TEDxWarwick
Mustafa Akyol: Faith versus tradition in Islam
Mustafa Akyol: Vjera naspram tradicije u Islamu
Filmed:
Readability: 5.3
1,255,155 views
Na TEDx u Warwicku, novinar Mustafa Akyol govori o tome kako su neki lokalni kulturni običaji (kao što je nošenje marame), među ljudima postali povezani sa odredbama islamske vjere. Da li je opšta ideja islamske vjere u svijetu isuviše fokusirana na tradiciju, a nedovoljno na suštinska vjerovanja?
Mustafa Akyol - Journalist
Mustafa Akyol is a columnist for Turkey's oldest English-language daily, Hurriyet Daily News. Full bio
Mustafa Akyol is a columnist for Turkey's oldest English-language daily, Hurriyet Daily News. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
A few weeks ago,
0
0
2000
Prije nekoliko sedmica
00:17
I had a chance to go to Saudi Arabia.
1
2000
3000
dobio sam priliku
da posjetim Saudijsku Arabiju.
da posjetim Saudijsku Arabiju.
00:20
And the first thing I wanted to do as a Muslim
2
5000
3000
I prvo što sam kao Musliman
želio da uradim
želio da uradim
00:23
was go to Mecca and visit the Kaaba,
3
8000
2000
bilo je da odem u Meccu i posjetim Kaabu,
00:25
the holiest shrine of Islam.
4
10000
2000
najsvetiji islamski hram.
00:27
And I did that; I put on my ritualistic dress;
5
12000
2000
I to sam i učinio; obukao sam svoju ritualnu odoru;
00:29
I went to the holy mosque;
6
14000
2000
otišao do svete džamije;
00:31
I did my prayers;
7
16000
2000
obavio svoju molitvu;
00:33
I observed all the rituals.
8
18000
2000
ispoštovao sve rituale.
00:35
And meanwhile,
9
20000
2000
U međuvremenu,
00:37
besides all the spirituality,
10
22000
2000
pored sve te duhovnosti,
00:39
there was one mundane detail in the Kaaba
11
24000
2000
jedan posve običan detalj u Kaabi
00:41
that was pretty interesting for me.
12
26000
2000
mi se učinio veoma zanimljivim.
00:43
There was no separation of sexes.
13
28000
2000
Nije bilo odvajanja među polovima.
00:45
In other words, men and women
14
30000
2000
Drugim riječima, muškarci i žene
00:47
were worshiping all together.
15
32000
2000
su se svi zajedno molili.
00:49
They were together while doing the tawaf,
16
34000
2000
Bili su zajedno tokom hodočašća,
00:51
the circular walk around the Kaaba.
17
36000
3000
hodanja u krug oko Kaabe.
00:54
They were together while praying.
18
39000
2000
Bili su zajedno dok se se molili.
00:56
And if you wonder why this is interesting at all,
19
41000
3000
I ako se pitate zbog čega je ovo uopšte zanimljivo,
00:59
you have to see the rest of Saudi Arabia
20
44000
3000
morali biste vidjeti ostatak Saudijske Arabije,
01:02
because it's a country
21
47000
2000
jer je to zemlja
01:04
which is strictly divided between the sexes.
22
49000
3000
koja je strogo podjeljena između polova.
01:07
In other words,
23
52000
2000
Drugim riječima,
01:09
as men, you are not simply supposed to be
24
54000
2000
od vas, kao muškaraca, se jednostavno ne očekuje
01:11
in the same physical space with women.
25
56000
2000
da budete u istom fizičkom prostoru sa ženama.
01:13
And I noticed this in a very funny way.
26
58000
2000
A to sam primijetio na jako smiješan način.
01:15
I left the Kaaba
27
60000
2000
Krenuo sam iz Kaabe
01:17
to eat something in downtown Mecca.
28
62000
2000
kako bih nešto pojeo u centru Mecce.
01:19
I headed to the nearest Burger King restaurant.
29
64000
2000
Uputio sam se ka najbližem Burger King restoranu.
01:21
And I went there --
30
66000
2000
I ušao sam --
01:23
I noticed that there was a male section,
31
68000
2000
i primijetio da postoji dio za muškarce,
01:25
which was carefully separated from the female section.
32
70000
3000
koji je pažljivo odvojen od ženskog dijela.
01:28
And I had to pay, order and eat at the male section.
33
73000
3000
Morao sam platiti, naručiti i jesti u muškom dijelu.
01:31
"It's funny," I said to myself,
34
76000
2000
"Ovo je ludo", rekao sam sâm sebi,
01:33
"You can mingle with the opposite sex at the holy Kaaba,
35
78000
3000
"možeš se miješati sa suprotnim polom u svetoj Kaabi,
01:36
but not at the Burger King."
36
81000
2000
ali ne u Burger King-u."
01:38
Quite ironic.
37
83000
2000
Prilično ironično.
01:40
Ironic, and it's also, I think, quite telling.
38
85000
3000
Ironično, no mislim da istovremeno nešto i kazuje.
01:43
Because the Kaaba and the rituals around it
39
88000
3000
Zbog toga što su Kaaba i rituali koji se vrše oko nje
01:46
are relics from the earliest phase of Islam,
40
91000
3000
relikti iz najranije faze Islama,
01:49
that of prophet Muhammad.
41
94000
2000
iz doba proroka Muhammada.
01:51
And if there was a big emphasis at the time
42
96000
2000
I da se u to vrijeme insistiralo
01:53
to separate men from women,
43
98000
2000
na odvajanju muškaraca od žena,
01:55
the rituals around the Kaaba could have been designed accordingly.
44
100000
3000
rituali oko Kaabe bi bili osmišljeni u skladu sa time.
01:58
But apparently that was not an issue at the time.
45
103000
2000
No, očigledno je da u to vrijeme to nije bio problem.
02:00
So the rituals came that way.
46
105000
2000
Tako su nastali i rituali.
