TED@BCG Toronto
Alexander Belcredi: How a long-forgotten virus could help us solve the antibiotics crisis
Alexander Belcredi: Hvordan en forlængst glemt virus kan hjælpe os med at løse antibiotika krisen
Filmed:
Readability: 4.8
1,510,048 views
Virus har et dårligt ry - men nogle af dem kan en dag redde dit liv, siger biotek entreprenør Alexander Belcredi. I denne fascinerede tale, introducerer han os til bakteriofager, naturligt forekommende virus som jager og dræber skadelige bakterier med en dødelig præcision, og viser hvordan disse længe glemte organismer kan give nyt håb mod den voksende trussel af multi-resistente superbakterier.
Alexander Belcredi - Biotech entrepreneur
Alexander Belcredi studies how viruses can help in the fight against superbugs. Full bio
Alexander Belcredi studies how viruses can help in the fight against superbugs. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Take a moment
0
873
1422
Brug et øjeblik
00:14
and think about a virus.
1
2319
1516
og tænk på en virus.
00:16
What comes to your mind?
2
4913
1793
Hvad er din første tanke?
00:18
An illness?
3
6730
1253
En sygdom?
00:20
A fear?
4
8007
1326
En frygt?
00:21
Probably something really unpleasant.
5
9357
2006
Sandsynligvis noget meget ubehageligt.
00:23
And yet, viruses are not all the same.
6
11387
2547
Men virus er forskellige.
00:25
It's true, some of them cause
devastating disease.
devastating disease.
7
13958
3531
Nogle er basis for dødbringende sygdomme.
00:29
But others can do the exact opposite --
they can cure disease.
they can cure disease.
8
17513
4087
Men andre kan rent faktisk
kurere sygdomme.
kurere sygdomme.
00:33
These viruses are called "phages."
9
21624
2032
Disse virus kaldes "bakteriofager".
00:36
Now, the first time I heard
about phages was back in 2013.
about phages was back in 2013.
10
24125
3309
Den første gang jeg hørte
om bakteriofager var tilbage i 2013.
om bakteriofager var tilbage i 2013.
00:39
My father-in-law, who's a surgeon,
11
27458
2151
Min svigerfar, som er kirurg,
00:41
was telling me about a woman
he was treating.
he was treating.
12
29633
2420
fortalte mig om en kvinde,
som han behandlede.
som han behandlede.
00:44
The woman had a knee injury,
required multiple surgeries,
required multiple surgeries,
13
32077
3119
Kvinden havde en knæskade,
som krævede gentagne operationer,
som krævede gentagne operationer,
00:47
and over the course of these,
14
35220
1453
og i den periode
00:48
developed a chronic
bacterial infection in her leg.
bacterial infection in her leg.
15
36697
2872
udvikledes en kronisk bakteriel infektion
i hendes ben.
i hendes ben.
00:51
Unfortunately for her,
16
39593
1260
Uheldigvis for hende,
00:52
the bacteria causing the infection
also did not respond
also did not respond
17
40877
3033
var bakterien, som var årsag
til infektionen immun
til infektionen immun
00:55
to any antibiotic that was available.
18
43934
2467
overfor alle de antibiotika,
der var tilgængelige.
der var tilgængelige.
00:58
So at this point, typically, the only
option left is to amputate the leg
option left is to amputate the leg
19
46807
3389
På dette tidspunkt er det normalt eneste
mulighed at amputere benet,
mulighed at amputere benet,
01:02
to stop the infection
from spreading further.
from spreading further.
20
50220
2412
for at stoppe infektionens
yderligere spredning.
yderligere spredning.
01:05
Now, my father-in-law was desperate
for a different kind of solution,
for a different kind of solution,
21
53268
3531
Min svigerfar var desperat efter
at finde en anden løsning,
at finde en anden løsning,
01:08
and he applied for an experimental,
last-resort treatment using phages.
last-resort treatment using phages.
22
56823
4502
og som sidste udvej ansøgte han om
forsøgs-behandling med bakteriofager.
forsøgs-behandling med bakteriofager.
01:13
And guess what? It worked.
23
61727
1866
Og gæt engang. Det virkede.
01:15
Within three weeks of applying the phages,
the chronic infection had healed up,
the chronic infection had healed up,
24
63617
4166
Efter 3 ugers behandling med bakterio-
fager, var den kroniske infektion væk.
fager, var den kroniske infektion væk.
01:19
where before, no antibiotic was working.
25
67807
2667
hvor ingen antibiotika virkede.
01:22
I was fascinated by this weird conception:
26
70998
3915
Jeg blev fascineret af dette
lidt skøre koncept:
lidt skøre koncept:
01:27
viruses curing an infection.
27
75522
2221
virus kurerer en infektion.
