TEDGlobal 2014
Jon Gosier: The problem with "trickle-down techonomics"
喬恩•戈齊爾: 「下滲科技經濟」的問題
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科技萬歲！它為所有人創造出更好的事物。難道不是嗎？其實並不是。當一個新的科技產品，例如電子書或健康監視器，若只有少數人能使用時，它可能對我們所有人造成意想不到的後果。喬恩•戈齊爾，一位 TED 的成員兼科技調查員，提出「下滲科技經濟」的概念，與大家分享一些有關新的科技如果不是普及到所有人的話，它可能使事情變得更糟糕的有力的例子。正如他所說，「真正的創新，是要找到能夠利及所有人途徑」。
Jon Gosier - Investor, data scientist, entrepreneur
Jon Gosier is a serial tech entrepreneur and early-stage startup investor. In 2015, Time magazine listed him as one of the "12 New Faces of Black Leadership." Full bio
Jon Gosier is a serial tech entrepreneur and early-stage startup investor. In 2015, Time magazine listed him as one of the "12 New Faces of Black Leadership." Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
As a software developer and technologist,
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身為一個軟體開發者和科技者，
00:16
I've worked on a number
of civic technology projects
of civic technology projects
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在過去多年來，
我曾參與許多公民科技計畫。
我曾參與許多公民科技計畫。
00:19
over the years.
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公民科技有時又被稱為有益科技，
00:20
Civic tech is sometimes
referred to as tech for good,
referred to as tech for good,
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00:24
using technology to solve
humanitarian problems.
humanitarian problems.
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運用科技解決有關人道主義的問題。
00:27
This is in 2010 in Uganda,
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這是我 2010 年在烏干達，
00:29
working on a solution
that allowed local populations
that allowed local populations
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參與解決一個讓當地的人
00:32
to avoid government surveillance
on their mobile phones
on their mobile phones
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避免被政府監聽他們用手機
表達不滿的方案。
表達不滿的方案。
00:36
for expressing dissent.
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00:38
That same technology was deployed
later in North Africa
later in North Africa
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同樣的科技後來被應用到北非，
00:41
for similar purposes
to help activists stay connected
to help activists stay connected
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為了同樣的目的，也被用於
幫助異議活動者保持聯繫。
幫助異議活動者保持聯繫。
00:44
when governments were
deliberately shutting off connectivity
deliberately shutting off connectivity
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那時政府故意切斷
人民相互連結的途徑，
人民相互連結的途徑，
00:48
as a means of population control.
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以便控制全民。
過去幾年來，我在思維這些科技
00:51
But over the years, as I have thought
about these technologies
about these technologies
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以及我所參與的工作時，
00:54
and the things that I work on,
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有一個問題一直困擾著我。
00:56
a question kind of nags
in the back of my mind, which is,
in the back of my mind, which is,
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那就是，如果我們對於科技
有益之處的看法是錯誤的，
有益之處的看法是錯誤的，
00:59
what if we're wrong about
the virtues of technology,
the virtues of technology,
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01:02
and if it sometimes actively hurts
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或許它有時反而傷害了
我們立意要幫助的社群呢？
01:04
the communities
that we're intending to help?
that we're intending to help?
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01:07
The tech industry around the world
tends to operate under similar assumptions
tends to operate under similar assumptions
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世界上的科技行業往往基於
類似以下的假設而運作：
類似以下的假設而運作：
01:11
that if we build great things,
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他們認為如果我們創造了好的東西，
01:13
it will positively affect everyone.
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就一定會正面的影響所有人。
01:16
Eventually, these innovations
will get out and find everyone.
will get out and find everyone.
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最終，這些創新的產品都會找到途徑
讓所有人使用。
讓所有人使用。
01:19
But that's not always the case.