02:02
This is also, I think, confirmed
47
107000
2000
Mislim da je to također potvrđeno
02:04
by the fact that the seclusion of women
48
109000
2000
činjenicom da je odvajanje žena
02:06
in creating a divided society
49
111000
2000
u stvaranju podijeljenog društva
02:08
is something that you also do not find in the Koran,
50
113000
3000
još jedna stvar koja se ne može naći u Kuranu,
02:11
the very core of Islam --
51
116000
2000
samoj srži Islama --
02:13
the divine core of Islam
52
118000
2000
božanskoj srži Islama
02:15
that all Muslims, and equally myself, believe.
53
120000
3000
u koju svi Muslimani, kao i ja sam, vjeruju.
02:18
And I think it's not an accident
54
123000
2000
I mislim da nije slučajnost
02:20
that you don't find this idea
55
125000
2000
da se ta ideja ne može naći
02:22
in the very origin of Islam.
56
127000
2000
u samom porijeklu Islama.
02:24
Because many scholars
57
129000
2000
Zbog toga što mnogi učeni ljudi
02:26
who study the history of Islamic thought --
58
131000
2000
koji izučavaju istoriju islamske misli --
02:28
Muslim scholars or Westerners --
59
133000
2000
Muslimani, kao i oni sa Zapada --
02:30
think that actually the practice
60
135000
2000
smatraju da je zapravo
02:32
of dividing men and women physically
61
137000
2000
fizička podjela muškaraca i žena .
02:34
came as a later development in Islam,
62
139000
3000
postala dio prakse u kasnijem razvoju Islama,
02:37
as Muslims adopted
63
142000
2000
kako su Muslimani usvajali
02:39
some preexisting cultures and traditions of the Middle East.
64
144000
3000
neke od postojećih kultura i tradicija Srednjeg istoka.
02:42
Seclusion of women was actually
65
147000
2000
Odvajanje žena se zapravo
02:44
a Byzantine and Persian practice,
66
149000
2000
praktikovalo u Vizantiji i Persiji,
02:46
and Muslims adopted that
67
151000
3000
a Muslimani su usvojili taj običaj
02:49
and made that a part of their religion.
68
154000
2000
i učinili ga dijelom svoje religije.
02:51
And actually this is just one example
69
156000
2000
A ovo je zapravo tek jedan od primjera
02:53
of a much larger phenomenon.
70
158000
2000
mnogo većeg fenomena.
02:55
What we call today Islamic Law, and especially Islamic culture --
71
160000
3000
Onog koji danas nazivamo islamskim zakonom, i naročito islamskom kulturom --
02:58
and there are many Islamic cultures actually;
72
163000
2000
iako ih zapravo ima više;
03:00
the one in Saudi Arabia is much different
73
165000
2000
islamska kultura u Saudijskoj Arabiji se značajno razlikuje
03:02
from where I come from in Istanbul or Turkey.
74
167000
3000
od kulture u Istanbulu, odakle ja dolazim, ili u Turskoj.
03:05
But still,
75
170000
2000
Pa ipak,
03:07
if you're going to speak about a Muslim culture,
76
172000
2000
ako ćemo govoriti o muslimanskoj kulturi,
03:09
this has a core, the divine message,
77
174000
2000
ona ima srž, božansku poruku,
03:11
which began the religion,
78
176000
2000
kojom je otpočela religija,
03:13
but then many traditions, perceptions,
79
178000
2000
no tada su mnoge tradicije, percepcije,
03:15
many practices were added on top of it.
80
180000
3000
kao i mnoge prakse pridodane na to.
03:18
And these were traditions of the Middle East -- medieval traditions.
81
183000
3000
A to su bili tradicije Srednjeg istoka – srednjovjekovne tradicije.
03:22
And there are two important messages, or two lessons,
82
187000
3000
Dvije značajne poruke, ili dvije lekcije,
03:25
to take from that reality.
83
190000
3000
se mogu izvući iz te realnosti .
03:28
First of all, Muslims --
84
193000
2000
Prije svega, Muslimani --
03:30
pious, conservative, believing Muslims who want to be loyal to their religion --
85
195000
3000
pobožni, konzervativni, vjernici Muslimani koji žele biti odani svojoj religiji --
03:33
should not cling onto everything in their culture,
86
198000
3000
ne bi se trebali držati svega u svojoj kulturi,
03:36
thinking that that's divinely mandated.
87
201000
2000
i misliti da je to određeno božanskom nakanom.
03:38
Maybe some things are bad traditions
88
203000
2000
Možda su neke od ovih tradicija loše
03:40
and they need to be changed.
89
205000
2000
i trebale bi se izmijeniti.
03:42
On the other hand, the Westerners
90
207000
2000
S druge strane, Zapadnjaci
03:44
who look at Islamic culture
91
209000
2000
koji posmatraju islamsku kulturu
03:46
and see some troubling aspects
92
211000
2000
i u njoj vide neke zabrinjavajuće aspekte
03:48
should not readily conclude that this is what Islam ordains.
93
213000
3000
ne bi trebali da isuviše olako zaključuju da je to nešto što Islam određuje.
03:51
Maybe it's a Middle Eastern culture
94
216000
2000
Možda je kultura Srednjeg istoka
03:53
that became confused with Islam.
95
218000
2000
pobrkana sa Islamom.
03:55
There is a practice called female circumcision.
96
220000
3000
Na primjer, praksa ženskog obrezivanja.
03:58
It's something terrible, horrible.
97
223000
3000
To je nešto što je užasno, prestrašno.
04:01
It is basically an operation
98
226000
2000
U suštini, to je operacija
04:03
to deprive women of sexual pleasure.
99
228000
3000
kojom se ženama oduzima sposobnost seksualnog užitka.
04:06
And Westerners, Europeans or Americans,
100
231000
2000
Zapadnjaci, Evropljani ili Amerikanci,
04:08
who didn't know about this before
101
233000
3000
koji nisu znali ništa o ovome
04:11
faced this practice
102
236000
2000
suočili su se sa tom praksom
04:13
within some of the Muslim communities
103
238000
2000
u nekima od muslimanskih zajednica
04:15
who migrated from North Africa.
