TEDGlobal 2014
Dilip Ratha: The hidden force in global economics: sending money home
Dilip Ratha: Skrivena sila globalne ekonomije: slanje novca kući
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Readability: 4.2
1,411,836 views
2013., međunarodni migranti poslali su 413 milijardi dolara obitelji i prijateljima — tri puta više novca od globalne inozemne pomoći (oko 135 milijardi).
Ovo vraćanje novca značajno utječe na živote onih koji ga primaju i igra veliku ulogu u ekonomiji mnogih država. Ekonomist Dilip Ratha opisuje obećanja tih "dolara zamotanih s ljubavlju" i analizira kako su ograničeni praktičnim i regulacijskim preprekama.
Dilip Ratha - Remittances expert
Economist Dilip Ratha was the first to analyze the global significance of remittances -- money sent from foreign workers to their families back home. Full bio
Economist Dilip Ratha was the first to analyze the global significance of remittances -- money sent from foreign workers to their families back home. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I live in Washington, D.C.,
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Živim u Washingtonu,
00:17
but I grew up in Sindhekela, a village in Orissa,
in India.
in India.
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ali odrastao sam u Sindhekeli,
selu u Orissi, u Indiji.
selu u Orissi, u Indiji.
00:24
My father was a government worker.
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Moj otac bio je državni zaposlenik.
00:28
My mother could not read or write, but she
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Moja majka
nije znala čitati ni pisati, ali ona
nije znala čitati ni pisati, ali ona
00:32
would say to me, "A king is
worshipped only in his
worshipped only in his
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bi mi govorila: "Kralja štuju samo u
00:38
own kingdom. A poet is respected everywhere."
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njegovom kraljevstvu.
Pjesnika poštuju svugdje."
Pjesnika poštuju svugdje."
00:44
So I wanted to be a poet when I grew up.
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Tako da sam htio
biti pjesnik kad odrastem.
biti pjesnik kad odrastem.
00:47
But I almost didn't go to college
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Ali skoro nisam išao na fakultet
00:52
until an aunt offered financial help.
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dok mi teta nije ponudila
financijsku pomoć.
financijsku pomoć.
00:56
I went to study in Sambalpur,
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Otišao sam studirati u Sambalpur,
00:58
the largest town in the region,
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najveći grad u regiji,
01:02
where, already in college, I saw a
television for the first time.
television for the first time.
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gdje, već na fakultetu,
vidio sam televiziju po prvi put.
vidio sam televiziju po prvi put.
01:09
I had dreams of going to the United States
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Imao sam snove
o odlasku u Sjedinjene Države
o odlasku u Sjedinjene Države
01:12
for higher studies.
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za više studije.
01:14
When the opportunity came,
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Kada se pružila prilika,
01:16
I crossed two oceans, with borrowed money
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prešao sam dva oceana, s posuđenim novcem
01:19
for airfare and only a $20 bill in my pocket.
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za let i samo 20 dolara u džepu.
01:25
In the U.S., I worked in a research center,
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U Americi, radio sam
u istraživačkom centru,
u istraživačkom centru,
01:30
part-time, while taking graduate classes in economics.
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nepuno radno vrijeme,
dok sam magistrirao ekonomiju.
dok sam magistrirao ekonomiju.
01:34
And with the little I earned, I would
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I sa to malo što sam zaradio,
01:40
finance myself and then I would send
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financiorao sam sebe i onda bih slao
01:42
money home to my brother and my father.
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novac kući mom bratu i ocu.
01:46
My story is not unique.
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Moja priča nije jedinstvena.
01:50
There are millions of people who migrate each year.
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Postoje milijuni ljudi
koji se sele svake godine.
koji se sele svake godine.
01:54
With the help of the family, they cross oceans,
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Uz pomoć obitelji, prelaze oceane,
01:58
they cross deserts, they cross
rivers, they cross mountains.
rivers, they cross mountains.
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prelaze pustinje,
prelaze rijeke, prelaze planine.
prelaze rijeke, prelaze planine.
02:05
They risk their lives to realize a dream,
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Riskiraju živote kako bi ostvarili san,
02:09
and that dream is as simple as having a
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i taj san je jednostavan kao imati
02:12
decent job somewhere so they can send money home
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pristojan posao negdje
tako da mogu slati novac doma,
tako da mogu slati novac doma,
02:15
and help the family,
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i pomoći obitelji,
02:17
which has helped them before.
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koja im je pomogla prije.
02:21
There are 232 million international
migrants in the world.
migrants in the world.
