TED@BCG Paris
Seema Bansal: How to fix a broken education system ... without any more money
Seema Bansal: Kako popraviti uništeni obrazovni sustav... bez dodatnog novca
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Seema Bansal utrla je put državnoj obrazovnoj reformi za 15,000 škola u Harayani, Indija, postavljajući ambiciozan cilj: do 2020., 80% djece treba imati znanje na razini svog razreda. Ovaj cilj nastoji postići tražeći reforme koje će funkcionirati u svakoj školi bez dodatnih resursa. Bansal i njen tim uspjeli su koristeći kreativne, jednostavne tehnike kao što su komunikacija s učiteljima putem SMS poruka, grupnih razgovora, i već su znatno poboljšali učenje i angažman u školama Harayane.
Seema Bansal - Education innovator
BCG's Seema Bansal asks: Can governments actually make a meaningful difference in education? And rapidly? Yes, it turns out. Full bio
BCG's Seema Bansal asks: Can governments actually make a meaningful difference in education? And rapidly? Yes, it turns out. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So we all have our own biases.
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Svi mi imamo predrasude.
00:15
For example, some of us tend to think
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Na primjer, neki od nas misle
00:17
that it's very difficult to transform
failing government systems.
failing government systems.
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da je jako teško promijeniti
neuspješne vladine sustave.
neuspješne vladine sustave.
00:21
When we think of government systems,
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Kada govorimo o vladinim sustavima,
00:23
we tend to think that they're archaic,
set in their ways,
set in their ways,
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obično mislimo da su
zastarjeli i nefleksibilni,
zastarjeli i nefleksibilni,
00:27
and perhaps, the leadership
is just too bureaucratic
is just too bureaucratic
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a vodstvo je možda previše birokratsko
00:29
to be able to change things.
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da bi išta promijenilo.
00:32
Well, today, I want
to challenge that theory.
to challenge that theory.
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Pa, danas bih htjela preispitati tu tezu.
00:35
I want to tell you a story
of a very large government system
of a very large government system
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Želim vam ispričati priču
o jako velikom vladinom sustavu
o jako velikom vladinom sustavu
00:39
that has not only put itself
on the path of reform
on the path of reform
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koji ne samo da je krenuo
u smjeru reforme,
u smjeru reforme,
00:43
but has also shown
fairly spectacular results
fairly spectacular results
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nego je također postigao
fantastične rezultate
fantastične rezultate
00:46
in less than three years.
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za manje od tri godine.
00:48
This is what a classroom
in a public school in India looks like.
in a public school in India looks like.
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Ovako izgleda učionica
državne škole u Indiji.
državne škole u Indiji.
00:53
There are 1 million such schools in India.
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U Indiji je jedan milijun takvih škola.
00:55
And even for me,
who's lived in India all her life,
who's lived in India all her life,
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Čak i za mene,
koja cijeli život živim u Indiji,
koja cijeli život živim u Indiji,
00:59
walking into one of these schools
is fairly heartbreaking.
is fairly heartbreaking.
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posjet jednoj od tih škola
bio je jako bolan.
bio je jako bolan.
01:03
By the time kids are 11,
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Do trenutka kada djeca navrše 11 godina,
01:05
50 percent of them have fallen
so far behind in their education
so far behind in their education
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50 posto njih toliko je
zaostalo u svojem obrazovanju
zaostalo u svojem obrazovanju
01:09
that they have no hope to recover.
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da je to nemoguće nadoknaditi.
01:11
11-year-olds cannot do simple addition,
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11-ogodišnjaci ne znaju zbrajati,
01:14
they cannot construct
a grammatically correct sentence.
a grammatically correct sentence.
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niti sastaviti gramatički
ispravnu rečenicu.
ispravnu rečenicu.
01:17
These are things that you and I
would expect an 8-year-old
would expect an 8-year-old
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To su stvari koje bismo vi i ja očekivali
01:21
to be able to do.
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od 8-godišnjaka.
01:22
By the time kids are 13 or 14,
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Do trenutka kada navrše 13 ili 14 godina,
01:25
they tend to drop out of schools.
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uglavnom napuste školu.
01:28
In India, public schools
not only offer free education --
not only offer free education --
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U Indiji, državne škole
ne samo da nude besplatno obrazovanje,
ne samo da nude besplatno obrazovanje,
01:31
they offer free textbooks,
free workbooks, free meals,
free workbooks, free meals,
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nego nude i besplatne udžbenike,
radne bilježnice, obroke,
radne bilježnice, obroke,
01:35
sometimes even cash scholarships.
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ponekad čak i novčane stipendije.
01:37
And yet, 40 percent of the parents today
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Ipak, 40 posto današnjih roditelja
01:40
are choosing to pull their children
out of public schools
out of public schools
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odabire ispisati svoju djecu
iz državnih škola
iz državnih škola
01:43
and pay out of their pockets
to put them in private schools.
to put them in private schools.
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i plaćaju iz svog džepa
da ih upišu u privatne škole.
da ih upišu u privatne škole.
