TED@BCG Toronto
Alexander Belcredi: How a long-forgotten virus could help us solve the antibiotics crisis
Aleksander Belkredi (Alexander Belcredi): Kako nam dugo zaboravljeni virus može pomoći u rešavanju krize antibiotika
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Virusi imaju lošu reputaciju, ali neki od njih bi vam jednog dana mogli spasiti život, kaže biotehničar preduzetnik Aleksander Belkredi. U ovom fascinantnom govoru, on predstavlja fage, prirodne viruse koji love i ubijaju štetne bakterije sa smrtonosnom preciznošću, i pokazuje kako ovi, nekad zaboravljeni organizmi, mogu pružiti novu nadu u borbi protiv sve veće opasnosti od superbakterija otpornih na antibiotike.
Alexander Belcredi - Biotech entrepreneur
Alexander Belcredi studies how viruses can help in the fight against superbugs. Full bio
Alexander Belcredi studies how viruses can help in the fight against superbugs. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Take a moment
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Zastanite malo
00:14
and think about a virus.
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i razmislite o virusima.
00:16
What comes to your mind?
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Šta vam prvo pada na pamet?
00:18
An illness?
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Bolest?
00:20
A fear?
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Strah?
00:21
Probably something really unpleasant.
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Verovatno nešto jako neprijatno.
00:23
And yet, viruses are not all the same.
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A ipak, nisu svi virusi isti.
00:25
It's true, some of them cause
devastating disease.
devastating disease.
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Istina, neki od njih izazivaju
razorne bolesti.
razorne bolesti.
00:29
But others can do the exact opposite --
they can cure disease.
they can cure disease.
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Ali drugi mogu učiniti potpuno suprotno -
mogu izlečiti bolest.
mogu izlečiti bolest.
00:33
These viruses are called "phages."
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Ovi virusi se zovu „fagi“.
00:36
Now, the first time I heard
about phages was back in 2013.
about phages was back in 2013.
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Prvi put sam čuo za fage 2013. godine.
00:39
My father-in-law, who's a surgeon,
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Moj tast, hirurg,
00:41
was telling me about a woman
he was treating.
he was treating.
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mi je pričao o ženi koju je lečio.
00:44
The woman had a knee injury,
required multiple surgeries,
required multiple surgeries,
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Žena je imala povredu kolena
koja je zahtevala nekoliko operacija,
koja je zahtevala nekoliko operacija,
00:47
and over the course of these,
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zbog kojih joj se razvila
hronična bakterijska infekcija u nozi.
hronična bakterijska infekcija u nozi.
00:48
developed a chronic
bacterial infection in her leg.
bacterial infection in her leg.
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00:51
Unfortunately for her,
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Na njenu žalost,
00:52
the bacteria causing the infection
also did not respond
also did not respond
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bakterija koja je izazivala infekciju
nije reagovala ni na jedan antibiotik
koji je bio dostupan.
koji je bio dostupan.
00:55
to any antibiotic that was available.
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00:58
So at this point, typically, the only
option left is to amputate the leg
option left is to amputate the leg
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Tako da je u tom momentu, obično,
jedina opcija amputacija noge
jedina opcija amputacija noge
01:02
to stop the infection
from spreading further.
from spreading further.
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kako bi se sprečilo širenje infekcije.
01:05
Now, my father-in-law was desperate
for a different kind of solution,
for a different kind of solution,
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Moj tast je očajnički pokušavao
da pronađe drugo rešenje,
da pronađe drugo rešenje,
01:08
and he applied for an experimental,
last-resort treatment using phages.
last-resort treatment using phages.
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i primenio je eksperimentalni,
najnoviji tretman koristeći fage.
najnoviji tretman koristeći fage.
01:13
And guess what? It worked.
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I znate šta se desilo? Uspelo je.
01:15
Within three weeks of applying the phages,
the chronic infection had healed up,
the chronic infection had healed up,
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U roku od tri nedelje od primene faga,
hronična infekcija je bila izlečena,
hronična infekcija je bila izlečena,
01:19
where before, no antibiotic was working.
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tamo gde nijedan antibiotik nije uspeo.
01:22
I was fascinated by this weird conception:
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Ovaj čudni koncept
je bio fascinantan za mene:
je bio fascinantan za mene:
01:27
viruses curing an infection.
