Mission Blue II
David Gruber: Glow-in-the-dark sharks and other stunning sea creatures
大衛.格魯伯: 熒光鯊魚及其他令人驚歎的海洋生物
Filmed:
Readability: 4.3
2,351,063 views
就在波濤下幾米開外，海洋生物學家，攝影探險家大衛.格魯伯發現了一些令人驚歎的生命──在海洋朦朧的藍光下發出不同種類光的，一個全新的海洋生物領域。加入他探索各種海洋熒光生物諸如熒光鯊，熒光海馬，熒光海龜的旅程，并學習這些發光的生物將如何引領我們來到照亮我們自己大腦的新領域。
David Gruber - Marine biologist, explorer-photographer
David Gruber searches the undersea world for bioluminescent and biofluorescent marine animals. Full bio
David Gruber searches the undersea world for bioluminescent and biofluorescent marine animals. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'm a marine biologist
and an explorer-photographer
and an explorer-photographer
0
738
3160
我是一名海洋學家，也是一名探險攝影師。
00:15
with National Geographic,
1
3922
1741
我為國家地理工作，
00:17
but I want to share a secret.
2
5687
1678
我要和諸位分享一個秘密。
00:19
This image is totally incorrect,
3
7793
3643
這張照片完全是不對的，
00:23
totally incorrect.
4
11460
1737
完全錯誤。
00:25
I see a couple of people
crying in the back
crying in the back
5
13221
2127
我看到有些坐在後面的朋友掩面了，
00:27
that I've blown their idea of mermaids.
6
15372
2444
因為我破壞了他們對美人魚的想象。
00:29
All right, the mermaid is indeed real,
7
17840
2651
好吧，美人魚是存在的，
00:32
but anyone who's gone on a dive
8
20515
2135
但是任何曾經潛水過的人
00:34
will know that the ocean
looks more like this.
looks more like this.
9
22674
2598
都知道海面之下其實是這樣的。
00:37
It's because the ocean
is this massive filter,
is this massive filter,
10
25767
3500
因為大海是一片龐大的濾光鏡，
00:41
and as soon as you start going underwater,
11
29291
2073
就在你潛下水面之時，
00:43
you're going to lose your colors,
12
31388
1673
你將開始失去捕捉顏色的能力，
00:45
and it's going to get dark
and blue very quickly.
and blue very quickly.
13
33085
3206
並且在短時間內，轉變為以黑色為藍色為主。
00:48
But we're humans --
we're terrestrial mammals.
we're terrestrial mammals.
14
36315
2785
但是我們是人類──陸生哺乳類動物。
00:51
And we've got trichromatic vision,
15
39124
2175
我們擁有三色視覺，
00:53
so we see in red, green and blue,
16
41323
2666
我們看到的顏色由紅，綠，藍組成，
00:56
and we're just complete color addicts.
17
44013
2325
我們對色彩著迷，
00:58
We love eye-popping color,
18
46362
2643
我們鐘愛鮮艷的色彩，
01:01
and we try to bring this eye-popping color
19
49029
2587
而同時我們也在嘗試將這些絢麗的色彩
01:03
underwater with us.
20
51640
1380
帶到水面下。
01:05
So there's been a long and sordid history
of bringing color underwater,
of bringing color underwater,
21
53044
4037
我們擁有漫長且沮喪的，企圖將諸多色彩帶到水下的歷史，
01:09
and it starts 88 years ago
with Bill Longley and Charles Martin,
with Bill Longley and Charles Martin,
22
57105
4946
從88年前，比爾.郎利和查理.馬丁
01:14
who were trying to take
the first underwater color photograph.
the first underwater color photograph.
23
62075
2921
是最早嘗試在水下拍攝彩色照片的人。
01:17
And they're in there
with old-school scuba suits,
with old-school scuba suits,
24
65020
2715
他們套著舊式的潛水套，裝著水肺，
01:19
where you're pumping air down to them,
25
67759
2125
水面上的人將空氣通過水肺輸送給他們，
01:21
and they've got a pontoon
of high-explosive magnesium powder,
of high-explosive magnesium powder,
26
69908
5590
他們擁有一個裝滿易爆鎂粉的高浮力浮筒，
01:27
and the poor people
at the surface are not sure
at the surface are not sure
27
75522
2207
而水面上的人們不確定發生了什麼事，
01:29
when they're going to pull the string
when they've got their frame in focus,
when they've got their frame in focus,
28
77753
3630
當他們拉動細繩並對上焦，
然後──轟！一磅的鎂粉就爆炸了。
01:33
and -- boom! -- a pound
of high explosives would go off
of high explosives would go off
29
81407
2924
01:36
so they could put
a little bit of light underwater
a little bit of light underwater
30
84355
3055
藉以這樣的方法，他們能使微弱的光線來到水下，
01:39
and get an image
like this beautiful hogfish.
like this beautiful hogfish.