01:47
As a comparison,
in a far richer country, the US,
in a far richer country, the US,
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Za usporedbu, u puno
bogatijoj zemlji, SAD-u,
bogatijoj zemlji, SAD-u,
01:51
that number is only 10 percent.
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taj broj je svega 10 posto.
01:53
That's a huge statement on how broken
the Indian public education system is.
the Indian public education system is.
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To je veliki pokazatelj koliko je uništen
državni obrazovni sustav u Indiji.
državni obrazovni sustav u Indiji.
01:59
So it was with that background
that I got a call in the summer of 2013
that I got a call in the summer of 2013
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U takvoj situaciji sam
dobila poziv u ljeto 2013. godine
dobila poziv u ljeto 2013. godine
02:03
from an absolutely brilliant lady
called Surina Rajan.
called Surina Rajan.
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od apsolutno briljantne gospođe
pod imenom Surina Rajan.
pod imenom Surina Rajan.
02:07
She was, at that time, the head
of the Department of School Education
of the Department of School Education
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Ona je, u to vrijeme, bila
na čelu Ministarstva obrazovanja
na čelu Ministarstva obrazovanja
02:11
in a state called Haryana in India.
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u državi Haryana, u Indiji.
02:14
So she said to us, "Look, I've been
heading this department
heading this department
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Rekla nam je, „Gledajte,
na čelu sam ovog odjela
na čelu sam ovog odjela
02:17
for the last two years.
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zadnje dvije godine.
02:18
I've tried a number of things,
and nothing seems to work.
and nothing seems to work.
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Pokušala sam mnogo stvari,
no ništa ne djeluje.
no ništa ne djeluje.
02:22
Can you possibly help?"
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Možete li mi nekako pomoći?"
02:24
Let me describe Haryana
a little bit to you.
a little bit to you.
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Dopustite da vam malo opišem Haryanu.
02:27
Haryana is a state
which has 30 million people.
which has 30 million people.
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Haryana je država od
30 milijuna stanovnika.
30 milijuna stanovnika.
02:31
It has 15,000 public schools
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Ima 15,000 državnih škola
02:34
and 2 million plus
children in those public schools.
children in those public schools.
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i preko 2 milijuna djece pohađa te škole.
02:38
So basically, with that phone call,
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Tako sam, u biti, tim pozivom,
02:40
I promised to help a state and system
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obećala pomoći i državi i sustavu
02:43
which was as large as that of Peru
or Canada transform itself.
or Canada transform itself.
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veličine Perua ili Kanade
da se promijeni.
da se promijeni.
02:48
As I started this project,
I was very painfully aware of two things.
I was very painfully aware of two things.
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Dok sam započinjala projekt,
bila sam bolno svjesna dviju stvari.
bila sam bolno svjesna dviju stvari.
02:52
One, that I had never done
anything like this before.
anything like this before.
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Prvo, da nikad nisam radila ništa slično.
02:55
And two, many others had,
perhaps without too much success.
perhaps without too much success.
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I drugo, da mnogi drugi jesu,
bez puno uspjeha.
bez puno uspjeha.
03:00
As my colleagues and I
looked across the country
looked across the country
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Dok smo moje kolege i ja
istraživali diljem države
istraživali diljem države
03:03
and across the world,
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i diljem svijeta,
03:04
we couldn't find another example
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nismo mogli pronaći jedan primjer
03:06
that we could just pick up
and replicate in Haryana.
and replicate in Haryana.
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koji bismo jednostavno mogli preuzeti
i ponoviti u Haryani.
i ponoviti u Haryani.
03:09
We knew that we had to craft
our own journey.
our own journey.
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Znali smo da sami moramo utrti svoj put.
03:12
But anyway, we jumped right in
and as we jumped in,
and as we jumped in,
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Bilo kako bilo, bacili smo se na posao
i kada smo započeli,
i kada smo započeli,
03:15
all sorts of ideas started flying at us.
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dobivali smo raznorazne ideje.
03:18
People said, "Let's change
the way we recruit teachers,
the way we recruit teachers,
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Ljudi su predlagali:
„Promijenimo način odabira učitelja,
„Promijenimo način odabira učitelja,
03:21
let's hire new principals and train them
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zaposlimo nove ravnatelje i educirajmo ih,
03:24
and send them on international
learning tours,
learning tours,
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pošaljimo ih na međunarodne edukacije,
03:26
let's put technology inside classrooms."
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uvedimo tehnologiju u učionice."
03:29
By the end of week one,
we had 50 ideas on the table,
we had 50 ideas on the table,
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Do kraja prvog tjedna,
imali smo 50 ideja pred nama,
imali smo 50 ideja pred nama,
03:31
all amazing, all sounded right.
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sve su bile odlične, sve su zvučale dobro.
03:34
There was no way we were
going to be able to implement 50 things.
going to be able to implement 50 things.
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No, nikako nismo mogli uvesti 50 stvari.