01:30
To this day, I am fascinated
by the medical potential of phages.
by the medical potential of phages.
28
78617
3476
Jeg er stadig fascineret over
bakteriofagernes medicinske potentiale.
bakteriofagernes medicinske potentiale.
01:34
And I actually quit my job last year
to build a company in this space.
to build a company in this space.
29
82117
3668
Jeg opsagde faktisk mit job sidste år,
for at lave et firma i denne branche
for at lave et firma i denne branche
01:38
Now, what is a phage?
30
86760
1400
Men, hvad er en bakteriofag?
01:41
The image that you see here was taken
by an electron microscope.
by an electron microscope.
31
89465
3706
Billedet, som du kan se her
blev taget med et elektron-mikroskop.
blev taget med et elektron-mikroskop.
01:45
And that means what we see on the screen
is in reality extremely tiny.
is in reality extremely tiny.
32
93195
3734
Og det betyder, at det du kan se på
skærmen i virkeligheden er meget lille.
skærmen i virkeligheden er meget lille.
01:49
The grainy thing in the middle
with the head, the long body
with the head, the long body
33
97250
3767
Den kornede ting i midten, med hovedet
og den lange krop
og den lange krop
01:53
and a number of feet --
34
101041
1449
og et antal fødder,
01:54
this is the image of a prototypical phage.
35
102514
2690
det er billedet af en prototype
af en bakteriofag.
af en bakteriofag.
01:57
It's kind of cute.
36
105228
1222
Den er lidt sød.
01:58
(Laughter)
37
106474
1555
(Latter)
02:00
Now, take a look at your hand.
38
108958
2000
Kig nu på din hånd.
02:03
In our team, we've estimated
that you have more than 10 billion phages
that you have more than 10 billion phages
39
111829
4246
I vores team, har vi estimeret at du har
mere end 10 billioner bakteriofager
mere end 10 billioner bakteriofager
02:08
on each of your hands.
40
116099
1467
på hver af dine hænder.
02:09
What are they doing there?
41
117940
1738
Hvad skal de dog der?
02:11
(Laughter)
42
119702
1248
(Latter)
02:12
Well, viruses are good at infecting cells.
43
120974
2794
Ja, virus er gode til at inficere celler.
02:15
And phages are great
at infecting bacteria.
at infecting bacteria.
44
123792
2214
Bakteriofager er gode til
at inficere bakterier.
at inficere bakterier.
02:18
And your hand, just like
so much of our body,
so much of our body,
45
126030
2428
Og din hånd, såvel som
resten af din krop,
resten af din krop,
02:20
is a hotbed of bacterial activity,
46
128482
2436
er et arnested for bakteriel aktivitet,
02:22
making it an ideal
hunting ground for phages.
hunting ground for phages.
47
130942
3238
som gør det til et ideelt jagtområde
for bakteriofager.
for bakteriofager.
02:26
Because after all, phages hunt bacteria.
48
134204
2849
For bakteriofager jagter bakterier.
02:29
It's also important to know that phages
are extremely selective hunters.
are extremely selective hunters.
49
137910
3576
Det er også vigtigt at bakteriofager er
meget selektive jægere.
meget selektive jægere.
02:34
Typically, a phage will only infect
a single bacterial species.
a single bacterial species.
50
142014
3933
Typisk, så kan en bakteriofag
kun inficere en enkelt bakterieart.
kun inficere en enkelt bakterieart.
02:38
So in this rendering here,
the phage that you see
the phage that you see
51
146648
2992
Den bakteriofag, som du ser her
02:41
hunts for a bacterium
called Staphylococcus aureus,
called Staphylococcus aureus,
52
149664
3166
jager efter en bakterie,
som kaldes Staphylococcus aureus.
som kaldes Staphylococcus aureus.
02:44
which is known as MRSA
in its drug-resistant form.
in its drug-resistant form.
53
152854
3255
hvilket er kendt som MRSA
i sin antibiotika resistente form.
i sin antibiotika resistente form.
02:48
It causes skin or wound infections.
54
156133
2133
Den forårsager
hud- eller sårinfektioner.
hud- eller sårinfektioner.
02:51
The way the phage hunts is with its feet.
55
159069
2759
Den måde bakteriofagen jager
er med sine fødder.
er med sine fødder.
02:54
The feet are actually extremely
sensitive receptors,
sensitive receptors,
56
162364
2498
Fødderne er nogle
meget følsomme receptorer,
meget følsomme receptorer,
02:56
on the lookout for the right surface
on a bacterial cell.
on a bacterial cell.
57
164886
2875
som leder efter den rigtige overflade
på en bakterie celle.
på en bakterie celle.
