ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Gruber - Marine biologist, explorer-photographer
David Gruber searches the undersea world for bioluminescent and biofluorescent marine animals.

Why you should listen

Marine biologist, ocean explorer and professor David Gruber is providing a wealth of new insights into a secret "language" of shining colors and patterns that help many marine creatures communicate, interact and avoid enemies. He and his collaborators have illuminated and discovered novel fluorescent molecules from numerous marine animals and are working at the interface between glowing sea life and the ability to visualize the inner workings of human cells. 

His research group at City University of New York and the American Museum of Natural History has deciphered the genome of scores of new fluorescent proteins, which are being developed as tools to aid in medical research and illuminate biological processes. On land, his team designs submersibles and other technologies to revolutionize ocean exploration and push the boundaries of our understanding of life in the deep sea.

More profile about the speaker
David Gruber | Speaker | TED.com
Mission Blue II

David Gruber: Glow-in-the-dark sharks and other stunning sea creatures

David Gruber: 會發光鯊魚同其他犀利嘅海洋生物

Filmed:
2,351,063 views

就喺海洋幾米深嘅地方,海洋生物學家、攝影探險家 David Gruber 發現咗一啲令人驚歎嘅生命──呢啲出人意表嘅海洋生物喺海洋暗淡嘅藍光下發出唔同嘅光。不如同佢一齊探索包括熒光鯊、熒光海馬、熒光海龜嘅各種海洋熒光生物,了解呢啲發光生物點樣令我哋對自己嘅大腦有新認識。
- Marine biologist, explorer-photographer
David Gruber searches the undersea world for bioluminescent and biofluorescent marine animals. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
I'm a marine海洋 biologist生物學家
and an explorer-photographer探險家-攝影師
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我係海洋生物學家
同樣係攝影探險家
00:15
with National國家 Geographic地理,
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亦都同國家地理雜誌合作做嘢
我想分享一個秘密
00:17
but I want to share共享 a secret秘密.
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呢幅圖完全係錯嘅
00:19
This image圖像 is totally完全 incorrect錯誤,
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全部錯哂
00:23
totally完全 incorrect錯誤.
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00:25
I see a couple夫婦 of people
crying in the back
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我睇倒後面有幾個人喺度喊
00:27
that I've blown their佢哋 idea想法 of mermaids美人魚.
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因為我破壞曬美人魚喺佢哋嘅形象
00:29
All right, the mermaid美人魚 is indeed講真 real真正,
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係嘅,呢個美人魚唔係假嘅
00:32
but anyone任何人 who's邊個係 gone on a dive潛水
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但潛過水嘅人都會知道海洋似咁樣多啲
00:34
will know that the ocean海洋
looks睇黎 more like this.
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00:37
It's because the ocean海洋
is this massive大規模 filter濾波器,
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因為我哋嘅海洋係一個好大嘅濾鏡
只要你進入水底,你睇嘢就會無咗顏色
00:41
and as soon好快 as you start初時 going underwater,
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00:43
you're going to lose失去 your colors顏色,
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00:45
and it's going to get dark黑暗
and blue藍色 very quickly迅速.
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所有嘢會變成黑色或者藍色
但係我哋人類係陸地生物
00:48
But we're humans人類 --
we're terrestrial陸地 mammals哺乳動物.
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我哋擁有三原色嘅視覺
00:51
And we've我哋都 got trichromatic vision視覺,
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我哋可以睇到紅、綠、藍
00:53
so we see in red, green綠色 and blue藍色,
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我哋鍾意睇到各種顏色
00:56
and we're just complete完成 color顏色 addicts粉友.
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我哋鍾意鮮艷奪目嘅顏色
00:58
We love eye-popping醒目 color顏色,
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我嘗試將呢啲鮮艷奪目嘅顏色帶到水底
01:01
and we try to bring this eye-popping醒目 color顏色
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01:03
underwater with us.
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01:05
So there's been a long and sordid污糟 history歷史
of bringing color顏色 underwater,
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早喺 88 年前就有
一段漫長又令人沮喪嘅歷史
Bill Longley 同 Charles Martin
嘗試拍低第一張水底彩色相片
01:09
and it starts初時 88 years ago
with Bill條例草案 LongleyLongley and Charles查尔斯 Martin馬丁,
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01:14
who were trying試圖 to take
the first underwater color顏色 photograph.