104
240000
2000
koje se migrirale iz sjeverne Afrike.
04:17
And they've thought, "Oh, what a horrible religion that is
105
242000
3000
I pomislili su "Kakva užasna religija
04:20
which ordains something like that."
106
245000
2000
da propisuje nešto takvo."
04:22
But actually when you look at female circumcision,
107
247000
2000
No, zapravo, ako razmislite o ženskom obrezivanju,
04:24
you see that it has nothing to do with Islam,
108
249000
2000
vidite da ono nema nikakve veze sa Islamom,
04:26
it's just a North African practice,
109
251000
2000
to je običaj koji se praktikovao u sjevernoj Africi,
04:28
which predates Islam.
110
253000
2000
još prije Islama.
04:30
It was there for thousands of years.
111
255000
2000
Tu je praktikovan hiljadama godina.
04:32
And quite tellingly, some Muslims do practice that.
112
257000
3000
I sasvim sigurno, neki Muslimani praktikuju taj običaj.
04:35
The Muslims in North Africa, not in other places.
113
260000
3000
Muslimani u sjevernoj Africi, ali ne na drugim mjestima.
04:38
But also the non-Muslim communities of North Africa --
114
263000
3000
Međutim, poznato je da čak i ne-muslimanske zajednice u sjevernoj Africi --
04:41
the Animists, even some Christians
115
266000
2000
Animisti, pa čak i neki Hrišćani
04:43
and even a Jewish tribe in North Africa
116
268000
2000
i jedno jevrejsko pleme u sjevernoj Africi
04:45
is known to practice female circumcision.
117
270000
3000
vrše obrezivanje žena.
04:48
So what might look like a problem
118
273000
3000
Znači, moglo bi se ispostaviti da je ono što se posmatra kao problem
04:51
within Islamic faith
119
276000
2000
u islamskoj vjeri
04:53
might turn out to be a tradition
120
278000
2000
zapravo tradicija
04:55
that Muslims have subscribed to.
121
280000
2000
koju su Muslimani prihvatili.
04:57
The same thing can be said for honor killings,
122
282000
2000
Isto bi se moglo reći i za ubistva iz časti,
04:59
which is a recurrent theme in the Western media --
123
284000
3000
koja su vječna tema u Zapadnim medijima --
05:02
and which is, of course, a horrible tradition.
124
287000
3000
a koja, naravno, predstavljaju jednu strašnu tradiciju.
05:05
And we see truly in some Muslim communities that tradition.
125
290000
3000
I mi uistinu vidimo da ta tradicija postoji u nekima od muslimanskih zajednica.
05:08
But in the non-Muslim communities of the Middle East,
126
293000
3000
Ali i u ne-muslimanskim zajednicama Srednjeg istoka,
05:11
such as some Christian communities, Eastern communities,
127
296000
2000
kao i u nekim hrišćanskim zajednicama, istočnim zajednicama,
05:13
you see the same practice.
128
298000
2000
nailazimo na istu praksu.
05:15
We had a tragic case of an honor killing
129
300000
2000
Imali smo tragičan slučaj ubistva iz časti
05:17
within Turkey's Armenian community
130
302000
2000
unutar tursko-jermenske zajednice
05:19
just a few months ago.
131
304000
2000
prije svega nekoliko mjeseci.
05:21
Now these are things about general culture,
132
306000
2000
No, ovo su pitanja opšte kulture,
05:23
but I'm also very much interested in political culture
133
308000
3000
dok sam ja također veoma zainteresovan za političku kulturu
05:26
and whether liberty and democracy is appreciated,
134
311000
3000
i da li se sloboda i demokratija cijene,
05:29
or whether there's an authoritarian political culture
135
314000
3000
ili je prisutna autoritarna politička kultura
05:32
in which the state is supposed to impose things on the citizens.
136
317000
3000
u kojoj se od države očekuje da građanima sve nameće.
05:35
And it is no secret
137
320000
2000
Nije tajna
05:37
that many Islamic movements in the Middle East
138
322000
2000
da mnogi islamski pokreti na Srednjem istoku
05:39
tend to be authoritarian,
139
324000
2000
imaju sklonost ka autoritarizmu,
05:41
and some of the so-called "Islamic regimes"
140
326000
3000
a neki od takozvanih 'islamskih režima',
05:44
such as Saudi Arabia, Iran
141
329000
2000
poput Saudijske Arabije, Irana
05:46
and the worst case was the Taliban in Afghanistan --
142
331000
3000
i kao najgori primjer Talibana u Afganistanu,
05:49
they are pretty authoritarian. No doubt about that.
143
334000
2000
su poprilično autoritarni – u to nema sumnje.
05:51
For example, in Saudi Arabia
144
336000
2000
Na primjer, u Saudijskoj Arabiji
05:53
there is a phenomenon called the religious police.
145
338000
3000
postoji fenomen koji se zove policija za religiju.
05:56
And the religious police imposes
146
341000
2000
Ta policija nameće
05:58
the supposed Islamic way of life
147
343000
2000
tobožnji islamski način života,
06:00
on every citizen, by force --
148
345000
2000
svakome građaninu, silom --
06:02
like women are forced to cover their heads --
149
347000
2000
npr. žene su primorane da pokrivaju glave --
06:04
wear the hijab, the Islamic head cover.
150
349000
3000
nose hidžab, islamsko pokrivalo za glavu.
06:07
Now that is pretty authoritarian,
151
352000
2000
To je nešto što je prilično autoritarno
06:09
and that's something I'm very much critical of.
152
354000
3000
i prema čemu sam jako kritičan.
06:12
But when I realized
153
357000
3000
Međutim, kada sam uvidjeo
06:15
that the non-Muslim,
154
360000
2000
da se oni koji nisu Muslimani,
06:17
or the non-Islamic-minded actors in the same geography,
155
362000
3000
ili nisu istomišljenici Islama u istom geografskom okruženju,
06:20
sometimes behaved similarly,
156
365000
2000
ponekad ponašaju na sličan način,
06:22
I realized that the problem maybe
157
367000
2000
shvatio sam da je problem možda
06:24
lies in the political culture of the whole region, not just Islam.