03:00
Once it finds it,
58
168158
1252
Når den finder det,
03:01
the phage will latch on
to the bacterial cell wall
to the bacterial cell wall
59
169434
2929
vil bakteriofagen hæge sig fast
på bakteriens cellevæg
på bakteriens cellevæg
03:04
and then inject its DNA.
60
172387
1600
og indsprøjte sit DNA.
03:06
DNA sits in the head of the phage
61
174371
1666
DNA'et er i hovedet
af bakteriofagen.
af bakteriofagen.
03:08
and travels into the bacteria
through the long body.
through the long body.
62
176061
2789
og bevæger sig ind i bakterien
gennem den lange krop.
gennem den lange krop.
03:11
At this point, the phage
reprograms the bacteria
reprograms the bacteria
63
179307
2691
Nu vil bakteriofagen
omprogrammere bakterien
omprogrammere bakterien
03:14
into producing lots of new phages.
64
182022
2373
til at producere mange nye bakteriofager.
03:16
The bacteria, in effect,
becomes a phage factory.
becomes a phage factory.
65
184419
2932
Bakterien bliver i virkeligheden
en bakteriofag fabrik.
en bakteriofag fabrik.
03:19
Once around 50-100 phages have accumulated
within the bacteria cell,
within the bacteria cell,
66
187704
3960
Når 50-100 bakteriofager er produceret
inde i bakteriecellen,
inde i bakteriecellen,
03:23
the phages are then able
to release a protein
to release a protein
67
191688
2389
frigør bakteriofagerne et protein,
03:26
that disrupts the bacteria cell wall.
68
194101
2076
som gennemtrænger bakteriens celle væg.
03:28
As the bacteria bursts,
the phages move out
the phages move out
69
196514
3166
Mens bakterien brister,
flytter bakteriofagerne ud
flytter bakteriofagerne ud
03:31
and go on the hunt again
for a new bacteria to infect.
for a new bacteria to infect.
70
199704
2755
og går på jagt efter nye bakterier,
de kan inficere.
de kan inficere.
03:35
Now, I'm sorry, this probably
sounded like a scary virus again.
sounded like a scary virus again.
71
203371
3095
Undskyld, dette lød nok lidt
som en skræmme virus igen.
som en skræmme virus igen.
03:39
But it's exactly this ability of phages --
72
207220
2643
Men det er præcis den egenskab
ved bakteriofager --
ved bakteriofager --
03:41
to multiply within the bacteria
and then kill them --
and then kill them --
73
209887
2691
at opformere sig indeni bakterien
og så dræbe den, --
og så dræbe den, --
03:44
that make them so interesting
from a medical point of view.
from a medical point of view.
74
212602
3137
som gør dem så interessante
fra et medicinsk synspunkt.
fra et medicinsk synspunkt.
03:47
The other part that I find
extremely interesting
extremely interesting
75
215763
2277
Den andet, som jeg finder
yderst interessant
yderst interessant
03:50
is the scale at which this is going on.
76
218064
2254
er den skala, hvormed dette foregår.
03:52
Now, just five years ago,
I really had no clue about phages.
I really had no clue about phages.
77
220342
3484
For blot fem år siden, vidste jeg
virkelig intet om bakteriofager.
virkelig intet om bakteriofager.
03:55
And yet, today I would tell you
they are part of a natural principle.
they are part of a natural principle.
78
223850
3464
Og i dag kan jeg fortælle dig, at
de er et naturligt fundament.
de er et naturligt fundament.
03:59
Phages and bacteria go back
to the earliest days of evolution.
to the earliest days of evolution.
79
227694
4008
Bakteriofager og bakterier er begge
organismer fra den tidligste evolution.
organismer fra den tidligste evolution.
04:03
They have always existed in tandem,
keeping each other in check.
keeping each other in check.
80
231726
3501
De har altid eksisteret side om side
og holdt hinanden i skak.
og holdt hinanden i skak.
04:07
So this is really the story of yin
and yang, of the hunter and the prey,
and yang, of the hunter and the prey,
81
235765
3872
Så dette er virkelig historien
om Yin og Yang, om jægeren og byttet
om Yin og Yang, om jægeren og byttet
04:11
at a microscopic level.
82
239661
1584
på et mikroskopisk niveau.
04:14
Some scientists have even estimated
83
242005
2231
Nogle forskere har endda beregnet
04:16
that phages are the most
abundant organism on our planet.
abundant organism on our planet.
84
244260
3730
at bakteriofager er den mest talrige
organisme på vores planet.
organisme på vores planet.
04:20
So even before we continue
talking about their medical potential,
talking about their medical potential,
85
248863
3071
Så inden vi taler videre
om deres medicinske potentiale,
om deres medicinske potentiale,
04:23
I think everybody should know
about phages and their role on earth:
about phages and their role on earth:
86
251958
3164
synes jeg, alle bør kende til bakteriofager
og deres rolle på jorden:
og deres rolle på jorden:
04:27
they hunt, infect and kill bacteria.
