TED2004
Martin Seligman: The new era of positive psychology
Martin Seligman: O pozitivni psihologiji
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Martin Seligman govori o psihologiji -- kot o raziskovalnem področju in kot o delu ena-na-ena z vsakim pacientom in vsakim praktikom. Do česa lahko psihologija pomaga človeku s tem, ko se oddaljuje od osredotočenosti le na bolezni?
Martin Seligman - Psychologist
Martin Seligman is the founder of positive psychology, a field of study that examines healthy states, such as happiness, strength of character and optimism. Full bio
Martin Seligman is the founder of positive psychology, a field of study that examines healthy states, such as happiness, strength of character and optimism. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
When I was president of the American Psychological Association,
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Ko sem bil predsednik
Ameriškega psihološkega združenja,
Ameriškega psihološkega združenja,
00:15
they tried to media-train me,
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so me poskušali izuriti v komuniciranju z mediji,
00:17
and an encounter I had with CNN
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in srečanje s CNN
00:21
summarizes what I'm going to be talking about today,
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povzema to, o čemer bom govoril danes,
00:24
which is the eleventh reason to be optimistic.
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kar je enajsti razlog, zakaj bi bili optimistični.
00:28
The editor of Discover told us 10 of them,
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Urednik revije Discover nam jih je povedal deset,
00:34
I'm going to give you the eleventh.
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jaz pa vam bom povedal enajstega.
00:36
So they came to me -- CNN -- and they said, "Professor Seligman,
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In so prišli do mene -- CNN -- ter rekli, "Profesor Seligman,
00:40
would you tell us about the state of psychology today?
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bi nam lahko povedali kaj o stanju psihologije dandanes?"
00:45
We'd like to interview you about that." And I said, "Great."
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Radi bi naredili intervju z vami o tem." In jaz sem rekel, "Super."
00:48
And she said, "But this is CNN, so you only get a sound bite."
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Nato je rekla, "Ampak to je CNN in na razpolago imate le majhen izseček."
00:53
So I said, "Well, how many words do I get?"
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Potem sem vprašač, "No, koliko besed pa dobim?"
00:56
And she said, "Well, one."
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In ona reče, "Eno."
00:58
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
00:59
And cameras rolled, and she said, "Professor Seligman,
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Zaženejo kamere in ona reče, "Profesor Seligman,
01:03
what is the state of psychology today?"
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kakšno je stanje v psihologiji dandanes?
01:07
"Good."
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"Dobro."
01:09
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:11
"Cut. Cut. That won't do.
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"Rez, rez. To ne bo dobro.
01:14
We'd really better give you a longer sound bite."
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Mislim, da bi vam res morali dati daljši izseček."
01:18
"Well, how many words do I get this time?" "I think, well, you get two.
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"Koliko besed pa dobim tokret?" "Mislim, no, dve dobite.
01:22
Doctor Seligman, what is the state of psychology today?"
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Doktor Seligman, kakšno je stanje v psihologiji dandanes?"
01:28
"Not good."
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"Ni dobro."
01:30
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:39
"Look, Doctor Seligman,
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"Poglejte, doktor Seligman,
01:41
we can see you're really not comfortable in this medium.
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videti je, da se ne počutite udobno s tem medijem.
01:44
We'd better give you a real sound bite.
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Bolje bi bilo, ko bi vam dali pravi izseček.
01:47
This time you can have three words.
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Tokrat dobite tri besede.
01:50
Professor Seligman, what is the state of psychology today?"
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Profesor Seligman, kakšno je stanje v psihologiji dandanes?
01:55
"Not good enough." And that's what I'm going to be talking about.
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"Ni dovolj dobro." In to je tema, o kateri bom govoril sedaj.
02:00
I want to say why psychology was good, why it was not good
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Rad bi razložil, zakaj je bila psihologija dobro, zakaj ni bila dobro
02:04
and how it may become, in the next 10 years, good enough.
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in kako bi lahko, v naslednjih desetih letih, bila dovolj dobro.
02:08
And by parallel summary, I want to say the same thing about technology,
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In sočasno bi rad rekel nekaj podobnega glede tehnologije,
02:13
about entertainment and design, because I think the issues are very similar.
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zabave industrije in oblikovanja, saj se mi zdi, da se soočajo s podobnimi problemi.
02:17
So, why was psychology good?
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Torej, zakaj je bila psihologija dobro?
02:20
Well, for more than 60 years, psychology worked within the disease model.
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Več kot 60 let je psihologija delovala znotraj boleznskega modela.
02:25
Ten years ago, when I was on an airplane
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Pred desetimi leti, ko sem potoval z letalom,
02:27
and I introduced myself to my seatmate, and told them what I did,
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in se predstavil svojim sopotnikom ter jim povedal, kaj počnem,
02:31
they'd move away from me.
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so se presedli stran od mene.
02:33
And because, quite rightly, they were saying
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Govorili so, pravzaprav pravilno,
02:36
psychology is about finding what's wrong with you. Spot the loony.
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da je bistvo psihologije v iskanju tega, kar je z nekom narobe. Najdi čudaka.
02:40
And now, when I tell people what I do, they move toward me.
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Sedaj pa, ko ljudem povem, kaj počnem, se mi ljudje približajo.
02:45
And what was good about psychology,
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In kar je bilo dobro glede psihologije,
02:48
about the 30 billion dollar investment NIMH made,
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okoli 30 milijard dolarjev NIMH investicije,
02:52
about working in the disease model,
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glede delavanja znotraj bolezenskega modela
02:54
about what you mean by psychology,
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in glede tega, kako se dojema psihologijo,
02:56
is that, 60 years ago, none of the disorders were treatable --
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je, da pred 60 leti nobena bolezen bi bila ozdravljiva --
03:01
it was entirely smoke and mirrors.