158
369000
3000
u političkoj kulturi cijelog regiona, ne samo Islama.
06:27
Let me give you an example: in Turkey where I come from,
159
372000
3000
Daću vam jedan primjer: u Turskoj, odakle dolazim,
06:30
which is a very hyper-secular republic,
160
375000
2000
koja je jedna izuzetno sekularna republika,
06:32
until very recently
161
377000
2000
sve donedavno
06:34
we used to have what I call secularism police,
162
379000
3000
smo imali nešto što ja nazivam sekularističkom policijom
06:37
which would guard the universities
163
382000
3000
koja je čuvala univerzitete
06:40
against veiled students.
164
385000
2000
od pokrivenih studentkinja.
06:42
In other words, they would force students
165
387000
3000
Drugim riječima, oni bi primoravali studentkinje
06:45
to uncover their heads,
166
390000
2000
da otkriju glave.
06:47
and I think forcing people to uncover their head
167
392000
2000
A ja smatram da je prisiljavanje žena da otkriju glave
06:49
is as tyrannical as forcing them to cover it.
168
394000
3000
podjednako tiranski kao i prisiljavanje da ih pokriju.
06:52
It should be the citizen's decision.
169
397000
2000
To bi trebala biti odluka građana.
06:54
But when I saw that, I said,
170
399000
2000
No, kada sam to vidjeo, rekao sam,
06:56
"Maybe the problem
171
401000
2000
"Možda je problem
06:58
is just an authoritarian culture in the region,
172
403000
2000
naprosto u autoritarnoj kulturi ovog regiona,
07:00
and some Muslims have been influenced by that.
173
405000
2000
i neki Muslimani su bili pod tim uticajem."
07:02
But the secular-minded people can be influenced by that.
174
407000
3000
Ali i ljudi koji su po svojim ubjeđenjima sekularni se mogu naći pod tim uticajem.
07:05
Maybe it's a problem of the political culture,
175
410000
2000
Možda je to problem političke kulture
07:07
and we have to think about
176
412000
2000
i mi moramo razmisliti
07:09
how to change that political culture."
177
414000
2000
kako da promijenimo tu političku kulturu.
07:11
Now these are some of the questions
178
416000
2000
Ovo su neka od pitanja
07:13
I had in mind a few years ago
179
418000
2000
o kojima sam razmišljao prije nekoliko godina
07:15
when I sat down to write a book.
180
420000
2000
kada sam sjeo da napišem knjigu.
07:17
I said, "Well I will make a research
181
422000
2000
Rekao sam: "Pa dobro, sprovešću istraživanje
07:19
about how Islam actually came to be what it is today,
182
424000
5000
o tome kako je Islam zapravo postao ovo što je danas,
07:24
and what roads were taken
183
429000
2000
kojim putevima se išlo
07:26
and what roads could have been taken."
184
431000
2000
a kojima se moglo ići."
07:28
The name of the book is "Islam Without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty."
185
433000
5000
Naslov knjige je 'Islam bez ekstrema: Borba Muslimana za slobodu.'
07:33
And as the subtitle suggests,
186
438000
2000
Kao što i sam podnaslov sugeriše,
07:35
I looked at Islamic tradition and the history of Islamic thought
187
440000
3000
posmatrao sam islamsku tradiciju i istoriju islamske misli
07:38
from the perspective of individual liberty,
188
443000
2000
iz perspektive pojedinačne slobode,
07:40
and I tried to find what are the strengths
189
445000
2000
i pokušao sam utvrditi koje su snažne strane
07:42
with regard to individual liberty.
190
447000
2000
u vezi sa pojedinačnom slobodom.
07:44
And there are strengths in Islamic tradition.
191
449000
2000
Postoje jake strane u islamskoj tradiciji.
07:46
Islam actually, as a monotheistic religion,
192
451000
3000
Islam zapravo, kao monoteistička religija,
07:49
which defined man as a responsible agent by itself,
193
454000
4000
koja definiše čovjeka kao odgovornog faktora samog po sebi,
07:53
created the idea of the individual in the Middle East
194
458000
2000
stvorila je ideju o pojedincu na Srednjem istoku
07:55
and saved it from the communitarianism, the collectivism
195
460000
3000
i spasila ga od komunitarizma,
07:58
of the tribe.
196
463000
2000
plemenskog kolektivizma.
08:00
You can derive many ideas from that.
197
465000
2000
Iz toga se može izvući mnogo ideja.
08:02
But besides that, I also saw problems within Islamic tradition.
198
467000
3000
No, pored toga, također sam uvidjeo probleme unutar islamske tradicije.
08:05
But one thing was curious:
199
470000
2000
Jedna stvar je bila neobična:
08:07
most of those problems turn out to be problems that emerged later,
200
472000
3000
ispostavilo se da većina ovih problema predstavlja probleme koji su se pojavili kasnije,
08:10
not from the very divine core of Islam, the Koran,
201
475000
3000
i to ne iz božanske srži Islama, Kurana,
08:13
but from, again, traditions and mentalities,
202
478000
3000
već opet iz tradicija i mentaliteta
08:16
or the interpretations of the Koran
203
481000
2000
ili tumačenja Kurana
08:18
that Muslims made in the Middle Ages.
204
483000
2000
od strane Muslimana u srednjem vijeku.
08:20
The Koran, for example,
205
485000
2000
Kuran, na primjer,
08:22
doesn't condone stoning.
206
487000
2000
ne osuđuje kamenovanje.
08:24
There is no punishment on apostasy.
207
489000
2000
Nema kazne za izdaju.
08:26
There is no punishment on personal things like drinking.
208
491000
3000
Nema kazne za stvari lične prirode, poput konzumiranja alkohola.
08:29
These things which make Islamic Law,
209
494000
4000
Ove stvari koji čine islamski Zakon,
08:33
the troubling aspects of Islamic Law,
210
498000
3000
zabrinjavajući aspekti islamskog Zakona,
08:36
were later developed into later interpretations of Islam.