87
255146
2400
de jager, inficerer og dræber bakterier.
04:30
Now, how come we have something
that works so well in nature,
that works so well in nature,
88
258550
2961
Hvordan kan det så være, at vi har noget,
der virker så godt i naturen,
der virker så godt i naturen,
04:33
every day, everywhere around us,
89
261535
2391
hver dag, overalt omkring os,
04:35
and yet, in most parts of the world,
90
263950
1754
og dog har vi, i det meste af verden,
04:37
we do not have a single drug on the market
91
265728
2016
ikke et eneste lægemiddel på markedet
04:39
that uses this principle
to combat bacterial infections?
to combat bacterial infections?
92
267768
3008
som benytter dette princip til at
bekæmpe bakterielle infektioner?
bekæmpe bakterielle infektioner?
04:43
The simple answer is: no one
has developed this kind of a drug yet,
has developed this kind of a drug yet,
93
271458
3818
Det simple svar er: ingen har endnu
udviklet sådan et lægemiddel.
udviklet sådan et lægemiddel.
04:47
at least not one that conforms
to the Western regulatory standards
to the Western regulatory standards
94
275300
3159
ihvertfald ikke et, der lever op til de
vestlige regulatoriske standarder,
vestlige regulatoriske standarder,
04:50
that set the norm
for so much of the world.
for so much of the world.
95
278483
2201
som sætter reglerne
for en stor del af verden.
for en stor del af verden.
04:53
To understand why,
we need to move back in time.
we need to move back in time.
96
281251
2838
For at forstå hvorfor,
skal vi tilbage i tiden.
skal vi tilbage i tiden.
04:57
This is a picture of Félix d'Herelle.
97
285298
2198
Dette er et billede af Félix d'Herelle.
04:59
He is one of the two scientists
credited with discovering phages.
credited with discovering phages.
98
287520
3446
Han er en af de to forskere, anerkendt
for opdagelsen af bakteriofager.
for opdagelsen af bakteriofager.
05:02
Except, when he discovered them
back in 1917, he had no clue
back in 1917, he had no clue
99
290990
3756
Men, da han opdagede dem tilbage i 1917
havde han ingen idé om
havde han ingen idé om
05:06
what he had discovered.
100
294770
1473
hvad han havde opdaget.
05:08
He was interested in a disease
called bacillary dysentery,
called bacillary dysentery,
101
296720
3288
Han var interesseret i en sygdom,
som kaldes bacille dysenteri,
som kaldes bacille dysenteri,
05:12
which is a bacterial infection
that causes severe diarrhea,
that causes severe diarrhea,
102
300032
2873
som er en bakteriel infektion,
der forårsager alvorlig diarré,
der forårsager alvorlig diarré,
05:14
and back then, was actually
killing a lot of people,
killing a lot of people,
103
302929
2444
og som dengang, dræbte mange mennesker,
05:17
because after all, no cure for bacterial
infections had been invented.
infections had been invented.
104
305397
3744
fordi man ikke havde en behandling
for bakterielle infektioner.
for bakterielle infektioner.
05:21
He was looking at samples from patients
who had survived this illness.
who had survived this illness.
105
309165
3910
Han tog prøver fra patienter,
som havde overlevet denne sygdom.
som havde overlevet denne sygdom.
05:25
And he found that something
weird was going on.
weird was going on.
106
313099
2233
Og han opdagede at der skete noget skørt.
05:27
Something in the sample
was killing the bacteria
was killing the bacteria
107
315356
2356
Et eller andet i prøverne
dræbte de bakterier,
dræbte de bakterier,
05:29
that were supposed to cause the disease.
108
317736
2190
som man mente forårsagede sygdommen.
05:31
To find out what was going on,
he did an ingenious experiment.
he did an ingenious experiment.
109
319950
3040
For at undersøge hvad der skete,
udførte han et genialt forsøg.
udførte han et genialt forsøg.
05:35
He took the sample, filtered it
110
323395
2120
Han tog en prøve og filtrerede den,
05:37
until he was sure that only something
very small could have remained,
very small could have remained,
111
325539
3255
indtil han var sikker på, at kun
noget meget småt kunne restere,
noget meget småt kunne restere,
05:40
and then took a tiny drop and added it
to freshly cultivated bacteria.
to freshly cultivated bacteria.
112
328818
4245
så udtog han en lille dråbe, som han
tilsatte til nogle opformerede bakterier.
tilsatte til nogle opformerede bakterier.