31
87434
2770
以拍到一張像這張隆頭鱼一樣精緻的照片。
01:42
I mean, it's a gorgeous image,
but this is not real.
but this is not real.
32
90228
2849
我是說，這是張漂亮的照片，但它不是真實的。
01:45
They're creating an artificial environment
33
93101
2759
他們人為地製造了一個環境
01:47
so we can satisfy
our own addiction to color.
our own addiction to color.
34
95884
3676
使我們的眼睛對於顏色的癡迷能夠被滿足。
01:51
And looking at it the other way,
what we've been finding
what we've been finding
35
99996
3828
以另一種角度來看，我們發現，
01:55
is that instead of bringing color
underwater with us,
underwater with us,
36
103848
3204
與其將色彩帶到水下，
01:59
that we've been looking at the blue ocean,
37
107076
2752
當我觀察藍色的海洋時，
02:01
and it's a crucible of blue,
38
109852
2262
我感到這樣的藍色是一種考驗，
02:04
and these animals living there
for millions of years
for millions of years
39
112138
3096
這些動物在這裡生活了數百萬年，
02:07
have been evolving all sorts of ways
to take in that blue light
to take in that blue light
40
115258
4530
並進化出了各種方法，同化這種藍光，
02:11
and give off other colors.
41
119812
1691
進以創造出其他顏色。
02:13
And here's just a little sample
of what this secret world looks like.
of what this secret world looks like.
42
121527
3286
我有一個關於這個神秘世界真實面貌的例子，
02:16
It's like an underwater light show.
43
124837
1878
這就好像一台水下燈光秀。
02:18
(Music)
44
126739
4084
（音樂）
02:23
Again, what we're seeing here
is blue light hitting this image.
is blue light hitting this image.
45
131495
3920
我們所看到的是在藍光照射下拍攝的畫面，
02:27
These animals are absorbing the blue light
46
135439
2089
這些動物們（珊瑚蟲）吸收藍光
02:29
and immediately transforming this light.
47
137552
2481
並即刻將其轉化成別的顏色。
02:35
So if you think about it, the ocean
is 71 percent of the planet,
is 71 percent of the planet,
48
143390
4373
所以當你想想看，海洋佔據地球的71％，
02:39
and blue light can extend down
to almost a 1,000 meters.
to almost a 1,000 meters.
49
147787
4070
而藍光可以照射到一千米以下的深海。
02:43
As we go down underwater,
50
151881
2104
當我們潛入水下，
02:46
after about 10 meters,
all the red is gone.
all the red is gone.
51
154009
2694
十米開外，紅光就完全消失了。
02:48
So if you see anything
under 10 meters that's red,
under 10 meters that's red,
52
156727
3203
所以你在海面十米以下看到的任何紅色，
02:51
it's an animal transforming
and creating its own red.
and creating its own red.
53
159954
3058
都是動物們吸收其他色光，並轉化為自身獨有的紅色。
02:55
This is the largest single monochromatic
blue environment on our planet.
blue environment on our planet.
54
163472
6253
這是我們的星球上，最大的單色藍光區域。
03:02
And my gateway into this world
of biofluorescence begins with corals.
of biofluorescence begins with corals.
55
170670
4690
我開始探索生物螢光世界的契機是珊瑚蟲。
03:07
And I want to give
a full TED Talk on corals
a full TED Talk on corals
56
175384
2086
我也很想花一整個TED演講的時間來講珊瑚蟲
03:09
and just how cool these things are.
57
177494
1802
他們如此神奇。
03:11
One of the things that they do,
one of their miraculous feats,
one of their miraculous feats,
58
179320
3222
他們做的其中一件神奇的事，其中一個奇蹟般的工程，
03:14
is they produce lots of these
fluorescent proteins,
fluorescent proteins,
59
182566
2778
是他們自身會生產螢光蛋白質，
03:17
fluorescent molecules.
60
185368
1485
螢光分子。
03:18
And in this coral, it could be making
up to 14 percent of its body mass --
up to 14 percent of its body mass --
61
186877
4747
在這個珊瑚裡，他們可以產出相當於本身重量14％的
03:23
could be this fluorescent protein.
62
191648
2085
螢光蛋白質。
03:25
So you wouldn't be making, like,
14 percent muscle and not using it,
14 percent muscle and not using it,
63
193757
4429
所以你不可能，生產出了14％體重的肌肉而不使用他們，
03:30
so it's likely doing something
that has a functional role.
that has a functional role.