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01:17
And they're in there
with old-school老學校 scuba潛水 suits,
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佢哋著住舊款潛水衣同水肺潛水
01:19
where you're pumping air空氣 down to them,
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有人揼氣畀佢哋
佢哋有一隻浮筒裝住超易爆炸嘅鎂粉
01:21
and they've佢地已經 got a pontoon浮桥
of high-explosive高爆 magnesium powder,
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而喺海面嘅人唔知佢哋幾時對焦好
01:27
and the poor可憐 people
at the surface表面 are not sure
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01:29
when they're going to pull the string字符串
when they've佢地已經 got their佢哋 frame框架 in focus重點,
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亦都唔知幾時拉繩
個構思係,當鎂粉爆炸
01:33
and -- boom繁榮! -- a pound
of high explosives炸藥 would go off
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爆炸嘅光就可以去到水底
01:36
so they could put
a little bit of light underwater
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得到好似呢條咁靚嘅魚嘅相
01:39
and get an image圖像
like this beautiful hogfishhogfish.
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但我會話呢張相冇真實呈現到大自然
01:42
I mean, it's a gorgeous華麗 image圖像,
but this is not real真正.
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佢哋只係營造咗一個人工環境
01:45
They're creating創建 an artificial人工 environment環境
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嚟滿足人類對顏色嘅癡迷
01:47
so we can satisfy滿足
our own自己 addiction成癮 to color顏色.
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我哋覺得人唔應該將顏色帶到水底
01:51
And looking at it the other way,
what we've我哋都 been finding發現
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01:55
is that instead相反 of bringing color顏色
underwater with us,
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01:59
that we've我哋都 been looking at the blue藍色 ocean海洋,
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喺我哋觀察呢個藍色嘅海洋嘅當中
02:01
and it's a crucible坩堝 of blue藍色,
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我哋發現海洋好比藍色嘅水缸
02:04
and these animals動物 living生活 there
for millions数百万 of years
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生活喺海洋裏面已經幾百萬年嘅生物
02:07
have been evolving進化 all sorts各種 of ways方式
to take in that blue藍色 light
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進化出好多方法去吸收呢種藍光
同釋放其他顏色
02:11
and give off other colors顏色.
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02:13
And here's呢度有 just a little sample樣品
of what this secret秘密 world世界 looks睇黎 like.
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呢度只係呢個神秘世界嘅一個角落
02:16
It's like an underwater light show顯示.
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呢個好似海底燈光表演咁
02:18
(Music音樂)
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(音樂)
我哋睇緊嘅係藍光照射到珊瑚蟲
02:23
Again, what we're seeing看到 here
is blue藍色 light hitting this image圖像.
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呢啲動物吸收緊藍光之後
即刻改變呢種光
02:27
These animals動物 are absorbing吸收 the blue藍色 light
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02:29
and immediately即刻 transforming轉化 this light.
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02:35
So if you think about it, the ocean海洋
is 71 percent百分比 of the planet星球,
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你諗下,海洋佔地球面積 71%
藍光可以傳到海裏面大約一千米嘅地方
02:39
and blue藍色 light can extend擴展 down
to almost爭 D a 1,000 meters.
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當我哋落水,落到十米左右
紅光會消失
02:43
As we go down underwater,
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02:46
after about 10 meters,
all the red is gone.
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02:48
So if you see anything
under 10 meters that's red,
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如果你喺水底十米以下睇到紅色嘅嘢
係點嘅一回事?
02:51
it's an animal動物 transforming轉化
and creating創建 its own自己 red.
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呢啲紅光由生物自己轉化同創造嘅
呢個係地球上最大嘅純藍色環境
02:55
This is the largest最大 single monochromatic單色
blue藍色 environment環境 on our planet星球.
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03:02
And my gateway网关 into this world世界
of biofluorescencebiofluorescence begins初時 with corals珊瑚.
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我硏究呢個專題可以由珊瑚蟲講起
我仲想成個演講都喺度介紹珊瑚蟲
03:07
And I want to give
a full TED泰德 Talk on corals珊瑚
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因為佢哋實在太過不可思議!
03:09
and just how cool these things are.
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03:11
One of the things that they do,
one of their佢哋 miraculous神奇 feats壯舉,
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佢哋之所以不可思議係因為
佢哋產生好多
呢啲熒光蛋白質、熒光分子
03:14
is they produce生產 lots of these
fluorescent熒光 proteins蛋白質,
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03:17
fluorescent熒光 molecules分子.
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03:18
And in this coral珊瑚, it could be making決策
up to 14 percent百分比 of its body身體 mass質素 --
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雖然呢啲熒光蛋白質
佔珊瑚蟲體重 14%
但我相信呢啲蛋白質都係有功能嘅
03:23
could be this fluorescent熒光 protein蛋白.