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Postoji 232 milijuna
međunarodnih migranata u svijetu.
međunarodnih migranata u svijetu.
02:27
These are people who live in a country
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Ovo su ljudi koji žive u zemlji
02:28
other than their country of birth.
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koja nije njihova zemlja porijekla.
02:31
If there was a country made up of
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Da postoji zemlja napravljena
02:32
only international migrants,
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od međunarodnih migranata,
02:34
that would be larger, in population,
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bila bi veća, u populaciji,
02:36
than Brazil.
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od Brazila.
02:37
That would be larger, in its size
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To bi bilo veće, po veličini
02:39
of the economy, than France.
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ekonomije, od Francuske.
02:43
Some 180 million of them, from poor countries,
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Nekih 180 milijuna njih,
iz siromašnih zemalja,
iz siromašnih zemalja,
02:47
send money home regularly.
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šalje novac redovno kući.
02:50
Those sums of money are called remittances.
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Te svote novca zovu se novčane pošiljke.
02:55
Here is a fact that might surprise you:
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Evo činjenica koja će vas iznenaditi:
02:59
413 billion dollars, 413 billion dollars
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413 milijardi dolara, 413 milijardi dolara
03:04
was the amount of remittances sent last year
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je iznos novčanih pošiljki
poslanih prošle godine
poslanih prošle godine
03:07
by migrants to developing countries.
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od strane migranata u zemlje u razvoju.
03:10
Migrants from developing countries,
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Migranti iz zemalja u razvoju,
03:11
money sent to developing countries —
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novac poslan u zemlje u razvoju —
03:13
413 billion dollars.
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413 milijardi dolara.
03:16
That's a remarkable number because
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To je značajan broj jer
03:18
that is three times the size of
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je tri puta veći od
03:19
the total of development aid money.
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iznosa novca za pomoć u razvoju.
03:23
And yet, you and I,
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A ipak, vi i ja,
03:27
my colleagues in Washington,
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moji kolege u Washingtonu,
03:28
we endlessly debate and
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beskrajno raspravljamo
03:30
discuss about development aid,
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i pričamo o novcu za pomoć u razvoju.,
03:33
while we ignore remittances as small change.
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dok ignoriramo novčane pošiljke kao sitniš.
03:37
True, people send 200 dollars per month,
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Istina, ljudi šalju 200 dolara mjesečno,
03:40
on average. But, repeated month after month,
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u prosjeku. Ali, kada se
to ponavlja iz mjeseca u mjesec,
to ponavlja iz mjeseca u mjesec,
03:44
by millions of people,
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od strane milijuna ljudi,
03:46
these sums of money add up to rivers
of foreign currency.
of foreign currency.
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iznosi novca zbrojeno
daju rijeke strane valute.
daju rijeke strane valute.
03:50
So India, last year, received 72
billion dollars, larger than
billion dollars, larger than
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Tako da je Indija prošle godine
primila 72 milijarde dolara, više
primila 72 milijarde dolara, više
03:55
its IT exports.
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nego njen izvoz IT-a.
03:58
In Egypt remittances are three times
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U Egiptu su novčane pošiljke tri put veće
04:01
the size of revenues from the Suez Canal.
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od prihoda Sueskog kanala.
04:04
In Tajikistan, remittances are 42 percent of GDP.
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U Tađikistanu, novčane pošiljke
su 42 posto BDP-a.
su 42 posto BDP-a.
04:08
And in poorer countries, smaller
countries, fragile countries,
countries, fragile countries,
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U siromašnijim zemljama,
manjim zemljama, krhkim zemljama,
manjim zemljama, krhkim zemljama,
04:11
conflict-afflicted countries, remittances are a lifeline,
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zemljama koje razdiru sukobi,
novčane pošiljke su spas,
novčane pošiljke su spas,
04:16
as in Somalia or in Haiti.
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kao u Somaliji ili na Haitiju.
04:20
No wonder these flows have huge
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Nije čudo da ovaj tijek ima ogromne
04:22
impacts on economies and on poor people.
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utjecaje na ekonomiju i siromašne.
04:26
Remittances, unlike private investment money,
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Novčane pošiljke, za razliku
od privatnog investicijskog novca,
od privatnog investicijskog novca,
04:30
they don't flow back at the first
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ne teku natrag na prvi
04:33
sign of trouble in the country.
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znak problema u državi.
04:35
They actually act like an insurance.
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Ponašaju se kao osiguranje.