64
198210
3584
所以螢光分子的產生一定有其作用。
03:33
And for the last 10, 15 years,
this was so special to me,
this was so special to me,
65
201818
3837
在過去的10，15年間，這件事對我而言十分特殊，
03:37
because this molecule has turned out
to be one of the most revolutionary tools
to be one of the most revolutionary tools
66
205679
5420
因為這些分子的產生在生物醫學科學上
是革命性的工具，
03:43
in biomedical science,
67
211123
1700
03:44
and it's allowing us
to better see inside ourselves.
to better see inside ourselves.
68
212847
3514
這使我們更認識我們自己。
03:49
So, how do I study this?
69
217464
2341
所以，我是如何研究的？
03:51
In order to study biofluorescence,
we swim at night.
we swim at night.
70
219829
3071
為了研究生物螢光現象，我們夜晚下潛。
03:54
And when I started out,
71
222924
1378
最初的時候，
03:56
I was just using these blue
duct-tape filters over my strobe,
duct-tape filters over my strobe,
72
224326
4011
我只是用密封膠帶將藍色的濾鏡黏在我的閃光燈上，
04:00
so I could make sure
I'm actually seeing the light
I'm actually seeing the light
73
228361
2379
這樣我的眼睛就可以看到，
這些藍光是如何被動物們轉化的。
04:02
that's being transformed by the animals.
74
230764
2032
04:04
We're making an exhibit
for the Museum of Natural History,
for the Museum of Natural History,
75
232820
3477
我們在為美國自然歷史博物館的一個展做準備，
04:08
and we're trying to show off how great
the fluorescent corals are on the reef,
the fluorescent corals are on the reef,
76
236321
3807
我們試著展現這些珊瑚礁令人驚艷的螢光色，
04:12
and something happened
that just blew me away:
that just blew me away:
77
240152
3056
而一件事發生了，它輕易帶走了我的注意力，
04:15
this.
78
243232
1389
這個。
04:16
In the middle of our corals,
79
244645
1816
在我們的珊瑚中間，
04:18
is this green fluorescent fish.
80
246485
3006
這條綠色螢光魚出現了。
04:21
It's the first time we've ever seen
a green fluorescent fish
a green fluorescent fish
81
249515
2812
這是我們第一次發現綠色螢光色的魚
04:24
or any vertebrate for that matter.
82
252351
1627
甚至是第一次發現螢光的有脊椎生物。
04:26
And we're rubbing our eyes,
checking the filters,
checking the filters,
83
254002
2555
我們揉著眼睛，檢查濾鏡，
04:28
thinking that somebody's maybe
playing a joke on us with the camera,
playing a joke on us with the camera,
84
256581
3199
甚至猜測或許有些人對我們的相機動了手腳，想與我們開個玩笑，
04:31
but the eel was real.
85
259804
1943
但是那條鰻魚是真實的。
04:33
It was the first green
fluorescent eel that we found,
fluorescent eel that we found,
86
261771
3539
這是我們發現的第一條綠色螢光鰻魚。
04:37
and this just changed
my trajectory completely.
my trajectory completely.
87
265334
2959
而這完完全全改變了我的人生軌跡。
04:40
So I had to put down my corals and team up
88
268317
3334
我放下我的珊瑚，
和一位魚類專家，約翰.斯帕克斯合作，
04:43
with a fish scientist, John Sparks,
89
271675
2033
04:45
and begin a search around the world
90
273732
2499
繼而開始在全世界展開調查，
04:48
to see how prevalent this phenomenon is.
91
276255
3251
以勘察這種現象的普遍性。
04:51
And fish are much more
interesting than corals,
interesting than corals,
92
279530
2475
魚類比珊瑚有趣多了，
04:54
because they have really advanced vision,
93
282029
2214
因為他們有著更為出色的視覺，
04:56
and some of the fish even have,
the way that I was photographing it,
the way that I was photographing it,
94
284267
3785
有些魚甚至擁有，與我用藍色閃光燈拍照原理相同的功能，
05:00
they have lenses in their eyes
that would magnify the fluorescence.
that would magnify the fluorescence.
95
288076
3436
他們眼睛中有著微小的“鏡頭”，可以用於增強螢光色。
05:03
So I wanted to seek this out further.
96
291536
2310
我想要更深入地了解這些東西，
05:05
So we designed a new set of gear
97
293870
1722
所以我們設計了一系列環環相扣的實驗，
05:07
and we're scouring the reefs
around the world,
around the world,
98
295616
2289
我們仔細勘察了全世界的珊瑚礁，
05:09
looking for fluorescent life.
99
297929
1579
以尋找更多螢光生物。
05:11
And it's a bit like "E.T. phone home."
100
299532
2055
這有些像“E.T 企圖打電話回家”
05:13
We're out there swimming
with this blue light,
with this blue light,
101
301611
2709
我們帶著藍光在水下游動，
05:16
and we're looking for a response,
102
304344
2205
希望能得到回應，
05:18
for animals to be absorbing the light
and transferring this back to us.
and transferring this back to us.