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03:25
So you wouldn't唔會 be making決策, like,
14 percent百分比 muscle肌肉 and not using使用 it,
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正如你唔會製造多 14% 肌肉
而又唔用佢咁
03:30
so it's likely可能 doing something
that has a functional功能 role作用.
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03:33
And for the last 10, 15 years,
this was so special特殊 to me,
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過去十至十五年
呢隻分子對我嚟講真係好特別
因為呢啲分子喺生物醫學方面
成為咗一種最革命性嘅工具
03:37
because this molecule分子 has turned打開 out
to be one of the most revolutionary革命 tools工具
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03:43
in biomedical生物醫學 science科學,
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and it's allowing允許 us
to better see inside ourselves自己.
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佢令我哋更加認識自己
03:49
So, how do I study研究 this?
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我係點樣研究呢啲分子嘅呢?
我哋係喺夜晚游水
03:51
In order to study研究 biofluorescencebiofluorescence,
we swim游泳 at night.
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開始嘅時候
03:54
And when I started初時 out,
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我哋只係用啲藍色濾光膠布
放喺我哋嘅眼罩度
03:56
I was just using使用 these blue藍色
duct-tape菲林 filters過濾器 over my strobe頻閃,
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確保我哋睇到嘅藍光
係經動物轉變過嚟
04:00
so I could make sure
I'm actually講真 seeing看到 the light
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04:02
that's being transformed轉化 by the animals動物.
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04:04
We're making決策 an exhibit展覽
for the Museum博物館 of Natural自然 History歷史,
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我哋喺自然歷史博物館開咗個展覽
想話畀人知珊瑚礁上嘅
熒光珊瑚蟲有幾犀利
04:08
and we're trying試圖 to show顯示 off how great
the fluorescent熒光 corals珊瑚 are on the reef,
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但係有啲嘢令我好煩惱
04:12
and something happened發生
that just blew me away:
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圈住呢個、喺珊瑚蟲中間
有一條綠色熒光嘅魚
04:15
this.
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04:16
In the middle中間 of our corals珊瑚,
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is this green綠色 fluorescent熒光 fish.
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04:21
It's the first time we've我哋都 ever seen看到
a green綠色 fluorescent熒光 fish
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今次係我哋第一次發現綠色熒光魚
或者第一個有脊椎嘅熒光動物
04:24
or any vertebrate脊椎動物 for that matter個問題.
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04:26
And we're rubbing摩擦 our eyes眼睛,
checking檢查 the filters過濾器,
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我哋唔知係自己眼花定係個濾鏡有問題
04:28
thinking思維 that somebody's maybe
playing a joke笑話 on us with the camera相機,
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以為有人故意喺我地嘅相機做手腳
但係呢條鰻係真嘅
04:31
but the eel鰻魚 was real真正.
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佢仲係我哋搵到嘅第一條綠色熒光鰻
04:33
It was the first green綠色
fluorescent熒光 eel鰻魚 that we found發現,
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呢個徹底咁改變咗我嘅研究思路
04:37
and this just changed
my trajectory軌跡 completely完全.
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04:40
So I had to put down my corals珊瑚 and team團隊 up
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我暫時放低珊瑚蟲
同魚類專家 John Sparks 開始全球調查
04:43
with a fish scientist科學家, John約翰 Sparks火花,
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04:45
and begin初時 a search搜尋 around the world世界
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to see how prevalent普遍 this phenomenon現象 is.
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去睇下魚類熒光嘅現象有幾普遍
魚要比珊瑚蟲更加有趣
04:51
And fish are much more
interesting有趣 than corals珊瑚,
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因為佢哋嘅視力非常之好
04:54
because they have really advanced先進 vision視覺,
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當我拍攝嗰陣
04:56
and some of the fish even have,
the way that I was photographing拍攝 it,
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有啲魚嘅眼裏面有透鏡放大熒光嘅效果
05:00
they have lenses鏡頭 in their佢哋 eyes眼睛
that would magnify放大 the fluorescence熒光.
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所以我想響哩個領域研究落去
05:03
So I wanted to seek尋求 this out further進一步.
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我哋設計咗一系列新嘅工具
去搵世界各地嘅珊瑚礁嘅熒光生物
05:05
So we designed設計 a new新增功能 set設置 of gear齒輪
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05:07
and we're scouring沖刷 the reefs珊瑚礁
around the world世界,
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05:09
looking for fluorescent熒光 life.