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但是，事實並非如此。
我稱之為科技「下滲科技經濟」的
盲目擁護，
盲目擁護，
01:22
I like to call this blind championing
of technology "trickle-down techonomics,"
of technology "trickle-down techonomics,"
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01:27
to borrow a phrase. (Laughter)
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借用一下這個短詞。（笑聲）
01:30
We tend to think that if
we design things for the select few,
we design things for the select few,
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我們認為如果我們原先為了
特定的少數人而設計的東西，
特定的少數人而設計的東西，
01:33
eventually those technologies
will reach everyone,
will reach everyone,
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最後這些科技還是為所有人所用。
但是事實並非全然如此。
01:35
and that's not always the case.
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01:37
Technology and innovation
behaves a lot like wealth and capital.
behaves a lot like wealth and capital.
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科技和創新就像財富和資本，
01:42
They tend to consolidate
in the hands of the few,
in the hands of the few,
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大多時候他們被掌握在少數人手中，
01:44
and sometimes they find their way out
into the hands of the many.
into the hands of the many.
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偶而也會落入多數人手上。
01:48
And so most of you aren't tackling
oppressive regimes on the weekends,
oppressive regimes on the weekends,
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你們大多數不會在週末忙著
應付暴虐的政權，
應付暴虐的政權，
01:53
so I wanted to think of a few examples
that might be a little bit more relatable.
that might be a little bit more relatable.
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所以我要用一些你們
比較容易聯想的例子。
比較容易聯想的例子。
01:57
In the world of wearables
and smartphones and apps,
and smartphones and apps,
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在可以穿戴產品、智慧手機
和應用程序的世界裡，
和應用程序的世界裡，
02:02
there's a big movement
to track people's personal health
to track people's personal health
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有一個可以追蹤
人體健康狀態的大躍進。
人體健康狀態的大躍進。
02:05
with applications that track
the number of calories that you burn
the number of calories that you burn
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透過手機軟體，
它可追蹤你所燃燒的熱量，
它可追蹤你所燃燒的熱量，
或計算你是否坐太久，
或者做足夠的走動。
或者做足夠的走動。
02:08
or whether you're sitting too much
or walking enough.
or walking enough.
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02:13
These technologies make patient intake
in medical facilities much more efficient,
in medical facilities much more efficient,
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這些科技讓醫療機構更有效率地
獲取病人的狀況，
獲取病人的狀況，
02:19
and in turn, these medical facilities
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反過來，這些醫療機構
開始期待這種形式的效率。
02:23
are starting to expect
these types of efficiencies.
these types of efficiencies.
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當這些電子工具進入到醫療診療室，
02:26
As these digital tools
find their way into medical rooms,
find their way into medical rooms,
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02:28
and they become digitally ready,
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它們就為數位化做好了萬全準備。
但那些不能實現數位化的病人呢？
02:30
what happens to the digitally invisible?
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那些沒有 400 元美金的手機和手錶
02:33
What does the medical experience look like
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02:35
for someone who doesn't have
the $400 phone or watch
the $400 phone or watch
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02:38
tracking their every movement?
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來追蹤他們的日常生活的人，
他們的醫療經驗是如何呢？
他們的醫療經驗是如何呢？
02:40
Do they now become a burden
on the medical system?
on the medical system?
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他們現在是否成為醫療體系的負擔呢？
02:43
Is their experience changed?
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他們的醫療經驗是否改變了？
02:46
In the world of finance,
Bitcoin and crypto-currencies
Bitcoin and crypto-currencies
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在金融的世界，比特幣和加密貨幣
02:49
are revolutionizing the way
we move money around the world,
we move money around the world,
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革新了錢在全世界流通的方式。
02:52
but the challenge with these technologies
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但是這些科技的挑戰是
02:54
is the barrier to entry
is incredibly high, right?
is incredibly high, right?
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它們的門檻非常高，對嗎？
你需要有同樣的手機、設備、網路連結，
02:57
You need access to the same
phones, devices, connectivity,
phones, devices, connectivity,
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03:01
and even where you don't,
where you can find a proxy agent,
where you can find a proxy agent,
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以及甚至在你沒有的地方，
你必須能找到替代的工具。
你必須能找到替代的工具。
03:04
usually they require a certain amount
of capital to participate.
of capital to participate.
