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Triona McGrath: How pollution is changing the ocean's chemistry
Triona McGrath: Bagaimana polusi mengubah sifat kimia lautan
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Seiring kita melepaskan karbondioksida ke atmosfer, semakin banyak karbondioksida yang terlarut di lautan, menyebabkan perubahan drastis pada sifat-sifat kimiawi air laut. Triona McGrath meneliti suatu proses yang disebut asidifikasi, dan di video ini Triona mengenalkan kita pada dunia oseanografer. Cari tahu lebih lanjut bagaimana "saudara kembar dari perubahan iklim" berdampak pada laut -- dan kehidupan yang terpengaruh olehnya.
Triona McGrath - Chemical oceanographer
Triona McGrath researches how the oceans are changing due to human activities. Full bio
Triona McGrath researches how the oceans are changing due to human activities. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Do you ever think about how important
the oceans are in our daily lives?
the oceans are in our daily lives?
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Pernahkah Anda berpikir seberapa
penting laut bagi kehidupan kita?
penting laut bagi kehidupan kita?
00:19
The oceans cover two-thirds of our planet.
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laut meliputi 2/3 luas planet kita.
00:23
They provide half the oxygen we breathe.
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setengah oksigen yang kita hirup
berasal dari laut.
berasal dari laut.
00:26
They moderate our climate.
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laut mengatur iklim
00:28
And they provide jobs
and medicine and food
and medicine and food
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dan laut menyediakan lapangan
pekerjaan, obat, dan makanan
pekerjaan, obat, dan makanan
00:32
including 20 percent of protein
to feed the entire world population.
to feed the entire world population.
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termasuk 20% protein untuk memberi makan
seluruh populasi dunia.
seluruh populasi dunia.
00:38
People used to think
that the oceans were so vast
that the oceans were so vast
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orang-orang berpikir laut sangat luas
00:40
that they wouldn't be affected
by human activities.
by human activities.
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dan tidak akan terpengaruh
oleh aktivitas manusia.
oleh aktivitas manusia.
00:44
Well today I'm going to tell you
about a serious reality
about a serious reality
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hari ini saya akan memberitahu Anda
tentang realita serius
tentang realita serius
00:47
that is changing our oceans
called ocean acidification,
called ocean acidification,
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yang mengubah laut kita, yaitu
asidifikasi laut (pengasaman),
asidifikasi laut (pengasaman),
00:52
or the evil twin of climate change.
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atau saudara kembar jahat dari
perubahan iklim.
perubahan iklim.
00:55
Did you know that the oceans have absorbed
25 percent of all of the carbon dioxide
25 percent of all of the carbon dioxide
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apakah Anda tahu bahwa laut menyerap
25% total karbondioksida
25% total karbondioksida
01:01
that we have emitted to the atmosphere?
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yang kita keluarkan ke atmosfer?
01:03
Now this is just another great service
provided by the oceans
provided by the oceans
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ini hanya salah satu manfaat yang
diberikan laut
diberikan laut
01:07
since carbon dioxide
is one of the greenhouse gases
is one of the greenhouse gases
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karbondioksida adalah salah satu
gas rumah kaca
gas rumah kaca
01:10
that's causing climate change.
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yang menyebabkan perubahan iklim.
01:13
But as we keep pumping
more and more and more
more and more and more
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tapi selama kita terus-menerus melepaskan
01:17
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
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karbondioksida ke atmosfer
01:20
more is dissolving into the oceans.
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maka semakin banyak yang terlarut
ke laut
ke laut
01:22
And this is what's changing
our ocean chemistry.
our ocean chemistry.
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dan inilah yang mengubah laut
secara kimiawi.
secara kimiawi.
01:27
When carbon dioxide dissolves in seawater,
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ketika karbondioksida terlarut
di air laut,
di air laut,
01:29
it undergoes a number
of chemical reactions.
of chemical reactions.
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akan terjadi banyak reaksi kimia.
01:32
Now lucky for you,
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beruntungnya Anda,
01:33
I don't have time to get into
the details of the chemistry for today.
the details of the chemistry for today.
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saya tidak ada waktu menjelaskan
secara kimiawi dengan detail
secara kimiawi dengan detail
01:37
But I'll tell you as more
carbon dioxide enters the ocean,
carbon dioxide enters the ocean,
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tapi semakin banyak karbondioksida
yang memasuki laut,
yang memasuki laut,
01:40
the seawater pH goes down.
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pH (keasaman) air laut akan turun.