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05:11
And it's a bit like "E.T. phone電話 home."
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呢個有啲似句對白
「外星人打電話返屋企」
05:13
We're out there swimming游泳
with this blue藍色 light,
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我哋游水嗰陣,開著埋藍色嘅光
05:16
and we're looking for a response響應,
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睇吓有冇生物吸收咗藍光之後
返射畀我哋
05:18
for animals動物 to be absorbing吸收 the light
and transferring轉移 this back to us.
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05:22
And eventually最終, we found發現
our photobombingphotobombing KaupichphysKaupichphys eel鰻魚.
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最後我哋搵到呢隻學名
叫 Kaupichphys eel 嘅鰻
呢條鰻好怕羞、隱蔽,我哋未曾見過
05:26
It's a really shy羞家, reclusive隱居 eel鰻魚
that we know almost爭 D nothing about.
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佢大概有我隻手指咁長
05:31
They're only about the size大小 of my finger手指,
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05:33
and they spend about 99.9 percent百分比
of their佢哋 time hidden隱藏 under a rock岩石.
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佢有 99.9% 嘅時間匿埋喺舊石下邊
但佢會喺月圓嘅時候出嚟交配
05:37
But these eels鰻魚 do come out to mate伴侶
under full-moon滿月 nights晚黑,
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月光將水底變成藍色
05:42
and that full-moon滿月 night
translates翻譯 underwater to blue藍色.
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或者佢哋就係用呢種方法
拿拿冧搵異性交配
05:45
Perhaps或者 they're using使用 this
as a way to see each每個 other,
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05:48
quickly迅速 find each每個 other, mate伴侶,
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05:49
go back into their佢哋 hole
for the next long stint階段 of time.
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佢哋之後會返返去自己個穴度
等下一次滿月
我哋仲揾到其他熒光海洋生物
05:53
But then we started初時 to find
other fluorescent熒光 marine海洋 life,
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好似呢種綠色熒光鯿魚
05:56
like this green綠色 fluorescent熒光 bream,
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佢嘅頸同頭都有熒光條紋
05:59
with its, like, racing賽車 stripes條紋
along沿 its head and its nape脖子,
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佢之所以可以僞裝
06:03
and it's almost爭 D camouflaged裝假狗
and fluorescing熒光 at the same相同 intensity強度
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係因為佢發光嘅強度
同發光珊瑚礁差唔多
06:07
as the fluorescent熒光 coral珊瑚 there.
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06:10
After this fish,
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介紹完呢種熒光魚
我哋要介紹呢種紅色熒光鮋
06:12
we were introduced介紹 to this red
fluorescent熒光 scorpionfishscorpionfish
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06:16
cloaked隱形 and hidden隱藏 on this rock岩石.
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佢將自己隱藏喺石後邊
我哋唯一一次見過佢嗰陣
06:18
The only time we've我哋都 ever seen看到 this,
it's either一係 on red fluorescent熒光 algae藻類
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佢喺紅色熒光藻類
或者紅色熒光珊瑚上面
06:22
or red fluorescent熒光 coral珊瑚.
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06:24
Later之後, we found發現 this stealthy隱身
green綠色 fluorescent熒光 lizardfish大頭狗母.
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跟住我哋揾到隱秘嘅綠色熒光蜥蜴魚
雖然呢種蜥蜴魚可以細分做幾種
06:29
These lizardfish大頭狗母 come in many好多 varieties品種,
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06:32
and they look almost爭 D exactly完全 alike一樣
under white白色 light.
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但係佢哋喺白光之下好似樣
如果你用熒光望佢哋
06:35
But if you look at them
under fluorescent熒光 light,
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你會見到佢哋身上有好多圖案
06:37
you see lots of patterns模式,
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06:39
you can really see
the differences差異 among之間 them.
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而且會發現佢哋之間好唔同
總計嚟講,我哋舊年搵咗
超過兩百種熒光魚
06:41
And in total -- we just reported報道
this last year --
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we found發現 over 200 species物種
of biofluorescentbiofluorescent fish.
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06:50
One of my inspirations啟示 is French法文 artist藝術家
and biologist生物學家 Jean PainlevPainlevé.
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我其中一個靈感來源嚟自法國藝術家
兼生物學家 Jean Painleve
佢灌注咗呢啲創造嘅精神落生物學度
06:56
He really captures捕獲 this entrepreneuringentrepreneuring,
creative創造性 spirit精神 in biology生物學.