211
501000
3000
kasnije su razvijeni u naknadna tumačenja Islama.
08:39
Which means that Muslims can, today,
212
504000
2000
Što znači da Muslimani danas mogu
08:41
look at those things and say,
213
506000
2000
pogledati na ove stvari i reći,
08:43
"Well, the core of our religion
214
508000
2000
"Pa dobro, suština naše religije
08:45
is here to stay with us.
215
510000
2000
će ostati nepromijenjena.
08:47
It's our faith, and we will be loyal to it.
216
512000
2000
To je naša vjera i mi ćemo joj biti odani."
08:49
But we can change how it was interpreted,
217
514000
2000
Ali mi možemo izmijeniti sâmo tumačenje,
08:51
because it was interpreted according to the time and milieu in the Middle Ages.
218
516000
3000
jer je vjera protumačena u skladu sa vremenom i miljeom srednjeg vijeka.
08:54
Now we are living in a different world
219
519000
2000
Sada živimo u drugačijem svijetu
08:56
with different values and different political systems."
220
521000
2000
sa drugačijim vrijednostima i drugačijim političkim sistemima.
08:58
That interpretation is quite possible and feasible.
221
523000
3000
Takvo tumačenje je sasvim moguće i ostvarivo.
09:02
Now if I were the only person thinking that way,
222
527000
3000
Kada bih ja bio jedina osoba koja razmišlja na takav način,
09:05
we would be in trouble.
223
530000
3000
imali bismo problem.
09:08
But that's not the case at all.
224
533000
2000
Međutim, to uopšte nije slučaj.
09:10
Actually, from the 19th century on,
225
535000
3000
Zapravo, od 19. vijeka naovamo,
09:13
there's a whole revisionist, reformist --
226
538000
3000
postoji cijela revizionistička, reformistička --
09:16
whatever you call it --
227
541000
2000
kako god da je nazovete --
09:18
tradition,
228
543000
2000
tradicija,
09:20
a trend in Islamic thinking.
229
545000
2000
trend u islamskoj misli.
09:22
And these were intellectuals or statesmen
230
547000
2000
To su bili intelektualci ili državnici
09:24
of the 19th century, and later, 20th century,
231
549000
3000
iz 19. vijeka, i kasnije 20. vijeka,
09:27
which looked at Europe basically
232
552000
2000
koji su zapravo posmatrali Evropu
09:29
and saw that Europe has many things to admire,
233
554000
2000
i shvatili da Evropa ima mnogo toga za divljenje,
09:31
like science and technology.
234
556000
2000
poput nauke i tehnologije.
09:33
But not just that; also democracy, parliament,
235
558000
2000
I ne samo to; također i demokratiju, parlament ,
09:35
the idea of representation,
236
560000
2000
ideju o predstavljanju,
09:37
the idea of equal citizenship.
237
562000
2000
ideju o jednakim pravima građana.
09:39
These Muslim thinkers and intellectuals and statesmen
238
564000
3000
Ti muslimanski mislioci i intelektualci i državnici
09:42
of the 19th century looked at Europe, saw these things.
239
567000
3000
iz 19. vijeka posmatrali su Evropu i vidjeli sve to.
09:45
They said, "Why don't we have these things?"
240
570000
2000
Rekli su: "Zašto mi to nemamo?"
09:47
And they looked back at Islamic tradition,
241
572000
2000
I potom su se osvrnuli na islamsku tradiciju,
09:49
they saw that there are problematic aspects,
242
574000
3000
vidjeli su da postoje problematični aspekti,
09:52
but they're not the core of the religion, so maybe they can be re-understood,
243
577000
3000
ali oni ne čine suštinu religije, što znači da se mogu iznova shvatiti,
09:55
and the Koran can be reread
244
580000
2000
i da Kuran može da se iznova izuči
09:57
in the modern world.
245
582000
2000
u suvremenom svijetu.
09:59
That trend
246
584000
2000
Taj trend
10:01
is generally called Islamic modernism,
247
586000
3000
se generalno naziva islamskim modernizmom,
10:04
and it was advanced by intellectuals and statesmen,
248
589000
3000
a unaprijedili su ga intelektualci i državnici,
10:07
not just as an intellectual idea though,
249
592000
2000
doduše ne samo kao intelektualnu ideju,
10:09
but also as a political program.
250
594000
2000
već i kao politički program.
10:11
And that's why actually in the 19th century
251
596000
2000
I upravo zbog toga je u 19. vijeku
10:13
the Ottoman Empire, which then covered the whole Middle East,
252
598000
3000
Otomansko carstvo, koje je u to vrijeme zauzimalo cijeli Srednji istok,
10:16
made very important reforms --
253
601000
3000
sprovelo izuzetno značajne reforme --
10:19
reforms like giving Christians and Jews
254
604000
2000
poput onih koje su Hrišćanima i Jevrejima
10:21
an equal citizenship status,
255
606000
2000
dale jednak status građana,
10:23
accepting a constitution,
256
608000
2000
prihvatanja ustava,
10:25
accepting a representative parliament,
257
610000
2000
prihvatanja reprezentativnog parlamenta,
10:27
advancing the idea of freedom of religion.
258
612000
3000
unaprjeđenje ideje slobode religije.
10:30
And that's why the Ottoman Empire in its last decades
259
615000
3000
I stoga se Otomansko carstvo u svojim poslednji decenijama
10:33
turned into a proto-democracy,
260
618000
2000
pretvorilo u proto-demokratiju,
10:35
a constitutional monarchy,
261
620000
2000
ustavnu monarhiju.
10:37
and freedom was a very important political value at the time.
262
622000
3000
A sloboda je u to vrijeme imala izuzetno značajnu političku vrijednost.
10:40
Similarly, in the Arab world,
263
625000
2000
Slično tome, u arapskom svijetu
10:42
there was what the great Arab historian Albert Hourani
264
627000
3000
je nastupilo ono što čuveni arapski istoričar Albert Hourani
10:45
defines as the Liberal Age.