04:38
When the family is in trouble,
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Kad je obitelj u nevolji,
04:40
facing hardship, facing hard times,
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suočena s problemima, teškim vremenima,
04:43
remittances increase, they act like an insurance.
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novčane pošiljke povećaju se,
kao osiguranje.
kao osiguranje.
04:45
Migrants send more money then.
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Migranti tada šalju više novca.
04:48
Unlike development aid money,
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Za razliku od novčane pomoći,
04:49
that must go through official agencies,
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koja mora proći kroz ovlaštene agencije,
04:52
through governments, remittances
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kroz vlade, novčane pošiljke
04:55
directly reach the poor,
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dolaze direktno do siromašnih,
04:56
reach the family,
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dolazi do obitelji,
04:58
and often with business advice.
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i često sa poslovnim savjetom.
05:00
So in Nepal, the share of poor
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U Nepalu je udio siromašnih
05:04
people was 42 percent in 1995,
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ljudi bio 42 posto 1995. godine,
05:06
the share of poor people in the population.
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udio siromašnih ljudi u populaciji.
05:09
By 2005, a decade later, at a
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2005. godine, desetljeće kasnije, u
05:12
time of political crisis, economic crisis,
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doba političke, ekonomske krize,
05:15
the share of poor people went down to 31 percent.
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udio siromašnih ljudi pao je na 31 posto.
05:19
That decline in poverty, most of it,
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Taj pad siromaštva, većina,
05:23
about half of it, is believed to be
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polovica njega, vjeruje se da
05:25
because of remittances from India,
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je uzrokovan novčanim pošiljkama iz Indije,
05:27
another poor country.
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još jedne siromašne zemlje.
05:29
In El Salvador, the school dropout
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U El Salvadoru, stopa ispisivanja
05:34
rate among children is lower
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djece iz škole niža je
05:37
in families that receive remittances.
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u obiteljima koje
primaju novčane pošiljke.
primaju novčane pošiljke.
05:39
In Mexico and Sri Lanka,
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U Meksiku i Šri Lanki,
05:41
the birth weight of children is higher
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težina djece pri porodu je viša
05:45
among families that receive remittances.
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u obiteljima koje primaju novčane pošiljke.
05:50
Remittances are dollars wrapped with care.
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Novčane pošiljke su
dolari umotani s brigom.
dolari umotani s brigom.
05:54
Migrants send money home for food,
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Migranti šalju novac kućama za hranu,
05:57
for buying necessities, for building houses,
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za kupovanje potrepština, gradnju kuća,
05:59
for funding education, for funding
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za financiranje obrazovanja, financiranje
06:01
healthcare for the elderly, for business
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zdravstvenog osiguranja za stare,
za poslovne
za poslovne
06:04
investments for friends and family.
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investicije za prijatelje i obitelj.
06:06
Migrants send even more money home
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Migranti šalju još više novca kući
06:09
for special occasions like a surgery
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u posebnim prilikama kao što su operacije
06:12
or a wedding. And migrants also send
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ili vjenčanje. I migranti također šalju
06:15
money, perhaps far too many times,
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novac, možda previše puta,
06:18
for unexpected funerals that
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za nepredviđene sprovode na kojima
06:21
they cannot attend.
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ne mogu biti.
06:25
Much as these flows do all that good,
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Koliko god ovi tokovi čine dobra,
06:27
there are barriers to these
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postoje prepreke ovim
06:29
flows of remittances, these
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tijekovima novčanih pošiljki, ovih
06:30
400 billion dollars of remittances.
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400 milijardi dolara novčanih pošiljki.
06:33
Foremost among them is
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Najprije među njima je
06:35
the exorbitant cost of sending money home.
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pretjerani trošak slanja novca kući.
06:39
Money transfer companies structure
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Tvrtke za prebacivanje novca strukturiraju
06:41
their fees to milk the poor.
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svoje naknade da bi muzle siromašne.
06:45
They will say, "Up to 500 dollars
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Kažu: "Do 500 dolara
06:48
if you want to send, we will charge you
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ako želite slati, naplatiti ćemo vam
06:50
30 dollars fixed."
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30 dolara fiksno."
06:52
If you are poor and if you have
only 200 dollars to send,
only 200 dollars to send,
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Ako ste siromašni i imate
samo 200 dolara za poslati,
samo 200 dolara za poslati,
06:55
you have to pay that $30 fee.
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morate platiti tih 30 dolara.
06:58
The global average cost of sending
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Globalni prosjek troška slanja
07:00
money is eight percent.
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novca je osam posto.