103
306573
3575
希望動物們吸收藍光，並將他們轉化出的光回饋給我們。
05:22
And eventually, we found
our photobombing Kaupichphys eel.
our photobombing Kaupichphys eel.
104
310172
4712
最終，我們找到了Kaupichphys eel（應該隸屬草鰻科眶鼻鰻屬，譯者注）
05:26
It's a really shy, reclusive eel
that we know almost nothing about.
that we know almost nothing about.
105
314908
4470
它們是獨居且十分害羞的鰻魚，我們對它們幾乎一無所知。
05:31
They're only about the size of my finger,
106
319402
1961
它們只有我手指大小，
05:33
and they spend about 99.9 percent
of their time hidden under a rock.
of their time hidden under a rock.
107
321387
4480
並且99.9％的時間都藏在石頭下。
05:37
But these eels do come out to mate
under full-moon nights,
under full-moon nights,
108
325891
4121
但是這些鰻魚會在滿月的晚上游出來交配
05:42
and that full-moon night
translates underwater to blue.
translates underwater to blue.
109
330036
3493
滿月使夜裡的水下藍光遍佈，
05:45
Perhaps they're using this
as a way to see each other,
as a way to see each other,
110
333553
2530
他們或許借此看到彼此，
05:48
quickly find each other, mate,
111
336107
1461
迅速的找到彼此，交配，
05:49
go back into their hole
for the next long stint of time.
for the next long stint of time.
112
337592
3714
再回到他們的洞穴里進行漫長的等待。
05:53
But then we started to find
other fluorescent marine life,
other fluorescent marine life,
113
341330
2880
我們開始找到別的熒光海洋生物，
05:56
like this green fluorescent bream,
114
344234
2797
比如這條螢綠色的歐鳊，
05:59
with its, like, racing stripes
along its head and its nape,
along its head and its nape,
115
347055
3985
它額上與頸部都有著豎型條紋，就像賽車前蓋上那樣的，
06:03
and it's almost camouflaged
and fluorescing at the same intensity
and fluorescing at the same intensity
116
351064
4301
並且這些偽裝性條紋有著與珊瑚礁
同樣的亮度。
06:07
as the fluorescent coral there.
117
355389
1786
06:10
After this fish,
118
358190
2087
在發現這種魚之後，
06:12
we were introduced to this red
fluorescent scorpionfish
fluorescent scorpionfish
119
360301
4301
我們又發現了這種反射紅色螢光的鮋，
06:16
cloaked and hidden on this rock.
120
364626
2143
它們隱藏在岩石下，偽裝著。
06:18
The only time we've ever seen this,
it's either on red fluorescent algae
it's either on red fluorescent algae
121
366793
3801
在此之前，我們只知道有螢光紅的海藻，
06:22
or red fluorescent coral.
122
370618
1675
以及螢光紅的珊瑚。
06:24
Later, we found this stealthy
green fluorescent lizardfish.
green fluorescent lizardfish.
123
372634
5333
在這之後，我們發現這些反射螢光綠的狗母魚。
06:29
These lizardfish come in many varieties,
124
377991
2088
狗母魚有許多種，
06:32
and they look almost exactly alike
under white light.
under white light.
125
380103
3269
它們在正常的光線下幾乎一模一樣。
06:35
But if you look at them
under fluorescent light,
under fluorescent light,
126
383396
2374
但如果你在螢光燈下觀察它們，
06:37
you see lots of patterns,
127
385794
1401
你可以看到許多圖案，
06:39
you can really see
the differences among them.
the differences among them.
128
387219
2686
你可以清楚地看出它們的不同，
06:41
And in total -- we just reported
this last year --
this last year --
129
389929
2937
我們去年的報告指出──
06:44
we found over 200 species
of biofluorescent fish.
of biofluorescent fish.
130
392890
4348
我們總共發現超過200種螢光的魚，
06:50
One of my inspirations is French artist
and biologist Jean Painlevé.
and biologist Jean Painlevé.
131
398135
5926
我的啟迪者之一，是法國藝術，生物學家吉恩.潘勒偉。
06:56
He really captures this entrepreneuring,
creative spirit in biology.
creative spirit in biology.
132
404085
4049
他真正拍攝到了這些生物所擁有的，富有創意的精神。
07:00
He would design his own gear,
make his own cameras,
make his own cameras,
133
408158
3803
他自己製造設備，製作相機，
07:03
and he was fascinated with the seahorse,
Hippocampus erectus,
Hippocampus erectus,
134
411985
3994
他為海馬著迷，直立海馬，
07:08
and he filmed for the first time
the seahorse giving birth.
the seahorse giving birth.