01:43
And this basically means that there
is an increase in ocean acidity.
is an increase in ocean acidity.
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artinya, terjadi kenaikan keasaman laut
01:48
And this whole process
is called ocean acidification.
is called ocean acidification.
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inilah yang disebut proses asidifikasi.
01:52
And it's happening
alongside climate change.
alongside climate change.
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dan ini terjadi bersamaan dengan
perubahan iklim.
perubahan iklim.
01:56
Scientists have been monitoring
ocean acidification for over two decades.
ocean acidification for over two decades.
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Para ilmuwan telah memonitor asidifikasi
laut selama dua dekade.
laut selama dua dekade.
02:00
This figure is an important
time series in Hawaii,
time series in Hawaii,
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Grafik ini menunjukkan rangkaian
waktu penting di Hawaii
waktu penting di Hawaii
02:03
and the top line shows steadily increasing
concentrations of carbon dioxide,
concentrations of carbon dioxide,
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garis atas menunjukkan kenaikan
stabil dari konsentrasi karbondioksida
stabil dari konsentrasi karbondioksida
02:08
or CO2 gas, in the atmosphere.
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atau gas CO2, di atmosfer.
02:11
And this is directly as a result
of human activities.
of human activities.
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dan ini adalah efek langsung dari
aktivitas manusia.
aktivitas manusia.
02:15
The line underneath shows the increasing
concentrations of carbon dioxide
concentrations of carbon dioxide
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garis di bawahnya menunjukkan kenaikan
konsentrasi karbondioksida
konsentrasi karbondioksida
02:19
that is dissolved
in the surface of the ocean
in the surface of the ocean
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yang terlarut di permukaan laut
02:22
which you can see is increasing
at the same rate
at the same rate
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Anda bisa melihat kenaikannya
dengan laju sama
dengan laju sama
02:25
as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
since measurements began.
since measurements began.
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sejak pengukuran dimulai.
02:28
The line on the bottom shows
then shows the change in chemistry.
then shows the change in chemistry.
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garis di bawah menunjukkan perubahan
secara kimiawi.
secara kimiawi.
02:31
As more carbon dioxide
has entered the ocean,
has entered the ocean,
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ketika semakin banyak karbondioksida
masuk ke laut,
masuk ke laut,
02:34
the seawater pH has gone down,
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pH air laut menurun,
02:37
which basically means there has been
an increase in ocean acidity.
an increase in ocean acidity.
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artinya ada kenaikan keasaman laut
02:43
Now in Ireland, scientists are also
monitoring ocean acidification --
monitoring ocean acidification --
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Sekarang di Irlandia, para ilmuwan
juga memonitor asidifikasi laut --
juga memonitor asidifikasi laut --
02:47
scientists at the Marine
Institute and NUI Galway.
Institute and NUI Galway.
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para ilmuwan di Marine Institute
dan NUI Galway.
dan NUI Galway.
02:50
And we, too, are seeing
acidification at the same rate
acidification at the same rate
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dan kita juga melihat asidifikasi
dengan laju yang sama
dengan laju yang sama
02:54
as these main ocean time-series
sites around the world.
sites around the world.
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di laut seluruh dunia.
02:57
So it's happening right at our doorstep.
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jadi ini semua tengah terjadi.
03:01
Now I'd like to give you an example
of just how we collect our data
of just how we collect our data
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Saya akan memberikan contoh
bagaimana cara kami mengumpulkan data
bagaimana cara kami mengumpulkan data
03:04
to monitor a changing ocean.
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untuk memonitor perubahan laut.
03:07
Firstly we collect a lot of our samples
in the middle of winter.
in the middle of winter.
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Pertama kami mengumpulkan
sampel di pertengahan musim dingin
sampel di pertengahan musim dingin
03:10
So as you can imagine,
in the North Atlantic
in the North Atlantic
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Bisa Anda bayangkan, di Atlantik Utara
03:12
we get hit with some seriously
stormy conditions --
stormy conditions --
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kami terjebak kondisi badai --
03:15
so not for any of you
who get a little motion sickness,
who get a little motion sickness,
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jadi ini tidak cocok untuk Anda yang
mudah mabuk laut
mudah mabuk laut
03:17
but we are collecting
some very valuable data.
some very valuable data.