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virusi leče infekciju.
01:30
To this day, I am fascinated
by the medical potential of phages.
by the medical potential of phages.
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Do današnjeg dana, fasciniran sam
medicinskim potencijalom faga.
medicinskim potencijalom faga.
01:34
And I actually quit my job last year
to build a company in this space.
to build a company in this space.
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U stvari, dao sam otkaz prošle godine
da bih osnovao kompaniju u ovoj sferi.
da bih osnovao kompaniju u ovoj sferi.
01:38
Now, what is a phage?
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Šta je fag?
01:41
The image that you see here was taken
by an electron microscope.
by an electron microscope.
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Slika koju ovde vidite je napravljena
elektronskim mikroskopom.
elektronskim mikroskopom.
01:45
And that means what we see on the screen
is in reality extremely tiny.
is in reality extremely tiny.
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Što znači da je ono što vidimo na ekranu
u stvarnosti izuzetno sićušno.
u stvarnosti izuzetno sićušno.
01:49
The grainy thing in the middle
with the head, the long body
with the head, the long body
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Ova zrnasta stvar u sredini
sa glavom, dugačkim telom
sa glavom, dugačkim telom
01:53
and a number of feet --
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i više stopala -
01:54
this is the image of a prototypical phage.
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to je slika prototipa faga.
01:57
It's kind of cute.
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Sladak je, na neki način.
01:58
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
02:00
Now, take a look at your hand.
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Sad, pogledajmo vaše ruke.
02:03
In our team, we've estimated
that you have more than 10 billion phages
that you have more than 10 billion phages
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Naš tim je procenio
da imate više od 10 milijardi faga
da imate više od 10 milijardi faga
02:08
on each of your hands.
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na svakoj ruci.
02:09
What are they doing there?
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Šta rade tu?
02:11
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
02:12
Well, viruses are good at infecting cells.
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Pa, virusi su dobri u inficiranju ćelija.
02:15
And phages are great
at infecting bacteria.
at infecting bacteria.
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A fagi su dobri u inficiranju bakterija.
02:18
And your hand, just like
so much of our body,
so much of our body,
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A vaša ruka je, kao i ostatak vašeg tela,
02:20
is a hotbed of bacterial activity,
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leglo bakterijske aktivnosti,
02:22
making it an ideal
hunting ground for phages.
hunting ground for phages.
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što je čini idealnim lovištem za fage.
02:26
Because after all, phages hunt bacteria.
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Zato što, na kraju krajeva,
fagi love bakterije.
fagi love bakterije.
02:29
It's also important to know that phages
are extremely selective hunters.
are extremely selective hunters.
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Takođe je veoma važno znati
da su fagi veoma selektivni lovci.
da su fagi veoma selektivni lovci.
02:34
Typically, a phage will only infect
a single bacterial species.
a single bacterial species.
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Obično, fag će inficirati
samo jednu vrstu bakterija.
samo jednu vrstu bakterija.
02:38
So in this rendering here,
the phage that you see
the phage that you see
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Dakle, na ovom prikazu ovde,
fag koga vidite
fag koga vidite
02:41
hunts for a bacterium
called Staphylococcus aureus,
called Staphylococcus aureus,
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lovi bakteriju koja se zove
zlatni stafilokok,
zlatni stafilokok,
02:44
which is known as MRSA
in its drug-resistant form.
in its drug-resistant form.
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poznatu kao MRSA, u svom obliku
otpornom na antibiotike.
otpornom na antibiotike.
02:48
It causes skin or wound infections.
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Izaziva infekcije kože ili rana.
02:51
The way the phage hunts is with its feet.
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Fagi love svojim stopalima.
02:54
The feet are actually extremely
sensitive receptors,
sensitive receptors,
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Stopala su u stvari
izuzetno osetljivi receptori,
izuzetno osetljivi receptori,
u potrazi za pravom površinom
bakterijske ćelije.
bakterijske ćelije.
02:56
on the lookout for the right surface
on a bacterial cell.
on a bacterial cell.
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03:00
Once it finds it,
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Jednom kada je nađe,
03:01
the phage will latch on
to the bacterial cell wall
to the bacterial cell wall
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fag će se prikovati
za zid bakterijske ćelije
za zid bakterijske ćelije
03:04
and then inject its DNA.