03:39
So I said, "Hang on, stop.
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Zato sam rekla, „Čekajte, stanimo.
03:41
Let's first at least decide
what is it we're trying to achieve."
what is it we're trying to achieve."
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Odlučimo barem prvo
što točno želimo postići."
što točno želimo postići."
03:44
So with a lot of push and pull and debate,
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Nakon mnogo natezanja i raspravljanja,
03:47
Haryana set itself a goal
which said: by 2020,
which said: by 2020,
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Haryana je postavila cilj
koji je glasio: do 2020. godine
koji je glasio: do 2020. godine
03:51
we want 80 percent of our children
to be at grade-level knowledge.
to be at grade-level knowledge.
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želimo da 80 posto djece ima
znanje na razini svog razreda.
znanje na razini svog razreda.
03:55
Now the specifics of the goal
don't matter here,
don't matter here,
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Pojedinosti tog cilja ovdje nisu bitne,
03:58
but what matters
is how specific the goal is.
is how specific the goal is.
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bitno je koliko je cilj precizan.
04:01
Because it really allowed us
to take all those ideas
to take all those ideas
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To nam je stvarno omogućilo
da uzmemo sve ideje
da uzmemo sve ideje
04:04
which were being thrown at us
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koje su nam se nudile
04:06
and say which ones
we were going to implement.
we were going to implement.
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i odaberemo one koje želimo provesti.
04:08
Does this idea support this goal?
If yes, let's keep it.
If yes, let's keep it.
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Služi li ova ideja cilju?
Ako služi, zadržimo je.
Ako služi, zadržimo je.
04:12
But if it doesn't or we're not sure,
then let's put it aside.
then let's put it aside.
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Ali ako ne služi ili ako nismo sigurni,
maknimo je na stranu.
maknimo je na stranu.
04:16
As simple as it sounds,
having a very specific goal right up front
having a very specific goal right up front
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Koliko god jednostavno zvučalo,
to što smo imali jasno određen cilj
to što smo imali jasno određen cilj
04:20
has really allowed us to be
very sharp and focused
very sharp and focused
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omogućilo nam je da budemo
jasno usmjereni i vrlo fokusirani
jasno usmjereni i vrlo fokusirani
04:24
in our transformation journey.
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na našem putu ka promjenama.
04:25
And looking back over
the last two and a half years,
the last two and a half years,
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Kada se osvrnem
na zadnje dvije i pol godine,
na zadnje dvije i pol godine,
04:28
that has been a huge positive for us.
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bila je to velika prednost za nas.
04:31
So we had the goal,
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Dakle, imali smo cilj
04:32
and now we needed to figure out
what are the issues, what is broken.
what are the issues, what is broken.
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i trebali smo utvrditi
koji su problemi, što ne valja.
koji su problemi, što ne valja.
04:37
Before we went into schools,
a lot of people told us
a lot of people told us
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Prije nego smo otišli u škole,
mnogo ljudi nam je reklo
mnogo ljudi nam je reklo
04:39
that education quality is poor
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da je kvaliteta obrazovanja loša
04:41
because either the teachers are lazy,
they don't come into schools,
they don't come into schools,
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jer su ili učitelji lijeni,
ne dolaze u škole,
ne dolaze u škole,
04:45
or they're incapable,
they actually don't know how to teach.
they actually don't know how to teach.
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ili su nesposobni te ne znaju
kako, zapravo, podučavati.
kako, zapravo, podučavati.
04:49
Well, when we went inside schools,
we found something completely different.
we found something completely different.
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No, kada smo došli u škole,
otkrili smo nešto sasvim drugo.
otkrili smo nešto sasvim drugo.
04:53
On most days, most teachers
were actually inside schools.
were actually inside schools.
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Većinu vremena, većina učitelja
je bila u školama.
je bila u školama.
04:57
And when you spoke with them,
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Kada smo razgovarali s njima,
04:59
you realized they were perfectly capable
of teaching elementary classes.
of teaching elementary classes.
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shvatili smo da su savršeno sposobni
podučavati u osnovnoj školi.
podučavati u osnovnoj školi.
05:03
But they were not teaching.
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Međutim, nisu podučavali.
05:06
I went to a school
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Otišla sam u školu
05:08
where the teachers were getting
the construction of a classroom
the construction of a classroom
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gdje su učitelji
nadgledali izgradnju učionice
nadgledali izgradnju učionice
05:11
and a toilet supervised.
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i zahoda.
05:13
I went to another school
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Otišla sam u drugu školu
05:15
where two of the teachers
had gone to a nearby bank branch
had gone to a nearby bank branch
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gdje su dva učitelja
otišla u obližnju banku
otišla u obližnju banku
05:18
to deposit scholarship money
into kids' accounts.
into kids' accounts.
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kako bi uplatili novac
za školarinu na račune djece.
za školarinu na račune djece.