135
416003
3227
他是史上第一個拍攝到了海馬生產畫面的人。
07:12
So this is the male seahorse.
136
420086
1552
這就是雄海馬。
07:13
They were one of the first fish
to start swimming upright
to start swimming upright
137
421662
4714
它們是第一種豎著游泳
且大腦是位於頭頂的魚類。
07:18
with their brain above their head.
138
426400
1628
07:20
The males give birth,
139
428052
1151
雄海馬承擔生育的責任，
07:21
just phenomenal creatures.
140
429227
1420
這種生物如此不同尋常。
07:24
So he stayed awake for days.
141
432955
1342
所以他長時間的拍攝它們，
07:26
He even put this electrical visor
on his head that would shock him,
on his head that would shock him,
142
434321
3175
他甚至在頭上放置了電子面罩以電擊自己，
07:29
so he could capture this moment.
143
437520
1592
以便於他可以集中精神拍攝這個畫面。
07:32
Now, I wish I could have shown Painlevé
144
440796
2120
現在，我希望我能讓吉恩看到，
07:34
the moment where we found
biofluorescent seahorses
biofluorescent seahorses
145
442940
3097
我們拍攝的螢光海馬的畫面
07:38
in the exact same species
that he was studying.
that he was studying.
146
446061
2699
我們拍攝的和他拍攝的是同一種類。
07:40
And here's our footage.
147
448784
1214
這是我們拍攝的畫面。
07:42
(Music)
148
450022
2827
（音樂）
07:46
They're the most cryptic fish.
149
454476
1467
它們是最撲朔迷離的魚類。
07:47
You could be swimming right on top of them
and not see the seahorse.
and not see the seahorse.
150
455967
3380
你可能從它們頭頂游過，卻完全沒能注意到它們的存在。
07:52
They would blend right into the algae,
which would also fluoresce red,
which would also fluoresce red,
151
460228
4508
它們與同樣反射螢光紅的水藻融為一體，
07:56
but they've got great vision,
152
464760
1461
它們擁有很好地視力，
07:58
and they go through
this long mating ritual,
this long mating ritual,
153
466245
2174
並需要經歷漫長的交配儀式，
08:00
and perhaps they're using it
in that effect.
in that effect.
154
468443
2102
這也許也是它們螢光的原因之一。
08:03
But things got pretty edgy
155
471647
2919
但事情變得愈加複雜
08:07
when we found green
fluorescence in the stingray,
fluorescence in the stingray,
156
475442
5013
當我們發現魟也會反射螢光綠，
08:12
because stingrays are
in the Elasmobranch class,
in the Elasmobranch class,
157
480479
2764
因為魟屬於軟骨魚綱
08:15
which includes ...
158
483267
1239
這個綱目也包括....
08:17
sharks.
159
485075
1459
鯊魚。
08:18
So I'm, like, a coral biologist.
160
486558
3198
所以，我，一個珊瑚生物學家，
08:22
Somebody's got to go down and check
to see if the sharks are fluorescent.
to see if the sharks are fluorescent.
161
490161
3445
跑去水下開始觀察鯊魚是否也是螢光的。
08:25
And there I am.
162
493630
1262
嗯，這就是我。
08:26
(Laughter)
163
494916
1398
（笑聲）
然後我想：“ 嗯，好吧，或許我應該繼續研究我的珊瑚。”
08:28
And I was like, "Maybe I should
go back to corals."
go back to corals."
164
496338
2539
08:30
(Laughter)
165
498901
1032
（笑聲）
08:31
It turns out that these sharks
are not fluorescent.
are not fluorescent.
166
499957
2396
我們發現這些鯊魚不是螢光的。
08:35
And then we found it.
167
503473
1416
然後我們找到了這個。
08:36
In a deep, dark canyon
off the coast of California,
off the coast of California,
168
504913
4838
在加利福尼亞海岸邊一個幽深的洞穴里，
08:41
we found the first
biofluorescent swellshark,
biofluorescent swellshark,
169
509775
4437
我們找到了第一條螢光的頭鮫，
08:46
right underneath all the surfers.
170
514236
1775
就在衝浪者的腳底下。
08:48
Here it is.
171
516035
1185
這就是它。
08:49
They're just about a meter long.
It's called a swellshark.
It's called a swellshark.
172
517244
2724
它們大概一米長，叫做頭鮫。
人們叫它們頭鮫（swellshark字譯為膨脹的鯊魚）因為它們如果受到驚嚇，
08:51
And they call them a swellshark
because if they're threatened,
because if they're threatened,
173
519992
2912
08:54
they can gulp down water
and blow up like an inner tube,
and blow up like an inner tube,
174
522928
2746
它們會吞嚥海水并鼓脹身體，就像身體里有條軟管，
08:57
about twice their size,
175
525698
1159
它們可以膨脹到原本的兩倍，
08:58
and wedge themselves under a rock,
so they don't get eaten by a predator.
so they don't get eaten by a predator.