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tapi kami mengumpulkan beberapa
data penting
data penting
03:20
So we lower this instrument
over the side of the ship,
over the side of the ship,
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kami menaruh instrumen ini ke laut
melalui sisi samping kapal
melalui sisi samping kapal
03:23
and there are sensors
that are mounted on the bottom
that are mounted on the bottom
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di sana ada sensor yang
dipasang di bagian bawah
dipasang di bagian bawah
03:25
that can tell us information about
the surrounding water,
the surrounding water,
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yang dapat memberitahu kami tentang
kondisi air
kondisi air
03:28
such as temperature
or dissolved oxygen.
or dissolved oxygen.
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misalnya temperatur atau oksigen terlarut.
03:31
And then we can collect our seawater
samples in these large bottles.
samples in these large bottles.
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lalu kami kumpulkan sampel air laut
dengan botol-botol besar ini.
dengan botol-botol besar ini.
03:35
So we start at the bottom,
which can be over four kilometers deep
which can be over four kilometers deep
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kami mulai dari laut terdalam,
yang bisa lebih dari 4 kilometer
yang bisa lebih dari 4 kilometer
03:38
just off our continental shelf,
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dari permukaan lempeng benua
03:40
and we take samples at regular intervals
right up to the surface.
right up to the surface.
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kemudian kami mengambil sampel
pada interval teratur tepat di permukaan.
pada interval teratur tepat di permukaan.
03:44
We take the seawater back on the deck,
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kami bawa sampel ke kembali ke kapal
03:47
and then we can either
analyze them on the ship
analyze them on the ship
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lalu kami dapat menganalisisnya
di atas kapal
di atas kapal
03:49
or back in the laboratory
for the different chemicals parameters.
for the different chemicals parameters.
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atau dibawa ke lab untuk
parameter kimiawi yang berbeda-beda
parameter kimiawi yang berbeda-beda
03:53
But why should we care?
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Mengapa kita harus peduli?
03:54
How is ocean acidification
going to affect all of us?
going to affect all of us?
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bagaimana asidifikasi laut berdampak
bagi kita?
bagi kita?
04:00
Well, here are the worrying facts.
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inilah fakta-fakta yang mengkhawatirkan.
04:04
There has already been an increase
in ocean acidity of 26 percent
in ocean acidity of 26 percent
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Telah terjadi kenaikan keasaman laut
sebesar 26%
sebesar 26%
04:10
since pre-industrial times,
which is directly due to human activities.
which is directly due to human activities.
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sejak masa pra-industri, yang berdampak
langsung ke aktivitas manusia
langsung ke aktivitas manusia
04:15
Unless we can start slowing down
our carbon dioxide emissions,
our carbon dioxide emissions,
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kecuali kita bisa memperlambat emisi
karbondioksida,
karbondioksida,
04:20
we're expecting an increase
in ocean acidity of 170 percent
in ocean acidity of 170 percent
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kami memprediksi kenaikan keasaman laut
sebesar 170 persen
sebesar 170 persen
04:26
by the end of this century.
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di akhir abad ini.
04:29
I mean this is within
our children's lifetime.
our children's lifetime.
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semua ini terjadi pada masa
anak-anak kita.
anak-anak kita.
04:33
This rate of acidification
is 10 times faster
is 10 times faster
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laju asidifikasi 10 kali lebih cepat
04:39
than any acidification in our oceans
for over 55 million years.
for over 55 million years.
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dibanding semua asidifikasi di laut kita
selama 55 juta tahun
selama 55 juta tahun
04:46
So our marine life have never,
ever experienced
ever experienced
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kehidupan laut kita tidak
pernah mengalami
pernah mengalami
04:50
such a fast rate of change before.
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laju perubahan secepat itu sebelumnya
04:53
So we literally could not know
how they're going to cope.
how they're going to cope.
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kita tidak tahu bagaimana kita
bisa menghadapinya.
bisa menghadapinya.
04:59
Now there was a natural acidification
event millions of years ago,
event millions of years ago,
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Pernah terjadi asidifikasi alamiah
jutaan tahun yang lalu,
jutaan tahun yang lalu,
05:03
which was much slower
than what we're seeing today.
than what we're seeing today.
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yang lebih lambat dibandingkan
yang kita lihat hari ini.
yang kita lihat hari ini.
05:06
And this coincided with a mass extinction
of many marine species.
of many marine species.
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dan ini bersamaan dengan kepunahan
masal spesies laut.
masal spesies laut.
05:12
So is that what we're headed for?
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inikah yang sedang kita hadapi?
05:15
Well, maybe.
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Mungkin.