05:21
At lunchtime, most teachers
were spending all of their time
were spending all of their time
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Za vrijeme ručka, većina učitelja
je provodila svo vrijeme
je provodila svo vrijeme
05:25
getting the midday meal cooking,
supervised and served to the students.
supervised and served to the students.
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kuhajući ručak, nadgledajući
i poslužujući učenike.
i poslužujući učenike.
05:30
So we asked the teachers,
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Pa smo upitali učitelje,
05:32
"What's going on,
why are you not teaching?"
why are you not teaching?"
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„Što se događa, zašto ne podučavate?"
05:35
And they said, "This is
what's expected of us.
what's expected of us.
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Odgovorili su, „Ovo se očekuje od nas.
05:38
When a supervisor comes to visit us,
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Kad nas posjeti nadzornik,
05:40
these are exactly the things
that he checks.
that he checks.
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upravo ovakve stvari provjerava.
05:43
Has the toilet been made,
has the meal been served.
has the meal been served.
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Je li zahod čist, je li obrok poslužen.
05:45
When my principal
goes to a meeting at headquarters,
goes to a meeting at headquarters,
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Kada moj ravnatelj odlazi do uprave,
05:49
these are exactly the things
which are discussed."
which are discussed."
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upravo o ovim stvarima raspravljaju.
05:52
You see, what had happened was,
over the last two decades,
over the last two decades,
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Vidite, dogodilo se to da se
tijekom zadnja dva desetljeća
tijekom zadnja dva desetljeća
05:56
India had been fighting the challenge
of access, having enough schools,
of access, having enough schools,
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Indija borila s izazovom dostupnosti,
da ima dovoljan broj škola
da ima dovoljan broj škola
06:00
and enrollment, bringing children
into the schools.
into the schools.
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te upisima, da dovedu djecu u škole.
06:03
So the government
launched a whole host of programs
launched a whole host of programs
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Zato je vlada pokrenula niz programa
06:06
to address these challenges,
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koji se bave tim izazovima,
06:08
and the teachers became
the implicit executors of these programs.
the implicit executors of these programs.
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a učitelji su postali
implicitni izvršitelji tih programa.
implicitni izvršitelji tih programa.
06:13
Not explicitly, but implicitly.
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Ne eksplicitno, već implicitno, prešutno.
06:16
And now, what was actually needed
was not to actually train teachers further
was not to actually train teachers further
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I sada, u stvari, nije bilo potrebno
dalje obučavati učitelje
dalje obučavati učitelje
06:21
or to monitor their attendance
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ili kontrolirati njihovo prisustvo,
06:23
but to tell them
that what is most important
that what is most important
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nego im reći da je najvažnije
06:27
is for them to go back
inside classrooms and teach.
inside classrooms and teach.
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da se vrate u učionice i poučavaju.
06:30
They needed to be monitored
and measured and awarded
and measured and awarded
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Trebalo ih se nadgledati,
vrednovati i nagrađivati
vrednovati i nagrađivati
06:34
on the quality of teaching
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prema kvaliteti podučavanja,
06:35
and not on all sorts of other things.
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a ne prema drugim stvarima.
06:38
So as we went through
the education system,
the education system,
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Dok smo proučavali obrazovni sustav,
06:40
as we delved into it deeper,
we found a few such core root causes
we found a few such core root causes
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ulazili sve dublje,
naišli smo na nekoliko glavnih uzroka
naišli smo na nekoliko glavnih uzroka
06:45
which were determining, which were
shaping how people behaved in the system.
shaping how people behaved in the system.
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koji su određivali i oblikovali
ponašanje ljudi unutar sustava.
ponašanje ljudi unutar sustava.
06:49
And we realized that unless we change
those specific things,
those specific things,
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Shvatili smo da dok ne promijenimo
te određene stvari,
te određene stvari,
06:53
we could do a number of other things.
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možemo napraviti hrpu drugih stvari.
06:55
We could train, we could put
technology into schools,
technology into schools,
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Možemo obučavati, uvesti
tehnologiju u škole,
tehnologiju u škole,
06:58
but the system wouldn't change.
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ali se sustav neće promijeniti.
07:00
And addressing these non-obvious
core issues
core issues
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Rješavanje tih pitanja
koja nisu bila očigledna
koja nisu bila očigledna
07:03
became a key part of the program.
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postalo je ključni dio programa.
07:06
So, we had the goal and we had the issues,
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Dakle, imali smo cilj
i imali smo probleme
i imali smo probleme
07:09
and now we needed to figure out
what the solutions were.
what the solutions were.
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te smo morali naći rješenja.
07:12
We obviously did not want
to recreate the wheel,
to recreate the wheel,
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Očito nismo htjeli izmišljati toplu vodu
07:15
so we said, "Let's look around
and see what we can find."
and see what we can find."
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pa smo rekli, „Idemo vidjeti
što možemo pronaći.“
što možemo pronaći.“
07:18
And we found these beautiful,
small pilot experiments
small pilot experiments
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I pronašli smo te predivne,
male pilot projekte
male pilot projekte
07:23
all over the country
and all over the world.
and all over the world.