176
526881
4745
並把身子嵌入岩石中，以保護自己不被捕食者吃掉。
09:04
And here is our first footage
of these biofluorescent swellsharks.
of these biofluorescent swellsharks.
177
532158
4143
這是我們拍攝的第一條螢光頭鮫的畫面。
09:09
Just magnificent -- I mean,
they're showing these distinct patterns,
they're showing these distinct patterns,
178
537229
4721
就像魔法一樣──我是說，它們身上明麗的圖案們，
09:13
and there are areas that are fluorescent
and areas that are not fluorescent,
and areas that are not fluorescent,
179
541974
3573
螢光的頭鮫分佈在一些地區，非螢光的分佈在另一些地區，
09:17
but they've also got these
twinkling spots on them
twinkling spots on them
180
545571
2589
但它們身上這些閃爍的圖案，
09:20
that are much brighter
than other parts of the shark.
than other parts of the shark.
181
548184
2591
遠比其他種類的鯊魚明亮。
09:22
But this is all beautiful to see.
182
550799
2527
看到這些漂亮的鯊魚們，
09:25
I was like, this is gorgeous.
183
553350
1630
我心裡想，這真是太棒了。
09:27
But what does it mean to the shark?
184
555004
2831
但這對鯊魚來說有什麼意義呢？
09:29
Can they see this?
185
557859
1347
它們能看到這些圖案麼？
09:31
And we looked in the literature,
186
559230
1532
於是我們翻閱典籍，
09:32
and nothing was known
about this shark's vision.
about this shark's vision.
187
560786
3158
卻發現沒有任何關於這種鯊魚視覺的記錄。
09:35
So I took this shark to eye specialist
Ellis Loew at Cornell University,
Ellis Loew at Cornell University,
188
563968
4182
所以我們把這種鯊魚交給了康奈爾大學的視覺專家埃利斯.勒夫，
09:40
and we found out that this shark
sees discretely and acutely
sees discretely and acutely
189
568174
3523
我們發現這種鯊魚的視覺（神經）
09:43
in the blue-green interface,
190
571721
2094
在區分藍色與綠色時尤其敏感，
09:45
probably about 100 times better
than we can see in the dark,
than we can see in the dark,
191
573839
2830
大約比人類在暗處時的敏感程度高100倍，
09:48
but they only see blue-green.
192
576693
1726
但它們只能看到藍綠色。
09:50
So what it's doing
is taking this blue world
is taking this blue world
193
578443
3119
所以它們的視覺大概是，在藍色的世界里，
09:53
and it's absorbing the blue,
creating green.
creating green.
194
581586
2753
吸收藍色光，製造綠色光。
09:56
It's creating contrast
that they can indeed see.
that they can indeed see.
195
584363
2818
它們創造對比以使得它們的眼睛能夠看到這些圖案，
09:59
So we have a model,
196
587205
1151
所以我們有了一個模型，
10:00
showing that it creates an ability
for them to see all these patterns.
for them to see all these patterns.
197
588380
3372
展示給我們它們看到這些圖案的能力。
10:03
And males and females
also have, we're finding,
also have, we're finding,
198
591776
2881
我們也發現，雄性與雌性
10:06
distinct patterns among them.
199
594681
1936
身上的圖案是不同的。
10:09
But our last find came really just
a few miles from where we are now,
a few miles from where we are now,
200
597276
5433
我們的最後一個發現，離我們現在的所處地只有幾英里遠，
10:14
in the Solomon Islands.
201
602733
1451
在所羅門島。
10:16
Swimming at night, I encountered
the first biofluorescent sea turtle.
the first biofluorescent sea turtle.
202
604208
4460
在夜潛時，我與世界上第一種螢光海龜相遇了。
10:20
So now it's going from fish
and sharks into reptiles,
and sharks into reptiles,
203
608692
3412
所以現在我們從魚和鯊魚跳到了爬行類上，
10:24
which, again, this is only one month old,
204
612128
3284
也就一個月前吧，發現它，
10:27
but it shows us
that we know almost nothing
that we know almost nothing
205
615436
2378
但這也警醒了我們，我們對它們，
10:29
about this hawksbill turtle's vision.
206
617838
2274
這種玳瑁的視覺幾乎一無所知。
10:32
And it makes me think about
how much more there is to learn.
how much more there is to learn.
207
620136
2856
這使我開始思考，我們究竟還有多少需要學習。
10:35
And here in the Solomon Islands,
208
623016
1532
在這裡，在所羅門島，
10:36
there's only a few thousand
breeding females of this species left,
breeding females of this species left,
209
624572
3571
這種玳瑁只剩下數千的雌性還存活著，
10:40
and this is one of the hotspots for them.