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šlo je za izkrivljanje resnice.
03:03
And now, 14 of the disorders are treatable,
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Sedaj se čahko 14 motenj zdravi,
03:05
two of them actually curable.
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dve izmed teh pa sta dejansko ozdravljivi.
03:07
And the other thing that happened is that a science developed,
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Poleg tega se je je prišlo do tehnološkega napredka,
03:12
a science of mental illness.
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znanost mentalnih bolezni.
03:14
That we found out that we could take fuzzy concepts -- like depression, alcoholism --
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Ugotovili smo, da lahko vzamemo meglene koncepte -- kot sta depresija, alkoholizem --
03:22
and measure them with rigor.
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in jih merimo z natančnostjo.
03:24
That we could create a classification of the mental illnesses.
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Da lahko ustvarimo klasifikacijo mentalnih bolezni.
03:28
That we could understand the causality of the mental illnesses.
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Da lahko razumemo vzroke mentalnih bolezni.
03:33
We could look across time at the same people --
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Da lahko gledamo preko časa na iste ljudi --
03:37
people, for example, who were genetically vulnerable to schizophrenia --
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ljudje, na primer, ki si genetsko ranjivi za shizofrenijo --
03:41
and ask what the contribution of mothering, of genetics are,
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in se vprašali, kakšna je prispevek materinske vloge neodvisno od genetike
03:45
and we could isolate third variables
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in smo tako lahko izolirali tretje spremenljivke
03:48
by doing experiments on the mental illnesses.
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z izvajanjem eksperimentov o mentalnih bolezni.
03:51
And best of all, we were able, in the last 50 years,
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Kar je najboljše, smo sposobni, v zadnjih 50 letih,
03:55
to invent drug treatments and psychological treatments.
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izumljati farmakološke in psihološkie tretmaje.
03:59
And then we were able to test them rigorously,
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Nato smo bili jih bili sposobni rigorozno testirati
04:03
in random assignment, placebo controlled designs,
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v naključnm dodeljevanju, placebo kontrolni dizajn,
04:06
throw out the things that didn't work, keep the things that actively did.
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in zavrgli tiste stvari, ki niso delovale in obdržali tiste, ki so.
04:10
And the conclusion of that is that psychology and psychiatry, over the last 60 years,
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Zaključek tega je, da psihologija in psihiatrija v zadnjih 60 letih
04:17
can actually claim that we can make miserable people less miserable.
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lahko dejanko trdita, da lahko naredimo nesrečne ljudi manj nesrečne.
04:23
And I think that's terrific. I'm proud of it.
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Meni se zdi to čudovito. Ponosen sem na to.
04:30
But what was not good, the consequences of that were three things.
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Ampak kar ni bilo v redu, so tri poledice, ki iz povedanega izhajajo.
04:35
The first was moral,
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Prva je morala,
04:37
that psychologists and psychiatrists became victimologists, pathologizers,
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da so psihologi in psihiatri postali viktimologi in patologi,
04:41
that our view of human nature was that if you were in trouble, bricks fell on you.
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in je naš pogled na človeško naravo tak -- če se zanjdeš v teževah, bodo nate padale opeke.
04:46
And we forgot that people made choices and decisions.
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Pozabili smo, da ljudje sprejemajo odločitve in izbirajo.
04:49
We forgot responsibility. That was the first cost.
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Pozabili smo na odgovornost. To je bila prva napaka.
04:53
The second cost was that we forgot about you people.
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Druga napaka je bila, da smo pozabili na ljudi.
04:57
We forgot about improving normal lives.
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Pozabili smo na možnost izboljšanja normalnih življenj.
05:01
We forgot about a mission to make relatively untroubled people happier,
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Pozabili smo na misijo narediti relativno zadovoljne ljudi še bolj srečne,
05:07
more fulfilled, more productive. And "genius," "high-talent," became a dirty word.
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bolj izpolnjene, bolj produktivne. In "genij", "visoko talentiran" sta postali umazani besedi.
05:13
No one works on that.
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Nihče ne deluje tako.
05:15
And the third problem about the disease model is,
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In tretji problem bolezenskega modela je,
05:19
in our rush to do something about people in trouble,
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da v naglici narediti nekaj za ljudi v težavah,
05:22
in our rush to do something about repairing damage,
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da v naglici narediti nekaj, zato da bi popravili škodo,
05:27
it never occurred to us to develop interventions
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nikoli nismo pomislili, da bi razvili intervencije,
05:30
to make people happier, positive interventions.
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ki bi naredile ljudi srečnejše, pozitivne intervencije.
05:34
So that was not good.
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Torej to ni bilo dobro.
05:36
And so, that's what led people like Nancy Etcoff, Dan Gilbert,
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To je pripeljalo ljudi, kot so Nancy Etcoff, Dan Gilbert,
05:41
Mike Csikszentmihalyi and myself to work in something I call positive psychology,
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Mike Csikszentmihalyi in mene do delovanja v smeri, ki ji jaz pravim pozitivna psihologija,
05:45
which has three aims.
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ki ima tri cilje.
05:47
The first is that psychology should be just as concerned
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Prvi cilje je, da bi moralo biti psihologijo zanimati tako
05:52
with human strength as it is with weakness.
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človeške moči kot človeške šibkosti.