05:45
And he observed
that within a number of hours,
that within a number of hours,
113
333087
2176
Og han observerede
at indenfor nogen timer,
at indenfor nogen timer,
05:47
the bacteria had been killed.
114
335287
1965
var bakterierne blevet dræbt.
05:49
He then repeated this,
again filtering, taking a tiny drop,
again filtering, taking a tiny drop,
115
337276
3777
Han gentog så forsøget, filtrerede
og udtog en lille dråbe,
og udtog en lille dråbe,
05:53
adding it to the next batch
of fresh bacteria.
of fresh bacteria.
116
341077
2574
og tilsatte den til næste batch
af friske bakterier.
af friske bakterier.
05:55
He did this in sequence 50 times,
117
343675
2507
Han gentog dette 50 gange efter hinanden,
05:58
always observing the same effect.
118
346206
1865
hver gang med den samme effekt.
06:00
And at this point,
he made two conclusions.
he made two conclusions.
119
348095
2722
Og på dette tidspunkt, lavede han
to konklusioner.
to konklusioner.
06:02
First of all, the obvious one:
yes, something was killing the bacteria,
yes, something was killing the bacteria,
120
350841
3437
Den første og selvfølgelige:
Ja, noget dræbte bakterierne
Ja, noget dræbte bakterierne
06:06
and it was in that liquid.
121
354302
1496
og det var ikke væsken.
06:07
The other one: it had to be
biologic in nature,
biologic in nature,
122
355822
2785
Den næste: Det måtte være
af biologisk oprindelse,
af biologisk oprindelse,
06:10
because a tiny drop was sufficient
to have a huge impact.
to have a huge impact.
123
358631
3675
fordi så lille en dråbe var tilstrækkelig
til at have en så stor effekt.
til at have en så stor effekt.
06:14
He called the agent he had found
an "invisible microbe"
an "invisible microbe"
124
362853
3224
Han kaldte det, han havde fundet for:
"en usynlig mikroorganisme",
"en usynlig mikroorganisme",
06:18
and gave it the name "bacteriophage,"
125
366101
1805
og gav den navnet: "Bakteriofag",
06:19
which, literally translated,
means "bacteria eater."
means "bacteria eater."
126
367930
2433
som direkte oversat betyder:
"bakterie spiser".
"bakterie spiser".
06:22
And by the way, this is one
of the most fundamental discoveries
of the most fundamental discoveries
127
370800
2992
Og forresten, dette er en af de
mest fundamentale opdagelser
mest fundamentale opdagelser
06:25
of modern microbiology.
128
373816
1309
af moderne mikrobiologi.
06:27
So many modern techniques go back
to our understanding of how phages work --
to our understanding of how phages work --
129
375149
4214
Mange moderne teknikker bygger på
forståelsen af bakteriofagers arbejde --
forståelsen af bakteriofagers arbejde --
06:31
in genomic editing,
but also in other fields.
but also in other fields.
130
379387
2294
i gen-modificering men også på andre områder.
06:33
And just today, the Nobel Prize
in chemistry was announced
in chemistry was announced
131
381705
2959
Og netop i dag blev Nobel prisen
i kemi bekendtgjort
i kemi bekendtgjort
06:36
for two scientists who work with phages
and develop drugs based on that.
and develop drugs based on that.
132
384688
3881
for to forskere, som arbejder med
bakteriofager og udvikler medicin deraf.
bakteriofager og udvikler medicin deraf.
06:41
Now, back in the 1920s and 1930s,
133
389631
2127
Men tilbage i 1920'erne og 1930'erne,
06:43
people also immediately saw
the medical potential of phages.
the medical potential of phages.
134
391782
2913
så man også potentialet for
lægemidler med bakteriofager.
lægemidler med bakteriofager.
06:46
After all, albeit invisible,
135
394719
1659
Omend stadig usynlig,
06:48
you had something
that reliably was killing bacteria.
that reliably was killing bacteria.
136
396402
2523
du har fundet noget, som virkelig
dræber bakterier.
dræber bakterier.
06:51
Companies that still exist today,
such as Abbott, Squibb or Lilly,
such as Abbott, Squibb or Lilly,
137
399489
3461
Firmaer som eksisterer i dag,
såsom Abbott, Squibb eller Lilly,
såsom Abbott, Squibb eller Lilly,
06:54
sold phage preparations.
138
402974
1600
solgte medicin med bakteriofager
06:57
But the reality is, if you're starting
with an invisible microbe,
with an invisible microbe,
139
405204
3056
Men realiteten er, at når du starter
med en usynlig mikroorganisme
med en usynlig mikroorganisme
07:00
it's very difficult to get
to a reliable drug.
to a reliable drug.
140
408284
2407
så er det svært at nå frem til
et pålideligt lægemiddel.
et pålideligt lægemiddel.