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i ubaciti svoj DNK.
03:06
DNA sits in the head of the phage
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DNK se nalazi u glavi faga
03:08
and travels into the bacteria
through the long body.
through the long body.
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i putuje u bakteriju kroz dugačko telo.
03:11
At this point, the phage
reprograms the bacteria
reprograms the bacteria
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U ovom trenutku,
fag reprogramira bakteriju
fag reprogramira bakteriju
03:14
into producing lots of new phages.
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da proizvodi mnogo novih faga.
03:16
The bacteria, in effect,
becomes a phage factory.
becomes a phage factory.
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Tako bakterija postaje fabrika faga.
03:19
Once around 50-100 phages have accumulated
within the bacteria cell,
within the bacteria cell,
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Kada se 50-100 faga nakupe unutar ćelije,
03:23
the phages are then able
to release a protein
to release a protein
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fagi su tad u mogućnosti
da oslobode protein
da oslobode protein
03:26
that disrupts the bacteria cell wall.
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koji slabi ćelijski zid bakterije.
03:28
As the bacteria bursts,
the phages move out
the phages move out
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Kako bakterija pukne, fagi se iseljavaju
03:31
and go on the hunt again
for a new bacteria to infect.
for a new bacteria to infect.
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i idu ponovo u potragu
za novom bakterijom koju će inficirati.
za novom bakterijom koju će inficirati.
03:35
Now, I'm sorry, this probably
sounded like a scary virus again.
sounded like a scary virus again.
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Izvinjavam se, ovo je verovatno
ponovo zvučalo kao strašni virus.
ponovo zvučalo kao strašni virus.
03:39
But it's exactly this ability of phages --
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Ali upravo ova sposobnost faga -
03:41
to multiply within the bacteria
and then kill them --
and then kill them --
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da se razmnože u bakteriji
i onda ih ubiju -
i onda ih ubiju -
03:44
that make them so interesting
from a medical point of view.
from a medical point of view.
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ih čini izuzetno interesantnim
sa medicinske tačke gledišta.
sa medicinske tačke gledišta.
03:47
The other part that I find
extremely interesting
extremely interesting
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Drugi deo koji je meni
izuzetno interesantan
izuzetno interesantan
03:50
is the scale at which this is going on.
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je obim u kojem se to odvija.
03:52
Now, just five years ago,
I really had no clue about phages.
I really had no clue about phages.
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Pre samo pet godina,
nisam imao pojma o fagima.
nisam imao pojma o fagima.
03:55
And yet, today I would tell you
they are part of a natural principle.
they are part of a natural principle.
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A ipak, danas bih mogao da vam kažem
da su oni deo prirodnog principa.
da su oni deo prirodnog principa.
03:59
Phages and bacteria go back
to the earliest days of evolution.
to the earliest days of evolution.
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Fagi i bakterije postoje
od najranijih dana evolucije.
od najranijih dana evolucije.
04:03
They have always existed in tandem,
keeping each other in check.
keeping each other in check.
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I uvek su živeli u tandemu,
držeći pod kontrolom jedni druge.
držeći pod kontrolom jedni druge.
04:07
So this is really the story of yin
and yang, of the hunter and the prey,
and yang, of the hunter and the prey,
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Dakle, ovo je u suštini priča
o jinu i jangu, o lovcu i plenu,
o jinu i jangu, o lovcu i plenu,
04:11
at a microscopic level.
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na mikroskopskom nivou.
04:14
Some scientists have even estimated
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Neki naučnici su čak procenili
04:16
that phages are the most
abundant organism on our planet.
abundant organism on our planet.
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da su fagi najrasprostranjeniji
organizmi na našoj planeti.
organizmi na našoj planeti.
04:20
So even before we continue
talking about their medical potential,
talking about their medical potential,
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Tako da, pre nego što nastavimo priču
o njihovom medicinskom potencijalu,
o njihovom medicinskom potencijalu,
04:23
I think everybody should know
about phages and their role on earth:
about phages and their role on earth:
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mislim da bi svi trebalo da znaju šta
su fagi i koja je njihova uloga na zemlji:
su fagi i koja je njihova uloga na zemlji:
04:27
they hunt, infect and kill bacteria.