05:56
It should be just as concerned with building strength as with repairing damage.
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Prav tako bi se morala ukvarjati z gradnjo moči kot tudi s popravljanjem škode.
06:03
It should be interested in the best things in life.
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Moralo bi jo zanimati, kar je v življenju najboljšega.
06:05
And it should be just as concerned with making the lives of normal people fulfilling,
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Moralo bi jo zanimati, kako narediti življenja normalnih ljudi še bolj zadovoljujoča,
06:11
and with genius, with nurturing high talent.
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prav tako delo z geniji in z vzgajanjem visokih talentov.
06:16
So in the last 10 years and the hope for the future,
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V zadnjih 10 letih in z upanem za prihodnost,
06:20
we've seen the beginnings of a science of positive psychology,
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smo videli začetke znanosti pozitivne psihologije,
06:24
a science of what makes life worth living.
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znanost o tem, kaj naredi življenje vredno živeti.
06:27
It turns out that we can measure different forms of happiness.
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Zdi se, da lahko merimo različne oblike sreče.
06:31
And any of you, for free, can go to that website
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Kdor koli med vami, lahko brezplačno obišče to spletno stran
06:35
and take the entire panoply of tests of happiness.
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in izpolni velik nabor testov, ki merijo srečo.
06:38
You can ask, how do you stack up for positive emotion, for meaning,
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Lahko me vprašate, kako lahko postavite pozitivne emocije, pomen,
06:43
for flow, against literally tens of thousands of other people?
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zanos nasproti dobesedno na desettisoče drugih ljudi?
06:47
We created the opposite of the diagnostic manual of the insanities:
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Naredili smo nasprotje diagnostičnega priročnika mentalnih bolezni,
06:53
a classification of the strengths and virtues that looks at the sex ratio,
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klasifikacija moči in verlin, ki zajame razmerje med spoloma,
06:58
how they're defined, how to diagnose them,
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kako jih definitati, kako jih diagnosticirati,
07:00
what builds them and what gets in their way.
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kaj jih gradi in kaj so njihove ovire na poti.
07:05
We found that we could discover the causation of the positive states,
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Ugotovili smo, da lahko raziščemo vzroke pozitivnim strategijam,
07:09
the relationship between left hemispheric activity
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odnos med levo hemisferično aktivnostjo
07:13
and right hemispheric activity as a cause of happiness.
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in desno hemisferično aktivnostjo kot vzrok za srečo.
07:20
I've spent my life working on extremely miserable people,
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Celo življenje se ukvarjam z resnično nesrečnimi ljudmi,
07:23
and I've asked the question,
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in vprašal sem jih,
07:25
how do extremely miserable people differ from the rest of you?
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kako se ekstremno nesrečni ljudje razlikujejo od ostalih?
07:28
And starting about six years ago, we asked about extremely happy people.
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Pred šestimi leti smo vprašali ekstremno srečne ljudi.
07:33
And how do they differ from the rest of us?
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In kako se oni rezlikujejo od vseh nas?
07:35
And it turns out there's one way.
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Izkazalo se je, da obstaja ena pot.
07:39
They're not more religious, they're not in better shape,
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Niso bolj religiozni, niso v boljpi telesni formi,
07:41
they don't have more money, they're not better looking,
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nimajo več denarja, niso bolj privlačni,
07:44
they don't have more good events and fewer bad events.
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niso doživeli več dobrih kot slabih dogodkov v življenju.
07:47
The one way in which they differ: they're extremely social.
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Edina razlika med njimi in ostalimi je: so izredno družabi.
07:52
They don't sit in seminars on Saturday morning.
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Ne sedijo na seminarju v nedeljo dopoldne.
07:55
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
07:59
They don't spend time alone.
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Ne preživljajo časa v samoti.
08:01
Each of them is in a romantic relationship
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Vsak med njimi je v romantičnem razmerju
08:03
and each has a rich repertoire of friends.
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in vsak med njimi ima bogat nabor prijateljev.
08:06
But watch out here. This is merely correlational data, not causal,
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Ampak pozor. To so komaj korelacijski podatki, niso vzročni,
08:11
and it's about happiness in the first Hollywood sense I'm going to talk about:
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in na tem mestu govorim o sreči v prvem, hollywoodskem, pomenu:
08:16
happiness of ebullience and giggling and good cheer.
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sreča kot veseljačenje, hihitanje in dobra volja.
08:20
And I'm going to suggest to you that's not nearly enough, in just a moment.
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Čez trenutek vam bom povedal, zakaj to niti približno ni dovolj.
08:24
We found we could begin to look at interventions over the centuries,
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Ugotovili smo, da lahko pregledamo intervencije v zadnjih nekaj stoletjih.
08:29
from the Buddha to Tony Robbins.
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od Buddhe do Tonyja Robbinsa.
08:31
About 120 interventions have been proposed
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Predlaganih je bilo približno 120 intervencij,
08:34
that allegedly make people happy.
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ki načeloma naredijo ljudi bolj srečne.
08:37
And we find that we've been able to manualize many of them,
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Ugotovili smo, da jih lahko strnemo
08:42
and we actually carry out random assignment
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in smo dejansko izvedli eksperiment z naključnim dodeljevanjem,
08:45
efficacy and effectiveness studies.
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študije učinkovitosti in efekta.
08:47
That is, which ones actually make people lastingly happier?
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Katere intervencije dejansko naredi ljudi dolgotrajno srečnejše?
08:51
In a couple of minutes, I'll tell you about some of those results.
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V nekaj mintuah, vam bom razložil nekaj rezultetov teh raziskav.