210
628167
2044
而這裡是它們的集聚地之一。
10:42
So it shows us how much we need
to really protect these animals
to really protect these animals
211
630235
3067
這告訴我們，保護它們迫在眉睫，
10:45
while they're still here,
and understand them.
and understand them.
212
633326
2356
當它們尚未滅絕，在我們還能研究它們的時候。
10:47
In thinking about biofluorescence,
213
635706
2144
在研究生物螢光性的同時，
10:49
I wanted to know, how deep does it go?
214
637874
1945
我也想知道，它的涉獵有多廣？
10:51
Does this go all the way
to the bottom of the ocean?
to the bottom of the ocean?
215
639843
2444
螢光性存在於所有的海洋生物身上麼？
10:54
So we started using submarines,
and we equipped them
and we equipped them
216
642311
3547
所以我們開始使用潛水艇，裝備它們，
10:57
with special blue lights
on the front here.
on the front here.
217
645882
2174
在潛水艇前端制配了特殊的藍色光源。
11:00
And we dropped down,
218
648080
1960
然後我們下水，
11:02
and we noticed one important thing --
219
650064
2717
發現了一個重要的事情──
11:04
that as we get down to 1,000 meters,
220
652805
3298
當我們達到1000米深時，
11:08
it drops off.
221
656127
1316
不知不覺得。
11:09
There's no biofluorescent marine life
down there, below 1,000 meters --
down there, below 1,000 meters --
222
657467
3904
在1000米以下，這裡沒有任何螢光的海洋生物，
甚至沒有任何生物，只剩黑暗。
11:13
almost nothing, it's just darkness.
223
661395
2005
11:15
So it's mainly a shallow phenomenon.
224
663424
2430
這是一個不同尋常的現象。
11:17
And below 1,000 meters,
225
665878
1453
在1000米以下，
11:19
we encountered the bioluminescent zone,
226
667355
2661
我們開始到達生物發光體所在的區域，
11:22
where nine out of 10 animals
are actually making their own lights
are actually making their own lights
227
670040
3337
這裡的動物十有八九都能自主發光
11:25
and flashing and blinking.
228
673401
1754
閃光或者閃爍。
11:27
As I try to get deeper,
229
675179
1373
當我試著到達更深的區域時，
11:28
this is slapping on a one-person
submarine suit --
submarine suit --
230
676576
2975
這是我，在穿一件單人潛水衣──
11:31
some people call this my "Jacques Cousteau
meets Woody Allen" moment.
meets Woody Allen" moment.
231
679575
3763
有人說這是我的“庫斯托·賈可會見伍迪·艾倫”的時刻（兩人都是卓越的導演和冒險家）
11:35
(Laughter)
232
683362
1151
（笑聲）
11:36
But as we explore down here,
233
684537
2051
但當我們的研究愈加深入，
11:38
I was thinking about: How do we
interact with life delicately?
interact with life delicately?
234
686612
3719
我開始思考：如何能小心翼翼地與這些生命交流？
11:42
Because we're entering
a new age of exploration,
a new age of exploration,
235
690355
2697
因為我們到達了一個新的領域，
11:45
where we have to take great care,
236
693076
1803
一個我們需要精心呵護的領域，
11:46
and we have to set examples
how we explore.
how we explore.
237
694903
2695
我們的研究應當成為榜樣。
11:49
So I've teamed up with roboticist Rob Wood
at Harvard University,
at Harvard University,
238
697622
3664
所以我與哈佛大學的機器人專家羅布.伍德合作，
11:53
and we've been designing
squishy underwater robot fingers,
squishy underwater robot fingers,
239
701310
4139
我們開始研發一種柔軟的水下手指機器人，
11:58
so we can delicately interact
with the marine life down there.
with the marine life down there.
240
706360
3102
使我們能夠輕柔的觸碰深海之下的海洋生物。
12:01
The idea is that most of our technologies
to explore the deep ocean
to explore the deep ocean
241
709486
4715
我們用以深海探索的大多數技術設備，
12:06
come from oil and gas and military,
242
714225
2780
都依賴於燃油以及軍事相關資源，
12:09
who, you know, they're not really
caring to be gentle.
caring to be gentle.
243
717029
2841
我們都知道，他們不太在乎溫柔地對待事物。
12:11
Some corals could be 1,000 years old.
244
719894
2683
有些珊瑚可能已經一千歲了，
12:14
You don't want to just go
and crush them with a big claw.
and crush them with a big claw.
245
722601
3109
你不會想要用巨大的機械爪來傷害它們，
12:17
So my dream is something like this.