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oni love, inficiraju i ubijaju bakterije.
04:30
Now, how come we have something
that works so well in nature,
that works so well in nature,
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Pa, kako to da imamo nešto
što tako dobro funkcioniše u prirodi,
što tako dobro funkcioniše u prirodi,
04:33
every day, everywhere around us,
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svakodnevno, svuda oko nas,
04:35
and yet, in most parts of the world,
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a ipak, u većem delu sveta,
04:37
we do not have a single drug on the market
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nemamo nijedan lek na tržištu
04:39
that uses this principle
to combat bacterial infections?
to combat bacterial infections?
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koji koristi ovaj princip
u borbi protiv bakterijskih infekcija?
u borbi protiv bakterijskih infekcija?
04:43
The simple answer is: no one
has developed this kind of a drug yet,
has developed this kind of a drug yet,
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Jednostavan odgovor je:
niko još nije razvio ovakvu vrstu leka,
niko još nije razvio ovakvu vrstu leka,
04:47
at least not one that conforms
to the Western regulatory standards
to the Western regulatory standards
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bar ne takvog koji odgovara
standardima zapadne kontrole
standardima zapadne kontrole
04:50
that set the norm
for so much of the world.
for so much of the world.
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koja je postavila pravila
u većem delu sveta.
u većem delu sveta.
04:53
To understand why,
we need to move back in time.
we need to move back in time.
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Da bismo otkrili zašto,
moramo se malo vratiti kroz vreme.
moramo se malo vratiti kroz vreme.
04:57
This is a picture of Félix d'Herelle.
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Ovo je slika Feliksa De Herela.
04:59
He is one of the two scientists
credited with discovering phages.
credited with discovering phages.
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On je jedan od dva naučnika
zaslužnih za otkriće faga.
zaslužnih za otkriće faga.
05:02
Except, when he discovered them
back in 1917, he had no clue
back in 1917, he had no clue
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Samo, kad ih je otkrio, 1917. godine,
nije imao predstavu šta je otkrio.
05:06
what he had discovered.
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05:08
He was interested in a disease
called bacillary dysentery,
called bacillary dysentery,
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Zanimala ga je bolest
zvana bacilarna dizenterija,
zvana bacilarna dizenterija,
05:12
which is a bacterial infection
that causes severe diarrhea,
that causes severe diarrhea,
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bakterijska infekcija
koja izaziva tešku dijareju,
koja izaziva tešku dijareju,
i u to vreme je ubijala dosta ljudi,
05:14
and back then, was actually
killing a lot of people,
killing a lot of people,
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zato što, na kraju krajeva, nije postojao
lek za bakterijsku infekciju.
lek za bakterijsku infekciju.
05:17
because after all, no cure for bacterial
infections had been invented.
infections had been invented.
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05:21
He was looking at samples from patients
who had survived this illness.
who had survived this illness.
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On je posmatrao uzorke pacijenata
koji su preživeli bolest.
koji su preživeli bolest.
05:25
And he found that something
weird was going on.
weird was going on.
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I otkrio je da se nešto čudno dešavalo.
05:27
Something in the sample
was killing the bacteria
was killing the bacteria
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Nešto u uzorku je ubijalo bakterije
05:29
that were supposed to cause the disease.
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koje je trebalo da izazovu bolest.
05:31
To find out what was going on,
he did an ingenious experiment.
he did an ingenious experiment.
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Da bi saznao šta se dešava,
napravio je genijalan eksperiment.
napravio je genijalan eksperiment.
05:35
He took the sample, filtered it
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Uzeo je uzorak, filtrirao ga
05:37
until he was sure that only something
very small could have remained,
very small could have remained,
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dok nije bio siguran
da je ostalo jako malo,
da je ostalo jako malo,
05:40
and then took a tiny drop and added it
to freshly cultivated bacteria.
to freshly cultivated bacteria.
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a potom je uzeo malu kap i dodao je
sveže uzgojenim bakterijama.
sveže uzgojenim bakterijama.
05:45
And he observed
that within a number of hours,
that within a number of hours,
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Onda je video da su u roku
od nekoliko sati
od nekoliko sati
05:47
the bacteria had been killed.
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bakterije bile ubijene.