08:54
But the upshot of this is that the mission I want psychology to have,
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Bistveno je, da je misija, za katero si želim bi psihologija prevzela
09:01
in addition to its mission of curing the mentally ill,
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kot dodatek k misijam, usmerjenim v mentalne bolezni,
09:05
and in addition to its mission of making miserable people less miserable,
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in kot dodatek k misijam, kako narediti nesrečne ljudi manj nesrečne,
09:09
is can psychology actually make people happier?
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ta, kako lahko psihologija dejansko naredi ljudi srečnejše?
09:13
And to ask that question -- happy is not a word I use very much --
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Da si zastavimo to vprašanje -- sreča ni beseda, ki bi jo pogosto uporabljali --
09:17
we've had to break it down into what I think is askable about happy.
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smo morali reducirati na tisto, kar je po mojem mnenju vprašljivo glede sreče.
09:21
And I believe there are three different --
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Jaz verjamem v obstoj treh različnih --
09:24
and I call them different because different interventions build them,
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lahko jim rečem različnih, saj so jih zgradile različne intervencije --
09:28
it's possible to have one rather than the other --
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možno je imeti eno, bolj kot drugo --
09:31
three different happy lives.
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tri različna srečna življenja.
09:33
The first happy life is the pleasant life.
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Prvo srečno življenje je prijetno življenje.
09:36
This is a life in which you have as much positive emotion as you possibly can,
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To je življenje, v katerem je toliko pozitivnih emocij, kot jih je možno imeti,
09:41
and the skills to amplify it.
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in v katerem posedujemo sposobnosti za njihovo razširitev.
09:43
The second is a life of engagement --
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Drugo življenje je življenje udejstvovanja --
09:45
a life in your work, your parenting, your love, your leisure, time stops for you.
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življenje v delu, partnerstvu, ljubezeni, prostem času, ko se čas ustavi zate.
09:53
That's what Aristotle was talking about.
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O tem je govoril Aristotelj.
09:55
And third, the meaningful life.
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Tretje je življenje smisla.
09:57
So I want to say a little bit about each of those lives
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Sedaj želim povedati nekaj o vsakem izmed teh življenj
10:00
and what we know about them.
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in o tem, kar vem o njih.
10:02
The first life is the pleasant life and it's simply, as best we can find it,
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Prvo živlenje je prijetno življenje in je tako dobro kot bi si ga vsak želel,
10:07
it's having as many of the pleasures as you can,
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gre za doživljenja čim več prijetnih dogodkov,
10:09
as much positive emotion as you can,
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čim več pozitivnih emocij,
10:12
and learning the skills -- savoring, mindfulness -- that amplify them,
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in učenje veščin -- okušanje in čuješnost -- da bi jih razširili,
10:18
that stretch them over time and space.
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da bi jih raztegnili čez čas in prostor.
10:21
But the pleasant life has three drawbacks,
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Ampak prijetno življenje ima tri slabosti,
10:25
and it's why positive psychology is not happy-ology and why it doesn't end here.
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in sicer je to razlog, zakaj pozitivna psihologija ni srečo-logija in zakaj se ne zaključi tukaj.
10:31
The first drawback is that it turns out the pleasant life,
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Prva slabost prijetnega življenja,
10:34
your experience of positive emotion, is heritable,
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izkušenj pozitivnih emocij, je dedljivost,
10:39
about 50 percent heritable, and, in fact, not very modifiable.
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okoli 50 procentov take sreče je dedljive in dejansko se je ne da veliko modificirati.
10:45
So the different tricks that Matthieu [Ricard] and I and others know
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Različni triki, ki jih Matthieu [Ricard] in jaz ter drugi poznamo
10:49
about increasing the amount of positive emotion in your life
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o višanju nivoja pozitivnih emocj v življenju
10:53
are 15 to 20 percent tricks, getting more of it.
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so v 15 do 20 procenrov triki, kako iz življenja dobiti več.
10:57
Second is that positive emotion habituates. It habituates rapidly, indeed.
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Drugi razlog je ta, da pozitivna emocija habituira. Hitro doseže platfon.
11:05
It's all like French vanilla ice cream, the first taste is a 100 percent;
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Je precej tako kot francoski vaniljin sladoled, prva pokušnja je vreden 100 procentov;
11:10
by the time you're down to the sixth taste, it's gone.
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z vsako pokušnjo do šeste, užitek izgine.
11:15
And, as I said, it's not particularly malleable.
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In, kot sem že rekel, ni pretirano flaksibilna.
11:19
And this leads to the second life.
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To nas pripelje do drugega življenja.
11:22
And I have to tell you about my friend, Len,
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Povedati vam moram zgodbo o svojem prijatelji Lenu,
11:24
to talk about why positive psychology is more than positive emotion,
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da bi vam lahko razložil, zakaj je pozitivna psihologija več kot pozitivna emocija,
11:30
more than building pleasure.
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več kot gradnja užitka.
11:32
In two of the three great arenas of life, by the time Len was 30,
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V dveh od treh veličastnih arenah življenja, je Len, dokler je dosegel 30 let,
11:36
Len was enormously successful. The first arena was work.
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bil izredno uspešen. Prva arena je delo.
11:42
By the time he was 20, he was an options trader.
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Do svojega 20 leta je postal delničar,
11:44
By the time he was 25, he was a multimillionaire
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do svojega 25 leta je postal miltimilijonar
11:47
and the head of an options trading company.
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in voditel trgovsko-delniško družbo.