265
630000
2000
definiše kao liberalno doba.
10:47
He has a book, "Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age,"
266
632000
2000
On je napisao knjigu "Arapska misao u liberalnom dobu".
10:49
and the Liberal Age, he defines
267
634000
2000
A kao liberalno doba on definiše
10:51
as 19th century and early 20th century.
268
636000
3000
19. vijek i početak 20. vijeka.
10:54
Quite notably, this was the dominant trend
269
639000
3000
Sasvim primjetno, ovo je bio trend koji je prevladavao
10:57
in the early 20th century
270
642000
2000
s početka 20. vijeka
10:59
among Islamic thinkers and statesmen and theologians.
271
644000
4000
među islamskim misliocima, državnicima i teolozima. .
11:03
But there is a very curious pattern
272
648000
2000
Međutim, postoji jako zanimljiv obrazac
11:05
in the rest of the 20th century,
273
650000
2000
tokom ostatka 20. vijeka,
11:07
because we see a sharp decline
274
652000
2000
gdje vidimo snažan pad
11:09
in this Islamic modernist line.
275
654000
2000
u toj islamskoj modernističkoj liniji.
11:11
And in place of that,
276
656000
2000
Umjesto toga,
11:13
what happens is that Islamism grows
277
658000
3000
došlo je do jačanja Islamizma
11:16
as an ideology which is authoritarian,
278
661000
3000
kao autoritarne ideologije,
11:19
which is quite strident,
279
664000
2000
koja je prilično prodorna,
11:21
which is quite anti-Western,
280
666000
2000
prilično anti-zapadna
11:23
and which wants to shape society
281
668000
2000
i koja želi oblikovati društvo
11:25
based on a utopian vision.
282
670000
2000
na osnovu utopističke vizije.
11:27
So Islamism is the problematic idea
283
672000
3000
Znači, Islamizam je problematična ideja
11:30
that really created a lot of problems
284
675000
2000
koja je zapravo stvorila mnogo problema
11:32
in the 20th century Islamic world.
285
677000
3000
u islamskom svijetu 20. vijeka.
11:35
And even the very extreme forms of Islamism
286
680000
3000
Čak su i veoma ekstremni vidovi Islamizma
11:38
led to terrorism in the name of Islam --
287
683000
3000
doveli do terorizma u ime Islama --
11:41
which is actually a practice that I think is against Islam,
288
686000
3000
koji je zapravo praksa za koju smatram da je protiv Islama,
11:44
but some, obviously, extremists did not think that way.
289
689000
3000
međutim neki očigledno ekstremisti nisu mislili na isti način.
11:47
But there is a curious question:
290
692000
2000
No, javlja se zanimljivo pitanje:
11:49
If Islamic modernism was so popular
291
694000
3000
ako je islamski modernizam bio toliko popularan
11:52
in the 19th and early 20th centuries,
292
697000
2000
u 19. i početkom 20. vijeka,
11:54
why did Islamism become so popular
293
699000
2000
zašto je Islamizam postao tako popularan
11:56
in the rest of the 20th century?
294
701000
2000
kasnije tokom ostatka 20. vijeka?
11:58
And this is a question, I think,
295
703000
2000
Ovo je pitanje o kojem je, smatram,
12:00
which needs to be discussed carefully.
296
705000
2000
potrebno pažljivo razgovarati.
12:02
And in my book, I went into that question as well.
297
707000
2000
U svojoj knjizi sam se takođe bavio tim pitanjem.
12:04
And actually you don't need to be a rocket scientist to understand that.
298
709000
4000
Zapravo ne morate biti pretjerano pametni da biste to shvatili.
12:08
You just look at the political history of the 20th century,
299
713000
2000
Pogledajte samo političku istoriju 20. vijeka
12:10
and you see things have changed a lot.
300
715000
2000
i vidjećete da se mnogo toga jako promijenilo.
12:12
The context has changed.
301
717000
2000
Kontekst je izmijenjen.
12:14
In the 19th century,
302
719000
2000
U 19. vijeku,
12:16
when Muslims were looking at Europe as an example,
303
721000
2000
kada su se Muslimani ugledali na Evropu kao primjer,
12:18
they were independent; they were more self-confident.
304
723000
3000
bili su nezavisni i imali su mnogo više samopouzdanja.
12:21
In the early 20th century, with the fall of the Ottoman Empire,
305
726000
3000
Početkom 20. vijeka, padom Otomanskog carstva,
12:24
the whole Middle East was colonized.
306
729000
3000
cijeli Srednji istok je bio kolonizovan.
12:27
And when you have colonization what do you have?
307
732000
2000
A kada imate kolonizaciju, šta se dešava?
12:29
You have anti-colonization.
308
734000
2000
Tada imate anti-kolonizaciju.
12:31
So Europe is not just an example now to emulate;
309
736000
3000
Znači, Evropa više nije uzor koji treba oponašati;
12:34
it's an enemy to fight and to resist.
310
739000
3000
već je neprijatelj protiv kojeg se treba boriti i kojemu se treba oduprijeti.
12:37
So there's a very sharp decline
311
742000
2000
Došlo je do izuzetno oštrog opadanja
12:39
in liberal ideas in the Muslim world,
312
744000
2000
liberalne ideje u muslimanskom svijetu,
12:41
and what you see is more of a defensive,
313
746000
3000
i ono što se vidi je defanzivnija,
12:44
rigid, reactionary strain,
314
749000
3000
kruća, reakcionistička crta,
12:47
which led to Arab socialism, Arab nationalism
315
752000
2000
koji je dovela do arapskog socijalizma, arapskog nacionalizma
12:49
and ultimately to the Islamist ideology.
316
754000
3000
i na koncu do islamske ideologije.
12:52
And when the colonial period ended,
317
757000
3000
Kada je kolonijalno doba okončalo,
12:55
what you had in place of that
318
760000
2000
njega su zamijenili
12:57
was, generally, secular dictators,
319
762000
2000
uglavnom sekularni diktatori,
12:59
which say they're a country,
320
764000
2000
koji kažu da su oni zemlja,
13:01
but did not bring democracy to the country,
321
766000
2000
ali koji nisu donijeli demokratiju u zemlju,
13:03
and established their own dictatorship.