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佢會自己設計裝置,製作相機
07:00
He would design設計 his own自己 gear齒輪,
make his own自己 cameras相機,
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又對 Hippocampus erectus 海馬
情有獨鍾
07:03
and he was fascinated著迷 with the seahorse海馬,
Hippocampus海馬 erectus直立,
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佢係第一個拍攝海馬生育過程嘅人
07:08
and he filmed拍攝 for the first time
the seahorse海馬 giving birth出生.
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07:12
So this is the male男性 seahorse海馬.
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呢隻係雄性海馬
07:13
They were one of the first fish
to start初時 swimming游泳 upright直立
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海馬係最早一批會打棟個身游水嘅魚類
佢哋嘅大腦喺頭部對上
07:18
with their佢哋 brain大腦 above以上 their佢哋 head.
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07:20
The males男性 give birth出生,
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海馬特別在,雄性負責生育
07:21
just phenomenal驚人 creatures生物.
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07:24
So he stayed awake清醒 for days.
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因為 Jean Painleve 幾日都唔瞓覺
07:26
He even put this electrical電氣 visor遮陽
on his head that would shock休克 him,
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因為佢喺自己嘅頭裝一個
可以電到自己嘅電擊裝置
07:29
so he could capture捕獲 this moment時刻.
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所以佢成功錄低咗呢個畫面
07:32
Now, I wish希望 I could have shown顯示 PainlevPainlevé
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宜家我想畀 Jean Painleve 睇到
07:34
the moment時刻 where we found發現
biofluorescentbiofluorescent seahorses海馬
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我哋發現嘅熒光海馬
同佢以前研究嘅屬同一品種
07:38
in the exact確切 same相同 species物種
that he was studying研究.
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呢度係我哋影低嘅片段
07:40
And here's呢度有 our footage鏡頭.
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07:42
(Music音樂)
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(音樂)
07:46
They're the most cryptic神秘 fish.
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熒光海馬係一種最隱秘嘅生物
07:47
You could be swimming游泳 right on top返回頁首 of them
and not see the seahorse海馬.
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你會響佢地頭頂游過但又發現唔到佢
07:52
They would blend混合 right into the algae藻類,
which would also fluoresce熒光 red,
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佢哋會隱藏喺紅色熒光嘅藻類入面
佢哋嘅視力好好
07:56
but they've佢地已經 got great vision視覺,
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07:58
and they go through透過
this long mating交配 ritual儀式,
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佢哋喺漫長嘅交配過程入邊
或者會用到發光效果
08:00
and perhaps或者 they're using使用 it
in that effect影響.
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08:03
But things got pretty edgy前衛
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我想分享我一個有趣嘅經歷︰
08:07
when we found發現 green綠色
fluorescence熒光 in the stingray,
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當我哋喺刺魟魚羣搵到綠色熒光刺魟
因為魟魚屬於板鰓類動物
08:12
because stingrays黄貂鱼 are
in the Elasmobranch板鰓魚類 class,
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08:15
which includes包括 ...
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板鰓類動物仲包括鯊魚
08:17
sharks鯊魚.
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08:18
So I'm, like, a coral珊瑚 biologist生物學家.
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所以我好似個珊瑚科學家咁…
畢竟總要有人落水研究鯊魚係咪熒光
08:22
Somebody's got to go down and check檢查
to see if the sharks鯊魚 are fluorescent熒光.
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而我就係呢個人
08:25
And there I am.
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08:26
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
我心諗 :我應該返去研究珊瑚
08:28
And I was like, "Maybe I should
go back to corals珊瑚."
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(笑聲)
08:30
(Laughter笑聲)
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最終我哋發現鯊魚唔係熒光
08:31
It turns輪流 out that these sharks鯊魚
are not fluorescent熒光.
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08:35
And then we found發現 it.
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跟著我哋發現到一隻生物
08:36
In a deep, dark黑暗 canyon峽谷
off the coast海岸 of California加州,
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喺離加州嘅海岸線
一個好深好黑嘅海底洪溝裏面
我哋第一條搵到熒光頭鮫
08:41
we found發現 the first
biofluorescentbiofluorescent swellsharkswellshark,
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就喺全部潛水員嘅下邊
08:46
right underneath下面 all the surfers衝浪.
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就係佢喇
08:48
Here it is.
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佢哋只有一米長
08:49
They're just about a meter long.
It's called a swellsharkswellshark.