11:50
Second, in play -- he's a national champion bridge player.
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Druga arena, igra -- bil je nacionalen prvak v bridžu.
11:56
But in the third great arena of life, love, Len is an abysmal failure.
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Ampak v tretju veliki areni življenja, ljubezen, je Len poplen polom.
12:02
And the reason he was, was that Len is a cold fish.
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Razlog je v tem, da je Len kot mrzla riba.
12:08
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
12:10
Len is an introvert.
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Len je introverten.
12:14
American women said to Len, when he dated them,
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Ameriška ženska je Lenu rekla, ko sta bila še par,
12:18
"You're no fun. You don't have positive emotion. Get lost."
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"Nisi zabaven. Ne čutiš pozitivnih emocj. Spravi se stran."
12:22
And Len was wealthy enough to be able to afford a Park Avenue psychoanalyst,
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Len je bil dovolj premožen, da si je lahko privoščil pshianalitika iz Park Avenue,
12:28
who for five years tried to find the sexual trauma
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ki ga je obravnaval pet let, da bi našel seksualno travmo,
12:32
that had somehow locked positive emotion inside of him.
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ki je v njem nekako zaklenila pozitivne emocije.
12:35
But it turned out there wasn't any sexual trauma.
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Ampak izkazalo se je, da ni šlo za nikakršno seksualno travmo.
12:39
It turned out that -- Len grew up in Long Island
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Izakazao se je -- Len je odraščal v Long Isladnu
12:43
and he played football and watched football, and played bridge --
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in je igral nogomet in gledal nogomet in igral bridž --
12:49
Len is in the bottom five percent of what we call positive affectivities.
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Len se nahaja v spodnjih petih procentih tistih, za katere pravimo, da posedujejo pozitivno afektivnost.
12:54
The question is, is Len unhappy? And I want to say not.
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Vprašanje je, je Len nesrečen? Jaz mislim, da ne.
12:58
Contrary to what psychology told us about the bottom 50 percent
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V nasprotju s tem, kar so nam psihologi govorilo o spodnjih 50 procentih
13:02
of the human race in positive affectivity,
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človeške rase in pozitivni afektivnosti,
13:05
I think Len is one of the happiest people I know.
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jaz mislim, da je Len eden izmed najbolj srečnih ljudi, kar jih poznam.
13:08
He's not consigned to the hell of unhappiness
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Ni obsojen na pekel nesreče
13:11
and that's because Len, like most of you, is enormously capable of flow.
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in to zato, ker je Len, tako kot večina vas, izredno sposoben preiti v stanje zanosa.
13:17
When he walks onto the floor of the American Exchange at 9:30 in the morning,
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Ko ob 9:30 zjutraj vstopi na tla American Exchange ,
13:22
time stops for him. And it stops till the closing bell.
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se zanj čas ustavi. Ustavi se, dokler ne zazvoni zvonec, ki naznanja konec.
13:25
When the first card is played,
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Ko se odigra prve karte,
13:27
until 10 days later, the tournament is over, time stops for Len.
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in 10 dni, dokler se turnir ne zaključi, se čas za Lena ustavi.
13:31
And this is indeed what Mike Csikszentmihalyi has been talking about,
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Gre za, kot je govoril Mike Csikszentmihalyi,
13:35
about flow. And it's distinct from pleasure in a very important way.
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zanos. Razlikuje se od ugodja na zelo pomemben način.
13:40
Pleasure has raw feels: you know it's happening. It's thought and feeling.
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Ugodje vsebuje surove občutke: veš kaj se ti dogaja. Je misel in občutek.
13:45
But what Mike told you yesterday -- during flow, you can't feel anything.
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Ampak, kot vam je Mike včeraj povedal -- med zanosm, ne čutiš ničesar.
13:54
You're one with the music. Time stops.
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Postaneš eno z glasbo. Čas se ustavi.
13:58
You have intense concentration.
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Doživljaš izredno koncentracijo.
14:00
And this is indeed the characteristic of what we think of as the good life.
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To je zančilno tudi za kar mi mislimo, da je dobro življenje.
14:05
And we think there's a recipe for it,
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Mislimo, da imamo recept zanj,
14:08
and it's knowing what your highest strengths are.
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kar naj bi bilo poznavanje svojih moči.
14:10
And again, there's a valid test
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In spet, obstaja veljaven test,
14:12
of what your five highest strengths are.
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ki testira, katerih pet moči je pri vas prisotnih.
14:15
And then re-crafting your life to use them as much as you possibly can.
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Potem sledi preurejanje življenja tako, da bi jih uporabil čim več.
14:21
Re-crafting your work, your love,
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Preurejanje svojega dela, ljubezni,
14:24
your play, your friendship, your parenting.
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iger, prijateljstev in svojega starševstva.
14:27
Just one example. One person I worked with was a bagger at Genuardi's.
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Samo en primer. Ena oseba je delala kot polnilec paketov v Genuardi.
14:32
Hated the job.
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Sovražila je delo.
14:34
She's working her way through college.
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Poskuša se je prebiti skozi collage.
14:37
Her highest strength was social intelligence,
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Njena najvišja moč je socialna inteligentnost,
14:40
so she re-crafted bagging to make the encounter with her
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zato je preuredila pakiranje tako, da je za stranke naredila
14:45
the social highlight of every customer's day.
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srečanje z njo, višek njihovega dneva.
14:47
Now obviously she failed.
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Seveda ji je spodletelo.
14:50
But what she did was to take her highest strengths,
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Vzela je torej svoje najvišje moči
14:53
and re-craft work to use them as much as possible.