05:17
Studies are showing
some species are actually doing quite well
some species are actually doing quite well
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Studi menunjukkan beberapa spesies
bisa beradaptasi
bisa beradaptasi
05:20
but many are showing a negative response.
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tapi banyak yang menunjukkan
respons negatif.
respons negatif.
05:25
One of the big concerns is
as ocean acidity increases,
as ocean acidity increases,
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salah satu yang penting dari
kenaikan keasaman laut,
kenaikan keasaman laut,
05:29
the concentration of carbonate
ions in seawater decrease.
ions in seawater decrease.
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konsentrasi ion karbonat di air laut
menurun.
menurun.
05:34
Now these ions are basically
the building blocks
the building blocks
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Ion-ion ini adalah bahan baku utama
05:37
for many marine species
to make their shells,
to make their shells,
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untuk spesies-spesies laut
membentuk cangkang mereka
membentuk cangkang mereka
05:40
for example crabs or mussels, oysters.
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contohnya kepiting, kerang, tiram.
05:45
Another example are corals.
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Contoh lainnya adalah terumbu karang.
05:47
They also need these carbonate
ions in seawater
ions in seawater
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Mereka juga membutuhkan ion karbonat
05:51
to make their coral structure
in order to build coral reefs.
in order to build coral reefs.
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untuk membuat struktur koral dan karang.
05:56
As ocean acidity increases
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seiring keasaman laut menaik
05:58
and the concentration
of carbonate ions decrease,
of carbonate ions decrease,
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dan konsentrasi ion karbonat menurun,
06:02
these species first find it more difficult
to make their shells.
to make their shells.
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spesies-spesies ini kesulitan untuk
membuat rangka tubuhnya.
membuat rangka tubuhnya.
06:07
And at even even lower levels,
they can actually begin to dissolve.
they can actually begin to dissolve.
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jika jumlah ion sangat rendah, rangka
pun bisa terlarut.
pun bisa terlarut.
06:12
This here is a pteropod,
it's called a sea butterfly.
it's called a sea butterfly.
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ini adalah pteropod atau kupu-kupu laut.
06:15
And it's an important food source
in the ocean for many species,
in the ocean for many species,
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ini adalah sumber makanan utama
untuk banyak spesies,
untuk banyak spesies,
06:18
from krill to salmon right up to whales.
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dari krill, salmon, hingga paus.
06:23
The shell of the pteropod
was placed into seawater
was placed into seawater
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cangkang pteropod ditempatkan
di air laut
di air laut
06:26
at a pH that we're expecting
by the end of this century.
by the end of this century.
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pada pH yang kita perkirakan
di akhir abad ini.
di akhir abad ini.
06:31
After only 45 days
at this very realistic pH,
at this very realistic pH,
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setelah 45 hari berada pada pH ini,
06:37
you can see the shell
has almost completely dissolved.
has almost completely dissolved.
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lihatlah, cangkangnya hampir terlarut
semuanya.
semuanya.
06:41
So ocean acidification could affect
right up through the food chain --
right up through the food chain --
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asidifikasi laut bisa berdampak
melalui rantai makanan --
melalui rantai makanan --
06:45
and right onto our dinner plates.
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hingga makan malam kita.
06:48
I mean who here
likes shellfish? Or salmon?
likes shellfish? Or salmon?
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siapa di sini yang suka kerang? salmon?
06:52
Or many other fish species
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atau jenis-jenis ikan lainnya
06:54
whose food source
in the ocean could be affected?
in the ocean could be affected?
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sumber makanan siapakah yang
terkena dampaknya?
terkena dampaknya?
06:58
These are cold-water corals.
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ini adalah koral air-dingin.
07:00
And did you know we actually have
cold-water corals in Irish waters,
cold-water corals in Irish waters,
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tahukah Anda, kita memiliki koral
air-dingin di perairan Irlandia,
air-dingin di perairan Irlandia,
07:03
just off our continental shelf?
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tepat di bawah permukaan laut?
07:06
And they support rich biodiversity,
including some very important fisheries.
including some very important fisheries.
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koral tersebut mendukung keberagaman
spesies yang vital bagi industri perikanan
spesies yang vital bagi industri perikanan
07:10
It's projected that
by the end of this century,
by the end of this century,
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Diperkirakan di akhir abad ini,
07:14
70 percent of all known cold-water corals
in the entire ocean
in the entire ocean
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70% dari semua koral air-dingin
di seluruh laut
di seluruh laut
07:20
will be surrounded by seawater
that is dissolving their coral structure.
that is dissolving their coral structure.