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diljem zemlje i diljem svijeta.
07:26
Small things being done by NGOs,
being done by foundations.
being done by foundations.
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Male stvari koje rade nevladine
organizacije i zaklade.
organizacije i zaklade.
07:30
But what was also interesting
was that none of them actually scaled.
was that none of them actually scaled.
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Zanimljivo je da ništa od toga
nije poprimilo veće razmjere.
nije poprimilo veće razmjere.
07:34
All of them were limited
to 50, 100 or 500 schools.
to 50, 100 or 500 schools.
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Sve je bilo ograničeno na
50, 100 ili 500 škola,
50, 100 ili 500 škola,
07:37
And here, we were looking
for a solution for 15,000 schools.
for a solution for 15,000 schools.
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a mi smo tražili rješenje za 15,000 škola.
07:41
So we looked into why,
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1704
Željeli smo znati
07:42
if these things actually work,
why don't they actually scale?
why don't they actually scale?
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3115
ako te stvari funkcioniraju,
zašto nisu obuhvatili veće razmjere?
zašto nisu obuhvatili veće razmjere?
07:46
What happens is that
when a typical NGO comes in,
when a typical NGO comes in,
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3235
Radi se o tome da kada NVO dođu,
07:49
they not only bring in their expertise
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2413
one ne donose samo stručnost,
07:52
but they also bring in
additional resources.
additional resources.
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nego i dodatne resurse.
07:54
So they might bring in money,
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Možda donesu novac,
07:56
they might bring in people,
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možda dovedu ljude,
07:57
they might bring in technology.
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1694
možda uvedu tehnologiju.
07:59
And in the 50 or 100 schools
that they actually operate in,
that they actually operate in,
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U 50 ili 100 škola u kojima oni djeluju,
08:04
those additional resources
actually create a difference.
actually create a difference.
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2860
ti dodatni resursi
stvarno donose promjene.
stvarno donose promjene.
08:07
But now imagine that the head of this NGO
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2532
Ali sada zamislite da predsjednik te NVO
08:10
goes to the head
of the School Education Department
of the School Education Department
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2755
ode do ministra obrazovanja
08:12
and says, "Hey, now let's do this
for 15,000 schools."
for 15,000 schools."
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3265
i kaže, „Idemo to sada napraviti
u 15,000 škola.“
u 15,000 škola.“
08:16
Where is that guy or girl
going to find the money
going to find the money
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484100
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Gdje će taj muškarac ili žena
pronaći novac
pronaći novac
08:19
to actually scale this up
to 15,000 schools?
to 15,000 schools?
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2704
da to napravi u 15,000 škola?
08:22
He doesn't have the additional money,
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1762
On nema dodatnog novca,
08:24
he doesn't have the resources.
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1597
nema resurse.
08:25
And hence, innovations don't scale.
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2351
I zbog toga se inovacije ne proširuju.
08:28
So right at the beginning
of the project, what we said was,
of the project, what we said was,
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Zbog toga smo na početku projekta rekli,
08:32
"Whatever we have to do
has to be scalable,
has to be scalable,
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2646
„Štogod da moramo napraviti,
mora se moći proširiti,
mora se moći proširiti,
08:35
it has to work in all 15,000 schools."
163
503035
3287
mora moći funkcionirati
u svih 15,000 škola."
u svih 15,000 škola."
08:38
And hence, it has to work
within the existing budgets
within the existing budgets
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Stoga mora moći funkcionirati
u okviru postojećeg budžeta
u okviru postojećeg budžeta
08:42
and resources that the state actually has.
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i resursa koje država ima.
08:45
Much easier said than done.
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1875
Mnogo je lakše to reći nego učiniti.
08:47
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
08:48
I think this was definitely
the point in time
the point in time
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2156
Mislim da me u tom trenutku
08:51
when my team hated me.
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moj tim definitivno mrzio.
08:52
We spent a lot of long hours
in office, in cafés,
in office, in cafés,
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520912
5178
Proveli smo mnoge sate
u uredu, u kafićima,
u uredu, u kafićima,
08:58
sometimes even in bars,
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1295
ponekad čak i u barovima,
08:59
scratching out heads and saying,
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1663
mozgajući i govoreći,
09:01
"Where are the solutions,
how are we going to solve this problem?"
how are we going to solve this problem?"
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3266
„Gdje su rješenja,
kako ćemo riješiti ovaj problem?“
kako ćemo riješiti ovaj problem?“
09:04
In the end, I think we did
find solutions to many of the issues.
find solutions to many of the issues.
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532410
3780
Mislim da smo na kraju
našli rješenja za mnoge probleme.
našli rješenja za mnoge probleme.
09:08
I'll give you an example.
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1873
Dat ću vam jedan primjer.
09:10
In the context of effective learning,
176
538111
1942
U kontekstu učinkovitog učenja,
09:12
one of the things people talk about
is hands-on learning.
is hands-on learning.