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in preuredila delo tako, da bi jih čim več uporabljala.
14:57
What you get out of that is not smiley-ness.
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Kar dobiš iz tega ni nenehno smehljanje.
14:59
You don't look like Debbie Reynolds.
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Ne izgledaš kot Debbie Reynolds.
15:01
You don't giggle a lot. What you get is more absorption.
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Ne hihitaš se veliko. Dobiš pa več absorpcije.
15:06
So, that's the second path. The first path, positive emotion.
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Torej to je druga pot. Prva pot, pozitivne emocije.
15:10
The second path is eudaimonian flow.
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Druga pot je zanos.
15:14
And the third path is meaning.
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In tretja pot je smisel.
15:16
This is the most venerable of the happinesses, traditionally.
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To ni tako veličastna sreča, kot si jo tradicionalno predstavljamo.
15:20
And meaning, in this view, consists of -- very parallel to eudaimonia --
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Pomen, v tem smislu vsebuje -- zelo podobno kot dobrobit --
15:26
it consists of knowing what your highest strengths are, and using them
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zavedanje, katere so tvoje moči in njihova uporaba,
15:32
to belong to and in the service of something larger than you are.
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da bi pripadali oziroma da bi služili nečemu večjemu kot samo mi sami.
15:39
I mentioned that for all three kinds of lives, the pleasant life,
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Omenil sem, da glede vseh vrst življenj, torej prijetno življenje,
15:44
the good life, the meaningful life, people are now hard at work on the question,
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dobro življenje in življenje smisla, ljudje sprašujejo
15:49
are there things that lastingly change those lives?
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ali obstajajo stvari, ki trajno spremenijo ta življenja?
15:53
And the answer seems to be yes. And I'll just give you some samples of it.
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Zdi se, da je odgovor pritrdilen. Podal vam bom nekaj enostavnih primerov.
15:59
It's being done in a rigorous manner.
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To so raziskovali na strog način.
16:01
It's being done in the same way that we test drugs to see what really works.
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Tezo so testirali na podoben način kot testirajo zdravila, da bi ugotovili, katera delujejo.
16:06
So we do random assignment, placebo controlled,
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Z naključno razdelitvijo, placebo in kontrolna skupina,
16:11
long-term studies of different interventions.
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longitudinalne študije različnih intervencij.
16:14
And just to sample the kind of interventions that we find have an effect,
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Naj vam orišem, za kakšne intervencije smo ugotovili, da imajo učinek.
16:18
when we teach people about the pleasant life,
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Ko ljudi učimo o prijetnem življenju,
16:22
how to have more pleasure in your life,
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kako živeti bolj prijetno življenje,
16:24
one of your assignments is to take the mindfulness skills, the savoring skills,
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je ena izmed nalog najti sposobnosti čuječnosti, sposobnosti okušanja,
16:30
and you're assigned to design a beautiful day.
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in osebi je dodeljeno, naj si sestavi čudovit dan.
16:34
Next Saturday, set a day aside, design yourself a beautiful day,
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Naslednjo soboto si vazmi čas in si ustvari čudovit dan,
16:39
and use savoring and mindfulness to enhance those pleasures.
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uporabi sposobnosti okušanja in čuječnosti, da bi povečal te užitke.
16:43
And we can show in that way that the pleasant life is enhanced.
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Na tak način lahko pokažemo, kako lahko prijetno življenje opolnomočimo.
16:50
Gratitude visit. I want you all to do this with me now, if you would.
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Hvaležnostni obisk. Prosil bi vas, da vsi to naredite skupaj z mano.
16:56
Close your eyes.
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Zaprite oči.
16:58
I'd like you to remember someone who did something enormously important
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Prosil bi vas, da se spomnite na nekoga, ki je naredil nekaj zelo pomembnega,
17:06
that changed your life in a good direction,
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kar je spremenilo vaše življenje na bolje,
17:10
and who you never properly thanked.
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tej osebo pa se niste nikoli primerno zahvalili.
17:13
The person has to be alive. OK.
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Ta oseba mora biti živa. OK.
17:16
Now, OK, you can open your eyes.
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Sedaj, OK, lahko odprete oči.
17:18
I hope all of you have such a person.
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Upam, da imate vsi tako osebo.
17:20
Your assignment, when you're learning the gratitude visit,
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Vaša naloga, ko se učite o hvaležnostem obisku, je,
17:24
is to write a 300-word testimonial to that person,
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da napišete 300 besed dolgo sporočilo tej osebi,
17:28
call them on the phone in Phoenix,
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pokličite jih po telefonu v Phoenix,
17:31
ask if you can visit, don't tell them why, show up at their door,
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vprašajte jih, ali jih lahko obiščete, pojavite se na njihovih vratih,
17:36
you read the testimonial -- everyone weeps when this happens.
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preberite jim spročilo -- vsakdo pade v jok, ko se mu to zgodi.
17:42
And what happens is when we test people one week later, a month later,
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Kar se zgodi, ko testiramo ljudi en teden kasneje, en mesec kasneje,
17:46
three months later, they're both happier and less depressed.
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tri mesece kasneje je, da so bolj srečni in manj depresivni.
17:52
Another example is a strength date, in which we get couples
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Še en primer je zmenek moči, v katerem dobimo par,
17:56
to identify their highest strengths on the strengths test,
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vsak pri sebi najde najvišje moči na testu moči,
17:59
and then to design an evening in which they both use their strengths,
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in potem si skupaj sestavita večer, v katerem oba uporabita svoje moči.