05:49
He then repeated this,
again filtering, taking a tiny drop,
again filtering, taking a tiny drop,
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Onda je on ponovio ovo,
ponovo filtrirao, uzeo malu kap,
ponovo filtrirao, uzeo malu kap,
05:53
adding it to the next batch
of fresh bacteria.
of fresh bacteria.
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dodao je u sledeću seriju
svežih bakterija.
svežih bakterija.
05:55
He did this in sequence 50 times,
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Ovo je ponovio 50 puta,
05:58
always observing the same effect.
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uvek gledajući isti efekat.
06:00
And at this point,
he made two conclusions.
he made two conclusions.
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U tom momentu, zaključio je dve stvari.
06:02
First of all, the obvious one:
yes, something was killing the bacteria,
yes, something was killing the bacteria,
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Pre svega, što je očigledno,
da, nešto je ubijalo bakterije,
da, nešto je ubijalo bakterije,
06:06
and it was in that liquid.
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i to nešto je bilo u tečnosti.
06:07
The other one: it had to be
biologic in nature,
biologic in nature,
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Drugo: to je moralo
biti nešto biološke prirode,
biti nešto biološke prirode,
06:10
because a tiny drop was sufficient
to have a huge impact.
to have a huge impact.
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zato što je bila dovoljna samo mala kap
da napravi tako veliki učinak.
da napravi tako veliki učinak.
06:14
He called the agent he had found
an "invisible microbe"
an "invisible microbe"
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On je ovaj agens koji je pronašao
nazvao „nevidljivi mikrob“
nazvao „nevidljivi mikrob“
06:18
and gave it the name "bacteriophage,"
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i dao mu naziv „bakterofag“,
06:19
which, literally translated,
means "bacteria eater."
means "bacteria eater."
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što u bukvalnom prevodu
znači „žderač bakterija“.
znači „žderač bakterija“.
06:22
And by the way, this is one
of the most fundamental discoveries
of the most fundamental discoveries
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A inače, ovo je jedno od osnovnih otkrića
06:25
of modern microbiology.
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moderne mikrobiologije.
06:27
So many modern techniques go back
to our understanding of how phages work --
to our understanding of how phages work --
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Mnoge moderne tehnike se vraćaju
proučavanju toga kako fagi funkcionišu -
proučavanju toga kako fagi funkcionišu -
06:31
in genomic editing,
but also in other fields.
but also in other fields.
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u menjanju genoma,
ali takođe i na drugim poljima.
ali takođe i na drugim poljima.
06:33
And just today, the Nobel Prize
in chemistry was announced
in chemistry was announced
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Upravo danas je najavljena
dodela Nobelove nagrade iz hemije
dodela Nobelove nagrade iz hemije
06:36
for two scientists who work with phages
and develop drugs based on that.
and develop drugs based on that.
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za dva naučnika koja su radila sa fagima
i razvila lek na bazi njih.
i razvila lek na bazi njih.
06:41
Now, back in the 1920s and 1930s,
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U 1920-im i 1930-im,
06:43
people also immediately saw
the medical potential of phages.
the medical potential of phages.
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ljudi su takođe odmah uočili
medicinski potencijal faga.
medicinski potencijal faga.
Na kraju krajeva, iako nevidiljivo,
06:46
After all, albeit invisible,
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06:48
you had something
that reliably was killing bacteria.
that reliably was killing bacteria.
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imali ste nešto
što pouzdano ubija bakterije.
što pouzdano ubija bakterije.
06:51
Companies that still exist today,
such as Abbott, Squibb or Lilly,
such as Abbott, Squibb or Lilly,
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Kompanije koje postoje i danas,
kao što su Abot, Skvib i Lili,
kao što su Abot, Skvib i Lili,
06:54
sold phage preparations.
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su prodavale pripremu faga.
06:57
But the reality is, if you're starting
with an invisible microbe,
with an invisible microbe,
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Ali u stvarnosti, ako počinjete
sa nevidljivim mikrobima,
sa nevidljivim mikrobima,
07:00
it's very difficult to get
to a reliable drug.
to a reliable drug.
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veoma je teško dobiti pouzdan lek.
