間轉匯公司，
09:55
through that particular money transfer company,
193
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2303
09:57
even if the cost is high.
194
585773
1240
就算它收費很高。
09:59
I cannot go to a cheaper option.
195
587013
4312
我沒得選。
10:03
This has to go.
196
591325
2009
這必須要改變。
10:05
So, what can international organizations and
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593334
2251
所以國際組織和
10:07
social entrepreneurs do to reduce the cost
198
595585
2017
社會企業要怎麼做，
10:09
of sending money home?
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597602
1629
才能改善這個現象呢？
10:11
First, relax regulations on small remittances
under 1,000 dollars.
under 1,000 dollars.
200
599231
6308
首先，
放鬆千元以下的小額僑匯管制。
10:17
Governments should recognize that
201
605539
2422
政府應該要認知到
10:19
small remittances are not money laundering.
202
607961
4247
小額僑匯不是洗錢。
10:24
Second, governments should abolish exclusive partnerships
203
612208
4439
其次，
政府應該要取消
郵局和特定業者的壟斷合作。
10:28
between their post office and the money
transfer company.
transfer company.
204
616647
2994
10:31
For that matter, between the post office
205
619641
1589
如此一來，
郵局和其他大銀行的合作網路
10:33
and any national banking system that
206
621230
2027
10:35
has a large network that serves the poor.
207
623257
3080
才更能服務貧窮人口。
10:38
In fact, they should promote competition,
208
626337
3284
事實上，應該增加競爭，
10:41
open up the partnership so that
209
629621
3029
創造更多合作可能，
10:44
we will bring down costs like we did,
210
632650
3149
才能讓成本下降，
10:47
like they did, in the telecommunications industry.
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635799
3476
就像現在的電信業服務。
10:51
You have seen what has happened there.
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2997
大家都親身體驗到了。
10:54
Third, large nonprofit philanthropic organizations
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4803
第三點，大型非營利慈善機構
10:59
should create a remittance platform
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2210
應該在非營利的基礎上，
11:01
on a nonprofit basis.
215
649285
1583
設立僑匯平台。
11:02
They should create a nonprofit
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650868
1072
創立非營利的僑匯平台，
11:03
remittance platform to serve the money transfer
217
651940
2200
幫忙轉匯公司。
11:06
companies so that they can send money at a low cost,
218
654140
3729
才能以較低的費用提供服務，
11:09
while complying with all the complex
219
657869
2151
同時也符合各國間複雜的規定。
11:12
regulations all over the world.
220
660020
4712
11:16
The development community should
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664732
1402
已開發國家也應該
11:18
set a goal of reducing remittance costs
222
666134
2277
設立減少轉匯費用的目標：
11:20
to one percent from the current eight percent.
223
668411
3253
從現在的 8% 到 1%。
11:23
If we reduce costs to one percent,
224
671664
2260
如果能降到 1%，
11:25
that would release a saving of
30 billion dollars per year.
30 billion dollars per year.
225
673924
4269
每年就能多出 300 億美元。
11:30
Thirty billion dollars, that's
larger than the entire
larger than the entire
226
678193
4401
300 億美元比他們每年
11:34
bilateral aid budget going to Africa per year.
227
682594
3149
給非洲的雙邊援助還要多。
11:37
That is larger than, or almost similar to,
228
685743
3016
至少相等甚至超過
11:40
the total aid budget of the United States government,
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688759
3169
全球最大的金援國，
11:43
the largest donor on the planet.
230
691928
2856
美國政府的援助預算。
11:46
Actually, the savings would be larger
231
694784
1625
事實上不只多 300 億，
11:48
than that 30 billion because remittance channels
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696409
2123
因為僑匯的管道
11:50
are also used for aid, trade and investment purposes.
233
698532
5407
也會用做援助、貿易和投資用途。
11:55
Another major impediment to the
234
703939
2471
另一個影響
僑匯送達家戶的主要障礙，
11:58
flow of remittances reaching the family
235
706410
2254
12:00
is the large and exorbitant
236
708664
2565
是為數眾多、高昂、非法的
12:03
and illegal cost of recruitment,
237
711229
2978
仲介代辦費，
12:06
fees that migrants pay, migrant workers
238
714207
2938
移工會付錢給仲介，
12:09
pay to laborers who found them the job.
239
717145
3264
讓他們幫忙介紹工作。
12:12
I was in Dubai a few years ago.
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720409
3606
我幾年前在杜拜，
12:16
I visited a camp for workers.
241
724015
2275
探視一個移工營。
12:18
It was 8 in the evening, dark, hot, humid.