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通常這些需要有一些錢才能參與。
03:09
And so the question that I ask myself
is, what happens to the last community
is, what happens to the last community
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所以我自問，那些僅存的
還在用紙幣的社群怎麼辦，
還在用紙幣的社群怎麼辦，
03:14
using paper notes when the rest
of the world moves to digital currency?
of the world moves to digital currency?
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當全世界都轉而使用數字貨幣時？
另一個例子是我的家鄉－費城：
03:20
Another example from my hometown
in Philadelphia:
in Philadelphia:
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03:23
I recently went
to the public library there,
to the public library there,
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我最近去那裡的一個公立圖書館，
03:25
and they are facing an existential crisis.
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他們也正在面對生存危機。
03:27
Public funding is dwindling,
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公共資金在萎縮，
03:29
they have to reduce their footprint
to stay open and stay relevant,
to stay open and stay relevant,
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為了能繼續開放和提供相關服務，
他們只能盡量減少所佔的面積.
他們只能盡量減少所佔的面積.
03:34
and so one of the ways
they're going about this
they're going about this
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他們的解決的方法之一是
03:37
is digitizing a number of the books
and moving them to the cloud.
and moving them to the cloud.
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將許多書數位化後，送到網路雲端。
03:40
This is great for most kids. Right?
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這對大多數的小孩是很好的，對嗎？
03:42
You can check out books from home,
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你可以在家裡就可以閱讀這些書。
03:44
you can research on the way
to school or from school,
to school or from school,
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你可以在去學教的路上
或在學校裡做研究。
或在學校裡做研究。
03:47
but these are really two big assumptions,
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但是有兩個大前提，
03:49
that one, you have access at home,
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第一，你的家裡必須有網路；
03:51
and two, that you have access
to a mobile phone,
to a mobile phone,
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第二，你必須有手機可使用。
03:53
and in Philadelphia, many kids do not.
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在費城，許多小孩沒有這些。
03:56
So what does their
education experience look like
education experience look like
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所以他們的教育經驗
在圖書館完全成為雲端化以後
會變成如何呢？
會變成如何呢？
03:59
in the wake of a completely
cloud-based library,
cloud-based library,
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04:03
what used to be considered
such a basic part of education?
such a basic part of education?
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實體圖書館以前是教育裡
最基本的部分。
最基本的部分。
這些孩子們如何維持競爭力呢？
04:06
How do they stay competitive?
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04:09
A final example from
across the world in East Africa:
across the world in East Africa:
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最後的一個例子，
是在世界另一邊的東非。
是在世界另一邊的東非。
04:13
there's been a huge movement
to digitize land ownership rights,
to digitize land ownership rights,
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那裡曾大力推動將土地所有權數位化，
04:18
for a number of reasons.
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理由如下：
04:20
Migrant communities,
older generations dying off,
older generations dying off,
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在移民的社區裡，老一代的逐漸死去。
04:23
and ultimately poor record-keeping
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最後由於保存紀錄不佳，
04:25
have led to conflicts over who owns what.
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導致許多土地所有權的爭議。
04:29
And so there was a big movement
to put all this information online,
to put all this information online,
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所以他們大張旗鼓地
將這些資料放在網路上，
將這些資料放在網路上，
04:33
to track all the ownership
of these plots of land,
of these plots of land,
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以追蹤個別土地的所有權紀錄。
04:37
put them in the cloud,
and give them to the communities.
and give them to the communities.
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他們將這些資料放在網上的雲端，
讓有關社群可以使用。
讓有關社群可以使用。
04:40
But actually, the unintended
consequence of this
consequence of this
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但是實際上，出乎意料的是，
04:43
has been that venture capitalists,
investors, real estate developers,
investors, real estate developers,
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風險投資家、投資者、房地產開發商人
04:47
have swooped in and they've begun
buying up these plots of land
buying up these plots of land
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開始猛撲進來，
從這些社群買入這些土地。
從這些社群買入這些土地。
04:50
right out from under these communities,
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因為他們能夠運用科技
和網路連結來達到這些目的。
和網路連結來達到這些目的。
04:52
because they have access
to the technologies
to the technologies
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04:54
and the connectivity
that makes that possible.
that makes that possible.