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人哋叫佢做膨脹鯊
08:51
And they call them a swellsharkswellshark
because if they're threatened威脅,
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係因為當佢哋受驚嗰陣,佢哋會吸水
08:54
they can gulp吞掉 down water
and blow打擊 up like an inner tube,
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然後好似水管一樣發脹
膨脹到佢哋身體體積嘅兩倍
08:57
about twice兩次 their佢哋 size大小,
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08:58
and wedge themselves自己 under a rock岩石,
so they don't get eaten by a predator捕食者.
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然後攝喺岩石下底,避過獵食者
09:04
And here is our first footage鏡頭
of these biofluorescentbiofluorescent swellsharksswellsharks.
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呢度係我哋第一次影熒光頭鮫嘅片
09:09
Just magnificent宏偉 -- I mean,
they're showing顯示 these distinct不同 patterns模式,
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實在太勁啦
佢哋有獨特嘅圖案
09:13
and there are areas一區 that are fluorescent熒光
and areas一區 that are not fluorescent熒光,
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有啲地方熒光,有啲地方無熒光
佢哋身上有好多閃爍嘅點
09:17
but they've佢地已經 also got these
twinkling閃爍 spotsD on them
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比佢哋身上其他部分都光好多
09:20
that are much brighter光明
than other parts部分 of the shark鯊魚.
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09:22
But this is all beautiful to see.
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呢啲圖案好靚
靚到令人讚歎
09:25
I was like, this is gorgeous華麗.
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但光點對鯊魚有乜嘢特別意義呢?
09:27
But what does it mean to the shark鯊魚?
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佢哋可唔可以睇到自己嘅光點呢?
09:29
Can they see this?
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09:31
And we looked in the literature文學,
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當我哋翻查文獻嗰時
發現無記載到鯊魚嘅視力
09:32
and nothing was known
about this shark's鯊魚嘅 vision視覺.
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09:35
So I took this shark鯊魚 to eye眼睛 specialist專家
Ellis埃利斯 Loew勒夫 at Cornell康奈爾 University大學,
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所以我將鯊魚帶到康奈爾大學
眼科專家 Ellis Loew 嗰度
09:40
and we found發現 out that this shark鯊魚
sees看到 discretely謹慎 and acutely急性
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我哋發現鯊魚視力
對於藍色同綠色好敏銳
09:43
in the blue-green藍綠色 interface接口,
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比人喺黑暗裏面對呢兩隻顏色
仲好一百倍左右
09:45
probably可能 about 100 times better
than we can see in the dark黑暗,
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但係佢哋只係睇到藍色同綠色
09:48
but they only see blue-green藍綠色.
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09:50
So what it's doing
is taking採取 this blue藍色 world世界
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呢啲頭鮫要做嘅就係
響呢個藍色嘅世界
09:53
and it's absorbing吸收 the blue藍色,
creating創建 green綠色.
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吸收藍光,發出綠光
09:56
It's creating創建 contrast對比
that they can indeed講真 see.
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造成對比,令佢哋可以睇到嘢
所以我哋有呢個模型
09:59
So we have a model模型,
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10:00
showing顯示 that it creates創建 an ability能力
for them to see all these patterns模式.
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證明熒光物令鯊魚可以睇到
所有以上嘅圖案
我哋仲發現雄性同雌性嘅
圖案係唔一樣嘅
10:03
And males男性 and females女性
also have, we're finding發現,
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10:06
distinct不同 patterns模式 among之間 them.
199
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10:09
But our last find came really just
a few幾個 miles英里 from where we are now,
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我哋最後一次發現係
喺距離我哋當時幾公里嘅所羅門群島
10:14
in the Solomon所羅門 Islands島嶼.
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10:16
Swimming游泳 at night, I encountered遇到
the first biofluorescentbiofluorescent sea turtle海龜.
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我遊夜水嗰時,發現第一隻熒光海龜
所以話,由魚類,到鯊魚,再到爬行類
10:20
So now it's going from fish
and sharks鯊魚 into reptiles爬行動物,
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都有熒光動物嘅蹤影
10:24
which, again, this is only one month old,
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呢隻海龜只有一個月大
但其實反映緊
我哋對鷹嘴海龜視力嘅一無所知
10:27
but it shows顯示 us
that we know almost爭 D nothing
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2378
10:29
about this hawksbill玳瑁 turtle's龜的 vision視覺.
206
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10:32
And it makes使 me think about
how much more there is to learn學習.
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隻海龜令我知道咩叫「學海無涯」
喺所羅門群島呢度
呢種雌性海龜只剩低幾千隻
10:35
And here in the Solomon所羅門 Islands島嶼,
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10:36
there's only a few幾個 thousand
breeding育種 females女性 of this species物種 left,
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10:40
and this is one of the hotspots熱點 for them.