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akan dikelilingi oleh air laut yang
melarutkan struktur koral.
melarutkan struktur koral.
07:28
The last example I have
are these healthy tropical corals.
are these healthy tropical corals.
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contoh terakhir yang saya punya adalah
koral tropis sehat ini.
koral tropis sehat ini.
07:33
They were placed in seawater at a pH
we're expecting by the year 2100.
we're expecting by the year 2100.
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mereka ditempatkan di air laut pada pH
yang kita perkirakan di akhir 2100.
yang kita perkirakan di akhir 2100.
07:39
After six months, the coral
has almost completely dissolved.
has almost completely dissolved.
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setelah 6 bulan, koral ini hampir
sepenuhnya terlarut.
sepenuhnya terlarut.
07:46
Now coral reefs support
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sekarang terumbu karang mendukung
07:48
25 percent of all marine life
in the entire ocean.
in the entire ocean.
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25% seluruh kehidupan laut
07:55
All marine life.
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seluruh kehidupan laut.
07:58
So you can see: ocean
acidification is a global threat.
acidification is a global threat.
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sekarang Anda bisa lihat
asidifikasi laut adalah ancaman global.
asidifikasi laut adalah ancaman global.
08:03
I have an eight-month-old baby boy.
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saya memiliki bayi laki-laki 8 bulan,
08:05
Unless we start now to slow this down,
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kecuali kita mulai memperlambatnya,
08:10
I dread to think what our oceans
will look like when he's a grown man.
will look like when he's a grown man.
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saya ngeri membayangkan laut kita
saat anak saya sudah besar
saat anak saya sudah besar
08:15
We will see acidification.
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kita akan melihat asidifikasi.
08:17
We have already put too much
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
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kita melepaskan terlalu banyak
karbondioksida ke atmosfer.
karbondioksida ke atmosfer.
08:23
But we can slow this down.
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tapi kita bisa memperlambatnya.
08:26
We can prevent the worst-case scenario.
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kita bisa mencegah skenario terburuk.
08:30
The only way of doing that
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satu-satunya cara
08:33
is by reducing our
carbon dioxide emissions.
carbon dioxide emissions.
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adalah dengan mengurangi
emisi karbondioksida.
emisi karbondioksida.
08:37
This is important for both you and I,
for industry, for governments.
for industry, for governments.
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ini penting untuk Anda dan saya,
untuk industri, untuk pemerintahan.
untuk industri, untuk pemerintahan.
08:41
We need to work together,
slow down global warming
slow down global warming
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kita perlu bekerja sama, memperlambat
pemanasan global
pemanasan global
08:45
slow down ocean acidification
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memperlambat asidifikasi laut
08:48
and help to maintain a healthy ocean
and a healthy planet
and a healthy planet
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dan menjaga laut yang sehat dan
planet yang sehat
planet yang sehat
08:52
for our generation
and for generations to come.
and for generations to come.
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untuk generasi kita dan generasi
yang akan datang.
yang akan datang.
08:57
(Applause)
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(Tepuk tangan)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Triona McGrath - Chemical oceanographerTriona McGrath researches how the oceans are changing due to human activities.
Why you should listen
Dr. Triona McGrath researches how the oceans are changing due to human activities, particularly in relation to ocean acidification. Specifically, McGrath monitors levels of carbon dioxide in Irish marine waters to determine the accumulation and movement of carbon in the ocean and subsequent increase in ocean acidity. McGrath and her colleagues published the first rates of ocean acidification for Irish offshore waters and the first baseline dataset of carbon parameters in Irish coastal waters. This is crucial in our understanding of the future health of our oceans along with providing information to determine the impacts of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems.
McGrath is a post-doctorate researcher at the National University of Ireland, Galway, funded by the Marine Institute, Ireland. She has been researching ocean climate change since 2008; her latest research project started in February 2017, and for the next four years she will work with colleagues to further develop ocean acidification research in Ireland through the continuation of an ongoing time series in the Rockall Trough and the determination of seasonal and interannual variability of the carbon system in coastal waters. McGrath is a Fulbright Scholar, receiving a Fulbright Postdoctoral Scholarship in 2013 to visit Prof. Andrew Dickson’s laboratory at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego to further develop analytical skills in ocean carbon chemistry.
McGrath has a Ph.D. in Chemical Oceanography and Bachelor of Marine Science from the National University of Ireland, Galway.
Triona McGrath | Speaker | TED.com