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04:58
So that's the common thread
that connects these examples,
that connects these examples,
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這些例子的共同點是，
05:01
the unintended consequences of the tools
and the technologies that we make.
and the technologies that we make.
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這些不是我們在創造科技
和工具時所意想的結果。
和工具時所意想的結果。
05:04
As engineers, as technologists,
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身為工程師、技術專家，
有時我們偏重效率多於效用。
05:07
we sometimes prefer
efficiency over efficacy.
efficiency over efficacy.
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05:11
We think more about doing things
than the outcomes of what we are doing.
than the outcomes of what we are doing.
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我們較多想到去做一些事情，
而不是我們做這些事情的結果。
而不是我們做這些事情的結果。
05:15
This needs to change.
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這需要改變。
05:17
We have a responsibility to think about
the outcomes of the technologies we build,
the outcomes of the technologies we build,
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我們有責任要考量我們所創造的
這些科技所造成的後果，
這些科技所造成的後果，
05:21
especially as they increasingly
control the world in which we live.
control the world in which we live.
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特別是當這些科技逐漸
在控制我們所生存的世界。
在控制我們所生存的世界。
05:24
In the late '90s,
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在 1990 年代末期，
05:26
there was a big push for ethics
in the world of investment and banking.
in the world of investment and banking.
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在投資和銀行界，有一場很大型的
有關道德的推動。
有關道德的推動。
05:30
I think in 2014, we're long overdue
for a similar movement
for a similar movement
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在 2014 年，在高科技領域，
我們也早該有類似的推動。
我們也早該有類似的推動。
05:34
in the area of tech and technology.
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所以，我要鼓勵大家，
當你在想下一件大發明時，
當你在想下一件大發明時，
05:38
So, I just encourage you, as you are all
thinking about the next big thing,
thinking about the next big thing,
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05:42
as entrepreneurs, as CEOs,
as engineers, as makers,
as engineers, as makers,
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作為企業家、公司總裁、
工程師、製造業者，
工程師、製造業者，
05:47
that you think about
the unintended consequences
the unintended consequences
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也考量一下你們創造的東西
會不會產生意外的後果。
會不會產生意外的後果。
05:51
of the things that you're building,
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05:53
because the real innovation
is in finding ways to include everyone.
is in finding ways to include everyone.
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因為真正的創新要找到
能夠利及所有人的途徑。
能夠利及所有人的途徑。
謝謝！
05:57
Thank you.
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（掌聲）
05:59
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jon Gosier - Investor, data scientist, entrepreneurJon Gosier is a serial tech entrepreneur and early-stage startup investor. In 2015, Time magazine listed him as one of the "12 New Faces of Black Leadership."
Why you should listen
Jon Gosier is an investor and data scientist. He's a partner at Third Cohort Capital, an early-stage tech startup investment fund. Prior to joining Third Cohort, he was the founder of Appfrica, which invests in Africa’s technology economy, D8A Group, a company that makes data science solutions, and Market Atlas, which is like the Bloomberg terminal for emerging market countries. In 2015, Gosier was listed by TIME Magazine as one of “12 New Faces of Black Leadership”, as well as “Most Influential Blacks in Technology” by Business Insider in 2013 and 2014 and among the "20 Angels Worth Knowing" by Black Enterprise Magazine.
Gosier is a Fellow and Senior Fellow at TED from 2009 to 2012 and a first-year participant at THNK, the Amsterdam School for Creative Leadership in the Netherlands. He's won the Knight News Challenge twice, once in 2011 for work in analysis at Ushahidi and again in 2012 for work creating ways of moving data between mobile phones without a central mobile network.
Jon Gosier | Speaker | TED.com