07:03
That means you send 100 dollars,
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To znači da kada šaljete 100 dolara,
07:04
the family on the other side receives only
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obitelj s druge strane dobiva samo
07:06
92 dollars.
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92 dolara.
07:08
To send money to Africa,
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Kod slanja novca u Afriku,
07:10
the cost is even higher:
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trošak je još veći:
07:11
12 percent.
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12 posto.
07:12
To send money within Africa,
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Slanje novca unutar Afrike,
07:14
the cost is even higher:
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trošak je još viši:
07:16
over 20 percent.
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preko 20 posto.
07:17
For example, sending money from Benin
to Nigeria.
to Nigeria.
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Na primjer, slanje novca
od Benina do Nigerije.
od Benina do Nigerije.
07:21
And then there is the case of Venezuela, where,
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I onda je tu slučaj Venecuele, gdje,
07:25
because of exchange controls,
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zbog kontrole razmjene,
07:27
you send 100 dollars and you
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šaljete 100 dolara i vi
07:29
are lucky if the family on the other side
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ste sretni ako obitelj s druge strane
07:31
receives even 10 dollars.
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primi makar 10 dolara.
07:34
Of course, nobody sends money to Venezuela
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Naravno, nitko ne šalje novac u Venecuelu
07:37
through the official channel.
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kroz službene kanale.
07:39
It all goes in suitcases.
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Sve ide u kovčezima.
07:41
Whereever costs are high,
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Gdje god su troškovi visoki,
07:43
money goes underground.
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novac ide podzemnim putevima.
07:45
And what is worse,
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I što je gore,
07:47
many developing countries actually
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mnoge zemlje u razvoju zapravo
07:50
have a blanket ban on sending money
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imaju zabranu slanja novca
07:52
out of the country.
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van zemlje.
07:54
Many rich nations also have a
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Mnoge bogate zemlje također imaju
07:56
blanket ban on sending money
to specific countries.
to specific countries.
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zabranu slanja novca u određene zemlje.
08:01
So, is it that there are no options,
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Je li to zbog toga što ne postoje opcije,
08:03
no better options, cheaper options, to send money?
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bolje opcije, povoljnije opcije,
za slanje novca?
za slanje novca?
08:06
There are.
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Postoje.
08:07
M-Pesa in Kenya enables people to send money
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M-Pesa u Keniji omogućuje slanje novca
08:10
and receive money at a fixed cost of only
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i primanje novca uz fiksni trošak od samo
08:13
60 cents per transaction.
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60 centi po transakciji.
08:16
U.S. Fed started a program with Mexico
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U.S. Fed započeli su program s Meksikom
08:19
to enable money service businesses
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kako bi omogućili servisima
za slanje novca
za slanje novca
08:21
to send money to Mexico
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slanje novca u Meksiko
08:22
for a fixed cost of only 67 cents per transaction.
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za fiksni trošak
od 67 centi po transakciji.
od 67 centi po transakciji.
08:27
And yet, these faster, cheaper, better options
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Ali ipak, ove brže,
povoljnije, bolje opcije
povoljnije, bolje opcije
08:30
can't be applied internationally
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ne mogu se primjeniti međunarodno
08:33
because of the fear of money laundering,
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zbog straha od pranja novca,
08:36
even though there is little data
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iako ima jako malo podataka
08:39
to support any connection, any significant
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koji potvrđuju tu vezu,
bilo kakvu značajnu
bilo kakvu značajnu
08:42
connection between money laundering
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vezu između pranja novca
08:43
and these small remittance transactions.
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i tih malih transakcija novčanih pošiljki.
08:49
Many international banks now
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1427
Mnoge međunarodne banke sada
08:50
are wary of hosting bank accounts
173
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2889
su pažljive kod pružanja usluga
08:53
of money service businesses, especially
174
521589
3401
servisima za slanje novca, posebno
08:56
those serving Somalia.
175
524990
2660
onima koji posluju u Somaliji.
08:59
Somalia, a country where the
176
527650
2697
Somalija, zemlja gdje je
09:02
per capita income is only 250 dollars per year.
177
530347
7144
prihod po glavi stanovnika
samo 250 dolara godišnje.
samo 250 dolara godišnje.
09:09
Monthly remittances, on average, to Somalia
178
537491
2416
Mjesečne novčane pošiljke,
u prosjeku, za Somaliju
u prosjeku, za Somaliju
09:11
is larger than that amount.
179
539907
2312
veće su nego taj iznos.
09:14
Remittances are the lifeblood of Somalia.