322
768000
2000
već su uspostavili sopstveno diktatorstvo.
13:05
And I think the West, at least some powers in the West,
323
770000
3000
Mislim da je Zapad, ili barem neke zapadne sile,
13:08
particularly the United States,
324
773000
2000
naročito Sjedinjene Države,
13:10
made the mistake of supporting those secular dictators,
325
775000
3000
pogriješile time što su dale podršku tim sekularnim diktatorima,
13:13
thinking that they were more helpful for their interests.
326
778000
3000
misleći da će oni biti od veće pomoći njihovim interesima.
13:16
But the fact that those dictators
327
781000
2000
No, činjenica da su ti diktatori
13:18
suppressed democracy in their country
328
783000
2000
gušenjem demokratije u svojim zemljama
13:20
and suppressed Islamic groups in their country
329
785000
2000
i gušenjem islamskih grupa
13:22
actually made the Islamists much more strident.
330
787000
2000
zapravo učinili da Islamisti postanu mnogo glasniji.
13:24
So in the 20th century,
331
789000
2000
Tako smo u 20. vijeku
13:26
you had this vicious cycle in the Arab world
332
791000
2000
imali ovaj začarani krug u arapskom svijetu
13:28
where you have a dictatorship suppressing its own people
333
793000
3000
gdje su diktatorski režimi tlačili sopstveni narod,
13:31
including the Islamic-pious,
334
796000
2000
uključujući i one pobožne,
13:33
and they're reacting in reactionary ways.
335
798000
3000
koji reaguju reakcionistički.
13:36
There was one country, though,
336
801000
2000
Doduše, samo jedna zemlja je
13:38
which was able to escape or stay away
337
803000
3000
mogla pobjeći ili ostati izvan
13:41
from that vicious cycle.
338
806000
2000
tog začararanog kruga.
13:43
And that's the country where I come from; that's Turkey.
339
808000
3000
To je zemlja iz koje dolazim, Turska.
13:46
Turkey has never been colonized,
340
811000
2000
Turska nikada nije bila kolonizirana,
13:48
so it remained as an independent nation after the fall of the Ottoman Empire.
341
813000
3000
tako da se održala kao nezavisna nacija nakon pada Otomanskog carstva.
13:51
That's one thing to remember.
342
816000
2000
To je jedna stvar koju treba upamtiti.
13:53
They did not share the same anti-colonial hype
343
818000
3000
Oni nisu imali isto anti-kolonijalno ludilo
13:56
that you can find in some other countries in the region.
344
821000
3000
koje možete naći u nekima od zemalja tog regiona.
13:59
Secondly, and most importantly,
345
824000
2000
Kao drugo, i još značajnije,
14:01
Turkey became a democracy
346
826000
2000
Turska je postala demokratijom
14:03
earlier than any of the countries we are talking about.
347
828000
2000
prije svih ovih zemalja o kojima smo govorili.
14:05
In 1950, Turkey had the first free and fair elections,
348
830000
2000
Turska je 1950. godine imala prve slobodne i pravedne izbore
14:07
which ended the more autocratic secular regime,
349
832000
3000
kojima je okončan sekularni režim koji je bio više autokratski,
14:10
which was the beginning of Turkey.
350
835000
2000
što je označilo početak Turske.
14:12
And the pious Muslims in Turkey
351
837000
2000
Pobožni Muslimani u Turskoj
14:14
saw that they can change the political system by voting.
352
839000
4000
su vidjeli da glasanjem mogu izmijeniti politički sistem.
14:18
And they realize that democracy is something that is compatible with Islam,
353
843000
3000
I uvidjeli su da je demokratija nešto što je kompatibilno sa Islamom,
14:21
compatible with their values,
354
846000
2000
kompatibilno sa njihovim vrijednostima
14:23
and they've been supportive of democracy.
355
848000
2000
i stoga su snažno podržali demokratiju.
14:25
That's an experience
356
850000
2000
To je iskustvo
14:27
that not every other Muslim nation in the Middle East had
357
852000
2000
koje muslimanske zemlje Srednjeg istoka
14:29
until very recently.
358
854000
2000
nisu imale sve do nedavno.
14:31
Secondly, in the past two decades,
359
856000
2000
Kao drugo, tokom poslednje dvije decenije,
14:33
thanks to globalization, thanks to the market economy,
360
858000
3000
zahvaljujući globalizaciji, zahvaljujući tržišnoj ekonomiji,
14:36
thanks to the rise of a middle-class,
361
861000
2000
zahvaljujući usponu srednje klase,
14:38
we in Turkey see
362
863000
2000
mi u Turskoj vidimo
14:40
what I define as a rebirth of Islamic modernism.
363
865000
4000
ono što ja nazivam ponovnim rođenjem islamskog modernizma.
14:44
Now there's the more urban middle-class pious Muslims
364
869000
3000
Sada postoji urbanija srednja klasa pobožnih Muslimana
14:47
who, again, look at their tradition
365
872000
2000
koji, ponovo, posmatraju svoju tradiciju
14:49
and see that there are some problems in the tradition,
366
874000
3000
i vide da u njoj postoje izvjesni problemi.
14:52
and they understand that they need to be changed and questioned and reformed.
367
877000
3000
I oni shvataju da se isto moraju promijeniti, moraju se dovoditi u pitanje i reformirati.
14:55
And they look at Europe,
368
880000
2000
A kada pogledaju Evropu,
14:57
and they see an example, again, to follow.
369
882000
3000
i opet vide primjer koji bi trebali slijediti.
15:00
They see an example, at least, to take some inspiration from.
370
885000
2000
Vide primjer iz kojeg, barem, mogu izvući neku inspiraciju.