Zamislite da idete danas
u Upravu za hranu i lekove
u Upravu za hranu i lekove
07:03
Just imagine going to the FDA today
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07:05
and telling them all about
that invisible virus
that invisible virus
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i govorite im o nevidljivom virusu
07:07
you want to give to patients.
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koji želite da date pacijentu.
07:09
So when chemical antibiotics
emerged in the 1940s,
emerged in the 1940s,
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Kada su se hemijski antibiotici
pojavili 1940-ih,
pojavili 1940-ih,
07:12
they completely changed the game.
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potpuno su promenili igru.
07:14
And this guy played a major role.
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A ovaj lik je odigrao važnu ulogu.
07:16
This is Alexander Fleming.
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To je Aleksandar Fleming.
07:18
He won the Nobel Prize in medicine
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Dobio je Nobelovu nagradu za medicinu
07:19
for his work contributing
to the development
to the development
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zbog svog rada koji je doprineo razvoju
prvog antibiotika, penicilina.
07:22
of the first antibiotic, penicillin.
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07:24
And antibiotics really work
very differently than phages.
very differently than phages.
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A antibiotici su stvarno delovali
veoma drugačije od faga.
veoma drugačije od faga.
07:29
For the most part, they inhibit
the growth of the bacteria,
the growth of the bacteria,
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Većinom, oni sprečavaju rast bakterija,
07:31
and they don't care so much
which kind of bacteria are present.
which kind of bacteria are present.
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i nije ih mnogo briga
koja je vrsta bakterija prisutna.
koja je vrsta bakterija prisutna.
07:35
The ones that we call broad-spectrum
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Takozvani antibiotik širokog spektra
07:37
will even work against
a whole bunch of bacteria out there.
a whole bunch of bacteria out there.
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će raditi protiv čitavog niza bakterija.
07:40
Compare that to phages,
which work extremely narrowly
which work extremely narrowly
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U poređenju sa fagima,
čije je delovanje prilično suženo
čije je delovanje prilično suženo
07:43
against one bacterial species,
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protiv određene bakterijske vrste,
07:44
and you can see the obvious advantage.
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možete videti očiglednu prednost.
07:47
Now, back then, this must have felt
like a dream come true.
like a dream come true.
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Tada je to verovatno izgledalo
kao san koji se ostvaruje.
kao san koji se ostvaruje.
07:50
You had a patient
with a suspected bacterial infection,
with a suspected bacterial infection,
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Imali ste pacijenta kod koga se sumnja
na bakterijsku infekciju,
na bakterijsku infekciju,
07:53
you gave him the antibiotic,
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dali ste mu antibiotik,
07:55
and without really needing to know
anything else about the bacteria
anything else about the bacteria
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i bez ikakve potrebe da znate
bilo šta o bakteriji
bilo šta o bakteriji
koja je izazvala bolest,
07:58
causing the disease,
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mnogi pacijenti su se oporavili.
07:59
many of the patients recovered.
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08:01
And so as we developed
more and more antibiotics,
more and more antibiotics,
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Tako smo razvili još antibiotika,
08:03
they, rightly so, became the first-line
therapy for bacterial infections.
therapy for bacterial infections.
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koji su, s pravom, postali prvi izbor
za terapiju protiv bakterijskih infekcija.
za terapiju protiv bakterijskih infekcija.
08:07
And by the way, they have contributed
tremendously to our life expectancy.
tremendously to our life expectancy.
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Uzgred, oni su veoma doprineli
produžetku životnog veka.
produžetku životnog veka.
08:12
We are only able to do
complex medical interventions
complex medical interventions
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Danas možemo da izvršimo
kompleksne medicinske intervencije
kompleksne medicinske intervencije
08:14
and medical surgeries today
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i operacije
08:16
because we have antibiotics,
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samo zahvaljujući antibioticima,
08:17
and we don't risk the patient
dying the very next day
dying the very next day
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bez rizika da će pacijent
umreti sledećeg dana
umreti sledećeg dana
od bakterijske infekcije sa kojom je možda
došao u kontakt tokom operacije.
došao u kontakt tokom operacije.
08:20
from the bacterial infection that he might
contract during the operation.
contract during the operation.
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08:24
So we started to forget about phages,
especially in Western medicine.
especially in Western medicine.
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Tako smo počeli da zaboravljamo na fage,
pogotovo zapadna medicina.
pogotovo zapadna medicina.