242
726290
5313
晚上 8 點，裡面又暗又熱又濕。
12:23
Workers were coming back from
243
731603
1812
工人們才剛卸下
12:25
their grueling day of work,
244
733415
2471
一整天工作的勞頓。
12:27
and I struck a conversation
245
735886
1784
我和一個孟加拉來的
12:29
with a Bangladeshi construction worker.
246
737670
2860
建築工人聊天。
12:32
He was preoccupied that he is sending
247
740530
2909
他來工作就打算要寄錢回家。
12:35
money home, he has been
248
743439
1517
他已經一連寄好幾個月了，
12:36
sending money home for a few months now,
249
744956
2910
12:39
and the money is mostly going
250
747866
1503
然後大部分的錢
12:41
to the recruitment agent, to the labor agent
251
749369
2652
都付給帶他來杜拜和
12:44
who found him that job.
252
752021
1643
幫他找工作的仲介。
12:45
And in my mind, I could picture
253
753664
3744
我腦海中可以想像，
12:49
the wife waiting for
254
757408
1181
他每個月等著錢的妻子。
12:50
the monthly remittance.
255
758589
1726
12:52
The remittance arrives.
256
760315
1765
當錢寄到家，
12:54
She takes the money and hands
257
762080
1729
她拿著領到的錢交給仲介，
12:55
it over to the recruitment agent,
258
763809
3570
12:59
while the children are looking on.
259
767379
2996
然後孩子在旁邊目睹一切。
13:02
This has to stop.
260
770375
3330
這必須停止。
13:05
It is not only construction
workers from Bangladesh,
workers from Bangladesh,
261
773705
4816
不只是孟加拉來的建築工人，
13:10
it is all the workers. There are millions of migrant
262
778521
1706
是對所有工人。
有數百萬的移工正面臨這種處境。
13:12
workers who suffer from this problem.
263
780227
2951
13:15
A construction worker from Bangladesh,
264
783178
1677
孟加拉來的建築工人，
13:16
on an average, pays about 4,000
dollars in recruitment fees
dollars in recruitment fees
265
784855
3795
每人平均要付 4000 美元仲介費，
13:20
for a job that gives him only 2,000
dollars per year in income.
dollars per year in income.
266
788650
5379
但他一年只賺 2000 美元。
13:26
That means that for the two years or three years
267
794029
2730
意思就是生命中有兩三年，
13:28
of his life, he is basically sending money
268
796759
3493
基本上就是寄錢回家，
13:32
to pay for the recruitment fees.
269
800252
1284
直接付給仲介。
13:33
The family doesn't get to see any of it.
270
801536
3513
家人連錢的影子都看不到。
13:37
It is not only Dubai, it is the dark
271
805049
3771
不只在杜拜，這是全球各大都市
13:40
underbelly of every major city in the world.
272
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2574
不能明說的苦。
13:43
It is not only Bangladeshi construction workers,
273
811394
2498
不專屬孟加拉建築工人，
13:45
it is workers from all over the world.
274
813892
2155
是全球移工共同的難題。
13:48
It is not only men.
275
816047
1938
也不只是男人。
13:49
Women are especially vulnerable to
276
817985
1885
女性更容易受仲介歪風迫害。
13:51
recruitment malpractices.
277
819870
3538
13:55
One of the most exciting and newest
278
823408
4594
僑匯領域一個最鼓舞人心、
最新的發展，
14:00
thing happening in the area of remittances
279
828002
2418
14:02
is how to mobilize, through innovation,
280
830420
3041
是如何用創新科技，
14:05
diaspora saving and diaspora giving.
281
833461
3191
動員僑民儲蓄和捐贈。
14:08
Migrants send money home,
282
836652
1883
移工要寄錢回家，
14:10
but they also save a large amount of
283
838535
1633
但他們也會在
14:12
money where they live.
284
840168
2445
自己工作的地點儲蓄。
14:14
Annually, migrant savings are estimated
285
842613
2635
每年移工的儲蓄，
14:17
to be 500 billion dollars.
286
845248
4101
估計有 5000 億美元。
14:21
Most of that money is parked in
287
849349
2228
但大多都存在
14:23
bank deposits that give you zero percent interest rate.
288
851577
3725
幾乎零利率的戶頭。
14:27
If a country were to come
and offer a three percent
and offer a three percent
289
855302
3092
如果有個國家決定
提供 3% 到 4% 的利率，
14:30
or four percent interest rate, and then say
290
858394
2511
然後把錢用在投資他們母國
14:32
that the money would be used for building schools,
291
860905
2804
蓋學校、鋪路、建機場、修鐵路，
14:35
roads, airports, train systems
292
863709
3135
14:38
in the country of origin, a lot
293
866844
1812
很多移工一定會
14:40
of migrants would be interested in
294
868656
1937
樂於貢獻自己的一分力，
14:42
parting with their money because
295
870593
2390
因為他們貢獻的
14:44
it's not only financial gains that
296
872983
1795
14:46
give them an opportunity
297
874778
1289
不只是錢，
14:48
to stay engaged with their country's development.