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540077
3285
jedna stvar o kojoj ljudi pričaju
je praktično učenje.
je praktično učenje.
09:15
Children shouldn't memorize
things from books,
things from books,
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2268
Djeca ne bi trebala pamtiti
stvari iz knjiga,
stvari iz knjiga,
09:17
they should do activities,
179
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1589
trebala bi odrađivati aktivnosti,
09:19
and that's a more effective way to learn.
180
547291
1999
što je učinkovitiji način učenja.
09:21
Which basically means
giving students things
giving students things
181
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2298
To, u stvari, znači
dati učenicima stvari poput
dati učenicima stvari poput
09:23
like beads, learning rods, abacuses.
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3422
kuglica, štapića za učenje, računaljke.
09:27
But we did not have
the budgets to give that
the budgets to give that
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555082
2454
Međutim, mi nismo imali
budžet da to možemo dati
budžet da to možemo dati
09:29
to 15,000 schools, 2 million children.
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2615
u 15,000 škola, za 2 milijuna djece.
09:32
We needed another solution.
185
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1703
Trebalo nam je drugo rješenje.
09:34
We couldn't think of anything.
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1546
Ništa nam nije padalo na pamet.
09:36
One day, one of our team members
went to a school
went to a school
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2829
Jednog dana, jedan član našeg tima
otišao je u školu
otišao je u školu
09:39
and saw a teacher pick up sticks
and stones from the garden outside
and stones from the garden outside
188
567221
4366
i vidio učitelja kako skuplja štapiće
i kamenčiće vani u vrtu
i kamenčiće vani u vrtu
09:43
and take them into the classroom
189
571611
1821
i odnosi ih u učionicu
09:45
and give them to the students.
190
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1512
te daje učenicima.
09:47
That was a huge eureka moment for us.
191
575726
2907
Tada nam se upalila lampica.
09:51
So what happens now
in the textbooks in Haryana
in the textbooks in Haryana
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579617
2883
Sada u udžbenicima u Haryani
09:54
is that after every concept,
we have a little box
we have a little box
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582524
2742
iza svakog pojma, postoji mali okvir
09:57
which are instructions
for the teachers which say,
for the teachers which say,
194
585290
2388
u kojem su upute za učitelje
u kojima stoji,
u kojima stoji,
09:59
"To teach this concept,
here's an activity that you can do.
here's an activity that you can do.
195
587702
4156
„Da biste podučavali ovaj koncept,
možete odraditi ove aktivnosti.“
možete odraditi ove aktivnosti.“
10:03
And by the way, in order
to actually do this activity,
to actually do this activity,
196
591882
3087
Usput, da biste sproveli te aktivnosti,
10:06
here are things that you can use
from your immediate environment,
from your immediate environment,
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594993
3179
evo stvari koje možete koristiti
iz svog neposrednog okruženja,
iz svog neposrednog okruženja,
10:10
whether it be the garden outside
or the classroom inside,
or the classroom inside,
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598196
3021
bilo da se radi o vanjskom vrtu
ili unutrašnjoj učionici,
ili unutrašnjoj učionici,
10:13
which can be used
as learning aids for kids."
as learning aids for kids."
199
601241
2445
koje možete koristiti
kao pomoć pri poučavaju djece."
kao pomoć pri poučavaju djece."
10:16
And we see teachers all over Haryana
200
604194
2446
I tako vidimo učitelje diljem Haryane
10:18
using lots of innovative things
to be able to teach students.
to be able to teach students.
201
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3250
kako koriste mnogo inovacija
da bi poučavali učenike.
da bi poučavali učenike.
10:22
So in this way, whatever we designed,
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610617
3585
Na ovaj način, što god osmislili,
10:26
we were actually able to implement it
203
614226
2078
mogli smo zaista ostvariti
10:28
across all 15,000 schools from day one.
204
616328
2804
u svih 15,000 škola od prvog dana.
10:32
Now, this brings me to my last point.
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620304
2186
Ovo me dovodi do posljednje točke.
10:34
How do you implement something
across 15,000 schools
across 15,000 schools
206
622514
3273
Kako primijeniti nešto u 15,000 škola
10:37
and 100,000 teachers?
207
625811
1757
i na 100,000 učitelja?
10:40
The department used to have a process
208
628357
2022
Ministarstvo je imalo proces
10:42
which is very interesting.
209
630403
1274
koji je jako zanimljiv.
10:43
I like to call it "The Chain of Hope."
210
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2701
Ja ga zovem "Lanac nade."
10:48
They would write a letter
from the headquarters
from the headquarters
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2360
Napisali bi pismo iz uprave
10:50
and send it to the next level,
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638624
1625
i poslali ga na sljedeću razinu,
10:52
which was the district offices.
213
640273
1483
a to su bili područni uredi.