18:05
and we find this is a strengthener of relationships.
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Ugotovili smo, da to opolnomoči partnerski odnos.
18:08
And fun versus philanthropy.
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In zabava nasproti filatropiji.
18:10
But it's so heartening to be in a group like this,
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Tako je lepo biti v skupini kot je ta,
18:13
in which so many of you have turned your lives to philanthropy.
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kjer vas je veliko namenilo življenje filantropnosti.
18:17
Well, my undergraduates and the people I work with haven't discovered this,
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No, moji študentje in ljudje, s katerimi delam tega niso spoznali,
18:20
so we actually have people do something altruistic
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torej dejansko pripravimo ljudi, da strorijo neko altruistično dejanje
18:24
and do something fun, and to contrast it.
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in da naredijo nekaj zabavnega, kar predstavlja kotrast.
18:27
And what you find is when you do something fun,
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Kasneje smo ugotovili, da ko storimo nekaj zabavnega,
18:30
it has a square wave walk set.
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dobimo kvadratno krivuljo.
18:32
When you do something philanthropic to help another person, it lasts and it lasts.
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Ko pa naredimo neko filantropsko dejanje da bi pomagali drugemu, pa dober občutek traja in traja.
18:38
So those are examples of positive interventions.
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To so torej bili primeri pozitivnih intervencij.
18:42
So, the next to last thing I want to say is
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Zadnja stvar, o kateri bi govoril je,
18:47
we're interested in how much life satisfaction people have.
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da nas zanimajo, kako zelo so ljudje zadovoljni z življenjem.
18:50
And this is really what you're about. And that's our target variable.
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To je pa redko tisto, kar delate vi. To je naša ciljna spremenljivka.
18:54
And we ask the question as a function of the three different lives,
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Postavimo vprašanje kot funkcijo treh različnih življenj,
18:58
how much life satisfaction do you get?
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kako zelo so zadovoljno z življenjem?
19:00
So we ask -- and we've done this in 15 replications involving thousands of people --
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Vprašamo -- in to smo naredili v 15 replikacijah ter tako vključili na tisoče ljudi --
19:06
to what extent does the pursuit of pleasure,
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v kolikšni meri prizadevanje za užitek,
19:08
the pursuit of positive emotion, the pleasant life,
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prizadevanje za pozitivne emocije, za prijetno življenje,
19:12
the pursuit of engagement, time stopping for you,
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prizadevanje za vključevanje, ustavljanje časa zase
19:15
and the pursuit of meaning contribute to life satisfaction?
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in prizadevanje za smisel pripomore k višjemu zadovoljstvu z življenjem?
19:19
And our results surprised us, but they were backward of what we thought.
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Dobljeni rezultati so nas presenetili, vendar so bili obratni kot smo pričakovali.
19:23
It turns out the pursuit of pleasure has almost no contribution to life satisfaction.
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Izkazalo se je, da prizadevanje za užitek skoraj nič ne pripomore k višjemu zadovoljstvu z življenjem.
19:28
The pursuit of meaning is the strongest.
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Prizadevanje za smisel je najmočnejše.
19:31
The pursuit of engagement is also very strong.
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Prizadevanje za udejstvovanje je prav tako zelo močno.
19:35
Where pleasure matters is if you have both engagement
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Užitek je pomemben, ko sta prisotna tako udejstvovanje
19:39
and you have meaning, then pleasure's the whipped cream and the cherry.
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kot tudi smisel, saj je takrat užitek le češnja na vrh torte.
19:43
Which is to say, the full life -- the sum is greater than the parts, if you've got all three.
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Kar pomeni, da je polno življenje -- celota je večja od svojih delov -- ko imaš na razpolago vse tri.
19:51
Conversely, if you have none of the three,
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Po drugi strani, če nimaš nobene izmed treh,
19:54
the empty life, the sum is less than the parts.
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torej prazno življenje, je celota manj od svojih delov.
19:56
And what we're asking now is
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In kar sedaj sprašujemo je,
19:58
does the very same relationship, physical health, morbidity,
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ali isti odnos, fizično zdravje, morbidnost,
20:02
how long you live and productivity, follow the same relationship?
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kako dolgo živiš in produktivnost, sledijo istemu odnosu?
20:07
That is, in a corporation,
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Torej, je v skupnem delovanju
20:09
is productivity a function of positive emotion, engagement and meaning?
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produktivnost funkcija pozitivnih emocij, vključevanja in smisla?
20:16
Is health a function of positive engagement,
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Je zdravje funkcija pozitivnega vključevanja,
20:19
of pleasure, and of meaning in life?
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užitke ali smisla življenja?
20:21
And there is reason to think the answer to both of those may well be yes.
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Obstaja razlog, zakaj bi lahko na obe vprašanji odgovorili pritrdilno.
20:28
So, Chris said that the last speaker had a chance to try to integrate what he heard,
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Torej, Chris je rekel, da ima zadnji predavatelj priložnost združiti vse, kar smo do sedaj slišali
20:35
and so this was amazing for me. I've never been in a gathering like this.
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in to je bilo zame izjemno. Nikoli nisem bil vklučen v podobno srečanje kot je to.
20:41
I've never seen speakers stretch beyond themselves so much,
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Nikoli nisem slišal predavatelje govoriti preko sebe,
20:44
which was one of the remarkable things.
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kar je bila ena izmed izjemnih stvari.
20:47
But I found that the problems of psychology seemed to be parallel
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Ugotovil sem, da se problemi v psihologiji zdijo vzporedni
20:51
to the problems of technology, entertainment and design in the following way.