07:03
Just imagine going to the FDA today
141
411117
1992
Forestil dig blot at gå til FDA i dag
07:05
and telling them all about
that invisible virus
that invisible virus
142
413133
2306
for at fortælle dem alt om
den usynlige virus,
den usynlige virus,
07:07
you want to give to patients.
143
415463
1593
som du vil give til patienter.
07:09
So when chemical antibiotics
emerged in the 1940s,
emerged in the 1940s,
144
417752
2920
Så, da kemiske antibiotika
dukkede op i 1940'erne,
dukkede op i 1940'erne,
07:12
they completely changed the game.
145
420696
2091
ændrede de fuldstændigt billedet.
07:14
And this guy played a major role.
146
422811
2008
Og denne fyr spillede en stor rolle.
07:16
This is Alexander Fleming.
147
424843
1294
Det er Alexander Fleming.
07:18
He won the Nobel Prize in medicine
148
426161
1809
Han vandt Nobel prisen i medicin
07:19
for his work contributing
to the development
to the development
149
427994
2135
for sit arbejde som bidrog
til udviklingen
til udviklingen
07:22
of the first antibiotic, penicillin.
150
430153
1967
af det første antibiotika, penicillin.
07:24
And antibiotics really work
very differently than phages.
very differently than phages.
151
432871
4127
Og antibiotika virker virkelig
på en helt anden måde end bakteriofager.
på en helt anden måde end bakteriofager.
07:29
For the most part, they inhibit
the growth of the bacteria,
the growth of the bacteria,
152
437022
2777
Størstedelen, hæmmer væksten
af bakterier,
af bakterier,
07:31
and they don't care so much
which kind of bacteria are present.
which kind of bacteria are present.
153
439823
3072
og de er lidt ligeglade med
hvilke bakterier, der er tilstede.
hvilke bakterier, der er tilstede.
07:35
The ones that we call broad-spectrum
154
443196
1930
Dem vi kalder bredspektrede
antibiotika
antibiotika
07:37
will even work against
a whole bunch of bacteria out there.
a whole bunch of bacteria out there.
155
445150
3592
vil endda kæmpe mod en hel bunke
af bakterier derude.
af bakterier derude.
07:40
Compare that to phages,
which work extremely narrowly
which work extremely narrowly
156
448766
2494
Sammenlignet med bakteriofager
som er meget specifikke,
som er meget specifikke,
07:43
against one bacterial species,
157
451284
1443
mod en bakterieart,
07:44
and you can see the obvious advantage.
158
452751
2055
viser dig en klar fordel.
07:47
Now, back then, this must have felt
like a dream come true.
like a dream come true.
159
455575
2851
Men, dengang, må det have været
som en drøm der blev til virkelighed.
som en drøm der blev til virkelighed.
07:50
You had a patient
with a suspected bacterial infection,
with a suspected bacterial infection,
160
458450
3199
Du havde en patient med en
formodet bakteriel infektion,
formodet bakteriel infektion,
07:53
you gave him the antibiotic,
161
461673
1595
du gav ham antibiotika,
07:55
and without really needing to know
anything else about the bacteria
anything else about the bacteria
162
463292
3159
og uden rigtig at behøve at vide
noget om bakterien,
noget om bakterien,
07:58
causing the disease,
163
466475
1174
som var årsagen,
07:59
many of the patients recovered.
164
467673
1515
ville mange af patienterne komme sig.
08:01
And so as we developed
more and more antibiotics,
more and more antibiotics,
165
469212
2357
Og efterhånden som vi udviklede
flere antibiotika,
flere antibiotika,
08:03
they, rightly so, became the first-line
therapy for bacterial infections.
therapy for bacterial infections.
166
471593
3685
blev de, første-valgs-behandling
for bakterielle infektioner.
for bakterielle infektioner.
08:07
And by the way, they have contributed
tremendously to our life expectancy.
tremendously to our life expectancy.
167
475831
4238
De har øget vores forventede
levetid betragteligt.
levetid betragteligt.
08:12
We are only able to do
complex medical interventions
complex medical interventions
168
480093
2706
Når vi i dag kan udføre kompleks
medicinsk behandling
medicinsk behandling
08:14
and medical surgeries today
169
482823
1643
og kirurgi, så er det
08:16
because we have antibiotics,
170
484490
1373
fordi vi har antibiotika,
08:17
and we don't risk the patient
dying the very next day
dying the very next day
171
485887
2506
og fordi vi ikke risikerer at patienten
dør næste dag
dør næste dag
08:20
from the bacterial infection that he might
contract during the operation.
contract during the operation.
172
488417
3847
af en bakteriel infektion, som han kan
være smittet med under operationen.
være smittet med under operationen.
08:24
So we started to forget about phages,
especially in Western medicine.
especially in Western medicine.