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2634
Novčane pošiljke izvor su života Somalije.
09:16
And yet, this is an example of
181
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3721
Ali ipak, ovo je primjer
09:20
the right hand giving a lot of aid,
182
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1871
kako desna ruka daje puno pomoći,
09:22
while the left hand is cutting the lifeblood
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4018
dok lijeva siječe izvor života
09:26
to that economy, through regulations.
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te ekonomije, kroz pravilnike.
09:32
Then there is the case of poor people
from villages, like me.
from villages, like me.
185
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4908
Onda je tu slučaj siromašnih ljudi
sa sela, poput mene.
sa sela, poput mene.
09:36
In the villages, the only place where you can
186
564972
2016
U selima, jedino mjesto gdje
09:38
get money is through the post office.
187
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2732
možete dobiti novac je pošta.
09:41
Most of the governments in the world
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1993
Većina vlada u svijetu
09:43
have allowed their post offices to have
189
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3016
dozvolila je poštanskim uredima
09:46
exclusive partnerships with money transfer companies.
190
574729
3236
da imaju ekskluzivna partnerstva
sa tvrtkama za prijenos novca.
sa tvrtkama za prijenos novca.
09:49
So, if I have to send money to my
191
577965
2822
Ako želim poslati novac svom
09:52
father in the village, I must send money
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2683
ocu u selo, moram poslati novac
09:55
through that particular money transfer company,
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2303
kroz određenu tvrtku za prijenos novca,
09:57
even if the cost is high.
194
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1240
čak i ako je trošak velik.
09:59
I cannot go to a cheaper option.
195
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4312
Ne mogu koristiti povoljniju opciju.
10:03
This has to go.
196
591325
2009
Ovo mora nestati.
10:05
So, what can international organizations and
197
593334
2251
Dakle, što mogu međunarodne organizacije i
10:07
social entrepreneurs do to reduce the cost
198
595585
2017
društveni poduzetnici
učiniti da smanje trošak
učiniti da smanje trošak
10:09
of sending money home?
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597602
1629
slanja novca kući?
10:11
First, relax regulations on small remittances
under 1,000 dollars.
under 1,000 dollars.
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599231
6308
Prvo, smanjite regulativu na
male novčane pošiljke ispod 1000 dolara.
male novčane pošiljke ispod 1000 dolara.
10:17
Governments should recognize that
201
605539
2422
Vlade bi trebale prepoznati da
10:19
small remittances are not money laundering.
202
607961
4247
male pošiljke nisu pranje novca.
10:24
Second, governments should abolish exclusive partnerships
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612208
4439
Drugo, vlade bi trebale
poništiti ekskluzivna partnerstva
poništiti ekskluzivna partnerstva
10:28
between their post office and the money
transfer company.
transfer company.
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2994
između pošte i tvrtki za transfer novca.
10:31
For that matter, between the post office
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1589
Kad smo kod toga, između pošte
10:33
and any national banking system that
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621230
2027
i bilo kojeg
nacionalnog bankovnog sustava koji
nacionalnog bankovnog sustava koji
10:35
has a large network that serves the poor.
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3080
ima veliku mrežu koja služi siromašnima.
10:38
In fact, they should promote competition,
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3284
Zapravo, trebali bi promovirati konkurenciju,
10:41
open up the partnership so that
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3029
otvoriti se partnerstvu tako da
10:44
we will bring down costs like we did,
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632650
3149
smanjimo troškove kao što smo,
10:47
like they did, in the telecommunications industry.
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3476
kao što su oni učinili, u telekomunikacijama.
10:51
You have seen what has happened there.
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2997
Vidjeli ste što se tamo dogodilo.
10:54
Third, large nonprofit philanthropic organizations
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4803
Treće, velike neprofitne
filantropske organizacije
filantropske organizacije
10:59
should create a remittance platform
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647075
2210
trebale bi stvoriti platformu
za slanje novčanih pošiljki
za slanje novčanih pošiljki
11:01
on a nonprofit basis.
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1583
na neprofitnoj osnovi.
11:02
They should create a nonprofit
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1072
Trebali bi stvoriti neprofitnu
11:03
remittance platform to serve the money transfer
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651940
2200
platformu za slanje novca
koja će služiti tvrtkama
koja će služiti tvrtkama
11:06
companies so that they can send money at a low cost,
218
654140
3729
za prijenos novca tako
da mogu povoljno slati novac,
da mogu povoljno slati novac,
11:09
while complying with all the complex
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657869
2151
poštujući sve složene
11:12
regulations all over the world.