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problemov v tehnologiji, zabavni industriji in oblikovanju na naslednji način.
20:56
We all know that technology, entertainment and design
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Vsi vemo, da so bili tehnologija, zabavna industrija in oblikovanje
21:00
have been and can be used for destructive purposes.
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uporabljeni za destruktivne namene.
21:06
We also know that technology, entertainment and design
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Vemo tudi, da se tehnologija, zabava in oblikovanje
21:10
can be used to relieve misery.
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lahko uprabljajo za olajšanje bolečin.
21:13
And by the way, the distinction between relieving misery
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Mimogrede, razlika med lajšanjem nesreče
21:17
and building happiness is extremely important.
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in gradnjo sreče je izredno pomembna.
21:20
I thought, when I first became a therapist 30 years ago,
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Ko sem pred 30 leti postal terapevt, sem mislil,
21:23
that if I was good enough to make someone not depressed,
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da je dovolj dobro, če nekoga pripravimo, do tega, da ni depresiven,
21:29
not anxious, not angry, that I'd make them happy.
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da ni anksiozen, jezen, ampak jih naredimo srečne.
21:35
And I never found that. I found the best you could ever do was to get to zero.
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Tega nisem nikoli našel. Ugotovil sem, da je najbolje kar lahko narediš, da prideš do ničle.
21:40
But they were empty.
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Ampak bili so prazni.
21:42
And it turns out the skills of happiness, the skills of the pleasant life,
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Izkazalo se je, da se veščine sreče, veščine prijetnega življenja,
21:47
the skills of engagement, the skills of meaning,
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veščine vključevanja, veščine pomena
21:50
are different from the skills of relieving misery.
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razlikujejo od veščin lajšanja nesreče.
21:54
And so, the parallel thing holds
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In s tem lahko po mojem mnenju potegnemo vzporednico
21:57
with technology, entertainment and design, I believe.
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s tehnologijo, zabavno industrijo in oblikovanjem.
22:01
That is, it is possible for these three drivers of our world
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Torej je mogoče za te tri voznike našega sveta,
22:08
to increase happiness, to increase positive emotion,
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da povišajo srečo, da povišajo pozitivno emocionalnost
22:14
and that's typically how they've been used.
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in to so tipični načini njihove uporabe.
22:16
But once you fractionate happiness the way I do --
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Ampak ko enkrat razdelite srečo, kot sem to storil jaz --
22:19
not just positive emotion, that's not nearly enough --
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ne samo pozitvnih emocij, to ni niti približno dovolj --
22:22
there's flow in life, and there's meaning in life.
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bo prisoten zanos v življenju in prisoten bo občutek smisla.
22:25
As Laura Lee told us,
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Laura Lee nam je povedala, da je
22:27
design, and, I believe, entertainment and technology,
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oblikovanje, po mojem mnenju tudi zabavna industrija in tehnologija,
22:31
can be used to increase meaning engagement in life as well.
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lahko uporabljen za povišanje udejstvovanja v življenju.
22:35
So in conclusion, the eleventh reason for optimism,
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Torej, če zaključim, enajsti razlog za optimizem,
22:39
in addition to the space elevator,
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poleg vesoljsega dvigala, je,
22:43
is that I think with technology, entertainment and design,
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da lahko po mojem mnenju s pomočjo tehnologije, zabavne indrustije in oblikovanja
22:48
we can actually increase the amount of tonnage
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povišamo količino sreče
22:52
of human happiness on the planet.
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pri ljudeh na Zemlji.
22:54
And if technology can, in the next decade or two, increase the pleasant life,
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Če lahko tehnologija, v naslednjem desetletju ali dveh poviša prijetno življenje,
23:00
the good life and the meaningful life, it will be good enough.
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dobro življenje in smiselno življenje, bo dovolj dobro.
23:04
If entertainment can be diverted to also increase positive emotion,
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Če zabavno industrijo pravilno predstavimo, lahko poviša pozitivno emocionalnost,
23:10
meaning, eudaimonia, it will be good enough.
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pomen, navdušenje, bo dovolj dobro.
23:14
And if design can increase positive emotion,
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Če lahko oblikovanje poviša pozitivno emocionalnost,
23:20
eudaimonia, and flow and meaning,
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navdušenje, zanos in smisel,
23:23
what we're all doing together will become good enough. Thank you.
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kar delamo mi vsi skupaj, bo dovolj dobro. Hvala.
23:28
(Applause)
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(Aplavz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Martin Seligman - PsychologistMartin Seligman is the founder of positive psychology, a field of study that examines healthy states, such as happiness, strength of character and optimism.
Why you should listen
Martin Seligman founded the field of positive psychology in 2000, and has devoted his career since then to furthering the study of positive emotion, positive character traits, and positive institutions. It's a fascinating field of study that had few empirical, scientific measures -- traditional clinical psychology focusing more on the repair of unhappy states than the propagation and nurturing of happy ones. In his pioneering work, Seligman directs the Positive Psychology Center at the University of Pennsylvania, developing clinical tools and training the next generation of positive psychologists.
His earlier work focused on perhaps the opposite state: learned helplessness, in which a person feels he or she is powerless to change a situation that is, in fact, changeable. Seligman is an often-cited authority in this field as well -- in fact, his is the 13th most likely name to pop up in a general psych textbook. He was the leading consultant on a Consumer Reports study on long-term psychotherapy, and has developed several common pre-employment tests, including the Seligman Attributional Style Questionnaire (SASQ).
Martin Seligman | Speaker | TED.com