08:28
And to a certain extent, even when
I was growing up, the notion was:
I was growing up, the notion was:
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I u određenoj meri, čak i dok sam ja
odrastao, važio je koncept
odrastao, važio je koncept
08:32
we have solved bacterial infections;
we have antibiotics.
we have antibiotics.
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da smo rešili problem
bakterijskih infekcija
bakterijskih infekcija
jer imamo antibiotike.
08:37
Of course, today,
we know that this is wrong.
we know that this is wrong.
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Naravno, danas znamo da je to pogrešno.
08:40
Today, most of you
will have heard about superbugs.
will have heard about superbugs.
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Danas je većina vas verovatno čula
za superbakterije.
za superbakterije.
08:42
Those are bacteria
that have become resistant
that have become resistant
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To su one bakterije
koje su postale otporne
koje su postale otporne
08:45
to many, if not all, of the antibiotics
that we have developed
that we have developed
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na mnoge, ako ne na sve,
antibiotike koje smo razvili
antibiotike koje smo razvili
08:49
to treat this infection.
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da bismo lečili infekciju.
08:51
How did we get here?
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Kako smo dospeli dovde?
08:53
Well, we weren't as smart
as we thought we were.
as we thought we were.
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Pa, nismo bili toliko pametni
koliko smo mislili da jesmo.
koliko smo mislili da jesmo.
08:56
As we started using
antibiotics everywhere --
antibiotics everywhere --
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Počeli smo koristiti antibiotike svuda -
08:59
in hospitals, to treat and prevent;
at home, for simple colds;
at home, for simple colds;
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u bolnicama, za lečenje i prevenciju;
kod kuće, za najobičnije prehlade;
kod kuće, za najobičnije prehlade;
09:02
on farms, to keep animals healthy --
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na farmama, da bi životinje
ostale zdrave -
ostale zdrave -
09:05
the bacteria evolved.
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bakterije su evoluirale.
09:07
In the onslaught of antibiotics
that were all around them,
that were all around them,
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U najezdi antibiotika
koji su bili oko njih,
koji su bili oko njih,
09:11
those bacteria survived
that were best able to adapt.
that were best able to adapt.
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bakterije koje su preživele su one
koje su najbolje mogle da se prilagode.
koje su najbolje mogle da se prilagode.
09:15
Today, we call these
"multidrug-resistant bacteria."
"multidrug-resistant bacteria."
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Danas, njih zovemo
„bakterije otporne na lekove“.
„bakterije otporne na lekove“.
09:18
And let me put a scary number out there.
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Dozvolite mi da iznesem
jedan zastrašujući broj.
jedan zastrašujući broj.
09:20
In a recent study commissioned
by the UK government,
by the UK government,
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U nedavnom istraživanju
koje je sprovela britanska vlada,
koje je sprovela britanska vlada,
09:22
it was estimated that by 2050,
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procenjeno je da bi do 2050. godine
09:25
ten million people could die every year
from multidrug-resistant infections.
from multidrug-resistant infections.
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deset miliona ljudi godišnje moglo umreti
od infekcija otpornih na lekove.
od infekcija otpornih na lekove.
09:29
Compare that to eight million deaths
from cancer per year today,
from cancer per year today,
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Uporedite to sa osam miliona godišnje
smrtnih ishoda od raka danas,
smrtnih ishoda od raka danas,
09:33
and you can see
that this is a scary number.
that this is a scary number.
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i videćete da je to zastrašujući broj.
09:35
But the good news is,
phages have stuck around.
phages have stuck around.
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Ali, dobra vest je da su fagi još uvek tu.
09:39
And let me tell you, they are not
impressed by multidrug resistance.
impressed by multidrug resistance.
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I da vam kažem, uopšte nisu impresionirani
otpornošću na lekove.
otpornošću na lekove.
(Smeh)
09:42
(Laughter)
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09:43
They are just as happily killing
and hunting bacteria all around us.
and hunting bacteria all around us.
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I dalje srećno ubijaju
i love bakterije oko nas.
i love bakterije oko nas.
09:50
And they've also stayed selective,
which today is really a good thing.
which today is really a good thing.
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A i dalje su ostali selektivni,
što je danas jako dobra stvar.
što je danas jako dobra stvar.