246
725734
1998
所以我期望的是這樣的東西。
12:19
At night, I'm in a submarine,
247
727756
2296
夜晚，我在潛艇里，
12:22
I have force-feedback gloves,
248
730076
2110
我帶著壓感手套，
12:24
and I could delicately set up
a lab in the front of my submarine,
a lab in the front of my submarine,
249
732210
3318
以幫助我小心翼翼的在我的潛艇前建立一個臨時實驗室，
12:27
where the squishy robot fingers
250
735552
2539
柔軟的機械手指，
12:30
are delicately collecting
and putting things in jars,
and putting things in jars,
251
738115
2485
小心的收集並把樣本放到廣口瓶中，
12:32
and we can conduct our research.
252
740624
1585
使得我們能夠順利處理我們的研究。
12:34
Back to the powerful applied applications.
253
742607
2850
回到強大的實際應用上。
12:37
Here, you're looking at a living brain
254
745481
2840
我們現在正在看著一個活的大腦，
12:40
that's using the DNA
of fluorescent marine creatures,
of fluorescent marine creatures,
255
748345
3367
由具有螢光DNA的海洋生物的基因建立，
12:43
this one from jellyfish and corals,
256
751736
2006
這個是來自珊瑚和水母的，
12:45
to illuminate the living brain
and see its connections.
and see its connections.
257
753766
3469
螢光DNA照亮大腦，并觀察它們之間的聯繫。
12:49
It's funny that we're using RGB
258
757259
1516
這很有趣，我們使用紅，綠，藍三原色
12:50
just to kind of satisfy
our own human intuition,
our own human intuition,
259
758799
2548
以配合我們人類的視覺習慣，
12:53
so we can see our brains better.
260
761371
2334
所以我們能夠更好地觀察它。
12:55
And even more mind-blowing,
261
763729
2048
腦洞大開的話，
12:57
is my close colleague
Vincent Pieribone at Yale,
Vincent Pieribone at Yale,
262
765801
3110
我在耶魯的同事文森.派瑞邦
13:00
who has actually designed and engineered
a fluorescent protein
a fluorescent protein
263
768935
3377
他設計並製造了一種螢光蛋白，
13:04
that responds to voltage.
264
772336
2095
這種蛋白會因電壓不同有不同的反應。
13:06
So he could see
when a single neuron fires.
when a single neuron fires.
265
774455
3102
所以我們可以看到，當一個神經傳出信號，
13:09
You're essentially looking at
a portal into consciousness
a portal into consciousness
266
777581
4539
你會看到整個大腦的意識改變的過程
13:14
that was designed by marine creatures.
267
782144
2914
而這個創造點子來源於海洋生物。
13:18
So this brings me all back
to perspective and relationship.
to perspective and relationship.
268
786102
4686
所以，這使我思考，早些時候對於海洋生物的看法與關係。
13:22
From deep space,
269
790812
2239
在太空中，
13:25
our universe looks
like a human brain cell,
like a human brain cell,
270
793075
3152
我們的宇宙看上去就像一個人腦細胞，
13:28
and then here we are in the deep ocean,
271
796251
2482
而我們在深海時，
13:30
and we're finding
marine creatures and cells
marine creatures and cells
272
798757
2871
我們發現海洋生物與它們的細胞
13:33
that can illuminate the human mind.
273
801652
2279
可以點亮人類的大腦。
13:35
And it's my hope
that with illuminated minds,
that with illuminated minds,
274
803955
3118
而這是我關於點亮大腦的一個願望，
13:39
we could ponder the overarching
interconnectedness of all life,
interconnectedness of all life,
275
807097
3785
我可以更深入的了解各種生物之間的關聯，
13:42
and fathom how much more lies in store
276
810906
2358
弄懂海洋被潛藏的價值與重要性
13:45
if we keep our oceans healthy.
277
813288
1715
以保持海洋健康為前提。
13:47
Thank you.
278
815027
1158
謝謝。
13:48
(Applause)
279
816209
5116
（掌聲）
（文中提到的Kaupichphys eel，近親為高體眶鼻鰻，感謝Eirc提供幫助）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Gruber - Marine biologist, explorer-photographerDavid Gruber searches the undersea world for bioluminescent and biofluorescent marine animals.
Why you should listen
Marine biologist, ocean explorer and professor David Gruber is providing a wealth of new insights into a secret "language" of shining colors and patterns that help many marine creatures communicate, interact and avoid enemies. He and his collaborators have illuminated and discovered novel fluorescent molecules from numerous marine animals and are working at the interface between glowing sea life and the ability to visualize the inner workings of human cells.
His research group at City University of New York and the American Museum of Natural History has deciphered the genome of scores of new fluorescent proteins, which are being developed as tools to aid in medical research and illuminate biological processes. On land, his team designs submersibles and other technologies to revolutionize ocean exploration and push the boundaries of our understanding of life in the deep sea.
David Gruber | Speaker | TED.com