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呢度係其中一個佢地聚集嘅熱門地點
10:42
So it shows顯示 us how much we need
to really protect保護 these animals動物
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我哋真係好需要保護同埋認識佢哋
10:45
while they're still here,
and understand理解 them.
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10:47
In thinking思維 about biofluorescencebiofluorescence,
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喺研究生物熒光性嗰陣
我想知道,佢哋會游到海底幾深?
10:49
I wanted to know, how deep does it go?
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10:51
Does this go all the way
to the bottom底部 of the ocean海洋?
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佢哋係咪一直游到海底呢?
10:54
So we started初時 using使用 submarines潛艇,
and we equipped裝備 them
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所以我哋開始用潛水艇
仲喺前面裝咗藍色嘅燈
10:57
with special特殊 blue藍色 lights
on the front前面 here.
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當我哋下潛,我哋注意到一件重要嘅嘢
11:00
And we dropped下降 down,
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11:02
and we noticed注意 one important重要 thing --
219
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11:04
that as we get down to 1,000 meters,
220
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當去到海底一公里嗰陣
我哋見唔到熒光生物
11:08
it drops off.
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11:09
There's no biofluorescentbiofluorescent marine海洋 life
down there, below下面 1,000 meters --
222
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一公里以下係無螢光生物
差不多乜嘢都無,剩係潻黑一片
11:13
almost爭 D nothing, it's just darkness黑暗.
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2005
所以熒光生物嘅現象
主要喺淺層海洋發生
11:15
So it's mainly主要 a shallow phenomenon現象.
224
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11:17
And below下面 1,000 meters,
225
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喺一公里以下,我哋發現生物發光區
11:19
we encountered遇到 the bioluminescent發光 zone,
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11:22
where nine out of 10 animals動物
are actually講真 making決策 their佢哋 own自己 lights
227
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九成嘅動物都會發光,同埋喺度閃爍
11:25
and flashing閃爍 and blinking閃爍.
228
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11:27
As I try to get deeper更深,
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我嘗試去更深嘅地方
11:28
this is slapping拍打 on a one-person一人
submarine潛艇 suit --
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呢個係單人潛水器
11:31
some people call this my "Jacques雅克 Cousteau库斯托
meets會見 Woody木本 Allen艾倫" moment時刻.
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有啲人話呢個係潛水家庫斯托 . 賈可
同喜劇家活地艾倫相會嘅一刻
11:35
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
11:36
But as we explore探討 down here,
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當我哋繼續深潛
我諗緊點樣小心接觸生物
11:38
I was thinking思維 about: How do we
interact互動 with life delicately微妙?
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11:42
Because we're entering進入
a new新增功能 age年齡 of exploration探索,
235
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因為我哋進入探索新時代
我哋要特別小心謹慎
11:45
where we have to take great care護理,
236
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1803
11:46
and we have to set設置 examples例子
how we explore探討.
237
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我哋要做好探險嘅榜樣
所以我同哈佛大學嘅機器人專家
Rob Wood 一齊
11:49
So I've teamed合作 up with roboticist機械人專家 Rob Wood木材
at Harvard哈佛 University大學,
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喺度設計軟熟嘅水底機械手
11:53
and we've我哋都 been designing設計
squishy underwater robot機械人 fingers手指,
239
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4139
11:58
so we can delicately微妙 interact互動
with the marine海洋 life down there.
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令我哋可以小心就住咁接觸動物
大多數探索深海嘅技術
都嚟自油公司同軍隊
12:01
The idea想法 is that most of our technologies技術
to explore探討 the deep ocean海洋
241
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4715
12:06
come from oil and gas氣體 and military軍事,
242
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2780
12:09
who, you know, they're not really
caring關心 to be gentle溫柔.
243
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2841
但佢哋都唔會在意
啲設備對動物係咪溫柔
12:11
Some corals珊瑚 could be 1,000 years old.
244
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你唔想用鏟撞埋上千年嘅珊瑚度
12:14
You don't want to just go
and crush粉碎 them with a big claw.
245
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我嘅夢想係好似咁樣︰
12:17
So my dream夢想 is something like this.