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660020
4712
pravilnike širom svijeta.
11:16
The development community should
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664732
1402
Zajednica za razvoj trebala bi
11:18
set a goal of reducing remittance costs
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666134
2277
postaviti cilj smanjenja troška
novčanih pošiljki
novčanih pošiljki
11:20
to one percent from the current eight percent.
223
668411
3253
na jedan posto, sa trenutnih osam.
11:23
If we reduce costs to one percent,
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671664
2260
Ako smanjimo troškove na jedan posto,
11:25
that would release a saving of
30 billion dollars per year.
30 billion dollars per year.
225
673924
4269
to bi oslobodilo uštedu
od 30 milijardi dolara godišnje.
od 30 milijardi dolara godišnje.
11:30
Thirty billion dollars, that's
larger than the entire
larger than the entire
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678193
4401
30 milijardi dolara, to je veće nego čitavi
11:34
bilateral aid budget going to Africa per year.
227
682594
3149
bilateralni budžet pomoći
Africi svake godine.
Africi svake godine.
11:37
That is larger than, or almost similar to,
228
685743
3016
To je veće, ili slično,
11:40
the total aid budget of the United States government,
229
688759
3169
čitavom budžetu za pomoć
vlade Ujedinjenih država,
vlade Ujedinjenih država,
11:43
the largest donor on the planet.
230
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2856
najvećeg donatora na planetu.
11:46
Actually, the savings would be larger
231
694784
1625
Zapravo, uštede bi bile veće
11:48
than that 30 billion because remittance channels
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696409
2123
nego tih 30 milijardi
jer kanali novčanih pošiljki
jer kanali novčanih pošiljki
11:50
are also used for aid, trade and investment purposes.
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5407
također se koriste za pomoć,
razmjenu i investicije.
razmjenu i investicije.
11:55
Another major impediment to the
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703939
2471
Još jedna velika prepreka
11:58
flow of remittances reaching the family
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706410
2254
u tijeku novčanih pošiljki na putu do obitelji
12:00
is the large and exorbitant
236
708664
2565
je veliki i pretjeran
12:03
and illegal cost of recruitment,
237
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2978
i ilegalni trošak regrutiranja,
12:06
fees that migrants pay, migrant workers
238
714207
2938
trošak koji plaćaju migranti,
radnici iseljenici
radnici iseljenici
12:09
pay to laborers who found them the job.
239
717145
3264
plaćaju radnicima koji su im našli posao.
12:12
I was in Dubai a few years ago.
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720409
3606
Bio sam u Dubaiu prije nekoliko godina.
12:16
I visited a camp for workers.
241
724015
2275
Posjetio sam kamp za radnike.
12:18
It was 8 in the evening, dark, hot, humid.
242
726290
5313
Bilo je 8 navečer, mrak, vruće, vlažno.
12:23
Workers were coming back from
243
731603
1812
Radnici su se vraćali
12:25
their grueling day of work,
244
733415
2471
sa svog mučnog dana rada,
12:27
and I struck a conversation
245
735886
1784
i započeo sam razgovor
12:29
with a Bangladeshi construction worker.
246
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2860
sa građevinskim radnikom iz Bangladeša.
12:32
He was preoccupied that he is sending
247
740530
2909
Bio je zaokupljen time što šalje
12:35
money home, he has been
248
743439
1517
novac kući, on je
12:36
sending money home for a few months now,
249
744956
2910
slao novac kući već par mjeseci,
12:39
and the money is mostly going
250
747866
1503
i novac najviše ide
12:41
to the recruitment agent, to the labor agent
251
749369
2652
agentu za zapošljavanje, agentu za rad
12:44
who found him that job.
252
752021
1643
koji mu je našao taj posao.
12:45
And in my mind, I could picture
253
753664
3744
I u svom umu, mogao sam zamisliti
12:49
the wife waiting for
254
757408
1181
njegovu ženu kako čeka
12:50
the monthly remittance.
255
758589
1726
mjesečnu novčanu pošiljku.
12:52
The remittance arrives.
256
760315
1765
Novac stigne.
12:54
She takes the money and hands
257
762080
1729
Ona uzima novac i daje
12:55
it over to the recruitment agent,
258
763809
3570
ga agentu za zapošljavanje,
12:59
while the children are looking on.
259
767379
2996
dok djeca gledaju.
13:02
This has to stop.
260
770375
3330
To mora stati.