10:54
They would hope that in each
of these district offices,
of these district offices,
214
642186
2657
Nadali su se da će
u svakom od tih područnih ureda
u svakom od tih područnih ureda
10:56
an officer would get the letter,
would open it, read it
would open it, read it
215
644867
3975
činovnik dobiti pismo,
otvoriti ga, pročitati
otvoriti ga, pročitati
11:00
and then forward it to the next level,
216
648866
2094
i proslijediti na sljedeću razinu,
11:02
which was the block offices.
217
650984
2007
a to su uredski prostori.
11:05
And then you would hope
that at the block office,
that at the block office,
218
653015
3765
I onda biste se nadali da će
u uredskim prostorima
u uredskim prostorima
netko drugi dobiti pismo,
11:08
somebody else got the letter,
219
656804
1483
otvoriti, pročitati ga i na kraju
proslijediti za 15,000 ravnatelja.
proslijediti za 15,000 ravnatelja.
11:10
opened it, read it and forwarded it
eventually to the 15,000 principals.
eventually to the 15,000 principals.
220
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4019
11:14
And then one would hope
that the principals
that the principals
221
662354
2659
I onda bi se nadali da su ravnatelji
11:17
got the letter, received it,
understood it
understood it
222
665037
2647
primili pismo, razumjeli ga
11:19
and started implementing it.
223
667708
1930
i počeli provoditi naputke.
11:21
It was a little bit ridiculous.
224
669662
1647
Bilo je pomalo smiješno.
11:24
Now, we knew technology was the answer,
225
672684
2461
Znali smo da je tehnologija odgovor,
11:27
but we also knew
that most of these schools
that most of these schools
226
675169
2141
ali isto tako smo znali
da većina tih škola
da većina tih škola
11:29
don't have a computer or email.
227
677334
2077
nema kompjuter niti e-mail.
11:32
However, what the teachers do have
are smartphones.
are smartphones.
228
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3083
Međutim, učitelji imaju pametne telefone.
11:35
They're constantly on SMS,
on Facebook and on WhatsApp.
on Facebook and on WhatsApp.
229
683604
4679
Stalno koriste SMS poruke,
Facebook ili WhatsApp.
Facebook ili WhatsApp.
11:40
So what now happens in Haryana is,
230
688650
2245
Zato su sada u Harayani
11:42
all principals and teachers are divided
into hundreds of WhatsApp groups
into hundreds of WhatsApp groups
231
690919
4620
svi ravnatelji i učitelji podijeljeni
u stotine WhatsApp grupa
u stotine WhatsApp grupa
11:47
and anytime something needs
to be communicated,
to be communicated,
232
695563
2822
i kada se bilo što treba priopćiti,
11:50
it's just posted across
all WhatsApp groups.
all WhatsApp groups.
233
698409
2421
samo se objavi putem WhatsApp grupa.
11:53
It spreads like wildfire.
234
701486
2201
Proširi se poput požara.
11:55
You can immediately check
who has received it,
who has received it,
235
703711
2993
Možemo odmah provjeriti
tko je primio obavijest,
tko je primio obavijest,
11:58
who has read it.
236
706728
1290
tko je pročitao.
12:00
Teachers can ask clarification
questions instantaneously.
questions instantaneously.
237
708042
3860
Učitelji mogu odmah tražiti pojašnjenja.
12:03
And what's interesting is,
238
711926
1241
Ono što je zanimljivo je
12:05
it's not just the headquarters
who are answering these questions.
who are answering these questions.
239
713191
3358
da ne odgovara samo
uprava na njihova pitanja.
uprava na njihova pitanja.
12:08
Another teacher from
a completely different part of the state
a completely different part of the state
240
716573
2889
Drugi učitelji iz potpuno
različitih dijelova države
različitih dijelova države
12:11
will stand up and answer the question.
241
719486
2393
se javljaju i daju odgovore.
12:13
Everybody's acting
as everybody's peer group,
as everybody's peer group,
242
721903
2680
Svi se ponašaju kao svačija grupa kolega
12:16
and things are getting implemented.
243
724607
1794
i promjene se uvode.
12:19
So today, when you go
to a school in Haryana,
to a school in Haryana,
244
727784
2283
Kada danas odete u školu u Harayani,
12:22
things look different.
245
730091
1587
stvari izgledaju drugačije.
12:23
The teachers are back inside classrooms,
246
731702
2430
Učitelji su ponovno u učionicama,
12:26
they're teaching.
247
734156
1304
podučavaju.
12:27
Often with innovative techniques.
248
735484
1858
Često koriste inovativne metode.
12:29
When a supervisor
comes to visit the classroom,
comes to visit the classroom,
249
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3102
Kada nadzornik dolazi
u posjet učionicama,
u posjet učionicama,
12:32
he or she not only checks
the construction of the toilet
the construction of the toilet
250
740866
3867
on ili ona ne provjerava
samo izgradnju zahoda,
samo izgradnju zahoda,
12:36
but also what is the quality of teaching.
251
744757
2343
nego i kvalitetu podučavanja.