246
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深夜我喺潛艇裡邊
12:19
At night, I'm in a submarine潛艇,
247
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我有一對力傳感手套
12:22
I have force-feedback力反饋 gloves手套,
248
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2110
我可以喺潛水艇前邊劃出一個實驗室
12:24
and I could delicately微妙 set設置 up
a lab實驗室 in the front前面 of my submarine潛艇,
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柔軟嘅機械手指就喺嗰度
將樣本放入罐裡邊,用嚟做研究
12:27
where the squishy robot機械人 fingers手指
250
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2539
12:30
are delicately微妙 collecting收集
and putting things in jars罐子,
251
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12:32
and we can conduct進行 our research研究.
252
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1585
12:34
Back to the powerful強大 applied應用 applications應用.
253
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再嚟睇睇呢啲犀利嘅應用技術
12:37
Here, you're looking at a living生活 brain大腦
254
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你而家睇到嘅係一個活生生嘅大腦
利用熒光海洋生物嘅 DNA
12:40
that's using使用 the DNADna
of fluorescent熒光 marine海洋 creatures生物,
255
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3367
——呢度用咗水母同珊瑚蟲嘅 DNA
12:43
this one from jellyfish水母 and corals珊瑚,
256
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2006
12:45
to illuminate照亮 the living生活 brain大腦
and see its connections連接.
257
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去照亮大腦,睇到裏邊嘅神經連接
有趣嘅係,我哋用紅綠藍三原色
去滿足人類對顏色嘅觀感
12:49
It's funny有趣 that we're using使用 RGBRgb
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12:50
just to kind一種 of satisfy滿足
our own自己 human人類 intuition直覺,
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12:53
so we can see our brains大腦 better.
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令我哋可以更清䠂睇到我哋嘅大腦
更加震撼嘅係
12:55
And even more mind-blowing吹心,
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我同事 Vincent Pieribone 喺耶魯大學
12:57
is my close關閉 colleague同事
Vincent文森特 PieribonePieribone at Yale耶魯,
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設計咗一種對電壓有反應嘅熒光蛋白
13:00
who has actually講真 designed設計 and engineered工程
a fluorescent熒光 protein蛋白
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13:04
that responds響應 to voltage電壓.
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13:06
So he could see
when a single neuron神經元 fires火災.
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所以佢可以透過蛋白
睇到神經元發出信息
13:09
You're essentially基本上 looking at
a portal門戶 into consciousness意識
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成件事就等如
你用海洋生物創造出嚟嘅嘢
去睇人類嘅意識
13:14
that was designed設計 by marine海洋 creatures生物.
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13:18
So this brings帶嚟 me all back
to perspective視角 and relationship關係.
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呢樣嘢帶返我去一啲觀念同關係嘅學問
喺宇宙深處
我哋嘅太空好似一個腦細胞
13:22
From deep space空間,
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13:25
our universe宇宙 looks睇黎
like a human人類 brain大腦 cell細胞,
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13:28
and then here we are in the deep ocean海洋,
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宜家我哋身處深海當中
探索緊可以透視人類思想嘅
海底生物同細胞
13:30
and we're finding發現
marine海洋 creatures生物 and cells細胞
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13:33
that can illuminate照亮 the human人類 mind介意.
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13:35
And it's my hope希望
that with illuminated照亮 minds頭腦,
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我一直有個願望︰透過發光嘅大腦
我哋可以了解生命點樣有關連
13:39
we could ponder思考 the overarching總體
interconnectedness聯繫 of all life,
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同埋喺保持海洋健康嘅前提下
13:42
and fathom捉摸 how much more lies謊言 in store商店
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探索仲有幾多生物隱藏咗
13:45
if we keep our oceans海洋 healthy健康.
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多謝
13:47
Thank you.
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(掌聲)
13:48
(Applause掌聲)
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Translated by Wink Wong
Reviewed by Chak Lam Wan

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Gruber - Marine biologist, explorer-photographer
David Gruber searches the undersea world for bioluminescent and biofluorescent marine animals.

Why you should listen

Marine biologist, ocean explorer and professor David Gruber is providing a wealth of new insights into a secret "language" of shining colors and patterns that help many marine creatures communicate, interact and avoid enemies. He and his collaborators have illuminated and discovered novel fluorescent molecules from numerous marine animals and are working at the interface between glowing sea life and the ability to visualize the inner workings of human cells. 

His research group at City University of New York and the American Museum of Natural History has deciphered the genome of scores of new fluorescent proteins, which are being developed as tools to aid in medical research and illuminate biological processes. On land, his team designs submersibles and other technologies to revolutionize ocean exploration and push the boundaries of our understanding of life in the deep sea.

More profile about the speaker
David Gruber | Speaker | TED.com