298
876067
5472
還幫助了家鄉的發展。
14:53
Remittance channels can be used
299
881539
1941
僑匯的管道還可以
14:55
to sell these bonds to migrants
300
883480
4571
販售債券給移工。
15:00
because when they come
301
888051
1351
因為他們每個月
15:01
on a monthly basis to send remittances,
302
889402
1583
都會來匯錢，
15:02
that's when you can actually sell
it to them.
it to them.
303
890985
2581
所以剛好可以推銷給他們。
15:05
You can also do the same
304
893566
973
同時也可以宣傳僑民捐獻。
15:06
for mobilizing diaspora giving.
305
894539
2781
15:09
I would love to invest in a
306
897320
2838
我很想投資印度的
15:12
bullet train system in India
307
900158
2380
子彈列車系統，
15:14
and I would love to contribute to efforts
308
902538
2902
我也很想在故鄉的
15:17
to fight malaria in my village.
309
905440
3916
瘧疾防治上盡一份心力。
15:21
Remittances are a great way of
310
909356
3989
僑匯是一個好方法，
15:25
sharing prosperity between places
311
913345
3771
讓兩地之間共享繁榮；
15:29
in a targeted way that benefits
312
917116
2296
藉由針對性的協助
15:31
those who need them most.
313
919412
2936
幫助最需要的人。
15:34
Remittances empower people.
314
922348
3158
僑匯給人力量。
15:37
We must do all we can to make remittances
315
925506
3108
我們要盡力讓僑匯和仲介，
15:40
and recruitment
316
928614
985
15:41
safer and cheaper.
317
929599
2152
更安全、成本更低。
15:43
And it can be done.
318
931751
3111
我相信這可行。
15:46
As for myself, I have been
319
934862
2100
拿我來說，
我離開印度有 20 年了。
15:48
away from India for two decades now.
320
936962
4020
15:52
My wife is a Venezuelan.
321
940982
2033
我妻子是委內瑞拉人。
15:55
My children are Americans.
322
943015
3898
我的孩子是美國人。
15:58
Increasingly, I feel like a global citizen.
323
946913
3947
我逐漸覺得我就是全球公民。
16:02
And yet, I am growing nostalgic
324
950860
2330
但是我對家鄉的思念
16:05
about my country of birth.
325
953190
2952
更加濃烈。
16:08
I want to be in India and in the U.S. at the same time.
326
956142
5196
我好想同時在印度又在美國。
16:13
My parents are not there anymore.
327
961338
2223
我父母已經不在了。
16:15
My brothers and sisters have moved on.
328
963561
3502
我的手足也都過得不錯。
16:19
There is no real urgency for me to send money home.
329
967063
2534
我沒有迫切需要寄錢回家。
16:21
And yet, from time to time,
330
969597
2622
然而我三不五時，
16:24
I send money home to friends,
331
972219
2851
還是會寄一點給朋友、
16:27
to relatives, to the village,
332
975070
2841
給親戚、給我的村莊。
16:29
to be there, to stay engaged —
333
977911
2236
就像我還是那裡的一份子，
16:32
that's part of my identity.
334
980147
2048
這是我認同的一部分。
16:34
And, I'm still striving to be a poet
335
982195
3240
當然我還是想當詩人，
16:37
for the hardworking migrants
336
985435
2368
寫下那些辛苦的移工，
16:39
and their struggle to break free
337
987803
1537
想擺脫代代貧困的掙扎。
16:41
of the cycle of poverty.
338
989340
1288
16:42
Thank you.
339
990628
1774
謝謝。
（掌聲）
16:44
(Applause)
340
992402
6444
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dilip Ratha - Remittances expertEconomist Dilip Ratha was the first to analyze the global significance of remittances -- money sent from foreign workers to their families back home.
Why you should listen
At over US$400 billion per year, and growing, remittances -- money sent home by migrants -- are three times bigger than the total of international aid budgets, and represent some of the largest financial inflows to poor countries. Economist Dilip Ratha was the first to point out the global and national significance of remittances and their social and economic impact.
He is the manager of the Migration and Remittances team at the World Bank and the head of the Global knowledge partnership on migration and development (KNOMAD). He also co-coordinates the G8/G20 Global Remittances Working Group, and is involved in a number of other organizations focusing on remittances. Besides migration, he has done pioneering work on innovative financing including diaspora bonds and South-South foreign direct investment.
Dilip Ratha | Speaker | TED.com