Danas smo u mogućnosti
da identifikujemo bakterijski patogen
da identifikujemo bakterijski patogen
09:53
Today, we are able to reliably identify
a bacterial pathogen
a bacterial pathogen
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09:56
that's causing an infection
in many settings.
in many settings.
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koji izaziva infekciju u mnogim prilikama.
09:59
And their selectivity will help us
avoid some of the side effects
avoid some of the side effects
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A njihova selektivnost će nam pomoći
da izbegnemo neke nuspojave
da izbegnemo neke nuspojave
10:02
that are commonly associated
with broad-spectrum antibiotics.
with broad-spectrum antibiotics.
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koje često prate
antibiotike širokog spektra.
antibiotike širokog spektra.
10:06
But maybe the best news of all is:
they are no longer an invisible microbe.
they are no longer an invisible microbe.
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Ali možda je najbolja vest od svih
to da više nisu nevidljivi mikrobi.
to da više nisu nevidljivi mikrobi.
10:10
We can look at them.
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Možemo ih videti.
10:11
And we did so together before.
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I to smo i uradili zajedno.
10:13
We can sequence their DNA.
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Možemo analizirati njihov DNK.
10:15
We understand how they replicate.
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Shvatili smo kako se razmnožavaju.
10:16
And we understand the limitations.
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I znamo njihova ograničenja.
10:18
We are in a great place
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Nalazimo se na idealnoj poziciji
10:20
to now develop strong and reliable
phage-based pharmaceuticals.
phage-based pharmaceuticals.
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da sada razvijemo jaku i pouzdanu
farmakologiju baziranu na fagima.
farmakologiju baziranu na fagima.
10:24
And that's what's happening
around the globe.
around the globe.
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I to se dešava širom sveta.
10:26
More than 10 biotech companies,
including our own company,
including our own company,
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Preko 10 biotehničkih kompanija,
uključujući i našu,
uključujući i našu,
10:29
are developing human-phage applications
to treat bacterial infections.
to treat bacterial infections.
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razvijaju primenu ljudskih faga
u borbi protiv bakterijskih infekcija.
u borbi protiv bakterijskih infekcija.
10:32
A number of clinical trials
are getting underway in Europe and the US.
are getting underway in Europe and the US.
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Broj kliničkih ispitivanja
se odvija u Evropi i SAD.
se odvija u Evropi i SAD.
10:37
So I'm convinced
that we're standing on the verge
that we're standing on the verge
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Tako da sam uveren da stojimo na pragu
10:40
of a renaissance of phage therapy.
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renesanse terapije fagima.
10:42
And to me, the correct way to depict
the phage is something like this.
the phage is something like this.
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A za mene, najbolji način
da se opiše fag je nešto ovako.
da se opiše fag je nešto ovako.
10:46
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
10:49
To me, phages are the superheroes
that we have been waiting for
that we have been waiting for
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Za mene, fagi su superheroji
koje smo čekali
koje smo čekali
10:52
in our fight against
multidrug-resistant infections.
multidrug-resistant infections.
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u našoj borbi protiv infekcija
otpornih na lekove.
otpornih na lekove.
10:56
So the next time you think about a virus,
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Dakle, sledeći put
kada pomislite na viruse,
kada pomislite na viruse,
10:59
keep this image in mind.
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imajte ovu sliku na umu.
11:01
After all, a phage might
one day save your life.
one day save your life.
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Na kraju krajeva, fag vam jednog dana
može spasiti život.
može spasiti život.
11:04
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
11:06
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alexander Belcredi - Biotech entrepreneurAlexander Belcredi studies how viruses can help in the fight against superbugs.
Why you should listen
Alexander Belcredi has been working in the pharmaceutical space for over a decade. He spent nine years at BCG where he was part of the global health care team, focusing on pharma and medtech. While at BCG, Belcredi became acutely aware of the urgent need to develop alternatives to antibiotics and was fascinated by the role that phage therapy can play. In 2017, he co-founded PhagoMed Biopharma GmbH, a biotech company developing phage-based pharmaceuticals to treat bacterial infections, where he is now the CEO. Belcredi holds an MA in Modern History and Economics from the University of St. Andrews as well as an MBA from INSEAD.
Alexander Belcredi | Speaker | TED.com