12:40
Once a quarter,
all students across the state
all students across the state
252
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3116
Jednom u tromjesečju,
sve učenike diljem zemlje
sve učenike diljem zemlje
12:43
are assessed on their learning outcomes
253
751232
2165
se ocjenjuje prema ishodima učenja
12:45
and schools which are
doing well are rewarded.
doing well are rewarded.
254
753421
2858
i škole koje ostvare
dobre rezultate se nagrađuje.
dobre rezultate se nagrađuje.
12:48
And schools which are not doing so well
255
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2469
Škole koje ne ostvare dobre rezultate
12:50
find themselves having
difficult conversations.
difficult conversations.
256
758796
2405
moraju se suočiti s teškim razgovorima.
12:53
Of course, they also get
additional support
additional support
257
761568
2079
Naravno, također dobiju i dodatnu podršku
12:55
to be able to do better in the future.
258
763671
1936
kako bi u budućnosti bile bolje.
12:59
In the context of education,
259
767232
1624
U kontekstu obrazovanja,
13:00
it's very difficult
to see results quickly.
to see results quickly.
260
768880
2367
jako je teško brzo vidjeti rezultate.
13:03
When people talk about systemic,
large-scale change,
large-scale change,
261
771630
2975
Kada ljudi govore o sustavnim,
velikim promjenama,
velikim promjenama,
13:06
they talk about periods
of 7 years and 10 years.
of 7 years and 10 years.
262
774629
3579
govore o periodima od 7 i 10 godina.
13:10
But not in Haryana.
263
778232
1265
Ali ne i u Harayani.
13:12
In the last one year, there have been
three independent studies,
three independent studies,
264
780153
3952
Tijekom zadnje godine
provedena su tri neovisna istraživanja
provedena su tri neovisna istraživanja
13:16
all measuring student learning outcomes,
265
784129
2579
koja su mjerila ishode učenja kod učenika,
13:18
which indicate that something fundamental,
266
786732
2307
koja ukazuju da se nešto bitno,
13:21
something unique is happening in Haryana.
267
789063
2090
nešto jedinstveno događa u Harayani.
13:23
Learning levels of children
have stopped declining,
have stopped declining,
268
791622
3008
Razina znanja djece više nije u padu,
13:26
and they have started going up.
269
794654
1803
već u porastu.
13:28
Haryana is one of the few
states in the country
states in the country
270
796481
3210
Harayana je jedna od nekoliko
država u zemlji
država u zemlji
13:31
which is showing an improvement,
271
799715
1579
koja pokazuje napredak
13:33
and certainly the one that is showing
the fastest rate of improvement.
the fastest rate of improvement.
272
801318
3703
i zasigurno država koja pokazuje
najbržu stopu napretka.
najbržu stopu napretka.
13:38
These are still early signs,
273
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Ovo su još rani znaci,
13:39
there's a long way to go,
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dugačak je put pred nama,
13:40
but this gives us a lot of hope
for the future.
for the future.
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ali to nam daje mnogo nade za budućnost.
13:44
I recently went to a school,
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Nedavno sam otišla u školu
13:46
and as I was leaving,
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i kada sam odlazila,
13:48
I ran into a lady,
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naišla sam na jednu ženu
13:49
her name was Parvati,
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po imenu Parvati,
13:50
she was the mother of a child,
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ona je majka jednog djeteta,
13:52
and she was smiling.
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bila je nasmijana.
13:53
And I said, "Why are you smiling,
what's going on?"
what's going on?"
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Pitala sam je, „Zašto se smijete,
što se događa?“
što se događa?“
13:56
And she said, "I don't know
what's going on,
what's going on,
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Odgovorila mi je, „Ne znam što se događa,
13:59
but what I do know
is that my children are learning,
is that my children are learning,
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ali znam da moja djeca uče,
14:02
they're having fun,
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zabavljaju se
14:04
and for the time being, I'll stop
my search for a private school
my search for a private school
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i za sada ću prestati
tražiti privatnu školu
tražiti privatnu školu
14:07
to send them to."
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u koju bih ih poslala.“
14:09
So I go back to where I started:
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Na kraju se vraćam na početak:
14:11
Can government systems transform?
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Mogu li se vladini sustavi promijeniti?
14:14
I certainly believe so.
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Svakako smatram da mogu.
14:15
I think if you give them the right levers,
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Vjerujem da ako im date prave poluge,
14:17
they can move mountains.
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mogu pomaknuti planine.
14:19
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
14:20
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Seema Bansal - Education innovatorBCG's Seema Bansal asks: Can governments actually make a meaningful difference in education? And rapidly? Yes, it turns out.
Why you should listen
BCG's Seema Bansal is an associate director in the New Delhi office. Since joining BCG in 2000, she has worked extensively in financial services and telecommunications. Today, Bansal leads BCG's social impact and development practice in India, and works on disparate projects in fields including education, food security and nutrition and governance within government agencies.
Bansal earned an MBA from the Indian Institute of Management in Calcutta, and a degree in electronics and electrical communication from Punjab Engineering College in Chandigarh.
Seema Bansal | Speaker | TED.com