13:05
It is not only construction
workers from Bangladesh,
workers from Bangladesh,
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773705
4816
To nisu samo
građevinski radnici iz Bangladeša,
građevinski radnici iz Bangladeša,
13:10
it is all the workers. There are millions of migrant
262
778521
1706
to su svi radnici.
Postoje milijuni radnika
Postoje milijuni radnika
13:12
workers who suffer from this problem.
263
780227
2951
iseljenika koji imaju isti problem.
13:15
A construction worker from Bangladesh,
264
783178
1677
Građevinski radnik iz Bangladeša,
13:16
on an average, pays about 4,000
dollars in recruitment fees
dollars in recruitment fees
265
784855
3795
u prosjeku plaća 4000 dolara
za troškove zapošljavanja
za troškove zapošljavanja
13:20
for a job that gives him only 2,000
dollars per year in income.
dollars per year in income.
266
788650
5379
za posao koji mu daje
prihod od 2000 dolara godišnje.
prihod od 2000 dolara godišnje.
13:26
That means that for the two years or three years
267
794029
2730
To znači da dvije ili tri godine
13:28
of his life, he is basically sending money
268
796759
3493
svog života, on šalje novac
13:32
to pay for the recruitment fees.
269
800252
1284
kako bi platio troškove zaposlenja.
13:33
The family doesn't get to see any of it.
270
801536
3513
Obitelj ne vidi ništa od tog novca.
13:37
It is not only Dubai, it is the dark
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805049
3771
To nije samo Dubai, to je mračno
13:40
underbelly of every major city in the world.
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2574
podzemlje svakog velikog grada u svijetu.
13:43
It is not only Bangladeshi construction workers,
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811394
2498
To nisu samo građevinci iz Bangladeša,
13:45
it is workers from all over the world.
274
813892
2155
to su radnici iz cijelog svijeta.
13:48
It is not only men.
275
816047
1938
To nisu samo muškarci.
13:49
Women are especially vulnerable to
276
817985
1885
Žene su posebno ranjive prema
13:51
recruitment malpractices.
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819870
3538
nepravilnostima kod zapošljavanja.
13:55
One of the most exciting and newest
278
823408
4594
Jedna od najuzbudljivijih i najnovijih
14:00
thing happening in the area of remittances
279
828002
2418
stvari koja se događa
na području novčanih pošiljki
na području novčanih pošiljki
14:02
is how to mobilize, through innovation,
280
830420
3041
jest kako mobilizirati, kroz inovaciju,
14:05
diaspora saving and diaspora giving.
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3191
štednju i davanje dijaspore.
14:08
Migrants send money home,
282
836652
1883
Migranti šalju novac kući,
14:10
but they also save a large amount of
283
838535
1633
ali također štede velike količine
14:12
money where they live.
284
840168
2445
novca tamo gdje žive.
14:14
Annually, migrant savings are estimated
285
842613
2635
Godišnje, štednja migranata procjenjuje se
14:17
to be 500 billion dollars.
286
845248
4101
na 500 milijardi dolara.
14:21
Most of that money is parked in
287
849349
2228
Većina tog novca stoji
14:23
bank deposits that give you zero percent interest rate.
288
851577
3725
na računima koji vam daju 0 posto kamate.
14:27
If a country were to come
and offer a three percent
and offer a three percent
289
855302
3092
Kada bi se pojavila zemlja
koja bi nudila 3 posto
koja bi nudila 3 posto
14:30
or four percent interest rate, and then say
290
858394
2511
ili 4 posto kamate, i onda rekla
14:32
that the money would be used for building schools,
291
860905
2804
da će se novac iskoristiti za gradnje škola,
14:35
roads, airports, train systems
292
863709
3135
cesta, aerodroma, vlakova
14:38
in the country of origin, a lot
293
866844
1812
u zemlji porijekla, puno
14:40
of migrants would be interested in
294
868656
1937
bi migranata bilo zainteresirano
14:42
parting with their money because
295
870593
2390
odvojiti se od svog novca jer
14:44
it's not only financial gains that
296
872983
1795
ne bi samo financijski dobitak
14:46
give them an opportunity
297
874778
1289
dao priliku
14:48
to stay engaged with their country's development.
298
876067
5472
da ostanu uključeni u razvoj svoje zemlje.
14:53
Remittance channels can be used
299
881539
1941
Kanali novčanih pošiljki mogu se koristiti
14:55
to sell these bonds to migrants
300
883480
4571
kako bi se prodavale
ove obveznice migrantima
ove obveznice migrantima
15:00
because when they come
301
888051
1351
jer kada dođu
15:01
on a monthly basis to send remittances,
302
889402
1583
jednom mjesečno slati novac,
15:02
that's when you can actually sell
it to them.
it to them.