173
492288
3890
Derfor glemte vi alt om bakteriofager
specielt i vestlige landes medicin.
specielt i vestlige landes medicin.
08:28
And to a certain extent, even when
I was growing up, the notion was:
I was growing up, the notion was:
174
496638
3734
Og selv da jeg voksede op
var det til en vis grad forestillingen at:
var det til en vis grad forestillingen at:
08:32
we have solved bacterial infections;
we have antibiotics.
we have antibiotics.
175
500396
3832
vi har løst problemet med bakterielle
infektioner for vi har antibiotika.
infektioner for vi har antibiotika.
08:37
Of course, today,
we know that this is wrong.
we know that this is wrong.
176
505185
2723
I dag ved vi selvfølgelig,
at det er forkert.
at det er forkert.
08:40
Today, most of you
will have heard about superbugs.
will have heard about superbugs.
177
508553
2397
De fleste af jer har hørt
om superbakterier.
om superbakterier.
08:42
Those are bacteria
that have become resistant
that have become resistant
178
510974
2137
Det er bakterier som er blevet immune
08:45
to many, if not all, of the antibiotics
that we have developed
that we have developed
179
513135
4514
overfor mange, hvis ikke overfor alle,
af de antibiotika vi har udviklet
af de antibiotika vi har udviklet
08:49
to treat this infection.
180
517673
1600
til at behandle infektioner
08:51
How did we get here?
181
519760
1334
Hvordan skete det?
08:53
Well, we weren't as smart
as we thought we were.
as we thought we were.
182
521118
2974
Ja, vi var ikke helt så smarte,
som vi troede.
som vi troede.
08:56
As we started using
antibiotics everywhere --
antibiotics everywhere --
183
524578
2943
Da vi startede med
at bruge antibiotika overalt --
at bruge antibiotika overalt --
08:59
in hospitals, to treat and prevent;
at home, for simple colds;
at home, for simple colds;
184
527545
3389
for at forebygge og behandle på
hospitalerne; for forkølelser hjemme;
hospitalerne; for forkølelser hjemme;
09:02
on farms, to keep animals healthy --
185
530958
2262
for at holde dyrene raske på gårdene --
09:05
the bacteria evolved.
186
533244
1400
udviklede bakterierne sig.
09:07
In the onslaught of antibiotics
that were all around them,
that were all around them,
187
535509
3849
I det angreb af antibiotika
der var rundt om dem,
der var rundt om dem,
09:11
those bacteria survived
that were best able to adapt.
that were best able to adapt.
188
539382
3019
var det de bakterier, der bedst
tilpassede sig, der overlevede.
tilpassede sig, der overlevede.
09:15
Today, we call these
"multidrug-resistant bacteria."
"multidrug-resistant bacteria."
189
543017
2850
I dag, kalder vi dem
"multi-resistente bakterier".
"multi-resistente bakterier".
09:18
And let me put a scary number out there.
190
546283
2135
Og lad mig give jer
et skræmmende tal.
et skræmmende tal.
09:20
In a recent study commissioned
by the UK government,
by the UK government,
191
548442
2453
I et nyligt studie bestilt af
UK regeringen,
UK regeringen,
09:22
it was estimated that by 2050,
192
550919
2396
blev det estimeret at i 2050,
09:25
ten million people could die every year
from multidrug-resistant infections.
from multidrug-resistant infections.
193
553339
4118
kan 10 millioner mennesker dø hvert år
af multi-resistente infektioner.
af multi-resistente infektioner.
09:29
Compare that to eight million deaths
from cancer per year today,
from cancer per year today,
194
557871
3143
Sammenlign det med at der i dag dør
8 millioner af cancer hvert år
8 millioner af cancer hvert år
09:33
and you can see
that this is a scary number.
that this is a scary number.
195
561038
2154
og du vil se, at det er et skræmmende tal.
09:35
But the good news is,
phages have stuck around.
phages have stuck around.
196
563792
2795
Men den gode nyhed er, bakteriofager
er her stadig.
er her stadig.
09:39
And let me tell you, they are not
impressed by multidrug resistance.
impressed by multidrug resistance.
197
567014
3206
Og de er ikke imponeret
af multi-resistens.
af multi-resistens.
09:42
(Laughter)
198
570244
1151
(Latter)
09:43
They are just as happily killing
and hunting bacteria all around us.
and hunting bacteria all around us.
199
571419
5753
De jager og dræber
gladeligt enhver bakterie
gladeligt enhver bakterie
09:50
And they've also stayed selective,
which today is really a good thing.
which today is really a good thing.
200
578028
3301
Og de er forblevet selektive,
hvilket i dag er en god egenskab.
hvilket i dag er en god egenskab.