15:02
That's why the E.U. process,
371
887000
2000
Zbog toga proces EU,
15:04
Turkey's effort to join the E.U.,
372
889000
2000
napor Turske da se pridruži EU,
15:06
has been supported inside Turkey
373
891000
2000
u Turskoj ima podršku
15:08
by the Islamic-pious,
374
893000
2000
tih pobožnih sljedbenika Islama,
15:10
while some secular nations were against that.
375
895000
3000
dok su neke od sekularnih nacija protiv toga.
15:13
Well that process has been a little bit blurred
376
898000
2000
No, taj proces je malo zamagljen
15:15
by the fact that not all Europeans are that welcoming --
377
900000
2000
činjenicom da ni svi Evropljani ne pozdravljaju ulazak novih zemalja --
15:17
but that's another discussion.
378
902000
3000
no to je tema za drugu diskusiju.
15:20
But the pro-E.U. sentiment in Turkey in the past decade
379
905000
3000
Ali pro-EU osjećanja u Turskoj su u poslednjoj deceniji
15:23
has become almost an Islamic cause
380
908000
2000
postala gotovo islamski slučaj,
15:25
and supported by the Islamic liberals
381
910000
2000
koji podržavaju islamski liberali,
15:27
and the secular liberals as well, of course.
382
912000
3000
kao i sekularni liberali, naravno.
15:30
And thanks to that,
383
915000
2000
I zahvaljujući tome,
15:32
Turkey has been able to reasonably create a success story
384
917000
3000
Turska je je uspjela da na razuman način izgradi uspješnu priču
15:35
in which Islam and the most pious understandings of Islam
385
920000
5000
u kojoj su Islam i najpobožnija razumijevanja Islama
15:40
have become part of the democratic game,
386
925000
2000
postali dijelom demokratske igre,
15:42
and even contributes to the democratic and economic
387
927000
2000
i čak doprinose demokratskom i ekonomskom
15:44
advance of the country.
388
929000
2000
napretku zemlje.
15:46
And this has been an inspiring example right now
389
931000
3000
I to je sada nadahnjujući primjer
15:49
for some of the Islamic movements
390
934000
2000
za neke od islamskih pokreta
15:51
or some of the countries in the Arab world.
391
936000
3000
ili neke od zemalja arapskog svijeta.
15:54
You must have all seen the Arab Spring,
392
939000
2000
Svi ste morali vidjeti arapsko proljeće
15:56
which began in Tunis and in Egypt.
393
941000
3000
koje je otpočelo u Tunisu i Egiptu.
15:59
And Arab masses
394
944000
2000
I arapske mase koje su se pobunile protiv svojih diktatora.
16:01
just revolted against their dictators.
395
946000
2000
koje su se pobunile protiv svojih diktatora.
16:03
They were asking for democracy; they were asking for freedom.
396
948000
3000
Tražili su demokratiju, tražili su slobodu.
16:06
And they did not turn out to be the Islamist boogyman
397
951000
3000
I nisu se pretvorili u islamske babaroge
16:09
that the dictators were always using
398
954000
2000
koje su diktatori koristili
16:11
to justify their regime.
399
956000
3000
kako bi opravdali svoje režime.
16:14
They said that "we want freedom; we want democracy.
400
959000
3000
Rekli su „mi želimo slobodu, želimo demokratiju.
16:17
We are Muslim believers,
401
962000
2000
Mi smo muslimanski vjernici,
16:19
but we want to be living as free people in free societies."
402
964000
3000
ali želimo živjeti kao slobodni ljudi u slobodnim društvima.“
16:22
Of course, this is a long road.
403
967000
2000
Naravno, put će biti dug.
16:24
Democracy is not an overnight achievement;
404
969000
2000
Demokratija nije ostvarenje do kojeg se dolazi preko noći; .
16:26
it's a process.
405
971000
2000
ona je proces.
16:28
But this is a promising era
406
973000
2000
No, ovo je epoha koja obećava
16:30
in the Muslim world.
407
975000
2000
u muslimanskom svijetu.
16:32
And I believe that the Islamic modernism
408
977000
2000
I ja vjerujem da islamski modernizam
16:34
which began in the 19th century,
409
979000
2000
koji je otpočeo u 19. vijeku,
16:36
but which had a setback in the 20th century
410
981000
2000
ali koji je doživjeo zastoj u 20. vijeku
16:38
because of the political troubles of the Muslim world,
411
983000
2000
usljed političkih nevolja u muslimanskom svijetu,
16:40
is having a rebirth.
412
985000
2000
sada doživljava preporod.
16:42
And I think the getaway message from that
413
987000
3000
I mislim da je poruka koja proizilazi iz toga
16:45
would be that Islam,
414
990000
2000
da Islam,
16:47
despite some of the skeptics in the West,
415
992000
3000
uprkos nekim zapadnim skepticima,
16:50
has the potential in itself
416
995000
2000
ima potencijal u sebi
16:52
to create its own way to democracy, create its own way to liberalism,
417
997000
3000
da stvori sopstveni put ka demokratiji, da stvori sopstveni put ka liberalizmu,
16:55
create its own way to freedom.
418
1000000
2000
sopstveni put ka slobodi.
16:57
They just should be allowed to work for that.
419
1002000
2000
Samo im treba dopustiti da to i urade.
16:59
Thanks so much.
420
1004000
2000
Hvala Vam mnogo.
17:01
(Applause)
421
1006000
4000
(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mustafa Akyol - JournalistMustafa Akyol is a columnist for Turkey's oldest English-language daily, Hurriyet Daily News.
Why you should listen
Mustafa Akyol is a Turkish political commentator and author based in Istanbul. He thinks and writes on issues relating to Islam and modernity, and dissects Turkish politics as a columnist for the English-language Hurriyet Daily News and the website Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East. He also writes a monthly opinion piece for The International New York Times.
Akyol's book, Islam Without Extremes, was published in July 2011 and calls for "an interpretation of Islam that synthesizes liberal ideas and respect for the Islamic tradition."
More profile about the speakerAkyol's book, Islam Without Extremes, was published in July 2011 and calls for "an interpretation of Islam that synthesizes liberal ideas and respect for the Islamic tradition."
Mustafa Akyol | Speaker | TED.com