303
890985
2581
tada ih zapravo možete prodati.
15:05
You can also do the same
304
893566
973
Isto možete učiniti
15:06
for mobilizing diaspora giving.
305
894539
2781
za mobiliziranje davanja dijaspore.
15:09
I would love to invest in a
306
897320
2838
Volio bih investirati
15:12
bullet train system in India
307
900158
2380
u sustav brzih vlakova u Indiji
15:14
and I would love to contribute to efforts
308
902538
2902
i volio bih pridonijeti
15:17
to fight malaria in my village.
309
905440
3916
borbi protiv malarije u mom selu.
15:21
Remittances are a great way of
310
909356
3989
Novčane pošiljke odličan su način
15:25
sharing prosperity between places
311
913345
3771
dijeljenja prosperiteta između mjesta
15:29
in a targeted way that benefits
312
917116
2296
na ciljan način koji doprinosi
15:31
those who need them most.
313
919412
2936
onima koji ga najviše trebaju.
15:34
Remittances empower people.
314
922348
3158
Novčane pošiljke osnažuju ljude.
15:37
We must do all we can to make remittances
315
925506
3108
Moramo učiniti sve što možemo
da novčane pošiljke
da novčane pošiljke
15:40
and recruitment
316
928614
985
i zapošljavanje
15:41
safer and cheaper.
317
929599
2152
postanu sigurniji i povoljniji.
15:43
And it can be done.
318
931751
3111
I to može biti napravljeno.
15:46
As for myself, I have been
319
934862
2100
Ja sam bio
15:48
away from India for two decades now.
320
936962
4020
izvan Indije dva desetljeća.
15:52
My wife is a Venezuelan.
321
940982
2033
Moja žena je s Venecuele.
15:55
My children are Americans.
322
943015
3898
Moja djeca su Amerikanci.
15:58
Increasingly, I feel like a global citizen.
323
946913
3947
Sve više, osjećam se kao globalni građanin.
16:02
And yet, I am growing nostalgic
324
950860
2330
A ipak, postajem nostalgičan
16:05
about my country of birth.
325
953190
2952
za svojom rodnom zemljom.
16:08
I want to be in India and in the U.S. at the same time.
326
956142
5196
Želim biti u Indiji i Americi u isto vrijeme.
16:13
My parents are not there anymore.
327
961338
2223
Moji roditelji nisu tamo više.
16:15
My brothers and sisters have moved on.
328
963561
3502
Moji braća i sestre otišli su.
16:19
There is no real urgency for me to send money home.
329
967063
2534
Ne postoji prava hitnost da šaljem novac kući.
16:21
And yet, from time to time,
330
969597
2622
Ali ipak, s vremena na vrijeme,
16:24
I send money home to friends,
331
972219
2851
šaljem novac kući prijateljima,
16:27
to relatives, to the village,
332
975070
2841
rođacima, selu,
16:29
to be there, to stay engaged —
333
977911
2236
kako bih bio tamo, ostao uključen —
16:32
that's part of my identity.
334
980147
2048
to je dio mog identiteta.
16:34
And, I'm still striving to be a poet
335
982195
3240
I još uvijek stremim biti pjesnik
16:37
for the hardworking migrants
336
985435
2368
za iseljenike koji teško rade
16:39
and their struggle to break free
337
987803
1537
i njihovoj borbi da se oslobode
16:41
of the cycle of poverty.
338
989340
1288
kruga siromaštva.
16:42
Thank you.
339
990628
1774
Hvala vam.
16:44
(Applause)
340
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6444
(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dilip Ratha - Remittances expertEconomist Dilip Ratha was the first to analyze the global significance of remittances -- money sent from foreign workers to their families back home.
Why you should listen
At over US$400 billion per year, and growing, remittances -- money sent home by migrants -- are three times bigger than the total of international aid budgets, and represent some of the largest financial inflows to poor countries. Economist Dilip Ratha was the first to point out the global and national significance of remittances and their social and economic impact.
He is the manager of the Migration and Remittances team at the World Bank and the head of the Global knowledge partnership on migration and development (KNOMAD). He also co-coordinates the G8/G20 Global Remittances Working Group, and is involved in a number of other organizations focusing on remittances. Besides migration, he has done pioneering work on innovative financing including diaspora bonds and South-South foreign direct investment.
Dilip Ratha | Speaker | TED.com