09:53
Today, we are able to reliably identify
a bacterial pathogen
a bacterial pathogen
201
581353
3484
Vi kan i dag pålideligt identificere
en bakteriel patogen,
en bakteriel patogen,
09:56
that's causing an infection
in many settings.
in many settings.
202
584861
2494
som forårsager en infektion
i forskellige omgivelser.
i forskellige omgivelser.
09:59
And their selectivity will help us
avoid some of the side effects
avoid some of the side effects
203
587379
3098
Og selektiviteten kan hjælpe til
at vi mindsker de bivirkninger
at vi mindsker de bivirkninger
10:02
that are commonly associated
with broad-spectrum antibiotics.
with broad-spectrum antibiotics.
204
590501
3544
som normalt er forbundet
med bred-spektret antibiotika.
med bred-spektret antibiotika.
10:06
But maybe the best news of all is:
they are no longer an invisible microbe.
they are no longer an invisible microbe.
205
594609
3833
Men, den allerbedste nyhed er, at de
ikke længere er usynlige mikroorganismer.
ikke længere er usynlige mikroorganismer.
10:10
We can look at them.
206
598466
1325
Vi kan se på dem.
10:11
And we did so together before.
207
599815
1445
Og det gjorde vi lige før.
10:13
We can sequence their DNA.
208
601284
1848
Vi kan sekvensere deres DNA
10:15
We understand how they replicate.
209
603156
1596
Forstår hvordan
de replikerer,
de replikerer,
10:16
And we understand the limitations.
210
604776
1888
og deres begrænsninger.
10:18
We are in a great place
211
606688
1367
Vi er nu i stand til
10:20
to now develop strong and reliable
phage-based pharmaceuticals.
phage-based pharmaceuticals.
212
608079
4014
at udvikle stærke og sikre
bakteriofag-baserede lægemidler.
bakteriofag-baserede lægemidler.
10:24
And that's what's happening
around the globe.
around the globe.
213
612117
2182
Og det er i gang
overalt i verden
overalt i verden
10:26
More than 10 biotech companies,
including our own company,
including our own company,
214
614323
2755
Mere end 10 biotek firmaer
inklusiv vores eget,
inklusiv vores eget,
10:29
are developing human-phage applications
to treat bacterial infections.
to treat bacterial infections.
215
617102
3585
udvikler bakteriofager til
behandling af infektioner
behandling af infektioner
10:32
A number of clinical trials
are getting underway in Europe and the US.
are getting underway in Europe and the US.
216
620711
4207
Et antal kliniske forsøg er på vej
i Europa og i USA.
i Europa og i USA.
10:37
So I'm convinced
that we're standing on the verge
that we're standing on the verge
217
625751
2310
Jeg er sikker på der kommer
et paradigmeskifte
et paradigmeskifte
10:40
of a renaissance of phage therapy.
218
628085
1960
og renæssance for
fag behandlinger.
fag behandlinger.
10:42
And to me, the correct way to depict
the phage is something like this.
the phage is something like this.
219
630069
4228
Jeg beskriver bakteriofagen
på denne måde.
på denne måde.
10:46
(Laughter)
220
634855
2492
(Latter)
10:49
To me, phages are the superheroes
that we have been waiting for
that we have been waiting for
221
637371
3476
Bakteriofager er de superhelte
vi har ventet på
vi har ventet på
10:52
in our fight against
multidrug-resistant infections.
multidrug-resistant infections.
222
640871
3089
i kampen mod multi-resistente
infektioner.
infektioner.
10:56
So the next time you think about a virus,
223
644617
2508
Så næste gang du tænker på en virus,
10:59
keep this image in mind.
224
647149
1600
så husk dette billede.
11:01
After all, a phage might
one day save your life.
one day save your life.
225
649236
2984
Det kan blive en bakteriofag,
der redder dit liv en dag.
der redder dit liv en dag.
11:04
Thank you.
226
652810
1190
Tak.
11:06
(Applause)
227
654024
5968
(Klapsalve)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alexander Belcredi - Biotech entrepreneurAlexander Belcredi studies how viruses can help in the fight against superbugs.
Why you should listen
Alexander Belcredi has been working in the pharmaceutical space for over a decade. He spent nine years at BCG where he was part of the global health care team, focusing on pharma and medtech. While at BCG, Belcredi became acutely aware of the urgent need to develop alternatives to antibiotics and was fascinated by the role that phage therapy can play. In 2017, he co-founded PhagoMed Biopharma GmbH, a biotech company developing phage-based pharmaceuticals to treat bacterial infections, where he is now the CEO. Belcredi holds an MA in Modern History and Economics from the University of St. Andrews as well as an MBA from INSEAD.
Alexander Belcredi | Speaker | TED.com